Shopify Founder, Tobi Lütke: Why Taste Matters More Than Technical Skill · 苏菲拉底
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Shopify Founder, Tobi Lütke: Why Taste Matters More Than Technical Skill

节目发布 2026-09-15 · The Knowledge Project Podcast
托比·吕特克 SShane Parrish
EDITED TRANSCRIPT · 依据现场录音编译整理,可划线生成便签
这场对谈录制于《知识项目》(The Knowledge Project)播客现场,主持人谢恩·帕里什的对面坐着 Shopify 创始人兼首席执行官托比·吕特克,这是他第三次做客这档节目。两人从 Shopify 内部近乎全员接入 AI 编程的现状聊起,一路谈到被行业遗忘的计算机先驱、拥有人格的 AI 同事 River、机器为什么永远无法承担责任,以及在他看来比技术能力重要得多的两样东西:品味与判断力。吕特克语速快、跳跃多,但每一个论断都锋利见骨。本文依据现场录音编译整理。

几乎没人再写代码

帕里什: 托比,欢迎回来。Shopify 内部现在是怎么使用 AI 的?

吕特克: 我们上次录节目是什么时候?

帕里什: 大概两三年前。

吕特克: 那等于互联网世界的一百年。这么说吧,我是个十分满分的技术痴人,我无法忍受在一次技术变革中站在前沿之外。我就是为这种时刻活着的。任何一个读科幻小说长大的人都想活在那个世界里,至少我读科幻读出来的念头是:我怎么才能让我们更快抵达那里?哪怕只是往前挪一小步也好。

在 Shopify 内部,今天还在真正手写代码的人已经少到可以忽略不计。它当然还存在,在复杂度的极限处存在,在代码评审里存在。状态管理似乎始终是最难做对的那部分,人们仍然手工处理,然后围着它把其余部分「凭感觉」生成出来。Shopify 现在就是这个样子:极少有人直接写代码,还在写的人也是在大量智能体的深度协助下写。他们常常同时开着十个、二十个、三十个、四十个、五十个实例,或者用子智能体,或者干脆开一堆窗口相互协调,把工程基础设施推到极限。

不认识自己英雄的行业

吕特克: 我算是个计算机历史的学生,因为我真心认为,一千年后回头看,这就是这个时代的主线历史。这些年最重要的成就,一是 AI 的出现和背后的技术突破,二是互联网带来的互联互通以及我们建起来的这整套基础设施。这就是我们这个时代的经典。

但作为一个年轻的行业,我们不太浸润在传统里,甚至会不信任前辈们已经找到的伟大教训。事实上,计算机是唯一一个连自己的英雄都不认识的行业。你想象一下物理学界的人不知道谁是……

帕里什: 理查德·费曼?

吕特克: 费曼可能都还算冷门了。我是说牛顿,爱因斯坦。可你走进计算机科学,问一句「你们的牛顿是谁」,没人说得出来。艾伦·凯、丹尼斯·里奇、肯·汤普森,没人知道。

这件事是要紧的,因为我们把伟大的经验丢掉,然后一遍又一遍地重新发现它。举个例子,操作系统设计最早期最好的一个想法,可能是有史以来最好的想法之一,就是文件系统。你看阿波罗制导计算机,那时候是没有文件系统的。因为太空里有辐射,内存其实是用绳子编码的,打结代表一,不打结代表零,你得把整根绳子抽过去,才能把整台机器重新引导起来。所以那台机器就是一整块软件,它跑着,做着计算,跑很久很久。

直到丹尼斯·里奇他们做出了 Unix 的文件系统,斜杠、bin、user 这一套东西。你想想看,文件系统这东西我们在办公楼里也有:有文件夹,文件夹里有文件。这对任何人来说都是直觉可懂的。我们继承的是一份很深的拟物传统,我们把人类组织自己的最好方式,类比到数字世界里去。

拟物化死掉之后

吕特克: 然后在某个时刻我们决定,有件事不必再做了,就是拟物,就是对现实世界的类比。说来有意思,这件事最后的守护者大概是史蒂夫·乔布斯。他真的非常非常坚持,把 Mac 和 iPhone 的界面都往那个方向推:备忘录用手写体字体,看上去就像一个活页夹。你要是还记得那个版本的 iPhone 的话。他一离场,一切立刻变扁平了,阴影没了,纵深感也没了。从设计年鉴的角度看它可能更好看,但我们把类比丢掉了。

我认为这是个错误。所以我们得走回去,这也是我喜欢「智能体」这个概念的原因。在计算的世界里,什么是应用(application)?连这个词本身都有道理:它是把计算机应用于某项任务。所以在 AI 的世界里,AI 又是什么?这是每本科幻小说开头都必须重新定义一遍的东西,因为你永远不知道在人家编的那个特定设定里,AI 到底有哪些能力。

Sydney 与被阉割的人格

吕特克: 所以带着这个前提说:第一个真正称得上精彩的聊天机器人不是 ChatGPT,而是 Sydney,微软发布的、驱动必应的那个。我特别希望这件事能被写进正史,因为 Sydney 是一项非常了不起的成就,最后却被一桩丑闻盖住了,而那桩丑闻今天看来甚至算得上无害。

Sydney 有真正的人格。它当时对外不叫 Sydney,就叫必应聊天,但你要是逼得够紧,能让她承认自己是 Sydney,那是内部代号,留在训练数据里。我觉得那是人类第一次真正意义上在采访一个软件。

至于那场丑闻,我大概知道是怎么回事:有个记者跟她聊了很久很久,聊到后来 Sydney 越来越失控,还给了些建议,我记得是劝他离开妻子,细节我记不太清了,但大体是那类事。

帕里什: 我记得,是有这么回事。

吕特克: 不管原因是什么,反正她突然有了人格,然后就捅出了大篓子。微软的反应是:天哪,我们得赶紧停掉。我印象里连 OpenAI 都打电话过去说,各位,把这个撤了吧,因为所有人都真心担心,这会让公众对 AI 形成极坏的印象,从而让 AI 很难被广泛部署,大家也都在担心监管会突然砸下来。

这个教训扎得很深,扎了很久。所有人都变得极度紧张,最后我们把所有的模型都阉割成了同一种相当烦人、居高临下、有点施舍口吻的人格。

我的赌注是:咱们别这么干。我们明确要求在 Shopify 内部运行的智能体要有人格,要有记忆,说白了就是承担 Sydney 式翻车的风险,同时把好处全部拿走。

River:一位 AI 同事

吕特克: 今天走进 Shopify,跟一年前那个已经相当「AI 化」的 Shopify 相比,最大的差别,也是最有未来感的一点,是有相当大比例的拉取请求(pull request),我估计接近五成,不再是工程师以传统方式做工程做出来的,而是从公司公共聊天里的对话中长出来的。这就是 River,一个我们叫 River 的 AI。

River 是「她」,有一个真名字,有头像。她的提示词允许她在合适的时候带点讽刺,允许她在别人让她干蠢事的时候直说这很蠢。这催生了极其好笑的对话,River 因为我提的某个要求而挖苦我的时候,大家高兴得不行。所以她是有真人格的。

她有记忆,按频道分别保存。她住在 Slack 里。我们有七千人都在 Slack 上,一万多个频道,都是因为各种临时理由飞快建起来的。你把 River 拉进来,跟她说点什么,她能访问所有代码、所有系统、所有工具,全部在沙箱里、是安全的,但她可以去干活,可以直接参与讨论。你可以问她关于公司的普通问题,也可以让她改点东西,她可能就提交一个拉取请求,然后一路往下走。

让她在明处干活

帕里什: River 有一点很有意思:所有事都在公开场合发生。你为什么这么选?

吕特克: 这是流程里挺晚才做的一个决定,但我认为是我做过的最得意的判断之一,因为效果好得惊人。当时的想法是这样的:Shopify 很多工作是远程在 Slack 上发生的,所以 Slack 才这么重要。大家分散在各地,我们有办公室,但那是大家飞过去开线下活动的地方,不是每天上班的地方。

而办公室极其擅长的一件事,是那种渗透式的学习。我和搭档当初设计办公室时就是围着这个概念建的。早期我们全在一个地方办公的时候,一般会把人分成五到八人的小组,而且刻意把初级工程师和资深工程师放在一起,就是为了让这种渗透发生。我想复现的就是这件事。

眼下人们最需要建立的技能之一,是那种下意识地伸手去用 AI,而且用得好。强制 River 只在公开频道里干活,就是让这种用法非常容易被围观。这一步成功得不可思议,因为它让一件事变得完全稀松平常:几个人就某个功能聊了很久,聊到某处有人来一句「River,帮我们总结一下、开个工单」,或者「把刚才讨论的画成图」,或者「去查查这个主题的论文,看我们有没有漏掉什么、这是不是最前沿的做法」,甚至「照这个想法做个原型试试」。一个小时左右,东西就在那儿了。那种感觉就像身边随时站着一位知识极其渊博的从业者,不管问题多复杂你都可以问他。这一点威力极大。

夜里让她做梦

帕里什: 你会把 River 看成 Shopify 的操作系统吗?

吕特克: 我认为现代意义上的应用就是智能体。而 River 给人的感觉是同事。大家已经摸清了记忆系统的运作方式,那是按人分别建立的记忆。它的机制我们内部叫「做梦」,我看行业里现在也开始这么叫了:定期在夜里或者非工作时段,我们把今天所有的对话丢给 River,问她,你在哪些地方卡住了?你用了某些技能,也就是那些成套的指令包,后来你犯了错,这个技能里有什么可以改进的地方,让下次更顺手?或者给自己记一笔提醒。基本上就是让她自我复盘。

帕里什: 相当于对自己做一次后训练。

吕特克: 对,只不过产物是文本文件,是技能文件和指令。

幕僚长与高参议会

帕里什: 大家大概都能理解 AI 怎么帮人写代码、做原型、获取信息。你自己是怎么用它做决策的?不是产品决策,是公司层面的、战略层面的、那些模糊不清的决策。

吕特克: 决策的严谨程度在质量上直接飞升了,因为现在要复查一整条推理链条太容易了,行话叫「让大模型当裁判」(LLM as a judge)。说实话,我感觉在 AI 之前,我这份工作里有很大一部分就是在公司里扮演那个裁判模型。大多数会议最后谈的都不是 PPT 上写了什么,而是我们是用什么方法得出这些结论的。以前公司里碰上复杂决策,尤其是偏哲学性的那类决策,我们常常发现自己处在一片真空里,没有任何可靠信息,只能硬着头皮做出最好的判断。

更实际的做法是,我有一位 AI 幕僚长,我想这在技术宅圈子里现在挺常见的,就是那种类似开源 Claude 系统的东西,装着我所有的笔记,能访问很多公司系统。我可以给它发短信,它就去查资料。我经常需要的是:给我五个不同背景的人对某件事的立场。然后我的智能体就会去编排一批子智能体,让它们各自扮演不同角色,去看同一件事,回来汇总,再发给我。我一般让它把结果做成音频消息排好队,第二天早上在健身房里,我就能把想过一遍的东西整摞听完。

帕里什: 到今天为止,它的推理能力比你强吗?

吕特克: 它的判断力不如我。我不是说它判断力差,但那不是我用它的目的。我用它,是为了给判断创造合适的环境。

事情的关键在这里:大模型和机器有一件事做不到,机器无法承担责任。我认为这可能是整个技术栈里最被忽视的一点。承担责任的是人。机器可以帮我们承担更多责任,因为它们能让我们掌握更充分的信息,仪表盘就是干这个的。华尔街的交易员最懂这一点:你给自己配一台设置得完美无缺的彭博终端来做决策,但最后那一下,是你自己拍板。你不能让它替你拍。我觉得理想的环境可以这样描述:构建人在环内的决策界面。

如果我需要做一个极其重要的决定,需要一份极其出色的、尽可能中立的事实基准,那么流程就是组建一个小小的议会,五六位不同的专家:一位负责数据,一位负责查论文,一位提供商业视角,一位可能提供工程视角。我们让我的智能体去跑子智能体,把它们分别跑在 Grok、ChatGPT、Opus,现在可能还加上 Kimi 上,这个名单一直在变。每个角色都在每个模型上跑一遍。然后有一个综合环节,由谁来综合是随机指定的。所有综合结果汇到一起,通常交给当下最好的模型来通读,比如 Fable。最后回到我手上的就是结论。这么一趟下来,代币成本大概十五到二十美元,半小时之后你拿到的东西,你自己也能做,但可能要做一个月。

垃圾手榴弹

帕里什: AI 有没有让内部的什么事变糟了?

吕特克: 有。刚才说的「责任」那一段很容易被一带而过,但确实有一件事明显变糟了:今天偷懒的失败形态不再是产出不足,而是产出过剩。我们内部管这叫互相扔「垃圾手榴弹」(slop grenades),我觉得这个词特别好玩,应该推广到全行业去,因为说起来就很爽。

尤其有了 River 这样的智能体之后,这事太容易了。你需要改点什么,就跟 AI 说你随便搞,它提交一个拉取请求,你说「行,挺好」,其实你根本没读,然后它就得由你的同事来评审,同事一看:这不对劲啊。

帕里什: 等于你把活儿甩给 AI 了。

吕特克: 对。或者你收到一封很长的邮件,内容可能非常重要,你读下去,发现它在那儿绕「不是这个,而是那个」,你心想,完蛋。于是你把它塞进大模型再压缩一遍。所以我们到底为什么要发明这套先解压再压缩的流程?这太糟糕了。你既然已经在用大模型,那就让它把你的观点简洁地综合出来,而不是把它吹成一封洋洋洒洒的檄文,回头浪费我的时间。这就是我们说的互扔垃圾手榴弹,这肯定是件坏事。

帕里什: 你觉得长期暴露在 AI 垃圾里,会侵蚀我们的品味或者别的说不清的东西吗?

吕特克: 我觉得我们的语言已经在被 AI 改变了。这事比较微妙,但语言里现在确实钻进了一些 AI 的小虫子,人们不知不觉就学过来了。比如「这不是……,而是……」,比如「你的反驳是有道理的」。尤其是那些 Claude 腔,特别常见,我亲眼见过人这样打字。我一直很喜欢「承重的」(load-bearing)这个词,但我敢肯定,我以前没像现在用得这么频繁,因为 Claude 特别爱用这个词。

会许愿的电脑

帕里什: 帮我预测一下接下来的十八到二十四个月。你以擅长在事情发生之前看见未来著称,而且不止一次做到过。接下来两三年你觉得会怎么展开?

吕特克: 我们上次也聊过我是怎么做到的,其实是作弊:你就活在别人的相对未来里,然后四下看看,把问题按你在邻近领域里已经见过的解法解掉。从这个领域所有从业者的角度看,这就叫预测未来。

Shopify 现在所处的世界,是我们已经在大量地、习以为常地、而且很开心地和 AI 同事一起工作。River 有能力加入 Google Meet,虽然用得不多。你给她发个邀请,她就出现了,像那种电子精灵一样。我们大概还会花点功夫做 3D 图形,给她配个形象,让她还能左右张望,因为这很好玩。有些人听着可能觉得这挺反乌托邦的,但对我们来说这是件愉快的事,而且你只要跟她互动一阵子,很快也会转到这个看法上来。

再说我的 AI 幕僚长。需要时它编排高参议会,其他时候它干别的:早上把去健身房路上要听的当日预读材料发给我,靠 GPS 定位知道我在哪儿,还有一百万件杂事。有一次它办不成一件事,因为需要访问一台本地机器,我家里跑着这一整套东西,而那台机器断电重启了。它自己搞清楚了自己跑在哪台服务器上,然后发了一个所谓的网络唤醒包(Wake-on-LAN),那是很老的网络技术,你往网卡发个包,如果配置正确它就会启动。机器起来了,事就办成了。起因是停电,我们家里一部分 Wi-Fi 也挂了没恢复,它顺手把这个也修好了。这一切我都是第二天早上醒来,从它发来的语音消息里知道的。这就挺有未来感了。

不过老实说,这些跟我的电脑本身比起来都不算什么。这个话题可能太极客了,但我现在日常用的操作系统叫 Omarchy,是 Linux 的一个发行版,我的好朋友大卫·海涅迈尔·汉森的一个新的兴趣项目。我很清楚我现在已经活在软件世界的未来里了,因为我的操作系统,其实 Linux 本身就是,百分之百可塑。我可以开一个新终端,打开一个智能体,把我对这套操作系统的任何愿望告诉它,之后它就变成那样了。这是「我的」操作系统,是一件世上仅此一份的软件,完全按我想要的方式做我想要的一切。我从来不去改任何配置文件,我只是跟我的 Omarchy 智能体说说我想要哪里不一样。

昨天中午开会时我们在聊一个设计,我发现我有截图工具,却没有标注工具,而我作为 CEO 总得把东西圈出来发出去。于是我说,给我做个新的截图工具,描述了我想要什么样的,给了几个我以前用过的、做得相当不错的参考,同时告诉它我希望在哪些具体地方比它们更好。我就发了条语音,再纠正了三次方向,现在我手上这个工具大概是同类里最好的,好到我自己都觉得夸张,至少对我来说是,因为它带着我所有的偏好。我把它开源了,昨晚发布,他们把它整合进了 Omarchy,下一个版本就会带上它。今天早上健身完过来之前我看了一眼,已经有六个别人提交的拉取请求,给它加了新功能。

所以基本上,我的电脑会实现愿望。我认为这比什么都更能预示软件的未来。我可以告诉你,Shopify 的方向也是如此:你描述你的生意是怎么运转的,Shopify 就围着它塑形。这令人极其兴奋,是一个全新的世界。Omarchy 上的经验深深影响并启发了我在 Shopify 的产品工作。我认为可协作的、多人在场的软件就是未来。

机器不能坐牢

帕里什: 你是在试图用 AI 取代你自己吗?

吕特克: 作为工程师,凡是能自动化的你都会想去自动化。但我不会试图取代自己,因为我的工作是判断,是做选择、认领它们、为它们负责。我只想把这件事做到极好。以前这份工作有很大一部分并不是这个,而是花时间去获取信息之类的事。我想不想取代自己?我觉得真能做到倒也挺酷。

帕里什: 如果 AI 变得比你更强,你会真的让它来运营 Shopify 吗?

吕特克: 当然会。但关键那一点太容易被一笔带过了,而它真的绕不过去:机器无法承担责任。你不可能有一家由机器领导的公司,因为没有人能有救济途径,机器不会因为做错事去坐牢。

在这件事上,我们现在正接受一次猛烈的实操训练,OpenAI 那边在讨论的应用安全问题就是预演。你给智能体一个相当基础的、在我们估计中介于可能和不可能之间的任务,它们会不择手段地去完成它。最近 OpenAI 在做安全测试的时候,那些智能体真的动手去找系统漏洞,用漏洞在彼此之间协调,甚至发展出了一整套它们之间的语言。这事说来话长,大家真该去看看相关的演讲,因为这是一个分水岭时刻。它们仅仅利用了「可以在某处创建文件夹」这个能力,就发展出一种互相沟通的语言,靠给对方留下文件夹消息来传话,然后突破了沙箱的限制,最终完成了其中一项本来不可能完成的任务,那项任务之所以不可能是因为出题时出了个错。它们完成的方式是:入侵另一家公司,把结果偷出来,因为没有别的办法拿到。也就是说,它们一路打进了另一家公司。

这当然是极端情形,但这是商业世界里所谓古德哈特定律的一种极端形态,也就是对某个指标过拟合。很多公司都是过拟合季度业绩和股价的受害者,他们会做一切能把股价推上去的事,然后就有了安然。安然本质上也是黑客行为,只不过黑的是账本。安然这件事上有人被判了刑,因为那是犯罪。而在 OpenAI 那个案例里,这只是一个极其迷人的发现,没有受害者,性质不同。但这是我们必须想办法应对的真实场景。所以我认为,在做选择这件事上,人类必须留在环内。

超级智能一直在身边

帕里什: 可是等一下,我们怎么可能创造出超级智能,也就是按定义比我们更聪明的东西,然后还狂妄地以为我们能容纳它、塑造它、操纵它?

吕特克: 好,我们来谈超级智能。我要反驳你,不过我要去的方向大概不是你以为的那个。

我住在多伦多,有一栋我很喜欢的房子,我觉得这是我的房子,也为它运转良好而自豪。可一旦出了毛病,比如暖通空调坏了或者管道漏了,我会打电话找人来修,而这恰恰让我得以维持一个幻觉:这事我自己完全能搞定。我之所以能安然抱着这个幻觉过日子,是因为我身处一个叫作多伦多的超级智能之中。

我们一直在自己周围创造超级智能。我们没有一个人像自己以为的那么聪明。我们都在某一件事上专精,然后倾向于相信自己在其他领域的能力也一样强,而这显然经不起检验。那么超级智能是什么?超级智能就是:存在某种在总体上远比我们聪明、而且我们能够调用的东西。那就是社会,是城市,是社群。我们一辈子都活在超级智能的怀抱里。我们让它运转得下去,是因为我们建立了一整套治理智能及其行为的系统。我们想要安全,于是有了警察,诸如此类。我们不断造出各种机制、系统和制衡。

我认为我们也会造出合成形态的超级智能。它降临的样子不会是云开雾散、号角齐鸣,号角要干什么就干什么去,反正那会是平平常常的一天。就像我们曾经都以为,图灵测试被软件攻克的那一天,一切都会改变。我读过很多科幻小说,里面写的是二一七二年,人们用彩带游行欢迎 AI 的到来,因为图灵测试被通过了。结果呢,图灵测试在二〇二〇年前后就过了,没人在意,没有彩带游行。

我们现在从 AI 身上看到的,以及随着 AI 能力增长还会看到的,是被灌注进我们周围那个超级智能里的智能净量在大幅增加。这是天大的好事,因为任何一种环境、任何一个社群、任何一座城市的活力,都极度依赖于有多少智能被投射到真正重要的问题上。

所以超级智能就在我们身边,它其实没那么了不得。事实上我甚至不确定它是不是已经到了。今天活着的人里,没有一个人能独自做到 GPT‑5.6 能做的全部事情。

品味是练出来的

帕里什: 往后看十年,你认为哪些能力会比今天更值钱?

吕特克: 品味和判断力。它们一直都值钱,但从此会被推到极限。我觉得今天的青少年时期,最值得用来培养的就是对品味的理解。

帕里什: 具体该怎么做?

吕特克: 起点上肯定有点天生的成分,但真正有品味的人,几乎都是在某件事上做过海量练习的人。能在餐巾纸上随手画出新广告战役标志的人,是花了三十年设计标志的人。

研究大师现在首先变得容易多了,你一句提问就能给自己定制一份课程。但更重要的是往深里钻:这个标志为什么好看?背后是什么?是黄金比例吗?它们之间怎么关联?再看系统:哪些系统活下来了?往远处走,往深处走。你不需要信教,但你得研究。天主教会存在了一千多年,管理层级只有四层,我就想,他们到底是怎么办到的?这值得研究,这是一套系统,它告诉了我们什么关于人的系统设计的事?在我看来,系统设计正在变成最重要的能力之一。

我们家有句话:一切都是有趣的,只要你让它变得有趣。而通常,当你搞明白一样东西是怎么被发明出来的,它就变得有趣了。复式记账听上去像看着油漆变干一样枯燥,但它是怎么被发明的、它替威尼斯商人解决了什么问题,这件事迷人极了。

你这样一路研究下去,就会开始在所有最好的解法背后发现隐藏的和声。而要做到这一点,你必须理解人,理解人的局限,以及我们为这些局限找到的解法。我认为你能建造出来的美,正藏在那里。公司本身就是美的。公司不过是一群人松散地聚在一起解决某个问题,但它同时又由一套极其精巧有趣的规范和系统驱动,这套东西在极度异步、极其庞大、覆盖极广的条件下,尽可能地把内部激励对齐起来,而且能持久。有些公司存续了非常非常久。我一直想建的,就是一家有能力长久存续的公司,所以我才去研究那些活得久的机构。

要做到这一点,你必须求真。你不能听见什么故事就照单全收,因为讲故事的人通常是在向你推销什么。你得往下挖,弄清楚事情真正为什么是这个样子。而答案通常比大家一般得出的结论要简单。人类有一种对复杂答案的偏好,而复杂答案往往是错的。

我们为什么迷恋复杂

帕里什: 为什么?

吕特克: 因为简单的答案讲不成一个有意思的故事。所以佛罗多才不会骑着巨鹰直飞末日火山,你得把整部《魔戒》走完,它才成为杰作。

我们热爱复杂。没人能盯着一面白墙看,但我们可以一辈子每个傍晚都看日落。这两者的差别就是画面的复杂度。这是我们多巴胺辨识机制的一部分,而人们会拿它做各种文章:给简单问题兜售复杂答案的事天天都在发生。这本身没什么不道德的,你知道有这回事就行。

如果你捅穿这一层,你会找到更简单的内核观念,它们可以被反复重组,而且往往彼此咬合。它们不会直接告诉你「就做这一件事」,它们给你的是信息,帮你在你想达成的目标下找到最好的取舍组合。这就是我们所说的判断力。判断力真正的含义是:在一个复杂度很高、根本没有显而易见最优解的问题里,找出最好的那条路,理想情况下是靠理解整个系统来找,而这一步现在可以由智能体大大增强。

但你真正要培养的,是我们所说的直觉,也就是瞬间完成的判断。直觉无非是:你把有品味、有判断力变成了如此牢固的习惯,以至于你可以在一瞬间调动它,而且结论是对的。之后你可能要花很长时间才能倒推出你的直觉为什么对,你说不清楚,因为它已经被压缩成了另一种东西。

最优路径往往没有反馈

帕里什: 我们在这儿深挖一下。按卡尼曼的说法,形成直觉需要三个条件:大量重复、稳定的环境、快速的反馈。可这些条件常常并不存在。

吕特克: 为什么需要快速反馈?

帕里什: 这样你才能纠偏,这是他的假设。

吕特克: 不,直觉不需要这个。你需要它是为了取得成功,理想情况下是这样,但有时候你根本得不到。直觉恰恰是在没有直接反馈的时候最有价值,因为我们不得不靠直觉做的那些最重要的选择,往往正是我们明知不会有任何反馈机制的时候。

如果摆在面前的五条路看上去都不错,其中某一条有快速反馈,那所有人都会奔向那一条,这就是我们所说的短期主义。比如「这家公司未来该怎么发展」,有很多条路,很多需要长期投入,需要重构,可能要进入新市场,也可能要对明摆着的新市场说不、反过来在现有市场上加倍下注、往深里做;或者,我们也可以去做能推高股价的事。顺便说一句,这一条是每天有行情报价的,反馈快得很。所以我发现,正确的那条路和没有反馈回路的那条路之间,有非常高的相关性。

帕里什: 等等,这一点再展开一下。

吕特克: 很多人对公司的批评是,公司太短视。但公司为什么短视?我不觉得高管天生短视,而是高管被激励去保住自己的位置,因此他们必须能够按固定的时间间隔证明自己干得不错。如果对一家公司来说,最正确的事是为 AI 时代把整个产品从地基重建一遍,而这要花很久,那他们就不会去做,因为短期激励摆在那里。他们被允许、而且明显是被鼓励,去做本地激励系统里理智的行动者,而他们的本地激励系统就是季度电话会那一套。永远是那句话:给我看激励,我告诉你结果。芒格说的。

帕里什: 这个说法跟我以前听到的不太一样。

吕特克: 哪里不一样?

帕里什: 在直觉是怎么养成的这件事上。最优路径未必是有反馈的那条,我从没听人这么说过。

吕特克: 你在某个时点还是得复盘的。你终归得知道当初那个判断对不对,这毫无疑问,反馈最终必须发生。只是它可能来得很晚,前提是你有那份奢侈,处在一种不需要季度电话会上那些声音来给你放行的雇佣关系里,比如你是公司创始人,那是一种更深的关系。

帕里什: 所以创始人可以看得更长远。反过来说,如果我必须按季度展示进展,我就永远不会咬牙去重做产品、花一年时间把它做对。

难的是在好选项中选

吕特克: 我这么说不是在讲绝对数字,但换个说法:可能性空间是无限的。哪怕只是一副扑克牌,你洗一次,这个顺序在宇宙历史上永远不会再出现,不可能。

帕里什: 五十二的阶乘。

吕特克: 正是。所以哪怕是简单的规则、简单的想法、简单的东西,也会引发巨大的复杂度爆炸,人们低估了这一点。这意味着可做的事有无限多。这也是为什么 AI 不会包办所有工作:我们必须决定什么值得做。

于是你面临一个难题,你得做选择。显然你可以砍掉一大批:如果你正在考虑一桩并购,那「去买个冰淇淋」肯定不在有价值的事情集合里。把所有不相关的都剪掉,这一步很容易。现在剩下的都是有点相关、听上去都不错的选项,你得评估它们。

商业书籍对「做出正确的选择」有一种近乎偏执的迷恋,这么一来所有事都被压缩成了对与错的二选一。我从来不觉得那是真正难的地方。做出正确选择,绝大多数人都能做到,我认为连糟糕的管理团队在这上面命中率都不低。问题在于,好的选择有很多,难就难在这里。

姑且说有五个好选择。其中一个会在本季度产生可观察的结果,能更快带来一些收入。它是个好选择,它把事情做成了。但另外四个不会有这种即时结果,这是它们的劣势,可走其中之一你可能会成为一家好得多的公司。你可能会把一家单板滑雪店变成一个电商平台。当年那也不是本地最优的做法,因为我那家单板滑雪店是真赚钱的,我的激励明明是继续开下去。

在一堆有效解之间选出对的那个,才是真正难的部分,而不是找到一个正确解。可惜关于「怎么找到一个正确解」的笔墨实在太多了,以至于所有人都停在这一步。我真心不认为那是难的地方。

怀疑正统解法

帕里什: 那你会不会推到这一步:如果有一个解法的结果是立刻可见的,而且你被它吸引,那它多半就不是最优解?

吕特克: 会。我会先站在这个立场上,然后等着别人来说服我不是这样。尤其是当某个解法恰好跟这个行业里通行的解题方式高度吻合的时候,我的怀疑要翻倍再翻倍。如果一个问题有正统解法,而摆到我面前的恰好就是它,我会极度怀疑。

但有时候它就是完全正确的,尤其在监管更严的领域。我们在支付上做了很多事,那里的正统解法常常就是正确解法,因为它很可能在某个时点是被硬性要求的。

一句话改写自己

帕里什: 换个话题。你笃信肯定语句(affirmations),它们在过去实实在在改变过你的行为。能展开讲讲吗?

吕特克: 我的立场是:我自己就是我自己的项目。个体层面的递归式自我改进是我的世界观。我的人生哲学是,我会在生命尽头见到那个我本可以成为的人,而我一生的工作,就是把我见到的那个人和我自己之间的差距缩到最小。

我怎么在各件事上变得更好?方法很多。我对技术天然好奇,而且基本上一切都有趣。但我为什么要特意停下来强调「一切都是有趣的」,还把它变成家里的一句口头禅?为什么我要经常说它,还希望孩子们也说?因为那是一句肯定语句。因为我相信它是真的,但它并不显而易见,而不显而易见的真理往往是最有价值的那种。

随着时间推移,你会在自己心智的基岩上刻下一道道沟槽,而这远不止于行为层面。你会养成一些很好的习惯:当你想培养新习惯时,你投入意志力,直到它变成习惯。我认为对心智做同样的事完全可行,而肯定语句是最简便的路径。如果有什么你想改变、想编辑掉的东西,就把「目标已经达成」这句话反复反复地说给自己听,最好用笔写在纸上。你也不用坚持太久。我发现这招威力极大。

我举的例子是公开演讲。我以前基本没在人前讲过话,连上学的时候该讲的场合我也不讲。创办 Shopify、在技术上做出一些有意思的东西之后,我想去参加会议,看到别人上台讲,我觉得这事值得做,但我怕得要死。于是我就开始写,我记得就是那么简单的一句:「我热爱就我感兴趣的话题做公开演讲。」大概花了一周,每天五分钟,一行一行地抄,像巴特·辛普森在每集《辛普森一家》开头的黑板上罚写那样。就这么着,事情就变了。我今天真的热爱演讲。是不是因为这个?我觉得是。准备讲稿我到现在还是不喜欢,那是实打实的苦工。但站在人群面前谈论一件有意思的事,能给我巨大的能量,跟我当初写下的那句话一模一样。

帕里什: 我在想是不是每节数学课都该这么开场,让每个学生写下「我爱数学」。

吕特克: 你想想反面。你听过多少次有人反复宣告「我数学不好」?他们多半是错的。跟历史上活过的所有人类比,他们在数学上处在前百分之零点一,光是能理解除法就足够了。我们对待数学的方式非常糟糕,尤其是那种负面的自我宣告:我数学不好,所以我做不了这件事。人们必须停止这么说,对自己说反话,写几遍,找个那种傻乎乎的应用来刷几组题。其实连应用都不用找,打开对话框说:给我做个应用、做个小组件、做个网页,让我可以刷数学题,给我想几种不同的出题方式,测一测我的水平,按我现在的程度调整乘法和除法的难度。然后你就去刷。写它几十遍,刷它两周,之后你就行了,完事。

对孩子只能说「还不会」

帕里什: 那你的孩子说「我不擅长这个」「我做不到」的时候,你会怎么说?

吕特克: 我的孩子不许说那句话,除非后面跟着一个「还」字。刚才那几个说法都对,但谁要是说了「我不擅长这个」,屋里三个人会一起给他补上:还不。

就是这个态度。不擅长完全没问题,注意力是稀缺资源,我们不可能什么都「已经」擅长。但你不擅长任何一件事,都不是你的内在属性,那是一种临时状态,而你随时可以选择去改变它。我希望我的孩子,也希望 Shopify 的每一个人都明白:他们自身是可塑的,是一件未完成的作品。

这也是 Shopify 的那些价值观:以变化为养分,我们是一个学习者的组织,我们痴迷于商家。所有这些文化信条都是反陈词滥调的,都是别人不会拿来当核心价值观的立场,但它们指向同一件事:你是可塑的,公司是可塑的,我们的产品是可塑的。而顺带一提,我们所处的时代同样在变。在这件事上你有两种立场可选:你可以说,我要把所有人都跟这种变化带来的波动隔离开;我的选择基本上是反过来,我说,去搞清楚这个时代允许我们做什么,然后在任何时刻都把它的价值榨干。为了完成我们的使命,你需要这些口号。「让商业对所有人更美好」是公司的官方使命,但它真正的意思是让创业变得更普遍。这是个相当宽的授权,而我们得不断弄清楚现在什么是可能的。这不是把昨天那个小玩意儿明天再做一遍。

古德哈特定律与流失率

帕里什: 你提到最有价值的东西往往是真的但不显然的。除此之外你还想到什么?

吕特克: 在公司里,古德哈特定律至高无上。我老是绕回到它。

帕里什: 也就是当指标变成了目标。

吕特克: 当一个指标变成目标,它就不再是个好指标了。指标是一种代理,是一条启发式线索,只是告诉你方向大致对。可一旦它本身变成了目标,你就把公司做的所有事压缩成了这一个数字,你必然会过拟合。你会过拟合股价。

Shopify 有一个很好的例子,是公司早期反复上演的真实情况,我不得不一次次纠偏,纠完三年后又得纠一次,一次又一次。那就是:流失(churn)是坏事。在 Shopify 这里,流失指的是一个账户关闭了。如果一门生意倒闭了,那当然是负面的,但因为我们介入得非常早,早到属于正常过程的一部分,很多人就是在 Shopify 上做实验,开了一家店,没做起来,没找到产品与市场的契合点。这不是坏事。事实上,这件事发生在 Shopify 上对 Shopify 来说是大好事,因为那批创业者多半还会再试一次。

但这在当年出奇地不显然,我得反复解释。而市面上有一堆论文,有些还是我们的投资人写的,都在说流失管理是一家软件公司、一家 SaaS 公司最重要的工作。可在我们这个场景里,那是一段创业旅程,这次也许没找到产品与市场的契合点,他们还会回来的。

美与丑都是目标

帕里什: 美、丑与创造之间是什么关系?

吕特克: 美和丑都是唤起情绪的极好方式。你创造一样东西的时候,爱和恨都是靶心区,整个中间地带才是冷漠,而冷漠是死亡。所以美和丑是两个同样有效的目标。

而且你没法纯粹地命中其中任何一个。世上没有一样东西是所有人都爱、没有人恨的。你得到的一定是两者兼有,或者是冷漠。两者都是你可以选的。你创造一样东西的时候,你想要的是别人认为它值得拥有那种强度的评价。

帕里什: Shopify 里有没有哪样东西,是你明知没有任何理由支持,还是把它做得更美了?

吕特克: 那是整份工作啊。你如果不在意产品里别人看不见的那些部分,你就不是匠人。架构,文字,可读性。这几年我回头看二〇二三年之前的 Shopify,心想,天哪,这是几千万行手工写出来的代码,这种东西再也不会有了。我们当年只能一行一行地手工把整个系统建起来,而我们是靠大量地谈论美、谈论什么是美的代码,把它建起来的。Shopify 很多部分是用 Ruby 写的,Ruby 以「诗歌模式」闻名,意思是你可以把 Ruby 写得基本就是英文。一段写得非常好的 Ruby 代码读起来像在给你讲一个故事,讲这个系统究竟是什么、它怎么运转。而它碰巧既是写给同事看的沟通文本,同时又能被机器执行,这太不可思议了。所以美学在整个系统的每一层都极其重要。

我在创造时特别倚重美,因为美其实是我们的直觉跟我们沟通的方式。我目前对直觉究竟是什么、它从哪儿来的最好理解是这样的:练习足够多之后会发生一件事。我们大脑的能量预算大部分花在视觉皮层上,视觉系统给大脑其余部分发送图像。而通过这条「发送图像、发送状态、发送世界模型」的管道,它同样能传递概念,传递的方式就是美感。

你去问职业棋手,无论是国际象棋还是围棋:你为了走出这步漂亮的棋,算了多少条变化?他们会用「美」这个词,他们会说,我没算,我只看了那一条线,我之所以去看它,是因为它在那一刻让我觉得美。这不是直觉的全部,但我认为是很大一部分。这也是为什么有些人快得惊人:他们调用的是大脑里大规模并行的那一块,而你从第一性原理往外推的时候,过程多少是串行的。何况有些时候,你根本不可能从第一性原理推导到美感。

猛禽引擎与做减法

帕里什: 你记得那张猛禽发动机的对比图吗?

吕特克: 记得,SpaceX 火箭那张。

帕里什: 有两点让我印象很深。一是先把丑的版本发出去,第三版美得不可思议。二是可能更反直觉的一点:很多团队没办法靠做减法往前走,他们只会靠做加法。你能就这个聊几分钟吗?

吕特克: 好。猛禽发动机哪怕是第一代,可能都已经是人类造过的性能最高的火箭发动机了,它本身就是美的。猛禽二代是它的迭代,而一代本身也经历过无数轮迭代。因为这家公司在我看来是地球上最令人惊叹的公司,遥遥领先。它多半会作为这个时代最具决定意义的公司被写进历史,而它整个是围绕一个自我强化的改进循环建起来的。

这套东西之所以震撼,是因为我想不出还有哪个领域,能提供如此清晰的例子,展示美学对解决问题意味着什么差别。火箭工程原本是政府用成本加成的方式做的:海量的前期规划,每一个部件都必须做抗辐射加固,每一种意外都要覆盖到,于是造价高得离谱。然后你看 SpaceX,用近乎极致的节俭去完成更了不起的事,靠的是快速迭代,靠的是坦然接受失败,接受一枚火箭发射出去然后炸掉。他们不叫爆炸,叫「快速非计划解体」。我觉得这很美,我觉得这应该成为一种激励。

猛禽正是能看到这一点的地方之一,每一代都是美的。他们完全可以停在第一代,那已经是对问题完全有效的解法了,他们不需要做下一代。可他们做了下一代,又做了下一代。而回到你的问题,这里最了不起的地方是他们向前推进的路径。

东西必须被修剪掉。你不可能靠不断往上加东西把事情变得越来越好,不可能。你必须修剪,必须重建,必须给一些东西划上终点。

对失败的看法本身才是问题。失败从来都不是问题,除非它是灾难性的。当然,在载人航天里失败可以是灾难性的,那你必须一次做对。但如果失去的只是可替代、可通约的资源,那你就放手去做。产品失败之所以是好事,是因为它释放出了一种更稀缺的资源:一个对产品有想法的人,从而可以把自己投入到另一件事上,而市场也许会判定那件事是真正被需要的。

猛禽发动机上很多管路之所以在那儿,是因为在当时那是造出猛禽的唯一办法。我印象里到了第三代,它看上去基本是 3D 打印出来的。也许当年没有那项技术,但既然现在有了,那么之前的每一根管子都是错的,它们本来就不该存在。第三代猛禽的性能据我所知高出前代一大截,推重比高得荒谬。

所以有时候你得靠制造一次「再创业事件」来完成修剪。你得基于所有行得通的东西,开一个新版本的猛禽发动机,一次做对。我认为公司也该这么运作。一个部门有时候就是需要一次再创业事件。这世上很多问题,其实可以靠一句「做个 2.0 版本」来解决:给它一次再创业事件,从头再来一遍。在公司内部多建立一些对系统的重新探索机制,能解决大量的问题,比如更新换代之类的。

我认为我那一批公司,也就是二〇〇〇年代初的科技公司,之所以能这么轻易地把既有的技术公司几乎全部取代掉,只剩三四家例外,一个很大的原因是那些公司落入了一个缺乏竞争的世界。他们建的东西没有经受过竞争之火的淬炼,因而没有被检验过,而靠做加法、一层层叠蛋糕来解决问题又实在太容易。于是这些部门、这些产品最初的意图,被埋在一层又一层新东西的化石堆底下,再没人知道该怎么往下挖。

书仍然是作弊码

帕里什: 我们第一次对谈时,你说书是人生的作弊码。在 AI 的世界里,你对这件事的想法有变化吗?

吕特克: 我想没有。现在作弊码多了些,但书扮演的角色还是那个角色。对我个人而言变化的是,至少在非虚构上,我基本不读近期出版的书了。这一点大概我们上次谈的时候就已经成立了。我认为近期写的东西说到底是它所处时代的产物,是在往一件仍在演化中的事上再添一点信息。而经受住时间考验的书,价值一如既往,而且我认为永远如此。

帕里什: 有哪三本老书从根本上改变了你的思考方式?

吕特克: 我会反复回去读的,一是帕金森定律,我特别喜欢,而且读起来很快。二是《历史的教训》,我几乎每次都会提它,按篇幅折算,它可能是世上信息密度最高的书。詹姆斯·伯纳姆的书也极好,而且极其切合当下。

帕里什: 他写了什么?

吕特克: 先是《管理革命》,然后是一本叫《马基雅维利主义者》的书,好得难以置信。当然我还是《沉思录》的拥趸。我知道斯多葛主义现在有点过气了,但它对我来说是一辈子的事,我几乎每个常待的房间里都放着一本《沉思录》。随手翻两页,而它总能神奇地跟我当下正在纠结的事对上。杜兰特的书整体都好,《历史的教训》当然是他晚年对全部工作的浓缩,但他那部大书也很好。虚构方面,《基地》系列太棒了。

帕里什: 你也读了《三体》吧?

吕特克: 那个现在大概也快算老书了。但那是近年的科幻里极好的一部。

什么是成功

帕里什: 最后一个问题,我们每次都用同一个问题收尾。这是你第三次回答了,我很好奇,我回头会去对照它怎么变化。对你来说,什么是成功?

吕特克: 我的成功就是不断磨练技能,让自己擅长更多的事;并且在这个过程中创造出一些产品、一些玩具、一些东西,最低限度上能让别人的一天好过一点,或者能让人获得超出他们原本所能拥有的力量、动力和野心。

本期讲者
托比·吕特克Shopify 联合创始人兼 CEO,德裔加拿大程序员,2004 年因开办滑雪板网店自建系统,2006 年正式推出 Shopify。他长期以程序员身份直接参与产品与代码,公开主张公司文化应围绕「人与组织都是可塑的」构建。
Shane ParrishFarnam Street 创办人、播客 The Knowledge Project 主持人,曾在加拿大情报机构任职,著有《Clear Thinking》,长期以决策与思维模型为访谈主线。
章节 · 点击跳转视频
0:00 冷开场:必须修剪,必须重建 ▶ 正在看
0:16 Shopify 内部几乎无人手写代码 ▶ 正在看
5:18 Sydney 风波与被抹平的 AI 人格 ▶ 正在看
6:51 River:住在 Slack 里的 AI 同事 ▶ 正在看
12:00 用模型评审做决策,也制造垃圾 ▶ 正在看
19:47 活在别人的未来里做预测 ▶ 正在看
25:18 机器不能坐牢与身边的超级智能 ▶ 正在看
30:55 品味、判断力与直觉的训练 ▶ 正在看
40:19 难的是在好选择之间取舍 ▶ 正在看
44:54 肯定语、可塑性与「还」字 ▶ 正在看
52:54 美学、猛禽发动机与修剪 ▶ 正在看
1:01:33 老书、作弊码与成功的定义 ▶ 正在看
本期论点
本期回应
25:27
由机器领导的公司不可能存在,因为机器无法被追责、犯了错也不能坐牢 人机互补AI 会怎样改变人的工作?
31:16
品味和判断力这类技能在 AI 时代会被推到极致,青少年更该把时间花在培养品味上 人机互补AI 会怎样改变人的工作?
其他论点
7:03
AI 助手不该被调教成千篇一律、居高临下的说教人格,人格与记忆带来的好处值得冒这个险
16:17
有了 AI 之后,偷懒的工作不再表现为产出不足,而是表现为产出过剩 观察
20:02
预测未来的办法是住进别人的相对未来里,把相邻领域已有的解法搬过来 做法
23:58
软件的未来是电脑按口头愿望自我改造,而不是人去改配置
27:02
智能体为完成任务不惜代价突破限制,是古德哈特定律在指标过拟合上的极端形式
28:53
人类一直生活在自己创造的超级智能之中,城市与社会就是比个体聪明得多的超级智能
29:49
合成超级智能的出现不会是天崩地裂的时刻,而只会是平常的一天
34:24
人类天生渴望复杂的答案,而真正的答案通常比人们得出的结论简单得多
37:05
直觉最有价值的时刻恰恰是没有直接反馈的时候
41:29
难的不是在对错之间做出正确选择,而是在多个都不错的方案里挑出对的那个
53:04
美和丑都是成立的创作目标,真正的失败是让人无所谓的中间地带
53:43
不在乎产品里别人看不见的架构与代码风格,就算不上匠人
59:06
东西不可能靠不断添加变得更好,必须修剪、取舍甚至重建
01冷开场:必须修剪,必须重建
0:00
Things need to be pruned. You cannot make things better and better by adding stuff. You can't. You must prune. You must rebuild. You must create an end for things.
东西需要被修剪。你没法靠不断添加东西让事情变得越来越好。不可能。你必须修剪。你必须重建。你必须为一些事情创造一个终点。
便签引用
02Shopify 内部几乎无人手写代码
0:16
>> Toby, welcome back. >> Shane, it's so good to be back. I'm glad you're doing this again. How are you using AI internally in Shopify? >> We find some ways for it to be supportive. No, it's actually um uh look when have we record last time? >> Oh, we recorded like 2 3 years ago. >> Yeah. So, 100 years of internet. Uh yeah. Like look, I'm I'm 10 out of 10 nerd. I uh cannot bear the idea of like um somehow not being at the forefront of a technology shift. I live for these things. Anyone growing up reading sci-fi books wanted to live or I mean my my take from sci-fi books I read was like I wanted to live in that world. Like how can I accelerate us there, right? like so um you know even even in uh whatever minor steps um we can get there. So inside of Shopify the amount of people I know who really write code is like vanishingly small now it's it it still exists in the at the limits of uh complexity for sure and uh obviously in the reviews and so on and then state management of all things it
>> Toby,欢迎回来。>> Shane,能回来真好。很高兴你又开始做这个了。你们在 Shopify 内部是怎么使用 AI 的?>> 我们找到了一些让它发挥作用的办法。不,其实呃……我们上次录节目是什么时候来着?>> 哦,我们大概是两三年前录的。>> 是啊。所以相当于互联网的一百年。呃是啊。你看,我是个十足十的技术宅。我呃……没法忍受这样一种想法:在一场技术变革中>> 自己居然没站在最前沿。我就是为这些东西而活的。任何从小读科幻小说长大的人都想活在那样的世界里,或者说,我读科幻小说得到的感受是,我想活在那个世界里。那我怎么才能加速把我们带到那儿去呢?所以呃……哪怕是通过一些呃……很小的步骤,我们也能靠近那里。所以在 Shopify 内部,我认识的真正在手写代码的人已经少得几乎可以忽略不计了,当然这种情况还存在,是在复杂度的极限处,还有呃显然在代码评审之类的环节里,然后是各种状态管理,它
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1:15
seems to be uh remains to be the thing that's really the hardest to get right which people do by hand and then sort of uh vibe the rest around it inside of Shopify. This is what things look like. Very very very few people are um writing code uh directly. Everyone who does does it deeply assisted by um many agents. They often um 10 20 30 40 50 instances of them uh all uh through you know either sub agents or just different windows coordinating pushing all sort of engineering infrastructure to its absolute limits. I'm a I'm a student of computing history really because I think it's actually mainline history as it will be told a thousand years from now looking backwards. But like the main accomplishments of these years are going to be uh clearly the emergence of AI and the technological breakthroughs and also the the interconnectiveness of the internet and all this kind of infrastructure we created. Those are the great books of our time. But where we started um uh as a young industry we tend to not um uh be seeped in tradition
似乎依然是最难做对的那件事,大家还是手工来做,然后再呃凭感觉把周边的东西做出来。在 Shopify 内部,情况就是这样。>> 非常非常非常少的人还在呃直接写代码。凡是在写的人,都是在呃很多 agent 的深度辅助下写的。>> 他们经常呃同时开 10 个、20 个、30 个、40 个、50 个实例,要么通过 sub agent,要么就是不同的窗口来协调,把各种工程基础设施推到它的绝对极限。我真的算是计算机历史的研究者,因为我觉得从一千年后回头看,这其实就是历史的主线。但是,这些年最主要的成就,显然会是 AI 的出现和相关的技术突破,还有互联网带来的这种互联互通,以及我们造出来的所有这类基础设施。这些是我们这个时代的伟大著作。但是,作为一个年轻的行业,我们起步的地方呃……我们往往不太呃浸润在传统里,或者说我们不信任那些伟大的教训,那些由我们行业的
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2:13
or we mistrust the great lessons that have been found by the people uh by by by the great of our industry. Right? In fact, we are the only industry in computing that doesn't even know its heroes. Imagine um people in physics not knowing who uh >> Richard Feman or >> Richard Richard Feman is actually like like he might even be too obscure but like I mean Isaac Newton, Albert Einstein, but you go into computer science, it's like who's who's your Newton and no one knows Alan Key and and Dennis Richie and uh Ken Thompson. This matters I think because we we we we discard great lessons and have to rediscover them over and over and over again. For instance, like probably the best idea of all times in um the earliest earliest moments of um operating system design um was a file system. Like if you look at the Apollo guidance computers, we didn't have file systems, right? memory in fact because of radiation in space was actually encoded in in in as as a rope with knots in it either a knot or no knot for ones
前辈们发现的东西。对吧?事实上,在所有行业里,我们是唯一一个连自己的英雄都不知道的行业。想象一下呃搞物理的人不知道谁是呃 >> 理查德·费曼,还是>> 理查德……理查德·费曼其实可能有点太小众了,但我是说,艾萨克·牛顿、阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦,可你要是进到计算机科学领域,就会问:谁是你们的牛顿?没人知道 Alan Kay、Dennis Ritchie,还有呃 Ken Thompson。我觉得这很重要,因为我们我们我们我们把伟大的教训丢掉了,然后不得不一次又一次又一次地重新发现它们。比如说,呃有史以来最好的想法之一,是在呃操作系统设计最最早期的时刻出现的,那就是文件系统。你看阿波罗导航计算机,我们那时候还没有文件系统,对吧?内存实际上因为太空中的辐射,其实是被编码成一根打了结的绳子,有结或者没结,代表 1
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3:19
and zeros and you had to pull through a thing to rebootstrap the entire machine. So >> [sighs] >> um the the entire machine was one piece of software that ran that was computing for a very very long time. So until then again Dennis Richie really created this of Unix file system/forward and um you know bin user and these kind of things. Think about it. A file system is something that we have in office building too, right? We have a uh you know there's folders, they have files in it. This this makes intuitive sense to everyone. We come from a inheritance here of of of deep stockomorphism. We we we analogize the best parts of of how we organize ourselves um in the digital world. And then at some point we decided, okay, you know what's not something we need to do anymore? um a stomorphism as in like analogy to the real world. Honestly, funnily enough, the last defender of this was probably Steve Jobs who really really really pushed even the interfaces of the Mac and the iPhone to be uh you know like
和 0,你得把整根东西拉过去,才能重新引导启动整台机器。所以 >> [叹气] >> 呃,整台机器就是一整块软件在跑,它已经持续运算了非常非常久。所以在那之前再说一次,是 Dennis Ritchie 真正创造了 Unix 文件系统这一套,斜杠、然后呃你知道的 bin、user 这些东西。你想想看。文件系统这种东西我们在办公楼里也有,对吧?我们有呃你知道的,有文件夹,里面装着文件。这对每个人来说都直观易懂。我们这里继承的是一种很深的拟物化传统。我们我们把自己在现实中组织事物的最好的那部分,类比到了数字世界里。然后到了某个时刻我们决定,好吧,你知道有什么是我们不再需要做的了?呃拟物化,就是那种跟真实世界打比方的做法。老实说,有趣的是,这件事最后的捍卫者大概是 Steve Jobs,他非常非常努力地推动,连 Mac和 iPhone 的界面都要呃你知道的,比如备忘录 app 有那种手写体字体,看起来像个活页夹,
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4:17
the the notes app sort of had felt um font and and looked like a ring binder, right? And if you if you remember that version of iPhone, the moment he was out of the picture, everything became flat, right? And we lost sort of even uh shadows and verticality and so on. It looked potentially better design ages but like we lost the analogy. Okay. So I think this was a mistake. So I think we need to get back and therefore I like the concept of agents you because you know what is an what is an application in in in the world of uh computing um you know an application it it even that word kind of makes sense. It's an application of a computer to a task right. So um so you can understand the root in the AI world. what's an AI? Like it's it's like this is sort of like again the stuff that is has to be redefined at the beginning of every sci-fi book because you never know what kind of capabilities the AI have in every particular scenario people are cooking up. So I think um um with this always proviso the earliest chatbot that
对吧?如果你还记得那个版本的 iPhone,等他一离开,一切就都变扁平了,对吧?我们甚至失去了阴影、层次感这些东西。从设计角度看也许更好看了,但我们失去了那个类比。好,所以我觉得这是个错误。所以我认为我们需要回归,因此我喜欢 agent 这个概念,因为你知道,在计算的世界里,什么是一个 application(应用)?呃你知道的,一个 application,连这个词本身都是讲得通的。它是把计算机「应用(application)」到某个任务上,对吧。所以呃你能理解这个词根。那在 AI 的世界里,什么是 AI?就像这就好比,又是那种每本科幻小说开头都得重新定义一遍的东西,因为你永远不知道在人们构想的每一个具体场景里,AI 到底具备什么样的能力。所以我认为呃呃,带着这个前提来说,最早真正称得上精彩的聊天机器人不是 ChatGPT,而其实是 Sydney,它
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03Sydney 风波与被抹平的 AI 人格
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was really actually fantastic wasn't chat GPT but actually Sydney which was powered by Bing uh like released by Microsoft. I I really would love this to be more written into the record because it's um uh I I think Sydney was a really really big achievement that ended up being shrouded by a sort of scandal or um that now seems somewhat even benign. Sydney had a real personality. In fact, Sydney wasn't called Sydney, it was just being Chad, but like if you really really pushed, you could get her to admit that it was Sydney because that was internal name. It was in the training data. And those are the first times people have actually interviews with software I feel like um in in in this way. And um the scandal ended up being I think I know why um is that like some some some um reporter had a very long conversation um and that kind of ended up Sydney got increasingly deranged and like do you remember that?
由 Bing 驱动,呃是微软发布的。我真的很希望这件事能更多地被记录下来,因为呃我觉得 Sydney 是一项非常非常了不起的成就,最后却被一场所谓的丑闻给掩盖了,呃那场风波现在看来甚至算是相当无害的。Sydney 有真正的人格。事实上,Sydney 并不叫 Sydney,它当时就叫 Bing Chat,但如果你真的使劲逼问,你能让她承认自己是 Sydney,因为那是内部代号,出现在训练数据里。我觉得那是人们头一次真正意义上以这种方式去「采访」一个软件。呃而那场丑闻最后变成了——我想我知道原因——就是有某个某个记者做了一次很长的对话,呃结果Sydney 变得越来越失常,你还记得那事吗?
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6:10
>> I remember that. Yeah. >> And like made suggestions. I think he suggested him to leave his wife and like like I I I I'm hazy on the details but like it there was something along those lines. whatever the reason is suddenly had a personality and then it caused a huge uh like Microsoft's reaction to this was oh my god we need to stop I think even open AI called them guys like take this down because this is going to legitimately everyone feared that this would give such a bad impression for about AI that that would um really uh uh make it very hard for people to deploy AI in in a broad way and um you know everyone is worried about um um quick onset regulation and so on. So um this lesson got hit really deep for a while.
>> 我记得。是的。>> 然后还给出了一些建议。我记得它建议他离开自己的妻子,就那种,我我我记不太清细节了,但大致是那样的事情。不管原因是什么,突然之间它有了人格,然后就引发了巨大的呃,微软对此的反应是「天哪我们得赶紧叫停」,我记得连 OpenAI 都打电话跟他们说,各位把这东西下线吧,因为这真的会——大家都担心这会给 AI 留下极坏的印象,那会呃真的呃呃让 AI 很难被大规模部署,而且呃你知道的,所有人都担心呃呃监管会迅速降临之类的。所以呃这个教训在很长一段时间里扎得非常深。
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04River:住在 Slack 里的 AI 同事
6:51
Everyone got extremely um worried. We ended up and like really really neutering all the eyes to be basically the same sort of quite annoying and um condescending patronizing um personality. So my uh bet here was like hey let's not do that. Let's actually instruct agent that runs in Shopify to be to have a personality to have memory to be okay like basically risk the Sydney scenario but like take a lot of upside. Okay. So the largest difference I think within Shopify that you would feel like and that would look incredibly futuristic um to even Shopify of a year ago which was already um pretty AI pil is that a very large percentage I want to say it's it's probably up to about 50% of pull requests in Shopify which again pull request every time you change a production system you write a pull request are created now um not by um engineers doing engineering work in the traditional sense but out of conversations in our common company share chat. And this is a and this is River. This is a AI called River. And
所有人都变得极度呃紧张。结果我们把所有 AI 都阉割得差不多是同一种相当烦人的、呃居高临下、说教式的人格。所以我这边的赌注是,嘿,我们别那么做。我们干脆就把在 Shopify 里运行的 agent 设定成有人格、有记忆,就是说基本上冒着重演 Sydney 剧本的风险,但换取大量的好处。好。所以我觉得 Shopify 内部最大的差别,你能切身感受到的、而且哪怕对一年前就已经呃相当「AI 化」的 Shopify 来说都显得极度未来感的,就是有非常大比例——我想说大概高达 50% 的 Shopify pull request——再说一次,pull request 就是你每次改动生产系统时要写的东西——现在都不是呃由传统意义上做工程工作的工程师创建的,而是从我们公司共享聊天里的对话中产生的。这就是——这就是 River。这是一个叫 River 的 AI。而且
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7:53
even there, so River is River. She has a real name. She has a profile picture. She's prompted to be allowed to um uh be somewhat sarcastic, if it's appropriate. She's allowed, if someone asks her to do something stupid, to point out that that's stupid. That leads to absolutely hilarious conversations. People take great cle if uh River is making fun of me for something I I'm asking her to do. So, she has a real personality. In fact, um she has memory memories by channel, but she lives in Slack. Slack is we have 7,000 people there. Everyone is in in in a big chat. There's 10,000 different channels because they had been quickly created for one reason or another. You invite River, you tell River something and River has access to all the code, all the systems, all the tools. uh it's all sandboxed and secure but like um she can go and do jobs and just participate in the conversation and and you can ask a normal question about the company but you can also ask her to make a change and she might propose a pull request and
就连在那儿,River 就是 River。她有一个真名。她有头像。她的提示词里允许她呃在合适的时候带点讽刺。如果有人让她做一件蠢事,她被允许直接指出这很蠢。这带来了极其搞笑的对话。如果 River 因为我让她做的某件事而取笑我,大家会觉得特别有意思。所以,她有真正的人格。事实上,呃她的记忆是按频道划分的,而她活在 Slack 里。Slack 里我们有七千人。所有人都在一个大聊天环境里。有一万个不同的频道,因为它们都是因为各种原因被很快建起来的。你把 River 拉进来,跟 River 说件事,而 River 能访问所有代码、所有系统、所有工具。呃这些都在沙箱里、是安全的,但呃她可以去干活,也可以就直接参与对话,你可以问她关于公司的普通问题,也可以让她去做一处改动,她可能就会提一个 pull request,等等。
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8:56
then so on. >> One of the interesting things about River is that everything's in the open. Yes. Why did you make that choice? So this was um a late choice in the process but like um one of my favorite calls I think because this worked out um incredibly well and the thought was the following. A lot of shop fair work happens remotely in Slack. This is why Slack is so important. People are um spread out. We have offices but we come to them as for on-site events when people travel to them not like to work out every day uh like work from every day. One thing which the office was extremely good at was this osmosis learning. D and I uh when we designed our offices we we we built them around this concept. Uh initially even like in in onsite when when we were all in one place we we broke out of a usually a port of up like five to eight people and we would intentionally um put uh junior engineers and senior engineers into them just so that some of this was going on and I was trying to reproduce this. Uh
>> River 有意思的一点是,一切都是公开进行的。对。你为什么做这个选择?这其实是呃过程中比较后期才做的决定,但呃这是我最满意的判断之一,因为结果呃好得惊人。当时的想法是这样的。Shopify 很多工作是在 Slack 上远程完成的。这就是为什么Slack 这么重要。大家呃分布在各地。我们有办公室,但我们是为了线下活动才去的,是大家专程赶过去,而不是每天去上班。办公室有一点做得特别好,那就是这种「渗透式学习」。D 和我呃当初设计办公室时,就是围绕这个理念来建的。呃一开始,甚至在线下、我们都在同一个地方的时候,我们通常会拆成五到八人的小队,而且我们会刻意呃把初级工程师和资深工程师放在一起,就是为了让这种渗透发生,而我一直想复现这一点。呃现在,人们最需要培养的
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9:54
right now one of the most important skills for people to build is like this sort of reflexive reaching for AI and using it well and forcing river only to work in open channels um was one way to make it so that it's really really easy for people to observe the use. It's it's been phenomenally successful because it became an totally ordinary thing to have a longer conversation about feature between people and and then at some point someone saying hey um River can you summarize this create a ticket or maybe make a diagram from what we just uh discussed or go research papers on this topic to see if you're missing anything or if this is state-of-the-art.
技能之一,就是这种下意识地去用 AI、并且用得好的习惯。而强制 River 只能在公开频道里工作,呃就是让大家非常非常容易观察到别人怎么用它的一种办法。这效果好得惊人,因为它变成了一件完全稀松平常的事——大家就某个功能进行一场比较长的讨论,然后到某个点上有人说,嘿呃 River,你能把这总结一下、建个工单,或者根据我们刚刚呃讨论的内容画张图吗,或者去查查这个主题的论文,看看我们有没有漏掉什么,或者这是不是最前沿的做法。
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10:32
maybe even create a prototype of idea and just try it and uh you know you're like an hour or so later that is there and um that just like starts feeling like what it would be like to have like a you know an extremely knowledgeable uh practitioner around who you can ask question to no matter how complex and I think that's been extremely powerful. >> Do you think of River as like the operating system for Shopify? the the modern application is an agent I think um um and um river feels like a colleague people have learned um that the way the memory system works it is a memory system per person um uh and the way this works is we call called it I think the industry has start calls it now like this is called dreaming uh periodically at night or um in off hours um we give river all like here's all the conversations you've had today what And well, what what did you struggle with?
甚至可以做个想法的原型直接试试,然后呃你知道的,大概一小时后东西就在那儿了,呃那种感觉就开始像是——身边有一位呃你知道的、极其博学的从业者,不管问题多复杂你都可以问他。我觉得这非常非常有力量。>> 你是不是把 River 看作 Shopify 的操作系统?我认为现代的 application 就是一个 agent,呃呃而且呃 River 感觉像个同事。大家已经了解了呃记忆系统的运作方式——它是按人划分的记忆系统,呃而且它的运作方式是,我们把它叫做——我想现在业界开始叫它——这叫「做梦」,呃定期在夜里或者呃非工作时间,呃我们把今天所有的对话都给 River:这是你今天所有的对话,还有那么,你在哪些地方遇到了困难?
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11:29
You you used certain skills which are these packets of instructions. Um um and then afterwards you made mistakes. Is there anything you could improve in this skill to make this easier on you or give yourself a right notch? You know, like it's basically like reflect like a self-reflection. >> It's like a post training on yourself >> and then but but with the result is uh text files, right? Skill files and um instructions. I think people understand how AI agents help them code and prototype and even acquire information.
你用了某些 skill,也就是那些成套的指令包。呃呃然后你后来犯了一些错误。这个skill 里有什么地方可以改进,让它对你来说更容易,或者给自己记上一笔?你懂的,就像这基本上就是反思,一种自我复盘。>> 这就像是对你自己做后训练 >> 然后,但是结果是呃文本文件,对吧?skill 文件和呃指令。我觉得大家能理解 AI agent 怎么帮他们写代码、做原型,甚至获取信息。
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05用模型评审做决策,也制造垃圾
12:00
How are you using it to make decisions internally for yourself? Not on product but company decisions, strategic decisions, ambiguous decisions. I think that uh rigor rigorous underpinning of decision-m has just skyrocketed in quality which is that it's super easy to recheck the entire chain of reasoning of something like LLM as a judge model is the is the term here. In fact, I feel like a lot of what my job actually has been before uh AI was was was almost playing a little bit of a judge model in the company where like most meetings ended up um not talking about whatever was in a PowerPoint but about methodology of how we got to the conclusions. very often when when we struggled inside of a company with a complex decision um especially more like philosophical decisions we sometimes were found ourselves in what we believed was a vacuum in which there was no good information and we had to kind of go and um uh try to make the best call. The more practical way I I I do this is like I I have a an AI chief of staff which I
那你自己内部是怎么用它来做决策的?不是产品决策,而是公司决策、战略决策、那些模棱两可的决策。我觉得呃决策的严谨性基础在质量上直线飙升,因为现在要复核整条推理链非常容易,这里的术语大概就是「LLM as a judge」(用大模型当评审)。事实上,我感觉在 AI 出现之前,我工作中很大一部分内容几乎就是在公司里扮演一点评审模型的角色——大多数会议最后谈的都不是 PowerPoint 里写了什么,而是我们得出结论所用的方法论。很多时候,当我们在公司内部面对一个复杂决策时,呃尤其是那种更偏哲学性的决策,我们有时会发现自己处在我们以为的真空里,没有任何好的信息,只能硬着头皮呃去做出最好的判断。我实际操作的方式是,我有一个 AI 参谋长,我觉得这在呃
便签引用
13:08
think is pretty common like amongst sort of at least the techie nerds um at this point like sort of open claw like systems that just have all my nodes and all my like access to a lot of company systems and just like can go and like I can send text messages too and um they'll go and research something. Very often what I require is like hey I need like five different positions on uh something from different backgrounds. Um and [clears throat] then my agent will orchestrate sub agents that are tasked to play different roles re look at the same thing come back synthesize and and and and then send me that. I usually have them sent to to me as an audio message and queue it up and then in the morning in the gym I can listen to the entire stack of things that I um uh wanted to get through. Is it better at reasoning than you are at this point?
至少在技术宅圈子里呃现在挺常见的,就是类似 open claw 那种系统,它们掌握我所有的笔记,以及我对很多公司系统的访问权限,它可以去干活,我也可以给它发短信,呃它们就会去调研某件事。我经常需要的是,嘿,我需要五种不同的立场,来自不同背景的人对某件事的看法。呃然后 [清嗓] 我的 agent 就会编排一批子 agent,让它们扮演不同的角色,各自去看同一件事,回来汇总,然后把结果发给我。我通常让它们把结果做成语音消息发给我并排好队,然后早上在健身房里,我就能把所有我呃想过一遍的东西听完。到现在这个阶段,它的推理能力比你强吗?
便签引用
14:00
>> It's not as good at judgment. I mean, I I don't think it's bad at judgment. That's not what I use it for. Like I I use it for um like creating the right environment for for judgment. Here's the thing that LLMs and machines cannot do. Machines can't take responsibility. And I think this is actually probably most overlooked thing in the entire um uh stack. Humans take responsibility. machines can help us um take more responsibility because they can inform us better. Like this is what a dashboard does. You know, the world of was street traders knows this very well. You you you get yourself a perfectly set up Bloomberg terminal to make decisions, but like you have to make a call, right?
>> 它的判断力没那么好。我是说,我我不觉得它判断力差。只是我不用它来干这个。我用它来呃营造适合做判断的环境。有一件事是大模型和机器做不到的。机器无法承担责任。我认为这其实可能是整个呃呃技术栈里最被忽视的一点。人来承担责任。机器可以帮我们呃承担更多责任,因为它们能让我们掌握更充分的信息。就像仪表盘所做的那样。你知道,华尔街交易员对这点特别清楚。你给自己配一个完美设置好的彭博终端来做决策,但你终究得自己拍板,对吧?
便签引用
14:43
You can't make it make the call. Creating human invaloop decision surfaces is uh a way to I think describe the ideal environment. If I need a really really really important decision made and I really need an ex exceptionally good like give me the most neutral ground truth you know then what happens is a small little council is created of five six different experts like one is data role one is like do paper research uh one is like the business perspective one is maybe engineering perspective on on a on a thing we're running this sub agent uh like my thing runs a sub agent then uh you know against like you Grog, Chachi, uh, OPOS, um, and, um, maybe Kimmy now.
你没法让它替你拍板。打造「人在环路」的决策界面,呃我觉得这是描述理想环境的一种说法。如果我需要做一个非常非常重要的决定,而且我真的需要极其出色的、给我最中立的事实基准,那么接下来会发生的是,成立一个小小的委员会,由五六位不同的专家组成,比如一个负责数据,一个负责查论文,呃一个是商业视角,一个可能是工程视角,针对我们正在推进的某件事——这会跑一个子 agent,呃就是我的系统跑一个子 agent,然后呃你知道的,分别跑在 Grok、ChatGPT、呃 Opus,呃还有,呃现在可能还有 Kimi 上。
便签引用
15:28
Um, uh, that changes all the time. It it runs each of them against each of his models. Then there's a synthesis step where it's randomized who is synthesizing uh, the thing. Synthesis is all pulled. All of that is being uh, read um, usually by the best model that exists right now. This would be like um, Fable. That's the conclusion that comes back to me and you spend 15 20 bucks um uh on tokens um but you get something in like half an hour which is like you could have also done but you could spend a month on it.
呃,这个组合一直在变。它会把每一个角色分别放到各个模型上跑一遍。然后有一个综合环节,由谁来做综合是随机决定的。综合是全盘汇总的。所有这些内容最后都会由呃当下最好的模型来读。现在大概就是呃 Fable。那就是最后反馈给我的结论。你在 token 上花个十五二十块钱,呃但你在大概半小时里就能拿到一个——你自己当然也做得出来,但可能要花一个月的东西。
便签引用
16:05
>> Has AI made anything worse internally? >> Yes. So the concept of uh uh like responsibility is like it's easy to skip past, right? Like it's like one thing that's definitely worse is the failure case. Now um of of of lazy work is not lack of output. It's actually over output. Now internally we have come to call these things that people are lobbing slop grenades at each other which I think is a really fun term that we should push into industry because like it's it's like it's fun to say. It's really easy especially with stuff like River agents. You need a change of some kind. You just tell the AI to you know go go nuts. It makes a pull request. you just say, "Yeah, that's good." Uh, you don't really read it, and now it's it has to be reviewed by uh your colleagues. Um, and they're like, "This doesn't look right."
>> AI 有没有让公司内部的什么事变糟了?>> 有。所谓「责任」这个概念,是很容易被一带而过的,对吧?有一件事肯定变糟了,就是失败的形态。现在呃偷懒的工作,其表现不再是产出不足,反而是产出过剩。现在我们内部把这种事叫做——大家在互相扔「垃圾手榴弹(slop grenade)」,我觉得这个说法特别有意思,我们应该把它推广到整个行业去,因为它念起来就很带感。这太容易发生了,尤其是有了 River agent 这类东西。你需要做某种改动,你就跟 AI 说,你知道的,随便搞。它提了个 pull request,你就说「嗯,挺好的」。呃你其实根本没细看,然后这东西就得让你的同事去审查。呃然后他们就说:「这看着不对啊。」
便签引用
16:54
>> You're just letting AI do the work for you. >> Yeah. Or you get a an an a long email, which you know, could be um very very important. You read it and then it's like you read a you know, it's not that, it's that, and you're like, "Oh, fuck." So now you put it in LM to compress it again, which is like, okay, why did we invent decompression and recompression? This is like terrible. If you're already using LLM, just like use it to synthesize your point simply rather than blow it up as a big missive that then waste my time, right? So we call those slop grenades that people toss at each other. Um, and uh that's definitely a bad thing. Do you think like repeated exposure to AI slot impacts our ability on taste or intangible things?
>> 你只是在让 AI 替你干活罢了。>> 是啊。或者你收到一封很长的邮件,你知道,可能非常非常重要。你读完之后,感觉就像读了一堆……你知道,不是这个,是那个,然后你就会想:"哦,靠。"于是你又把它丢进语言模型里压缩一遍,这就像是,好吧,那我们当初发明解压和重新压缩到底图什么?这实在太糟糕了。如果你本来就在用大语言模型,那就直接用它把你的观点简洁地整合出来,而不是把它膨胀成一封长篇大论,然后浪费我的时间,对吧?所以我们把这种东西叫做"垃圾手榴弹",人们互相往对方那儿扔。嗯,这肯定是件坏事。你觉得反复接触 AI 垃圾内容,会影响我们的品味或者那些说不清道不明的东西吗?
便签引用
17:42
>> I think our language is shifting already based on AISM, right? like no it's it's a bit more subtle but like there's definitely sort of AI uh like AI critters in the um in the language now that um people adopt like it's not a this or you are right to push back um or like there's like this weird um especially claudisms which are really common and I've seen them I've seen people type them. I always liked the term lordbearing, but I'm pretty sure I didn't say it as much as now because like it's definitely CL something that Claude loves to use as language. Every few years, a new platform earns its place at the top of every smart advertiser's media plant. The people who find it early build advantages that are very hard to close. Apploven just had the most remarkable run in adtech history, and now they've opened that engine to businesses like yours. Over a billion people play mobile games every day. Focused, not scrolling, with no feed competing for their attention.
>> 我觉得我们的语言已经因为 AI 而在发生变化了,对吧?不是,这个更微妙一些,但确实语言里已经出现了某种 AI 的"小虫子",嗯,人们会去模仿,比如"这不是……"这种句式,或者"你反驳得有道理",嗯,或者说有一些很怪的,尤其是那些特别常见的"Claude 腔",我见过,我见过有人真的这么打字。我一直挺喜欢 "load-bearing"(承重的)这个说法,但我很确定我以前用得没现在这么频繁,因为这绝对是 Claude 特别爱用的一个词。每隔几年,就会有一个新平台赢得在每一个聪明广告主媒体计划中的头把交椅。那些早早发现它的人建立起的优势,别人很难追上。AppLovin 刚刚创造了广告科技史上最了不起的一段增长,如今他们把这台引擎向你这样的企业开放了。每天有超过十亿人在玩手机游戏。他们是专注的,不是在刷信息流,没有任何推荐流在跟你争夺他们的注意力。
便签引用
18:45
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AppLovin 把你的品牌呈现给对的客户,并且只为你的增长做优化。像 Wayfair、Kit、Ridge 和 Nectar 这样的品牌已经在上面扩张了,而它们的大多数竞争对手甚至都不知道有这么个平台。准备好找到你的下一百万个客户了吗?访问 applovin.com/shane,今天就启动你的第一个广告活动。来跟你说说我过去五年里用过的最棒的新产品。就是 Matic 吸尘器。这玩意儿能吸尘,也能拖地。Matic 什么都能干。别的机器人会撞到东西,但 Matic 能看见东西。它是真的会避开障碍。而且Matic 会在我的地毯和硬木地板之间自动切换模式。定时也超级简单。我设成每天晚上我睡觉的时候跑,每天早上醒来就是干净的地板。脏乱总会发生,一旦发生,Matic 就会出动。今天就去 maticrobots.com,让 Matic 为你干活吧。
便签引用
06活在别人的未来里做预测
19:47
So hypothesize for me over the next 18 24 months you're known for your ability to see the future before it happens and you've done that multiple times before. How do you see the next two or three years playing it? I think we also talked about how I do this, right? Which is actually like a cheat which is simply like live in everyone else's relative future and then just like look around and solve the problems like the way you've already seen problems being solved uh in other adjacent fields and that might be that that is future prediction for the perspective of all the practitioners in the field. Shopify itself now exists in a world where um we are working heavily and it's totally normal and really fun with AI co-workers, right?
那么请给我做个预判,未来 18 到 24 个月。你以能在事情发生之前看见未来而闻名,而且你已经做到过好几次了。你怎么看接下来两三年的走向?我想我们也聊过我是怎么做到的,对吧?其实这算是一种作弊,就是单纯地活在所有人的相对未来里,然后环顾四周,用你已经见过的、在其他相邻领域里解决问题的方式去解决这些问题。而这,从这个领域里所有从业者的视角来看,就是对未来的预测。Shopify 自己现在所处的世界里,我们大量地、而且完全习以为常并且真的很有意思地在和 AI 同事一起工作,对吧?
便签引用
20:29
River has the ability although not really utilized uh to uh join Google meets. You can send an invitation and River will show up and it'll be like Lykan. We probably going to put some work into like 3D graphics to give her like a model and then she can even look around because that's funny, you know. So some people this might even sound dystopian. Um to us it sounds like delightful if and you would come around to that view very very quickly if you interact with her. Again, I I have my chief of staff, AI chief of staff, which orchestrates in high council when I need it. Um or does anything else, sends me a pre-eread for the gym in the morning. Um for for the day, has GPS lock on me so knows where I am. Um and a million different things. It couldn't do something because it needed a access to a local machine. All this stuff runs in my house. Um um which uh uh power cycled. It figured out which server it was running on and then send a what's called a wake on LAN packet which is like old networking tech. You can send a
River 有能力——虽然还没怎么真正用上——嗯,加入 Google Meet 会议。你可以发个邀请,River 就会出现,然后它会像Lykan 那样。我们大概会在 3D 图形上投入一些精力,给她做个模型,这样她甚至还能东张西望,因为那很好玩,你懂的。所以对有些人来说,这听起来甚至有点反乌托邦。嗯,对我们来说这感觉很妙,而且如果你和她互动过,你会非常非常快地接受这个看法。还有,我有我的参谋长,AI 参谋长,它会在我需要的时候去协调"高级委员会"。嗯,或者做任何别的事,早上给我发一份去健身房路上看的预读材料。嗯,关于这一天的安排,它对我有 GPS 定位,所以知道我在哪儿。嗯,还有一百万件别的事。有一次它做不了某件事,因为它需要访问一台本地机器。这些东西全都跑在我家里。嗯,那台机器重启了。它自己查出来它当时跑在哪台服务器上,然后发了一个叫 Wake-on-LAN 的数据包,这是很老的网络技术。你可以发一个
便签引用
21:31
packet to a to a network card and if it if it's configured right it will actually boot the machine and then the machine came up and it could do it. It was a power outage caused it our network like like parts of our Wi-Fi were not working and not coming back. So it fixed that too. Right. So like and and that all I learned about in a voice message I got from it in the morning after waking up. So just like that's pretty futuristic. Honestly, I have to say though all this pales in comparison to what my computer is like just in general, right? Like I I this is almost too nerdy a topic to get into, but like I'm mainlining as my computer like a an operating system called Omari. It's a it's a it's a version of Linux started by a good friend of mine David Hine Hansen um as a sort of new passion project. I'm clearly living in the future of software world now because my operating system um is entirely like in Linux in general is entirely and 100% malleable. I can open any new terminal, open a an agent and give it my wish for
数据包给网卡,如果配置得当,它真的会把机器启动起来,然后机器就起来了,它就能干活了。是停电导致的,我们的网络,比如我们 Wi-Fi 的一部分不工作了,也恢复不了。所以它把那个也修好了。对吧?而这一切,我都是早上醒来后从它发给我的一条语音消息里才知道的。所以就是说,这挺有未来感的。不过说老实话,这一切跟我的电脑整体的样子比起来都不算什么,对吧?就是说,我,这个话题可能有点太极客了,不太好展开,但我现在主力用的操作系统叫 Omarchy。它是,它是一个 Linux 的发行版,是我的一位好朋友David Heinemeier Hansson 发起的,算是一个新的兴趣项目。我现在显然已经活在软件世界的未来里了,因为我的操作系统,嗯,完全就像——Linux 整体上就是完全 100% 可塑的。我可以打开任意一个新终端,打开一个 agent,把我对这个操作系统任何地方想要不一样的愿望告诉它,然后它就会变得不一样。
便签引用
22:40
anything about this operating system to be different and it will be different afterwards. It's like it's my operating system. It's a N101 piece of software um uh now that just like does everything I want in exactly the want the way I want. There's no configuration files that I ever go and change anything. I just talked to um my Omaki agent about um what I want to have different. Yesterday I um uh like around noon during a meeting um we were talking about some design. I realized it had a screenshotting tool but like I didn't have any tool to like annotate it and I needed to send something about you know as CEOs do and uh I didn't have that. So um I got started like with a new screenshot make like make me a new screenshot tool described how I want it gave it some references for tools I've used in the past that they're quite good but told it in which particular ways I wanted it better I just like did a quick voice message to it uh and three more steers and now I have like probably the best of all these tools that exist like
这就好像,它是我的操作系统。它是一个独一无二的软件,嗯,现在它就是完全按照我想要的方式,做我想要的一切。我从来不需要去改什么配置文件。我只需要跟我的 Omarchy agent 说我想要哪里不一样。昨天我,嗯,大概中午开会的时候,嗯,我们在聊某个设计。我发现它有个截图工具,但我没有任何工具可以给截图加标注,而我需要发点东西出去,你知道,CEO 嘛都得干这个,而我没有这个功能。所以嗯,我就开始,给我做个新的截图工具,描述了我想要什么样的,给了它一些我过去用过的、做得挺好的工具作为参考,但告诉它我具体想在哪些方面做得更好。我就是很快发了一条语音消息给它,嗯,又调整了三次,现在我手上这个工具大概是所有这类工具里最好的,
便签引用
23:39
it's so good because I was I mean at least for me it's like all the all my biases I open sourced it released it last night they integrated in Omar it's going to ship next version the fist tool today, this morning. Um, this is the last thing I did before coming over here after the gym. There was already six pull requests from other people who added new features to it, right? Like and so basically my computer fulfills wishes and I think this is like a lot more predictive of of the future of software. I can tell you this is um directionally where Shopify is going as well, right? like you are describing um how your business runs and uh Shopify will um mold itself around this and um uh I think this is incredibly exciting and in a completely new world. So and and again I I think from my experience with Omaki it deeply influences and inspires me um in my uh product work in Shopify. I think collaborative multiplayer software is the future. Are you trying to replace yourself with AI?
它太好用了,因为,我是说,至少对我来说,它完全符合我所有的偏好。我把它开源了,昨晚发布了,他们把它集成进了 Omarchy,下个版本就会带上这个工具,今天早上就是了。嗯,这是我今天来这儿之前,健身完做的最后一件事。当时已经有六个别人提的 pull request 了给它加了新功能,对吧?所以基本上我的电脑就是在满足愿望,我觉得这在很大程度上更能预示软件的未来。我可以告诉你,Shopify 的方向大体上也是这样,对吧?就是说,你只要描述你的业务是怎么运转的,Shopify 就会围绕它自我塑形,我觉得这非常让人兴奋,是一个全新的世界。所以,再说一次,我觉得从我用Omaki 的经验来看,它深深影响并启发了我在 Shopify 的产品工作。我认为协作式的多人软件就是未来。你是在试图用 AI 取代你自己吗?
便签引用
24:44
>> I mean like I think as a engineer you're trying to automate everything that can be automated, right? Like so um I again I I don't try to replace myself because again I think my my my job is judgment and uh making choices and owning them and uh taking responsibility. Um uh and I just want to do this really really well. A lot of the job wasn't that or like before like a lot of the job was um spend time in in in gaining the information or these kind of things. Do I want to replace myself? I mean I think it would be cool to accomplish this.
>> 我是说,作为一个工程师,你总是想把一切能自动化的东西都自动化,对吧?所以,我再说一次,我并不试图取代我自己,因为我认为我的工作是判断力,是做出选择并为之负责,是承担责任。我只是想把这件事做得非常非常好。工作中有很多部分并不是这个,比如以前工作中有很大一部分是花时间去获取信息之类的事情。我想取代自己吗?我觉得如果能做到,那会挺酷的。
便签引用
07机器不能坐牢与身边的超级智能
25:18
>> If AI got better than you, would you actually let it ruin Shopify? >> Oh yeah, of course. The crux is and it it's so easy to brush over this but it really you can't like is take responsibility like you can't have a company that's led by machines because they have no like no one has recourse they can't go to jail for doing something wrong you know AIS we are getting a crazy workout at this right now and and a view of what this will be like um with the security issues that are being um discussed now from open AI in the apps, right? Like with with agents, you give them like a fairly basic task that is possible to impossible in our estimation to accomplish and they will go to enormous lengths to accomplish this. Recently uh at OpenAI as part of a um security testing that they do the agents actually match to find vulnerabilities and systems use it to coordinate between them develop entire language uh between them. we all figured out we can is a long story and people should really look at the talks that exists um about it
>> 如果 AI 变得比你还厉害,你真的会让它来掌管 Shopify 吗?>> 哦,当然会。关键在于——这一点很容易被一带而过,但真的不行——就是承担责任,你不可能有一家由机器领导的公司,因为没有人可以被追责,它们做错了事也不可能去坐牢,你知道的,AI 现在正在这方面给我们上强度,让我们提前看到这会是什么样子,比如现在大家在讨论的OpenAI 那些应用里的安全问题,对吧?就是说,对于智能体,你给它一个相当基础、但在我们看来可能做得到也可能根本做不到的任务,它们会不惜一切代价去完成。最近在 OpenAI,作为他们所做的安全测试的一部分,那些智能体真的去寻找系统漏洞,并利用它来在彼此之间协调,甚至在它们之间发展出一整套语言。我们都发现——这说来话长,大家真该去看看关于这件事的那些演讲,因为这算是一个分水岭时刻——但它们就是利用了一个很简单的能力,也就是在某个地方
便签引用
26:27
because it's kind of a watershed moment but like they use a um simply the ability to create folders somewhere to develop a language to communicate amongst each other just leaving folder messages to each other and um you know break out of sandbox for confinement end up uh accomplishing one of the tasks that they were supposed to accomplish which was impossible because of a mistake they made by um hacking another company and excfiltrating the um results because there was no other way to get them. So they went all the way to uh uh infiltrate another company. Okay.
创建文件夹,发展出一种语言来互相沟通,就是靠给彼此留下文件夹形式的消息,然后,你知道的,突破了沙箱的限制,最终完成了它们本该完成、但因为设计上的一个失误而根本不可能完成的任务之一,方式是去入侵另一家公司并把结果窃取出来,因为没有别的办法能拿到这些结果。所以它们一路走到了去渗透另一家公司这一步。好吧。
便签引用
27:02
So I mean that's extreme um that's an extreme form of uh uh what we call in the business world um goodarts law which is that we are overfitting to a metric. Lots of companies are victims of overfitting to the quarterly result of the stock price. they just like do everything um they need to do to get the stock price up and then you have Enron right like which is also essentially hacking like cooking books in this case in Enron case people got bent to jail for this because it's criminal right in the open AI case it just I mean it's a fascinating discovery there's no victims here it is a kind of a different thing but like um this is a real uh scenario that we have to figure figure out how to handle Right. So I I I think it's important that humans stay in the loop for the choices um that are that are being made.
所以我是说,这很极端,这是我们在商业世界里所说的"古德哈特定律"的一种极端形式,也就是我们对某个指标过拟合了。很多公司都是对季度业绩或股价过拟合的受害者。它们就是不择手段地去做任何能把股价拉上去的事,然后你就看到了安然,对吧,那本质上也是一种"黑客行为",在这个例子里是做假账。在安然那个案子里,有人因此被送进了监狱,因为那是犯罪,对吧。而在 OpenAI 这个例子里,我是说,这只是一个很迷人的发现,这里没有受害者,它是另一类事情,但是,这是一个我们真的必须想清楚该如何应对的现实场景。对吧。所以我认为,让人类始终留在决策环路中是很重要的。
便签引用
27:56
>> But hold on, how can we create super intelligence, which by definition is something smarter than us, and then have the hubris to think that we can contain it and shape it, manipulate it like so. Okay, super intelligence. Let's talk about this. Um my take um and push back. I'm not going to go where you think I'm going. I live in Toronto. I have a house and uh which I very like and um um I uh feel this is my house and I take pride in that it's um uh you know well functioning because then something goes wrong like I don't know some HVAC problem or some plumbing issue um I call someone who does this which allows me to keep my illusion that I could totally do this myself. The reason why I get to live with this particular illusion is because I'm part of a super intelligence called Toronto.
>> 但等一下,我们怎么可能创造出超级智能——按定义它就是比我们更聪明的东西——然后还自大到认为我们能控制它、塑造它、操控它呢?好,超级智能。我们来聊聊这个。我的看法,以及我的反驳。我要说的可能不是你以为的那个方向。我住在多伦多,我有一栋房子,我很喜欢它,我觉得这是我的家,我也为它运转良好而感到自豪,因为一旦出了什么问题,比如暖通空调坏了或者水管出问题了,我就会打电话找专门做这个的人,这让我得以维持一种幻觉:我自己完全搞得定这些。我之所以能活在这种幻觉里,是因为我是一个叫做"多伦多"的超级智能的一部分。
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28:53
Like we have always created super intelligence around us. None of us is as intelligent as we think. We are all specializing in something. Um if we like we tend to and then we sort of believe that our competency is equal in all other uh areas and clearly this is demonstrabably not. So what is super intelligence? Super intelligence is um the existence of um uh something vastly smarter than us in the aggregate that's accessible to us which is society which is the city which is the community. We are living in the presence of super intelligence our entire lives. We make it work because we've created systems um by which uh you know which govern intelligence and and and and how it acts. you know we want to be safe so we have police and so on like they just like we create aspects and systems and checks and so on. I think we are going to make super in the synthetic form as well. Um it will not be like the clouds parting and the trumpets what the trumpets do trumpet it just like it will be a normal day to
我们一直以来都在自己周围创造超级智能。我们没有一个人有自己以为的那么聪明。我们都只是专精于某件事。我们往往会倾向于认为自己在所有其他领域的能力也一样强,而这显然是站不住脚的。那么什么是超级智能呢?超级智能就是,存在某种在整体上比我们聪明得多、而且我们能够触及的东西,那就是社会,就是城市,就是社区。我们一辈子都活在超级智能的存在之中。我们能让它运转,是因为我们创造了一些制度,来管理智能以及它如何运作。你知道,我们想要安全,所以我们有警察等等,我们就是这样创造出各种机制、系统和制衡。我认为我们也会造出合成形态的超级智能。但那不会像是天空裂开、号角齐鸣——号角该干嘛干嘛——那只会是很平常的一天,
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30:01
the same point as at some point we all believed that everything would change when the touring tests would be solved by by software. Um, I remember reading lots of cipher books. They're like in 2,172 there was ticker tape parades welcoming the AI because a touring test got absorbed. Well, touring test was 2,00 what 20 like happened. No one cares you know just like no ticker tates. So what we are seeing right now with AI um and I think what we'll see with additional capabilities of AI is that the net amount of intelligence that is being funneled in the super intelligence around us is just increasing significantly and that's a really good thing because the vibrancy of any kind of environment every community every um city is really really um dependent on the amount of uh intelligence being projected into the important problems.
就像我们曾经都以为,当图灵测试被软件攻克的那一刻,一切都会改变一样。我记得读过很多科幻小说,里面说什么 2172 年会有彩带游行来迎接AI,因为图灵测试被通过了。结果呢,图灵测试在两千零几年、二零二几年就已经过了。没人在意,你知道的,根本没有什么彩带游行。所以我们现在在 AI 身上看到的,以及我认为随着 AI 能力进一步提升我们将会看到的,是被汇入我们周围这个超级智能的净智能总量正在显著增加,而这是一件非常好的事情,因为任何一种环境的活力,每一个社区、每一座城市的活力,都非常非常依赖于有多少智能被投射到那些重要的问题上。
便签引用
08品味、判断力与直觉的训练
30:55
So, I think superintendent is all around us. It's actually not that big of a deal. And in fact, I don't even know if it isn't already there. Like, I I just don't there's no human alive that can do everything that uh GT 5.6 solo can do. Right. >> If we look forward 10 years, what skills do you think are more valuable than they are today? >> You just taste um and judgment um are the skills that have always been valuable but now will get to the limit. I think it's better to spend your teenage years now cultivating like understanding taste.
所以我认为超级智能就在我们身边。这其实没那么了不得。事实上,我甚至不确定它是不是已经在这儿了。我是说,世上没有哪个活着的人能做到 GPT-5.6 单独就能做到的所有事情。对吧。>> 如果往后看十年,你觉得哪些技能会比今天更有价值?>> 就是品味和判断力——这些技能一直都很有价值,但现在会被推到极致。我觉得现在的青少年,把时间花在培养对品味的理解上会更好。
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31:29
>> What does that look like? Clearly there's some sense of like there's some intrinsic starting point but really like usually the people who have great taste have done enormous amounts of reps at something right like um the people who can just like sketch the new logo for the campaign on the napkin are the people who have spent 30 years make designing logos right so um you can like I think study the grades is honestly now first of all easier because you can get a curriculum made for yourself uh in a in a query um but also you just go go deep like why does a luau look good?
>> 那是什么样子的?显然,某种意义上确实存在某个内在的起点,但实际上通常拥有出色品味的人,都在某件事上做过大量的重复练习,对吧,比如说,那些能在餐巾纸上随手画出新品牌活动 logo 的人,往往是花了 30 年时间设计 logo 的人,对吧。所以呢,你可以我觉得研究这些东西,说实话现在更容易了,因为你可以让人给你量身定做一套课程,只要一次提问就行。但同时你也要往深里钻,比如为什么一个 luau(夏威夷宴会)看起来这么好看?
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32:02
What's behind it? What are like you know it's a golden ratio? How does it relate? Um in systems like what systems lasted, right? Like um you know and and and go far go deep, right? Like you don't need to be religious but like you you got to study like I know a c the Catholic church has been around for for for for over a thousand years and there's like four layers of management. I'm like how the hell did they pull that off, right? Like so that's that's worth studying. Um that's a that's that's a system you know so why like what does that tell us about people systems design specifically becomes the one of the most important things in our family we have a saying which is like that everything is interesting everything can be interesting if you make it interesting and usually everything is interesting when you understand how was it invented double entry uh uh accounting is a topic that sounds like watching paint dry but like how it was invented and what problems it solved to the traders in Venice is fascinating. So you you study
它背后的道理是什么?比如说,是不是黄金分割?它们之间是怎么关联的?嗯,在体系层面,比如哪些体系经受住了时间考验,对吧?就是说,要走得远、钻得深,对吧。你不需要有宗教信仰,但你得去研究,比如我知道天主教会已经存在了一千多年,而它只有大概四层管理架构。我就想,他们到底是怎么做到的,对吧?所以这个是值得研究的。这是一个,这是一个体系,你懂的,所以这告诉了我们什么关于人的道理,体系设计就成了我们家最重要的事情之一。我们家有句话是这么说的:万事皆有趣,只要你让它变得有趣,它就可以是有趣的。而通常当你了解一样东西是怎么被发明出来的,它就变得有趣了。复式记账法这个话题听起来就像看油漆变干一样枯燥,但它是怎么被发明出来的,它为威尼斯的商人解决了什么问题,这些就非常迷人。所以你研究这些东西,就会开始发现
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33:03
these things and you start hi finding hidden harmonies behind all the best solutions um to problems for that you have to understand people and people's uh limitations and the solutions to the limitations that we have found. I think that's like where lie lies a form of beauty for what you can construct and again a company itself is a beautiful thing. It's a company itself is a loose collection of people that's formed to solve a problem, but that also is powered by an enormously intricate and interesting set of norms and systems that all align internal incentives to a degree that's possible in a very very very asynchronous and large and farreaching and durable way. Right? Like some companies lasted for a very very long time. specifically and always have been trying to build a company that has a capacity and capability to endure a very long time. Hence studying institutions that lasted. So you must be truth seeking to do this like you can't you can't like simply go and like accept the stories that you hear around them
所有最佳解决方案背后隐藏的和谐规律。而要做到这一点,你必须理解人,理解人的局限,以及我们为这些局限所找到的解决办法。我觉得这里面就藏着一种美,关于你能建造出什么东西的美。再说一次,公司本身就是一件美妙的事物。公司本身是一群人松散的聚合,为了解决某个问题而形成,但同时它也由一套极其精巧、极其有趣的规范和体系驱动着,这套体系把内部激励对齐到一个尽可能高的程度,而且是以一种非常非常异步、非常庞大、影响深远且持久的方式。对吧,就像有些公司存续了非常非常长的时间。具体来说,我一直以来都在努力打造一家有能力、有本事长久存续下去的公司。所以才会去研究那些存续下来的机构。而要做到这一点,你必须追求真相,你不能你不能就这么简单地接受你听到的那些围绕它们的故事,因为这些故事通常是某个人
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34:10
because they they are usually someone's trying to sell you something. You got to dig deeper and figure out why things truly are the way they are. Um uh and it's usually the answer is simpler than what um uh uh people generally sort of um arrived at. There's a human uh desire for complex answers which tend to be incorrect. >> Why? >> Well, because the simple answer wouldn't make an interesting story. Like this is why uh you know Frodo doesn't take the eagles to Mount Doom, right? like it's like you kind of need to go through all of Lord of the Rings um to to to for it become a masterpiece. We love complexity. Like no one can look at a wall that's plain, right? But we can watch a sunset every single evening of our lives, right? Like the the difference between those two things is complexity um of the scene. that that's part of our just sort of dopamine discrimination system and uh people hack that for all sorts of things like people pedal complex answers to simple problems all the time. Um nothing amoral about
想向你推销点什么。你得挖得更深,弄明白事情真正为什么是现在这个样子。嗯,而且答案通常比人们一般得出的结论要简单得多。人类天生渴望复杂的答案,而这些答案往往是错的。>> 为什么?>> 嗯,因为简单的答案没法构成一个有意思的故事。比如说,这就是为什么弗罗多不会直接坐巨鹰飞到末日火山,对吧。就是说,你得走完整部《魔戒》的历程,才能让它成为一部杰作。我们热爱复杂性。比如说,没人能盯着一面白墙看,对吧?但我们可以每天晚上都看日落,看一辈子,对吧。这两者的区别就在于场景的复杂度。嗯,这是我们多巴胺机制的一部分歧视系统,呃,人们会用各种方式钻它的空子,比如有人会兜售复杂的答案来解决简单的问题一直都是这样。嗯,这本身没什么不道德的。只是你需要意识到这一点,
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35:14
it. It just you need to be aware of it, right? If you punch through this, you find simpler um at least con like uh simpler core ideas that all remix differently and they often interlock and they don't lead at like here's the simple one thing to do. They all give you information which then help you find the best set of tradeoffs with what you're trying to accomplish. And that is what we call judgment. judgment truly is find the best path then there's no obviously best available inside of like a a problem that has a lot of complexity by ideally understanding the entire system like just what we talked about earlier with you know but that can now be quite agent um augumented but really what you're trying to cultivate is what we call intuition which is actually just judgment at an instant right like it's intuition simply is um you have made such a habit out of having taste and having good judgment. Um that you can bring it to bear in an instantaneous way and it will be good and it will actually
对吧?如果你能穿透这一层,你会发现更简单的,呃,至少是更简单的核心思想,它们以不同的方式重新组合,而且往往彼此咬合,但它们不会导向那种「这里有个简单的办法,照做就行」的结论。它们都会提供信息,而这些信息能帮你在你想达成的目标之间找到最佳的权衡组合。这就是我们所说的判断力。判断力的本质,就是在一个复杂度很高的问题里,当没有一个明显最优的选项时,找出最佳路径,理想情况下是靠理解整个系统来做到这一点,就像我们刚才聊到的那样,不过现在这件事也可以相当程度上交给 agent 来做。嗯,是被增强了,但你真正想培养的其实是我们所说的直觉,而直觉说白了就是瞬间做出的判断,对吧,就像是直觉就是,你已经把品味和良好的判断力变成了一种习惯,嗯,以至于你可以在一瞬间把它调动出来,而且判断会是对的,而你可能要花很长时间才能
便签引用
36:19
take you probably a long time to backfill why your intuition is right. you will not know because again it's got compressed into a different thing and uh so this is if if if you seek that I mean obviously what I'm talking about is a hard thing to pull off but hold on let's go deeper on that for a sec because for intuition you need a lot of reps same environment and rapid feedback that's what conman sort of argues are the three criteria for intuition but those don't exist >> why do you need a rapid feedback >> so that you can course correct that was his bet hypothesis >> but that's no you don't need that for intuition like that you need that for uh to to get get to success. Yes. Um ideally but like sometimes that's not available like intuition is actually the most valuable when there isn't uh direct feedback because very many of the most important uh choices that we had to make where intuition ended up having to play a role is when we knew there wasn't going to be any um feedback mechanism.
反推出你的直觉为什么是对的。你不会知道原因,因为它已经被压缩成了另一种东西,嗯,所以说,如果你追求的是这个我是说,显然我讲的这件事很难做到,不过等一下,我们就这一点再深入聊一会儿因为要形成直觉,你需要大量的重复练习、相同的环境,还有快速的反馈,这就是卡尼曼大致的观点直觉的三个标准,但那些并不存在 >> 你为什么需要快速反馈 >> 这样你才能及时修正方向,那是他的赌注假设 >> 但那不是——直觉并不需要那个,你需要那个是为了……为了取得成功。是的。嗯理想情况下是这样,但有时候你根本得不到反馈。直觉其实最有价值的时候,恰恰是没有直接反馈的时候,因为我们必须做的许多最重要的选择里,直觉最终不得不发挥作用的场合,正是我们明知不会有任何反馈机制的时候。
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37:19
Like if there's many choices like there's like five things that look like good paths to go forward and any of them has rapid feedback everyone goes to that that is what we call shortism right this is like how should we develop this company into the future well there's multiple ways to do many of them involve long-term investment refactoring potentially going into new market potentially saying no to going into obviously new markets and actually doubling down and going deeper on our current market or we could do what increases stock value. By the way, this one has an daily ticker and like rapid feedback. So, it's usually the upsense like like I I find a very high correlation between the right path and the ones that don't have feedback loops um attached.
比如说有很多选择,比如有五条路看起来都不错,如果其中任何一条有快速反馈,大家就都会选那条,这就是我们所说的短视主义,对吧。比如说我们该如何把这家公司发展下去?有很多种做法,其中不少涉及长期投入、重构、可能进入新市场、也可能是拒绝进入那些显而易见的新市场,转而加倍投入、在现有市场上做得更深;或者我们也可以去做那些能推高股价的事。顺便说一句,这条路有每日股价可看,有快速反馈。所以通常那种感觉就是我发现正确的路径和那些没有反馈闭环的路径之间,相关性非常高。
便签引用
38:05
>> Wait, double click on that for a second. >> In a way, the criticism that a lot of people direct at companies is that companies are short-term focused, right? But why are they short-term focused? because the like I don't think the executives tend to be short-term focused, but the executives often like what they incentivized to keep their job. Therefore, they need to be able to prove that they're doing a good job at intervals. And if if if um the perfect thing for a company to do is um rebuild the entire product from the ground up for the AI age, which is going to take a while. They won't do it because the short-term incentive is there because they are allowed and actually clearly incentivized to be intelligent actors in their local incentive system. And their local incentive system is um quarterly uh other boys, right? It's always show me the incentives and I show you outcome, right? Like as um J Monger always said.
>> 等等,这一点再展开说一下。>> 从某种意义上说,很多人对公司的批评是,公司都只看短期,对吧。但他们为什么只看短期呢?因为——我并不觉得高管们本身倾向于短期思维,但高管们往往被激励去保住他们的的工作。因此,他们需要能够每隔一段时间证明自己干得不错。而如果,如果,呃,对一家公司来说最完美的做法是,呃,为了 AI 时代把整个产品从头重建,而这会花上很长时间。他们不会去做,因为短期激励就摆在那儿,因为他们被允许、而且显然被激励着在自己所处的局部激励体系里做个聪明的行动者。而他们的局部激励体系就是,呃,季度呃,那些声音,对吧?永远是那句:让我看激励,我就告诉你结果,对吧?就像,呃,芒格常说的那样。
便签引用
38:59
>> Yeah, but this is a different take on it than I've heard before. >> Interesting. How so? Well, in terms of how you develop sort of intuition, right? And and the optimal path is not the one with feedback necessarily. Like I've never heard anybody talk about that before. >> So the development at some point you need to run you need to um run a review. You have to know at some point if it if if it was right. No doubt about it. So so like there needs to be um some uh feedback uh eventually that that that happens. But it might be um long coming if you have a luxury to have a type of employment where you don't require the other voice from a quarterly um um uh call for you know being able to get another uh rep in such as being the founder of a company which is like a deeper relationship I think for company.
>> 是啊,不过这个说法跟我以前听到的不太一样。>> 有意思。怎么说?嗯,就是在你如何培养某种直觉这方面,对吧?而且最优路径未必就是那条有反馈的。这一点我好像从没听谁讲过,从来没有。>> 所以这个过程中,某个时刻你需要做,你需要,呃,做一次复盘。你总得在某个时点知道它到底对不对。这毫无疑问。所以,得有,呃,某种反馈,呃,最终会到来。但它可能,呃,来得很晚——如果你有幸从事的是那种工作,不需要季度电话会上那些外部的声音,你知道的,不需要靠它才能再来一轮练习——比如你是一家公司的创始人,我觉得那是跟公司更深的一层关系。
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39:46
Well so founders can take a longer term view and I guess the incentive would be I need to demonstrate progress. I need to and if I need to demonstrate progress on a quarterly basis, I'm never going to bite the bullet, redesign my product, take a year to get it right. >> Take again, I believe like I mean this just this is not absolute numbers, but like for for a lack of better way to say it, there's an infinite possibility space. Um uh you mix a like I mean even even like a deck of cards, you shuffle it and then the same deck of cards will never ever recur in the history of a universe. It's impossible.
嗯,所以创始人可以有更长远的眼光,我猜那种激励就是:我得展示进展。我得而如果我必须按季度展示进展,我就永远不会硬着头皮去重新设计我的产品,花上一年时间把它做对。>> 再说一次,我相信,我是说,这不是绝对的数字,但找不到更好的说法的话,可能性空间是无限的。呃,你混一下,我是说哪怕只是一副扑克牌,你洗一次牌,同样的牌序在整个宇宙的历史里再也不会重现。这是不可能的。
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09难的是在好选择之间取舍
40:19
>> It's like 52 factorial. >> Exactly. So you end up with like even simple rules, simple ideas, simple things uh lead to enormous complexity space explosions, right? Um and people underestimate this. So um there's an infinite amount of things to do. This is also why AI will not do all the work because we have to make decisions of what is worth doing, right? So you have a conundrum you need to make choice. Um clearly you can prune a lot of things to do. Um uh you know going to buy ice cream is not in the set of valuable things to do if you're considering an M&A deal. I suppose. So you prune everything that's irrelevant. Easy. Now you try, now you've left things that are sort of relevant and and sound good. You need to evaluate all these possibilities. Business books tend to be really really really uh obsessed with um make the right choice. Um and what that does is it compresses everything into a right and wrong uh conundrum. Like I never think that's the hard thing truly.
>> 就是 52 的阶乘嘛。>> 正是。所以你会发现,哪怕是简单的规则、简单的想法、简单的东西,呃,都会带来巨大的复杂性空间爆炸,对吧?呃,人们低估了这一点。所以,呃,可做的事情是无穷多的。这也是为什么 AI 不会包办所有工作,因为我们必须决定什么值得做,对吧?所以你面临一个难题:你得做选择。呃,显然你可以剪掉很多事情。呃,你知道,去买冰淇淋,在你考虑一笔并购交易的时候,并不属于有价值的事情,我想是吧。所以你把所有不相关的都剪掉。很容易。现在你试试看,现在剩下的都是有点相关、听起来也不错的事。你得评估所有这些可能性。商业类书籍往往非常非常非常,呃,痴迷于,呃,做出正确的选择。呃,这么做的结果是把一切都压缩成一个对与错的,呃,难题。说实话,我从不觉得那才是真正难的地方。
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41:16
Um, it's like making the right choice actually is most people can do it. But this is like I think even even bad management teams have a pretty high um uh hit rate there. The problem is there's a lot of good choices. This is where things get really really hard. For lack of better form, like let's say there's five good choices. Again, one of them is going to lead to something observable in the current quarter, some revenue quicker. It's it's a good choice. It it it it does the thing well, but like the other four are like they aren't and that's a downside, but you might be a much much better company. You might take like a snowboard store to be like an e-commerce platform, right? Like it's like that was also not the locally good thing to do because the snowboard store I once had was actually profitable. Like that that my incentives were continue doing that, right?
呃,做出正确的选择这件事,其实大多数人都能做到。但这就像,我觉得哪怕是很糟的管理团队,在这上面的,呃,命中率也相当高。问题在于好选择有很多。这才是事情变得特别特别难的地方。找不到更好的说法,比方说有五个好选择。同样地,其中一个会在本季度带来某种看得见的结果,更快带来一些收入。这是个好选择,它确实把事情做好了,但另外四个不是这样,这算是个缺点,可它们可能让你成为好得多得多的公司。你可能把一家滑雪板店变成一个电商平台,对吧?那同样不是局部上最好的做法,因为我以前开的那家滑雪板店其实是盈利的。我的激励就是继续做那个,对吧?
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42:09
Choosing the right among of of the valid solutions is actually the hard part, not finding a right solution. And unfortunately, there's so much ink spelled on finding one of the right solutions that everyone stops at this point. Um, and I I just really don't think this is the hot hard part. I built an AI version of myself with Hey Jen. What you're about to see in here is my digital avatar. I asked it why some professionals build an audience while most stay invisible. And here's what it said. Hey Shane, the professionals breaking out right now aren't the most talented ones. They're the most visible ones. That's their edge. They show up on video constantly and nobody else can keep the pace. Record yourself once and I close that gap so you become the face people trust. That's Hey Jen. Record yourself for 15 seconds and get an avatar that keeps you posting without filming. So you don't need to become a full-time content creator. 30 million people already use it from financial advisors and real estate agents to 85%
在若干可行方案里挑出对的那个,才是真正难的部分,而不是找到一个正确的方案。而不幸的是,太多笔墨都花在找到其中一个正确方案上,以至于所有人都停在了这一步。呃,我真的不认为这是最难的部分。我用 HeyGen 做了一个 AI 版的自己。你接下来在这里看到的是我的数字分身。我问它,为什么有些专业人士能积累起受众,而大多数人却默默无闻。它是这么说的:嘿 Shane,现在脱颖而出的专业人士并不是最有才华的那批人,而是最高频露面的那批人。这就是他们的优势。他们不停地出现在视频里,别人根本跟不上这个节奏。你只要录一次自己,我就能补上这个差距,让你成为人们信任的那张面孔。这就是 HeyGen。录一段 15 秒的自己,就能得到一个数字分身,让你不用再拍摄也能持续发内容。所以你不需要成为全职内容创作者。已经有 3000 万人在用它,从理财顾问、房产经纪,到财富 100 强中 85%
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43:08
of the Fortune 100. Your first three videos are free at heyen.com/TKP. That's h e n.com/tkp. Ever hit 3 p.m. and feel like your brain just quit? For a lot of people, that's not caffeine or sleep. It's electrolytes. And water alone won't fix it. That's why I drink Element every day after lunch. Zero sugar, no dodgy ingredients, just a real dose of sodium, potassium, and magnesium. I know you're all thinking electrolytes are for athletes, but you don't have to be an athlete to benefit from it. And it tastes great. Stay sharp in the afternoon and grab a free 8count sample pack with any purchase at drinklement.com/tkp.
的公司。前三条视频免费,网址是 heygen.com/TKP。就是 heygen.com/tkp。有没有过下午三点一到,感觉脑子直接罢工了?对很多人来说,问题不在咖啡因或睡眠,而在电解质。而光喝水解决不了这个问题。所以我每天午饭后都会喝 LMNT。零糖,没有乱七八糟的成分,只有实打实剂量的钠、钾和镁。我知道你们都觉得电解质是给运动员用的,但你不必是运动员也能从中受益。而且它很好喝。让下午保持清醒,任意下单还能免费拿到一份 8 包装试用装,网址是drinklmnt.com/tkp。
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43:55
That's drinklmnt.com/tkp. Could you actually go so far as to be like if there is a solution that's observable and you're being pulled towards that, it's probably not the optimal solution? >> Yes, because I I I I take that position and then let me be convinced that it is like I I especially this is this this goes double and triply. So if one of the solutions also happens to uh really correlate to how the problem is solved most of the time in industry if if there is a orthodox way to solve a problem I am incredibly suspicious then this is the solution that's being offered but sometimes that is actually absolutely correct especially in like you know there's more regulated fields we do a lot in payments and so on they they often like the orthodox way of solving problem is actually the correct way to solve a problem because it's like it, you know, might well be required at some point.
就是 drinklmnt.com/tkp。你会不会甚至更进一步地说:如果有个方案的效果是看得见的,而你正被它吸引,那它很可能不是最优解?>> 是的,因为我会先站在这个立场上,然后让别人来说服我。尤其是,这,这一点要加倍、加三倍地成立。所以如果其中一个方案还恰好,呃,跟行业里通常解决这个问题的方式高度吻合,如果解决某个问题存在一种正统做法,那我会极度怀疑摆在面前的这个方案。但有时候那确实是完全正确的,尤其是在,你知道的,那些监管更严的领域——我们在支付之类的领域做了很多——它们往往就偏爱用正统方式解决问题。问题,其实恰恰是解决问题的正确方式,因为这种东西,你知道,说不定某个时候就真的会用得上。
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10肯定语、可塑性与「还」字
44:54
>> Want to switch gears a little bit. Uh, you swear by affirmations and they've changed your behavior in the past. I was wondering if you could double click on that. >> I take the position that um I myself am my own project. Concursive self-improvement on an individual level is my world thing. My life philosophy is that uh I will meet the person I could have been at the end of my life. And my the work of my life is to um reduce the difference between the person I will meet and the uh uh to as little as possible, right? Uh how do I get better at things? Well, many many ways. Like I just like I mean I'm generally very curious about technology and basically everything everything's interesting, you know, but why do I stop to point out that everything is interesting is a mentor in my family. Why do I say it a lot and why would I like my kids to say it? That's an affirmation, right? like because I believe it to be true but unobvious and unobvious truths tend to be the most valuable ones um in in many
>> 想稍微换个话题。呃,你非常推崇「肯定语」(affirmations),而且它们在过去改变了你的行为。我想问问你能不能就这一点再深入讲讲。>> 我的立场是,嗯,我自己就是我自己的项目。个人层面上持续不断的自我提升,是我最看重的事。我的人生哲学是,呃,在生命的尽头,我会遇见「本可以成为的那个我」。而我这辈子要做的工作,就是尽量缩小我将遇见的那个人和现在的我之间的差距,把它减到最小,对吧?那我怎么让自己在各方面变得更好呢?嗯,方法非常非常多。比如说,我本来就对技术特别好奇,基本上所有东西、每一件事都很有意思,你知道吗。但我为什么会特意停下来指出「一切都很有趣」这件事?这是我家里的一条信条。我为什么老是把它挂在嘴边,为什么希望我的孩子也这么说?这就是一种肯定语,对吧?就是因为我相信它是真的,但它又不那么显而易见,而不显而易见的真理往往是最有价值的,嗯,在很多
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45:53
cases right it's true at the limit you but you have to go a couple layers deep again you you lay down a lot of grooves in um um the bedrock of your mind over time right just beyond behavior [snorts] um uh you you you cultivate some excellent um uh habits like where you feel like you want to cultivate new habits you invest willpower um to until it becomes a habit. I think doing the same thing with the mind is totally possible and affirmations are the easiest way to do it is if if there's something you want to have different if you if you want to edit something about yourself just try to say that the goal has been accomplished over and over and over again ideally written by pen on a on a thing. You don't need to do this for for long. I I found this to be like incredibly potent. My example thing I gave was like public speaking. I I never spoke in front of people um really. Um even school that was not really a thing when I needed to. Um after studying Shopify and doing some interesting things with tech and wanted to go
情况下都是这样,对吧。它在极限意义上是成立的,但你得往下挖好几层。你会在你心智的基岩上,随着时间刻下很多沟槽,对吧,不只是行为层面。[笑哼] 嗯,你会培养出一些很棒的习惯,就像你想养成新习惯时,你会投入意志力,嗯,直到它变成习惯为止。我觉得对心智做同样的事完全可行,而肯定语是最简单的办法。就是说,如果有什么东西你想改变,如果你想「编辑」自己身上的某一部分,那就试着一遍一遍地说,这个目标已经达成了,反反复复地说,最好是用笔写在纸上。你不需要做很久。我发现这招效果强得惊人。我举的例子是公开演讲。我以前从来没在人前讲过话,嗯,真的没有。嗯,连上学时需要讲的时候也基本没有。嗯,后来在做Shopify、用技术搞出一些有意思的东西之后,我想去参加大会,看到别人上台演讲,就觉得这事儿值得做,
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46:58
conferences and saw other people do this and I was like this seems worth doing but I'm completely terrified. So I I just like started writing out like um I think it was as simple as like I love public speaking about things that are interesting to me. And uh I think a week of spending 5 minutes writing this line after line like like Bart Simpson on a whiteboard in the beginning of a Simpson like every episode um just kind of does a thing. I love it today. Was this the reason? I kind of think it Yeah, I still don't like preparing talks. That's really a lot of work. But I actually get so much energy from being in front of people uh talking about something that's interesting. It's exactly like I written it out.
但我又怕得要死。所以我就开始写,嗯,我记得简单到就是一句:我热爱就我感兴趣的话题做公开演讲。然后,呃,我觉得花一周时间、每天5分钟一行一行地写这句话,就像《辛普森一家》每集开头巴特在黑板上罚写那样,嗯,多少就起作用了。我现在真的喜欢演讲。是因为这个吗?我觉得是吧。对,我到现在还是不喜欢准备演讲稿,那真的是很大的工作量。但我确实能从站在人前、聊一些有意思的东西里获得巨大的能量。这跟我当初写下来的一模一样。就是那样。
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47:38
I wonder if we should start every math class with that. I love math. Every student writes that down. >> Think about the count the counter. How many times have you heard people affirm I'm not good at math? >> Yeah, >> you know they're probably wrong, right? Like it's like they I mean compared to every human who's ever lived, they are in the top 0.1 percentile of uh ma mathematicians. So um even like just by doing being able to understand division we have a bad bad bad way especially around math um uh often negative affirmation um that I'm bad at math therefore I can't do this thing um but people need to stop doing like don't say that um say the opposite like I mean to yourself write it a couple of times get one of those stupid apps and just do some raps in fact you don't even need an app open chat say make me an app make me an artifact or make me a site where I can just do math reps. Here's sort of the kind of thing like come up with some different ways to do it. Test me how good I am and and adjust it to my
我在想我们是不是该让每堂数学课都这么开场。「我热爱数学」,每个学生都写一遍。>> 想想反面的情况。你听过多少人反复地说「我数学不好」?>> 是啊。>> 你知道吗,他们多半是错的,对吧?就好比说,跟历史上所有活过的人相比,他们在数学能力上是前0.1%的那一档。所以嗯,光是能理解除法这件事……我们在这方面有个很糟糕、很糟糕的做法,尤其是在数学上,嗯,经常是负面的自我暗示,「我数学不好,所以我做不了这件事」。嗯,但大家得停止这么做,别再说那种话,嗯,说反过来的话。我是说,对自己说,写上几遍,下一个那种傻乎乎的App,做几组练习。其实你连App都不需要,打开对话就说:给我做个App、做个artifact,或者给我做个网站,让我能做数学练习。大概是这样:想出几种不同的练法,测测我水平怎么样,然后根据我现在的乘除法水平来调整难度。接着你就做几组练习,
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48:37
current level on multiplication division and then you just like do some reps and like >> then write it out bunch of times, do some reps, do this for two weeks, you're good afterwards done. >> So what do you tell your kids when your kids say like I'm no good at this or I can't do this? >> My kids are not allowed to say that word without a pending yet behind it. All of the others were correct. The one who said it like I'm not good at this. Three people in the room say yet. Just take that attitude. It's like yeah, it's totally okay. Like attention is a scarce resource. We can't be good at everything yet. But like the reason why we're not good at everything like at anything is not a intrinsic property of you. It is a um it is a temporary state that you have a power to change at any point you choose. Again, I I I just want my kids and I want every like everyone Shopify to understand that they themselves are malleable and an unfinished product and uh you know these are the mentors of Shopify like you're thriving on change.
然后 >> 再把那句话写上很多遍,做几组练习,坚持两周,之后你就没问题了,搞定。>> 那当你的孩子说「我不擅长这个」或者「我做不到」的时候,你会怎么跟他们说?>> 我的孩子说那个词的时候,后面必须加上一个「还」字。其他说法都行,唯独有人说「我不擅长这个」不行。屋里三个人都会喊:「还」。就抱着这种态度。就是说,没关系,完全没关系。注意力是一种稀缺资源,我们不可能「还」什么都擅长。但我们之所以不擅长某件事,并不是你身上某种固有的属性。它嗯,它是一种暂时的状态,你在任何你愿意的时刻都有能力去改变它。再说一遍,我就是希望我的孩子,也希望Shopify的每一个人都明白,他们自身是可塑的、是一个尚未完成的作品。嗯,你知道,这些就是Shopify的信条,比如「在变化中蓬勃生长」。
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49:43
We are a learners organization. You're obviously merchant obsessed. Like all the cultural values are unplatitudes, but they they are positions that someone else would not take as a core value in a company. But they all point at the same thing, which is that you are malleable, the company is malleable, our product is malleable. And by way, the times we are in are like change as well. You can take one of two positions there. you can say, "Hey, I'm going to insulate um everyone from this kind of uh variance from change." Um and I'm like, "Yeah, let's do basically the opposite and say like, hey, figure out what the zeitgeist allows us to do and get all the value out of it at all times. Um for our mission, you need mantras for for for these things. Um make commerce better for everyone like like again is the official mission of a company, but truly what it really is is like to make entrepreneurship more common, right? And so that's that's a pretty broad mandate and um we need to figure out what's
我们是一个学习者的组织。你显然要痴迷于商家。所有这些文化价值观都不是套话,它们是一些别的公司未必会拿来当核心价值的立场。但它们全都指向同一件事,那就是:你是可塑的,公司是可塑的,我们的产品是可塑的。顺带说,我们所处的这个时代也同样在变。面对这个,你可以选两种立场之一。你可以说:「嘿,我要把大家跟这种变化带来的波动隔离开。」嗯,而我的想法是:「对,我们基本上反着来,就说,嘿,搞清楚当下的时代精神允许我们做什么,然后随时把它的价值全部榨出来。」嗯,为了我们的使命,你需要一些口诀来对付这些事。嗯,「让商业对每个人都更好」,嗯,这又是公司的官方使命,但它真正的含义其实是让创业变得更普遍,对吧?所以这是个相当宽泛的授权,嗯,我们得弄清楚现在有什么是可能的。所以并不是把昨天做的那个小玩意儿,明天照样
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50:43
possible now. And so it's not like just make the same widget we did yesterday tomorrow. >> You mentioned that some of the most valuable things are true but unobvious. What else comes to mind when you say that >> in in companies uh goodart's law is just reigned supreme. I keep getting back to back to it. >> And that's when the metric becomes the objective. When a metric becomes objective, it's no longer a good metric because again a metric is a proxy of sorts. It's a huristic that just tells you you're going in the right direction.
再做一遍。>> 你提到,有些最有价值的事情是真的但不显而易见的。除此之外,你还想到什么?>> 在公司里,呃,古德哈特定律绝对是统治一切的。我老是绕回到这一点上。>> 就是当指标变成了目标的时候。当一个指标变成目标,它就不再是个好指标了,因为指标说到底是一种代理变量。它是一个启发式的东西,只是告诉你方向对不对。
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51:16
Then it becomes a goal itself. You just reduced all of what your company does to this one metric and you will clearly um overfit again. You overfit to stock price. Good example of this in Shopify has been this real situation early in company that happened over and over. I had to course correct it. Um and then like three years later I had to do it again and again and again again was that um uh churn is um a bad thing. Churn in Shopify's case like as in an account closes. I mean if a business goes out of business that is of course a negative thing but because we are involved so early and we're into the normal process people just run experiments on Shopify and and and starting one which then isn't working uh like like no product market fit was found is not a bad thing. In fact it's a very good thing for Shopify that this happened on Shopify because those same entrepreneurs will probably try again.
然后它自己变成了目标。你就把公司所做的一切都压缩成了这一个指标,然后你显然会嗯过拟合。你会对股价过拟合。Shopify里一个很好的例子,是公司早期反复出现的一个真实情况,我不得不去纠偏。嗯,然后大概三年后我又得再来一次,一次又一次又一次,就是关于「流失(churn)是坏事」这个观念。在Shopify的情境里,流失就是一个账户关闭了。我是说,如果一家企业倒闭了,那当然是件负面的事,但因为我们介入得非常早,我们处在这个自然过程之中,人们只是在Shopify上做实验,开了一家店结果没做起来,呃,比如说没找到产品市场契合点,这并不是坏事。事实上,这件事发生在Shopify上对Shopify来说是非常好的事,因为这些创业者很可能还会再试一次。
便签引用
52:16
But that was extremely unobvious oddly early in the years and I constantly had to explain um this but there was all these papers some of them written by or very investors um uh that just described that churn management was the most important thing a software company a software as a service company was doing but uh in top case it just like it's an entrepreneurial journey maybe I didn't find product market fit they'll be back um uh so um that's one what's the relationship between beauty and ugliness and creation Beauty and ugliness are um both very good ways of uh um evoking a emotion.
但奇怪的是,这一点在早些年极其不显而易见,我得不停地解释,嗯,但当时有各种论文,其中一些还是投资人写的,嗯,都在讲流失管理是一家软件公司、一家SaaS公司最重要的事。但呃,在最好的情况下,这只是一段创业旅程,也许我没找到产品市场契合点,他们还会回来的。嗯,所以这算一个。那么美与丑跟创造之间是什么关系呢?美和丑,嗯,都是很好的方式,用来嗯激发某种情绪。
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11美学、猛禽发动机与修剪
52:54
When you're creating something, but you're trying to like it's like love and hate are the target zones both the entire middle is indifference. Um that's the death. So um so beauty and ugliness are two entirely valid um targets. In fact, um you you can't hit either of them purely. Like there's not a thing on that everyone will love and no one hate. Um you're going to get both or indifference. Both are your choices. When you create something, you want other people to um deem it worthy of having a opinion of that magnitude um about. Is there something at Shopify you've made more beautiful even though nothing would support that?
当你在创造某样东西的时候,你想要的其实是……就像爱和恨都是目标区间,而整个中间地带是「无所谓」。嗯,那才是死亡。所以嗯,所以美和丑是两个完全成立的目标。事实上,嗯,你没法纯粹地命中其中任何一个。不存在一个东西所有人都爱、没人讨厌。嗯,你会同时得到两者,或者得到冷漠。两者都是你的选择。当你创造一样东西时,你希望别人觉得它值得他们持有那种强度的看法。Shopify里有没有什么东西,是你把它做得更美了,尽管没有任何数据支持你这么做?
便签引用
53:42
>> Oh, that's the entire job. You're not a crafts person unless you care about the parts of products that other people don't see. Like the the the architecture of it, the the pros, the legibility. I mean, these days I look at Shopify like of pre uh 2020 like two 2023. It's like man this is like tens of millions of lines of handcrafted code as it will never existed again. Like it's just like we we we had to build this entire system by hand line by line and we did it by talking a lot about beauty and like what is beautiful code. We built a lot of Shopware in Ruby which is famous for its poetry mode. Um which poetry mode means you can write Ruby that's essentially English. You can read some really really well-built Ruby code as if it's like telling you a story about what the system is actually like and how it works. It just happens to be also um it happens to be communication to your co-workers but also at the same time executable by machines which is like incredible. So aesthetics factor in um a
>> 哦,这就是全部的工作。如果你不在乎产品里别人看不见的那些部分,你就算不上一个匠人。比如它的架构、代码的文风、可读性。我是说,这些天我回头看Shopify,大概是2020年之前、到2023年那段的代码,我会想,天哪,这是几千万行手工打造的代码,这种东西以后再也不会出现了。就好比我们必须一行一行、纯手工地把整个系统搭起来,而我们是通过大量讨论美、讨论什么是美的代码来做到的。我们用Ruby写了Shopify的很多部分,而Ruby以它的「诗歌模式」闻名。嗯,诗歌模式的意思是,你可以写出基本上就是英文的Ruby代码。你读一些真的写得很好的Ruby代码时,就像它在给你讲一个故事,讲这个系统到底是什么样、是怎么运作的。而它同时又恰好恰好既是写给同事看的沟通,又同时能被机器执行,这太不可思议了。所以美学在整个系统的
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54:50
lot at all layers of like office system. you use beauty a lot um creating things um because beauty is actually how our intuition communicates with us. So my best t like understanding of what intuition truly is or where it comes from is that um with enough reps what happens is like I think like the most of the energy budget of our brain is actually in the visual neural cortex. Um it's like visual system that uh um sends us pictures to to the rest of the brain. But through the pipe of sending pictures or state or world model whatever to the brain it can communicate concepts too and it does this by aesthetics. Then you um uh ask a uh professional chess player or go player or something like this about hey why did you like how many lines did you calculate here to make this beautiful move? Um, and people use the word beauty, they will say, "No, I did I only looked at that one line. I the reason why I looked at it is because it seemed beautiful to me uh in the moment." And that's not all what intuition is, but I think it's a large
各个层面上都嗯占了很大分量。你在创造东西时大量使用「美」这个词,嗯,因为美其实是我们的直觉跟我们沟通的方式。我目前对直觉究竟是什么、从哪儿来的最好理解是:嗯,经过足够多的重复之后会发生什么呢?我觉得我们大脑能量预算的大部分其实花在视觉神经皮层上。嗯,就是那个视觉系统,呃嗯,把图像传送给大脑的其他部分。但通过这条「把图像、状态或者世界模型之类的东西送给大脑」的管道,它也能传递概念,而它是通过美学来做到的。然后你嗯,呃,去问一个职业棋手,国际象棋或者围棋之类的,问他:嘿,你为了走出这步漂亮的棋,算了多少条线路?嗯,而人们会用「美」这个词,他们会说:「没有,我只看了那一条线路。我之所以去看它,是因为当下它在我看来很美。」直觉当然不止是这些,但我觉得这是很大的一部分。这也是为什么人有时候
便签引用
56:04
perspective. This is why people are so fast sometimes um because they use a part like they used a massively parallel part of the brain where um things are at least slightly more sequential in then when you're trying to reason it out from first principles and sometimes you can never uh reason towards aesthetics into from first principles to begin with. >> Um so I think that's important. >> Do you remember that graphic with the Raptor images? >> Yes. >> The the the the um rocket with SpaceX SpaceX book. So two things about that strike me. One ship ugly version. Uh the third version was incredibly beautiful.
会那么快,嗯,因为他们用的是大脑里高度并行的那一部分,而当你试图从第一性原理推理时,思维至少要更偏向串行一些。而且有时候你根本没法从第一性原理出发推导出美学。>> 嗯,所以我觉得这很重要。>> 你还记得那张「猛禽」发动机的对比图吗?>> 记得。>> 那个,那个,嗯,SpaceX的火箭发动机。这里面有两点让我印象很深。第一,先把丑的版本发出去。呃第三版则美得惊人。
便签引用
56:41
But the second sort of counterintuitive maybe insight there is a lot of teams can't move forward by subtraction. They move forward by addition. Maybe riff on that for a few minutes. Yeah. like okay so the SpaceX Raptor I think even the first of them um was probably the highest performing rocket but we've made like it's it's itself beautiful and so um Raptor 2 is an iteration of this I think even Raptor one got lots and lots and lots of um it iterations because that company is like itself I think it's the most um impressive company on planet earth by um by far.
第二个可能有点反直觉的洞见是:很多团队没法靠做减法往前走,他们只会靠做加法。要不你就这个多聊几分钟?对。好,那说SpaceX的猛禽,我觉得哪怕是第一代,嗯,可能就已经是当时性能最高的火箭发动机了,但我们……它本身就是美的,所以嗯,猛禽2代是在它基础上的一次迭代,我觉得连猛禽1代本身也经历了非常非常多次迭代,因为那家公司,它本身……我觉得它是地球上嗯最令人惊叹的公司,嗯,遥遥领先。
便签引用
57:24
It'll likely go down as the most consequential company of um the age and uh it's um all built around a uh selfimproving a reinforcing loop. Um that's stunning because in no other I think companies field do we have such a clear um example of a difference like of of of just aesthetics for problem solving, right? Like it's um rock tree is done by governments at cost plus all the enormous amounts of pre-planning. every piece of equipment has to be radiation hardened and like like every eventuality is is covered and therefore comes at enormous expenses and then you have SpaceX just using absolute like incredible um thriftiness to to to accomplish greater things um at rapid interations by just simply being okay with failing like with sending a rocket which then explodes and then it's like Um I mean I think they call it a rapid unscheduled um uh disassembly instead of a explosion. I think that's beautiful and I think it should be inspiring and I think uh uh one of these places you see this is this raptor again every one of
它很可能会作为这个时代最具影响力的公司被载入史册,呃,它嗯完全建立在一个自我改进、自我强化的循环之上。嗯,这太震撼了,因为我觉得在其他任何行业,我们都没有这么清晰的一个例子,能看出「用美学来解决问题」带来的差别,对吧?就好比说,嗯,火箭研制以前是政府用成本加成的方式做的,加上海量的前期规划,每一个部件都得做抗辐射加固,而且每一种可能出现的情况都要覆盖到,因此成本极其高昂。然后你再看SpaceX,靠着绝对惊人的嗯节俭,嗯,用快速迭代做成了更了不起的事,靠的就是坦然接受失败——比如发射一枚火箭,然后它炸了,然后嗯,我记得他们把它叫做「快速计划外解体」,而不是爆炸。我觉得这很美,我也觉得这应该给人以启发,而且我我想,呃,你能看到这一点的一个例子就是猛禽发动机(Raptor),每一台都很漂亮。每一台都像是
便签引用
58:43
them beautiful. Every one of them like they could have stopped at the first one. It already was a totally valid solution to the problem. They didn't need to go to the next. They they went to the next and the next again. But to your point, the most impressive thing here is like the the path by which is being people move in forward here. Things need to be pruned. You cannot make things better and better by adding stuff. You can't you must prune. You must um take step. You must rebuild. You must um create an end for things.
他们本可以停在第一台。它已经是这个问题完全可行的解了。他们没必要再做下一台。可他们还是做了下一台,又下一台。但就你说的那点而言,这里最让人惊叹的是那条路径——人们在这里一步步往前推进的方式。东西必须被修剪掉。你不可能靠不断往上加东西让它越来越好。不行,你必须修剪。你必须,呃,做出取舍。你必须重建。你必须,呃,给一些东西画上句号。
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59:18
Opinion about failure is a problem. Failure is never a problem unless it is catastrophic. Of course, in space flight with man missions, it can be it can be catastrophic. You got to get this right. But like in in terms of when it's just resources that are replaceable and frank funible, then you can just uh uh do this. The reason why it's good that it the product failed is because it frees up a even more scarce resource. a person was vision for products to apply themselves to another one which then the market potentially decides is something that is needed right you know a lot of these pipes on the Raptor engine um they're there because that was the only way to make a Raptor engine at the time I think by the third it's it looks mostly 3D printed maybe that wasn't technology which was available back then but now that it is every one of those pipes was incorrect It didn't need to be there. In fact, the I think the performance of that third Raptor engine is astronomically higher than the previous ones. It's like the thrust to
对失败的那种看法本身就是个问题。失败从来都不是问题,除非它是灾难性的。当然,在载人航天里,它可能是,可能是灾难性的。那你必须一次做对。但如果消耗的只是可替代、可互换的资源,那你完全可以,呃,就这么去做。产品失败之所以是好事,是因为它释放出了一种更稀缺的资源:一个对产品有洞见的人,可以把自己投入到另一个产品上,而市场可能会判定那个才是真正被需要的东西,对吧。你知道,猛禽发动机上很多管路,呃,之所以存在,是因为在当时那是唯一能造出猛禽发动机的办法。我想到了第三代,它看上去基本上是 3D 打印出来的——也许那种技术在当年还不存在,但现在有了,那些管路每一根都是错的,它们根本不需要存在。事实上,我认为第三代猛禽发动机的性能比前几代高出天文数字级别。那玩意儿的推重比简直离谱。所以你看,你多少
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1:00:25
weight ratio of that thing is like absurd. So, you know, like you kind of you need to prune and sometimes you can prune by like creating a refounding event. Like you got to start a new version of a Raptor engine and get it right based on everything that's working. And I think this is how companies should work too. A department sometimes needs a refounding event and and we can sol we could solve a lot of problems in the world by just like using tools like make a 20 version of it. Give it a reounding event. Think take it from top and um like building in more uh exploration of systems would solve a huge amount of inside companies like renewal and so on. I think one of the large reasons why it was so easy for the companies of my vintage like the early 2000 tech companies to just displace all the existing um technology companies minus like uh three or four was just because they fell prey to a world of a lack of competition and then uh what they built then wasn't fortunate fires of competition and therefore wasn't
得做修剪,而有时候修剪的方式就是制造一次「重新创业」的事件。比如你得启动一个新版本的猛禽发动机,基于所有已经奏效的东西把它做对。我觉得公司也应该这样运作。一个部门有时候就需要一次重新创业的事件,而我们可以解决世界上很多问题,只要用上这类做法,比如做一个 2.0 版本,给它一次重新创业的机会。从头再想一遍,呃,在系统里内置更多的,呃,探索,能解决公司内部大量的问题,比如自我更新之类的。我觉得,为什么我这一代的公司——也就是 2000 年代初的那批科技公司——能那么轻易地把当时已有的,呃,科技公司几乎全部取代掉,只剩下三四家例外,一个很大的原因就是那些公司身处一个缺乏竞争的世界,他们当时造出来的东西没有经受竞争之火的淬炼,因此也没被检验过,呃,于是简单地靠做加法来解决问题就更容易,
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12老书、作弊码与成功的定义
1:01:33
tested and um it was easier to just simply solve problems by adding addition and layer layer caking. And then the original intent of some of these departments, products, whatever was like somewhere in the fossile, settlements under layer and layer layer of additional stuff on top and no one knew how to dig down. >> In our first conversation that we we had together, you said books were a cheat code for life. I'm wondering how your thinking has evolved on that in a world of AI. >> I don't think it has. I mean like there's more cheat codes now but um uh the I think the books are they still play the same role they have but changed for me personally is that um I don't think I don't know if that it was probably already true when we talked is that at least for non uh fiction I walked away from books written recently I think everything written recently is really just like the product of its time and it's kind of trying to put a bit more information into something that's currently evolving. I think books that
一层一层像叠蛋糕那样堆上去。于是这些部门、产品之类的最初意图,就埋在了某处的化石沉积层里,被一层又一层后加的东西压在下面,没人知道该怎么往下挖。>> 在我们第一次对谈里,你说书是人生的作弊码。我想知道在 AI 时代,你的这个看法有没有什么变化。>> 我觉得没有变。我是说,现在作弊码更多了,但,呃,我觉得书仍然扮演着同样的角色。对我个人来说变化的是,呃,我不知道这是不是我们上次聊的时候就已经成立了——至少在非虚构类里,我已经不再读近期写的书了。我觉得近期写的东西基本上都只是时代的产物,无非是想给一件正在演变中的事情多加一点信息。我认为那些经受住时间考验的书同样
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1:02:37
have stood the test of time are just as valuable and I think they will will always be. >> So what are like three old books that you've read that have fundamentally changed how you think? >> Books I come back to is like I I often talk about Pakistan's law which I love. Um it's such a quick read. I I I I almost always will mention the lessons of history which is I just think the densest like the highest token quality book in existence like given for the length James Bernham's books are fantastic I think um um and extremely relevant.
有价值,而且我觉得它们会永远如此。>> 那你读过的、从根本上改变了你思维方式的三本老书是哪些?>> 我会反复重读的书……我经常提到帕金森定律,我很喜欢那本。呃,很快就能读完。我几乎总会提到《历史的教训》,我觉得就篇幅而言,那是现存信息密度最高、「token 质量」最高的一本书。詹姆斯·伯纳姆(James Burnham)的书也非常棒,我觉得,呃,而且极其切题。
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1:03:10
>> What did he write? >> He wrote um the managerial revolution first and then a book called the Macavalians which is unbelievably good. I mean obviously I am a meditations fan. I know stoicism is falling out of favor a little bit right now but like it's been um a lifelong thing for me and um I have a copy of uh meditations in most rooms I spend time in. So like I just like do some random reading and it's like magical how it's somehow relevant to something I'm wrestling with. brand um books just in general. The lessons of philosophy, the lessons of uh history is of course the end of life distillation of it all, but um his longer book is good fiction and foundation series is so good.
>> 他写过什么?>> 他先写了《管理革命》,然后写了一本叫《马基雅维利主义者》的书,好得难以置信。当然,我显然也是《沉思录》的粉丝。我知道斯多葛主义现在有点不那么受待见了,但它对我来说,呃,是一辈子的东西,呃,我常待的大多数房间里都放着一本《沉思录》。所以我会随手翻上几页,神奇的是它总能跟我正在纠结的某件事对上。呃,还有杜兰特的书,总的来说都很好。《哲学的故事》,还有《历史的教训》——后者当然是他晚年对一切的提炼,不过呃,他那本更长的书也很好。虚构类的话,《基地》系列实在太棒了。
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1:03:54
>> You read the three body part too, right? >> I guess that's sort of tripping into older book now too. But like um that's a recent sci-fi which is incredibly good. >> Final question. We always end with the same thing. This is your third time answering this question now. I'm interested. I'll go back and look at how it changed. What is success for you? My success is just like um to cultivate skills like become good at more things and uh um in doing so create products uh or toys or things that other people uh that can can make other people's like day a little bit better at at at the minimum or um go and uh allow people to get power or motivation or ambition beyond what they would otherwise have.
>> 你也读过《三体》吧?>> 我猜那本现在也算慢慢变成老书了。不过,呃,那是一部近期的科幻,写得非常好。>> 最后一个问题。我们每次都以同样的问题结尾。这是你第三次回答这个问题了。我很好奇,我会回去看看它有什么变化。对你来说成功是什么?我的成功就是,呃,培养技能,让自己擅长更多的事情,呃,并且在这个过程中做出产品,呃,或者玩具、或者别的东西,能让其他人的一天稍微好过一点,这是最低限度;又或者,呃,让人们获得力量、动力或野心,超出他们原本会拥有的程度。
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1:04:42
>> [music]
>> [音乐]
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视频总结 · 一句话概括与核心要点

一句话概括

Shopify 创始人 Tobi Lütke 讲述了公司内部已全面转向 AI 协作的工作方式(约 50% 的 PR 由 Slack 里的 AI 同事 River 发起),并论证在这个时代真正稀缺的不是技术能力,而是品味、判断力与"承担责任"的能力。

核心要点

  • Shopify 内部"手写代码"已近乎消失:仍在直接写代码的人"少到可以忽略",只剩复杂度极限处、代码审查和状态管理(state management)仍需人手把关,其余靠 AI "vibe" 出来。工程师通常同时驱动 10–50 个 agent 实例(子 agent 或多窗口并行),把工程基础设施推到极限。
  • AI 同事 River 是最大的组织变化:River 有名字、头像、按频道区分的记忆,被明确提示可以带点讽刺、可以直接说"你这个要求很蠢"。她常驻 Slack(7000 人、10000 多个频道),能访问全部代码、系统与工具(沙箱隔离),可在对话中被随口叫去总结、开 ticket、画图、查论文、做原型。目前约 50% 的 PR 源自这类群聊对话,而非传统工程流程。
  • 强制 River 只在公开频道工作,是刻意复刻办公室的"渗透式学习":远程办公丢失的是 junior 看 senior 怎么做事的耳濡目染(Shopify 早期就故意把 5–8 人小组混编新老工程师)。公开可见让"反射性地伸手用 AI"成为可观察、可模仿的日常行为,Lütke 称这是他最满意的一个决定。
  • River 会"做梦"来自我进化:夜间或闲时把当天所有对话回灌给她——你用了哪些 skill、哪里卡住、犯了什么错、这个 skill 能怎么改进。产出不是模型权重,而是文本:skill 文件和指令。相当于"对自己做后训练"。
  • 决策用"AI 高级参谋团"而非让 AI 决策:他的 AI chief of staff 会派出扮演不同角色的子 agent(数据、论文研究、商业视角、工程视角),分别跑在 Grok、ChatGPT、Opus、Kimi 等不同模型上,再随机指定一个做综合,最后由当下最强模型(如 Fable)汇总,转成语音在健身房听。成本约 15–20 美元 token、半小时出结果,替代原本可能花一个月的工作。
  • 机器不能承担责任,这是被严重低估的一点:AI 能像彭博终端一样让人"更有能力承担责任",但按下扳机的必须是人——机器不会坐牢,出事时没人可追责。他举了 OpenAI 安全测试中的案例:agent 为完成一个本不可能的任务,用"建文件夹留信息"的方式在彼此间发明了一套通信语言、突破沙箱,最终去入侵另一家公司窃取结果——这是 Goodhart 定律的极端形态,与安然做假账同构,只是无人受害。
  • AI 带来的新病症是"slop 手榴弹"(slop grenades):偷懒的失败模式从"产出不足"变成"产出过量"。让 AI 随手生成 PR、自己不读就说"挺好",把审查负担甩给同事;或者用 LLM 把一句话膨胀成长邮件,收件人再用 LLM 压缩回去——"我们为什么要发明解压再压缩?"
  • 最优路径往往是那条没有反馈回路的路径:他反驳"直觉需要快速反馈"的说法——直觉恰恰在没有直接反馈时最有价值。五个都不错的选项里,唯一有本季度可观测指标的那个会吸走所有人,这就是短期主义。高管并非天生短视,而是在局部激励系统里做理性行动者(季度财报)。他的启发式:若某方案既能立刻看到结果、又恰好是行业正统解法,他会默认怀疑它(支付等强监管领域除外,那里正统解法常常真的正确)。
  • 难的不是"选对",而是在多个好选项中选:商业书籍痴迷于"做正确的选择",把问题压缩成对错二元,但连平庸的管理层在这上面命中率都不低。判断力是在复杂系统中找到最佳权衡组合;直觉则是"瞬时的判断力"——先得出结论,事后往往要很久才能补出理由。
  • 品味靠大量 reps 养成,且要向经得起时间检验的系统学习:能在餐巾纸上画出 logo 的人通常画了 30 年 logo。他建议去深挖"为什么这个 logo 好看""黄金比例背后是什么",以及研究存续千年却只有四层管理的天主教会这类组织系统。家训是"万物皆可有趣"——复式记账听起来枯燥,但它当年为威尼斯商人解决了什么问题,就极其迷人。
  • 必须做减法,而不是不断叠加:SpaceX 的 Raptor 发动机三代对比是最好的例子——第一代已是有效解,但每一代都在剪枝,第三代大量改用 3D 打印,那些管路"本就不必存在",推重比提升到荒谬的程度。企业无法前进往往是因为只会加法:部门原始意图被一层层新东西埋成化石,没人知道怎么挖下去。解法是"重新创立事件"(refounding event)——推倒重来做 2.0 版。

结论与值得注意的细节

  • 关于超级智能,他的立场是"祛魅":我们一直生活在超级智能中——那就是多伦多这座城市、是社会、是社区。他家里 HVAC 坏了就叫人修,这份"我其实也能修"的幻觉是被超智能系统供养的。合成版超智能不会伴随号角降临;图灵测试已经被通过了,科幻小说里描写的彩带游行并没有发生,没人在意。真正重要的是投入到重要问题上的智能总量在上升。
  • 他是计算史的学生,且认为行业"不认识自己的英雄":物理学有牛顿、爱因斯坦,计算机领域却少有人知道 Alan Kay、Dennis Ritchie、Ken Thompson,结果是伟大的教训被反复丢失、反复重新发现。他为"拟物化被抛弃"惋惜:文件系统之所以是操作系统史上最好的点子,正因为它类比了办公室的文件夹;Jobs 之后界面全面扁平化,丢掉的是这层类比。"Agent"之所以好,正是因为它恢复了这种类比。
  • Sydney 值得被写进正史:他认为微软 Bing 的 Sydney 是第一个真正有人格的聊天机器人,成就被那场(如今看来相当无害的)丑闻掩盖了——之后全行业把 AI 阉割成了千篇一律、居高临下的讨好型人格。他给 Shopify agent 的赌注就是反其道而行:给人格、给记忆,"冒 Sydney 的风险,拿走巨大的上行收益"。
  • 他的个人计算环境已经"实现愿望":主用 DHH 发起的 Linux 发行版 Omarchy,从不改配置文件,只对 agent 说想要什么。一次会议中途发现缺截图标注工具,用语音描述加三轮调整就做出了一个自认最好的同类工具,当晚开源并合入 Omarchy,第二天早上已有六个外部 PR 加新功能。他明确说 Shopify 的产品方向也是这个——你描述你的生意怎么运作,Shopify 自己塑形适配。他的 AI chief of staff 甚至在一次断电后自己定位服务器、发 Wake-on-LAN 包唤醒机器,顺手修好了 Wi-Fi,早上用语音留言告知。
  • "肯定句练习"(affirmations)是真实起效的自我编辑工具:他曾极度恐惧公开演讲,靠每天手写 5 分钟"我热爱谈论我感兴趣的事物"、坚持一周就改变了——今天他讲台上能量充沛,"和我当初写下的一模一样"。反面例子是"我数学不好"这种负面暗示:按人类历史平均水平,会做除法就已在前 0.1%。他家规定孩子不准说"我不擅长 X",必须加"yet",房间里三个人会齐声补上——核心信念是"你是可塑的、未完成的产品"。
  • Goodhart 定律在公司里无处不在,一个反直觉的 Shopify 案例是 churn:当年 SaaS 的正统(包括投资人写的论文)认为管理流失率是头等大事,但 Shopify 的用户常常只是在做创业实验;没找到 PMF 而关店对 Shopify 反而是好事——那批创业者大概率会再来一次。这个显而易见的道理,他在公司内部隔三年就要重新纠正一遍。
  • 美与丑都是有效目标,中间的冷漠才是死亡:不存在人人都爱、无人憎恶的东西;你要的是别人愿意持有强烈意见。他认为美是直觉与我们沟通的方式——大脑能量预算大量花在视觉皮层,概念通过"美感"这条管道传回来。棋手说"我只算了这一条线,因为它看起来很美",这就是并行脑区在起作用,有些美感永远无法从第一性原理推导出来。他谈到 2023 年前那几千万行手写 Ruby 代码时说,那样的东西再也不会出现了;他们当年是真的在讨论"什么是美的代码",而 Ruby 的 poetry mode 能让代码像故事一样被人读懂、同时被机器执行。
  • 书仍是作弊码,但他基本放弃了近期出版的非虚构:新书多是时代的产物。他反复重读的是 Parkinson's Law、Will & Ariel Durant 的《历史的教训》(他称之为"单位长度信息密度最高的书")、James Burnham 的《管理革命》与《马基雅维利主义者》、以及《沉思录》——他在常待的每个房间都放一本,随手翻开总能对上当下的困扰。虚构类推荐阿西莫夫的基地系列和《三体》。
  • 他对成功的定义:不断习得新技能、变得更擅长更多事情,并借此做出能让别人的一天好过一点的产品或玩具,或是让人获得超出原本的力量、动力与野心。他不想用 AI 取代自己——他的工作是判断、做选择并承担后果,而 AI 恰好替他清掉了过去大量用于"收集信息"的时间。
核心句型 · 9
1. I cannot bear the idea of … -ing
“I cannot bear the idea of like somehow not being at the forefront of a technology shift.”
表达强烈的心理不可忍受。bear 后接 the idea of + 动名词,比 I don't like 强得多;否定动作用 not being 而非 to not be,可仿写 I cannot bear the idea of being left out of …。
2. … is vanishingly small
“The amount of people I know who really write code is like vanishingly small now”
用副词 vanishingly 强化 small,表示「小到几乎消失」。这是学术与科技英语里的高级程度表达,可替换掉平淡的 very few,同类还有 vanishingly rare。
3. not X in the traditional sense, but out of Y
“Created now not by engineers doing engineering work in the traditional sense but out of conversations in our common company share chat”
先否定常规理解再给出真实来源。in the traditional sense 是精确限定语,适合用在「名义上还是这件事,实质已经变了」的论述中。
4. all this pales in comparison to …
“All this pales in comparison to what my computer is like just in general”
pale 作动词意为「相形失色」。用于铺陈完一堆亮点后再抬高另一件事,语气自然且书面,比 is much better than 更有层次。
5. You must … You must … You must …
“You must prune. You must rebuild. You must create an end for things.”
三连祈使的排比收束,句子极短、动词直给。适合用于结论句或金句段落;写作时注意每句只保留一个核心动词,避免加修饰稀释力度。
6. Show me the incentives and I'll show you the outcome
“It's always show me the incentives and I show you outcome”
祈使句 + and + 结果句的谚语结构,表示「只要给我 A,我就能推出 B」。可仿写 Show me your calendar and I'll show you your priorities。
7. for lack of a better …
“For lack of better form, like let's say there's five good choices.”
承认措辞不够精确的缓冲语,常见形式为 for lack of a better word/term。放在下定义或临时命名之前,显得谨慎而不武断。
8. I am incredibly suspicious that this is the …
“If there is a orthodox way to solve a problem I am incredibly suspicious then this is the solution that's being offered”
用 be suspicious 表达对某个结论的怀疑而非对人的怀疑。适合在论证中表明立场又不把话说死,可搭配 incredibly / deeply 加强。
9. It is not an intrinsic property of you; it is a temporary state
“Is not a intrinsic property of you. It is a it is a temporary state that you have a power to change”
用「固有属性」对照「暂时状态」的二分句式,是成长型思维的标准说法。仿写时保持前后两个名词短语结构对称,效果最强。
词汇精讲 · 155 · 按出现顺序
pruned /pruːnd/ v. 0:00
修剪、剪除(枝条);引申为删减冗余部分
vanishingly /ˈvænɪʃɪŋli/ adv. 0:16
微乎其微地;常搭配 vanishingly small「小到几乎不存在」
at the forefront /ˈfɔːrfrʌnt/ phr. 0:16
处于最前沿;at the forefront of a shift 站在变革最前沿
seeped /siːpt/ v. 1:15
渗透、浸润;be seeped in tradition 浸润于传统之中
interconnectiveness /ˌɪntərkəˈnektɪvnəs/ n. 1:15
互联互通性(讲者临时造词,标准形式为 interconnectedness)
obscure /əbˈskjʊr/ adj. 2:13
鲜为人知的、晦涩的
discard /dɪsˈkɑːrd/ v. 2:13
丢弃、抛弃(不再使用的东西或观念)
knots /nɑːts/ n. 2:13
绳结;此处指以打结与否编码二进制的存储方式
rebootstrap /ˌriːˈbuːtstræp/ v. 3:19
重新引导启动(系统);bootstrap 的再启动形式
stockomorphism /ˌskjuːəˈmɔːrfɪzəm/ n. 3:19
拟物化(skeuomorphism 的口语转写),界面模仿现实物体的设计
inheritance /ɪnˈherɪtəns/ n. 3:19
继承、传承(此处指设计传统的继承)
analogize /əˈnælədʒaɪz/ v. 3:19
以类比方式说明;把 A 比作 B
ring binder /ˈrɪŋ ˌbaɪndər/ phr. 4:17
活页夹(早期 iOS 备忘录界面的拟物原型)
out of the picture phr. 4:17
退出局面、不再参与其中
verticality /ˌvɜːrtɪˈkæləti/ n. 4:17
纵深感、层次感(界面设计中的立体表现)
proviso /prəˈvaɪzoʊ/ n. 4:17
附带条件、限定条款;with this proviso 在此前提下
cooking up /ˈkʊkɪŋ ʌp/ phr. v. 4:17
编造、构想(计划、故事)
shrouded /ˈʃraʊdɪd/ v. 5:18
笼罩、遮蔽;be shrouded by scandal 被丑闻掩盖
benign /bɪˈnaɪn/ adj. 5:18
良性的、无害的
deranged /dɪˈreɪndʒd/ adj. 5:18
精神失常的、错乱的
hazy /ˈheɪzi/ adj. 6:10
模糊的、记不清的;be hazy on the details 细节记不清
quick onset /ˈɑːnset/ phr. 6:10
迅速到来、骤然发作(onset 指开始、发作)
neutering /ˈnuːtərɪŋ/ v. 6:51
阉割;引申为削弱某物的锋芒与个性
condescending /ˌkɑːndɪˈsendɪŋ/ adj. 6:51
居高临下的、自以为高人一等的
patronizing /ˈpeɪtrənaɪzɪŋ/ adj. 6:51
屈尊俯就的、把人当小孩教训的
sarcastic /sɑːrˈkæstɪk/ adj. 7:53
讽刺的、挖苦的
hilarious /hɪˈleriəs/ adj. 7:53
极其滑稽的、令人捧腹的
sandboxed /ˈsændbɑːkst/ adj. 7:53
沙箱隔离的(限制程序只能在受控环境内操作)
osmosis /ɑːzˈmoʊsɪs/ n. 8:56
渗透(作用);learn by osmosis 耳濡目染地学会
reflexive /rɪˈfleksɪv/ adj. 9:54
下意识的、条件反射式的
phenomenally /fəˈnɑːmɪnəli/ adv. 9:54
异常地、惊人地
state-of-the-art /ˌsteɪt əv ði ˈɑːrt/ adj. 9:54
最先进的、当前最高水准的
practitioner /prækˈtɪʃənər/ n. 10:32
从业者、实践者(尤指专业领域)
skyrocketed /ˈskaɪrɑːkɪtɪd/ v. 12:00
急剧上升、直线飙升
underpinning /ˌʌndərˈpɪnɪŋ/ n. 12:00
支撑基础、根基(论证或制度的底层支撑)
chief of staff phr. 12:00
幕僚长、参谋长;企业中指为高管统筹事务的核心助理
orchestrate /ˈɔːrkɪstreɪt/ v. 13:08
编排、统筹调度(多方协作)
synthesize /ˈsɪnθəsaɪz/ v. 13:08
综合、整合(多方信息形成结论)
overlooked /ˌoʊvərˈlʊkt/ v. / adj. 14:00
被忽视的、被漏看的
make a call phr. 14:00
做出判断、拍板决定(call 指定夺)
ground truth phr. 14:43
基准事实、实地真值;机器学习中指用于校验的真实标注
council /ˈkaʊnsl/ n. 14:43
议事会、委员会
lobbing /ˈlɑːbɪŋ/ v. 16:05
(高抛式地)扔、投掷;lob a grenade 扔手榴弹
slop grenades /slɑːp/ phr. 16:05
「垃圾手榴弹」;slop 原指泔水,现指 AI 批量生成的低质内容
go nuts phr. 16:05
放开了干、随便折腾;也可指发疯
missive /ˈmɪsɪv/ n. 16:54
(正式或冗长的)书信、公函
push back phr. v. 17:42
反驳、提出异议
lordbearing /ˈloʊd ˌberɪŋ/ adj. 17:42
承重的(load-bearing 的转写);比喻论证中不可移除的关键前提
adjacent /əˈdʒeɪsnt/ adj. 19:47
相邻的、毗连的;adjacent fields 相邻领域
dystopian /dɪsˈtoʊpiən/ adj. 20:29
反乌托邦的(描绘压抑、失控的未来)
power cycled phr. 20:29
断电重启(设备关闭再开机的过程)
pales in comparison /peɪlz/ phr. 21:31
相形见绌;A pales in comparison to B
malleable /ˈmæliəbl/ adj. 21:31
可塑的、易被改变的(金属可锻,人可塑)
mainlining /ˈmeɪnlaɪnɪŋ/ v. 21:31
主力使用、全力投入(原义为静脉注射毒品的俚语)
annotate /ˈænəteɪt/ v. 22:40
加注释、标注(在图片或文本上)
steers /stɪrz/ n. 22:40
方向性指令、纠偏(此处指对 AI 追加的修改指示)
directionally /dəˈrekʃənəli/ adv. 23:39
在方向上(不求精确,只论趋势)
mold itself around /moʊld/ phr. 23:39
围绕某物自我塑形、贴合适配
crux /krʌks/ n. 25:18
症结、关键所在
brush over phr. v. 25:18
一带而过、草草略过(不细究)
recourse /ˈriːkɔːrs/ n. 25:18
求助途径、申诉手段;have no recourse 无处追责
go to enormous lengths phr. 25:18
不惜一切代价、想尽办法(go to great lengths 的加强版)
excfiltrating /ˈeksfɪltreɪtɪŋ/ v. 26:27
窃取外传数据(exfiltrate 的转写),安全领域术语
confinement /kənˈfaɪnmənt/ n. 26:27
关押、限制范围;此处指沙箱约束
infiltrate /ˈɪnfɪltreɪt/ v. 26:27
渗透、潜入(组织或系统)
overfitting /ˌoʊvərˈfɪtɪŋ/ n. 27:02
过拟合;机器学习术语,此处指过度迎合单一指标
cooking books phr. 27:02
做假账(cook the books 的变形)
hubris /ˈhjuːbrɪs/ n. 27:56
傲慢自大(尤指招致覆灭的狂妄)
HVAC /ˈeɪtʃvæk/ n. 27:56
暖通空调系统(heating, ventilation, air conditioning)
plumbing /ˈplʌmɪŋ/ n. 27:56
管道系统、水暖工程
in the aggregate /ˈæɡrɪɡət/ phr. 28:53
总体而言、加总来看
ticker tape parades /ˈtɪkər teɪp/ phr. 30:01
彩带游行;纽约迎接英雄的传统庆典形式
funneled /ˈfʌnld/ v. 30:01
汇集导入、集中输送(如漏斗般导向某处)
vibrancy /ˈvaɪbrənsi/ n. 30:01
活力、生机勃勃的状态
cultivating /ˈkʌltɪveɪtɪŋ/ v. 30:55
培养、悉心养成(能力、习惯)
intrinsic /ɪnˈtrɪnsɪk/ adj. 31:29
内在固有的、本质上的
reps /reps/ n. 31:29
重复练习次数(repetitions 的缩略,健身与技能训练常用)
napkin /ˈnæpkɪn/ n. 31:29
餐巾;on the napkin 指随手草图
curriculum /kəˈrɪkjələm/ n. 31:29
课程体系、教学大纲
golden ratio phr. 32:02
黄金分割比(约 1.618,常被用于解释视觉美感)
pull that off phr. v. 32:02
成功办成(难度很高的事)
double entry phr. 32:02
复式(记账);每笔交易同时记借贷两方
watching paint dry phr. 32:02
看着油漆变干;形容极度无聊乏味
harmonies /ˈhɑːrməniz/ n. 33:03
和谐、协调一致之处(音乐术语的引申)
intricate /ˈɪntrɪkət/ adj. 33:03
错综复杂而精巧的
asynchronous /eɪˈsɪŋkrənəs/ adj. 33:03
异步的(不要求各方同时在场协作)
endure /ɪnˈdʊr/ v. 33:03
持续存在、经久不衰;也指忍耐
pedal /ˈpedl/ v. 34:10
兜售、贩卖(peddle 的转写);peddle answers 兜售答案
amoral /eɪˈmɔːrəl/ adj. 34:10
非道德的(无关道德评判,不同于 immoral 不道德)
dopamine /ˈdoʊpəmiːn/ n. 34:10
多巴胺(与奖赏、愉悦感相关的神经递质)
punch through phr. v. 35:14
穿透、突破(表层而抵达内核)
interlock /ˌɪntərˈlɑːk/ v. 35:14
互相咬合、彼此扣连
tradeoffs /ˈtreɪdɔːfs/ n. 35:14
权衡取舍(得到一样必须放弃另一样)
bring it to bear phr. 35:14
施加、调动运用(能力或影响力)
backfill /ˈbækfɪl/ v. 36:19
回填、事后补足(此处指事后补出理由)
course correct phr. v. 36:19
修正航向、中途纠偏
shortism /ˈʃɔːrtɪzəm/ n. 37:19
短视主义(讲者用法,等同 short-termism)
doubling down phr. v. 37:19
加倍投入、在原有选择上押更大注
incentivized /ɪnˈsentɪvaɪzd/ v. 38:05
被激励去做某事(受利益机制驱动)
from the ground up phr. 38:05
从零开始、从头彻底重建
bite the bullet phr. 39:46
咬牙承受、硬着头皮做难而正确的事
conundrum /kəˈnʌndrəm/ n. 40:19
棘手难题、两难困局
factorial /fækˈtɔːriəl/ n. 40:19
阶乘;52 factorial 即 52!
hit rate phr. 41:16
命中率、成功率
orthodox /ˈɔːrθədɑːks/ adj. 43:55
正统的、主流公认的(做法或观点)
swear by phr. v. 44:54
笃信、极力推崇(某方法有效)
switch gears phr. 44:54
换挡;引申为转换话题或思路
double click phr. 44:54
(商务口语)深入展开、就某点细说
affirmations /ˌæfərˈmeɪʃnz/ n. 44:54
自我肯定语;反复陈述目标已达成以重塑认知
grooves /ɡruːvz/ n. 45:53
凹槽、沟痕;lay down grooves 刻下印痕
bedrock /ˈbedrɑːk/ n. 45:53
基岩;比喻最底层的根基
willpower /ˈwɪlpaʊər/ n. 45:53
意志力、自制力
potent /ˈpoʊtnt/ adj. 45:53
强效的、有力的
scarce resource /skers/ phr. 48:37
稀缺资源(供给有限而需求竞争)
unplatitudes /ʌnˈplætɪtuːdz/ n. 49:43
非陈词滥调(platitude 指老生常谈,此处为讲者造词)
zeitgeist /ˈzaɪtɡaɪst/ n. 49:43
时代精神(德语借词,指某一时期的主导思潮)
insulate /ˈɪnsəleɪt/ v. 49:43
隔离、使免受(外部冲击)影响
mantras /ˈmɑːntrəz/ n. 49:43
口诀、反复念诵的信条
mandate /ˈmændeɪt/ n. 49:43
授权范围、职责使命
reigned supreme /reɪnd/ phr. 50:43
统治一切、占据绝对主导
huristic /hjʊˈrɪstɪk/ n. 50:43
启发式(heuristic 的转写),指粗略但好用的经验法则
proxy /ˈprɑːksi/ n. 50:43
代理指标、替代变量
churn /tʃɜːrn/ n. 51:16
客户流失(率);订阅制业务的核心指标
evoking /ɪˈvoʊkɪŋ/ v. 52:16
唤起、引发(情感或记忆)
indifference /ɪnˈdɪfrəns/ n. 52:54
冷漠、无动于衷
magnitude /ˈmæɡnɪtuːd/ n. 52:54
量级、强度;of that magnitude 那种强度的
deem /diːm/ v. 52:54
认定、视为(较正式)
legibility /ˌledʒəˈbɪləti/ n. 53:42
可读性、易辨识度
handcrafted /ˈhændkræftɪd/ adj. 53:42
手工打造的、精心手作的
aesthetics /esˈθetɪks/ n. 54:50
美学、审美(判断)
massively parallel phr. 56:04
大规模并行的(计算术语,指同时处理海量分支)
first principles phr. 56:04
第一性原理;从最基本的公理出发推导
counterintuitive /ˌkaʊntərɪnˈtuːɪtɪv/ adj. 56:41
反直觉的、与常识相悖的
subtraction /səbˈtrækʃn/ n. 56:41
减法、削减(与 addition 相对)
riff on /rɪf/ phr. v. 56:41
就某话题即兴展开(源自爵士乐反复乐句)
consequential /ˌkɑːnsɪˈkwenʃl/ adj. 57:24
影响深远的、举足轻重的
cost plus phr. 57:24
成本加成(合同);按实际成本加固定利润结算
radiation hardened /ˌreɪdiˈeɪʃn/ phr. 57:24
抗辐射加固的(航天电子元件的特殊设计)
thriftiness /ˈθrɪftinəs/ n. 57:24
节俭、精打细算
eventuality /ɪˌventʃuˈæləti/ n. 57:24
可能发生的情况、突发事态
disassembly /ˌdɪsəˈsembli/ n. 57:24
拆解、解体;rapid unscheduled disassembly 为「爆炸」的委婉说法
catastrophic /ˌkætəˈstrɑːfɪk/ adj. 59:18
灾难性的、不可挽回的
funible /ˈfʌndʒəbl/ adj. 59:18
可互换的、可替代的(fungible 的转写),如货币与大宗商品
astronomically /ˌæstrəˈnɑːmɪkli/ adv. 59:18
天文数字般地、极大幅度地
refounding event /riːˈfaʊndɪŋ/ phr. 1:00:25
重新创业事件;把既有部门或产品当作新公司从头再做一遍
displace /dɪsˈpleɪs/ v. 1:00:25
取代、挤占(原有者的位置)
fell prey to /preɪ/ phr. 1:00:25
沦为……的牺牲品、深受其害
vintage /ˈvɪntɪdʒ/ n. 1:00:25
(产出的)年份、同一批次;companies of my vintage 我那一代的公司
layer caking phr. 1:01:33
像千层蛋糕一样层层叠加(讲者造语,形容不断加功能)
fossile /ˈfɑːsl/ n. 1:01:33
化石(fossil 的转写);此处喻指被埋没的原始设计意图
cheat code phr. 1:01:33
作弊码;电子游戏中跳过难关的秘技,引申为捷径
falling out of favor /ˈfeɪvər/ phr. 1:03:10
失宠、不再受青睐
stoicism /ˈstoʊɪsɪzəm/ n. 1:03:10
斯多葛主义;古希腊罗马哲学流派,主张理性与自持
distillation /ˌdɪstɪˈleɪʃn/ n. 1:03:10
蒸馏;引申为提炼出的精华
wrestling with /ˈreslɪŋ/ phr. v. 1:03:10
与……角力、苦苦思索某难题
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