Vitalik Buterin: Ethereum 2.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #188 · 苏菲拉底
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Vitalik Buterin: Ethereum 2.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #188

节目发布 2021-06-03 · Lex Fridman
维塔利克·布特林 LLex Fridman
EDITED TRANSCRIPT · 依据现场录音编译整理,可划线生成便签
2021年5月末,以太坊联合创始人维塔利克·布特林第二次坐进莱克斯·弗里德曼的播客录音间。此前几周,他刚刚处理掉匿名开发者空投给他的半数柴犬币,销毁大部分、捐出其余,金额以十亿美元计。这场两个多小时的对谈从那笔轰动一时的处置讲起,一路谈到权益证明、分片、Rollup、合并的时间表,也谈到区块大小战争、克雷格·赖特、抗衰老、意识上传,以及他认为大多数恶并非源于贪婪而是源于恐惧。本文依据现场录音编译整理。

价格之外的东西

弗里德曼: 过去几个月里,以太坊、比特币和许多别的加密货币经历了一轮又一轮的暴涨暴跌。对我来说,价格从来不是最要紧的,要紧的是背后的想法,技术上的和哲学上的。加密货币有可能让数十亿人参与全球经济,并且这种参与方式能够抵抗中心化权力的操纵。再加上智能合约、二层技术、数据池、NFT,当然还有人工智能与这一切的结合,我们有机会造出一批工具和一批世界,改变我们所知的物理生活与数字生活,最好是让世界上的痛苦少一点,让乐趣多一点。

今天我想先从柴犬币(Shiba Inu,代号 SHIB)聊起。它2020年8月由一个化名 Ryoshi 的匿名创始人仿照狗狗币创建,今年5月10日市值一度超过130亿美元。然后发生了一件疯狂的事:你被赠予了柴犬币总供应量的一半,你销毁了其中90%,按当时价格约合67亿美元,又把10%,约合12亿美元,捐给了印度的新冠救助基金,并且说你不想成为这么大权力的聚集点。这件事太让人着迷了。你是怎么做到,又为什么能够从这么多钱、这么大的权力面前走开?

柴犬币是怎么落到我手上的

布特林: 我大概得先把这些币、还有「送币给我」这件事的来龙去脉讲清楚。

首先,柴犬币正如你所说,是狗狗币的一个仿品。狗狗币是最早那批玩笑币,大概2014年前后由杰克逊·帕尔默创建,他本来只是当个笑话发出来,玩几个小时就算了,结果周围聚起了一个社区。一开始没人当真。我记得自己大约在2016年往狗狗币里投了两万五千美元,当时脑子里想的是:我该怎么跟我妈解释,我刚往「狗币」里投了两万五?这玩意到底是什么?这个币唯一有意思的地方,就是某处有一只狗的图标。

当然,那最后成了我做过的最好的投资之一,涨得非常好。到2020年底,埃隆·马斯克开始谈论狗狗币,市值一路冲到大概五百亿美元,而且是反复往上冲。第一波是从零点八美分涨到七美分左右,一天之内涨完。那时我还因为疫情困在新加坡,我看到价格涨了一千个百分点,心想天哪,我的狗狗币现在值好多钱。我马上给几个朋友打电话,叫他们放下手头的事赶紧帮我处理,我把一半的狗狗币卖掉了,拿到四百三十万美元,把这笔钱捐给了 GiveDirectly。卖完几个小时以后,价格从七美分跌回四美分。我居然卖在了顶部,当时我真觉得自己是个了不起的交易员。

当然,后来价格从四美分又涨到七美分,再到五十美分,狗狗币变成了一个巨大的现象,甚至有不少人听说过狗狗币却没听说过以太坊。这一点连我自己都没预料到。

再往后,人们的思路就变成了:如果第一大狗币值五百亿美元,那第二大狗币怎么也得值个七八十亿吧。我感觉柴犬币那批人的心态大概就是这样。于是他们搞了另一个噱头,把柴犬币总供应量的一半送给了我。

其实他们不是第一个这么干的项目。2020年底有个挺奇怪的项目叫 Tellor,好像是 Chainlink 的竞争者之类,他们直接往我钱包里丢了五万美元等值的代币,然后他们推特上的大军就到处嚷嚷:快看维塔利克的钱包,维塔利克持有 Tellor,他是我们的人,他支持我们。我一发现,就公开在 Uniswap 上把这些代币卖掉了,还因此在推特上吵了一架。

柴犬币那帮人更聪明。他们没往那个钱包里丢,而是丢进了我的冷钱包。

两张纸和一台全新笔记本

布特林: 加密货币里有冷钱包和热钱包的概念。真正拥有你的钱的,其实是一串大约八十位的数字,也就是私钥。热钱包是把私钥放在电脑或手机的内存里,非常好用;冷钱包则是把它写在纸上,或者存在一台从不联网的电脑上。冷的不方便,但安全得多,就算那台电脑上有病毒,它是物理隔离的,病毒也传不出去。

现在那个冷钱包里的钱都已经转走了,所以我可以放心谈我当时的设置。那是一台放在加拿大的笔记本电脑,另外我还有两张纸,上面各写着一个数字,一张在我身边,一张在加拿大,两个数字加起来才是私钥。因为疫情的旅行限制,冷钱包在加拿大,我根本很难碰到它。我不确定他们是不是知道这一点,也可能只是运气,总之他们把大量狗币送进了一个我极难打开的钱包。

后来我看到这些狗币,看到越来越多人在讨论它们,某一刻我意识到,这些东西值几十亿美元,而这么多钱是能做很多好事的,就这么放着看它烟消云散,实在是浪费。于是我决定硬着头皮上,想办法安全地把私钥取出来。

我得给家里人打电话,让他们把那张纸上的数字念给我听。我在塔吉特超市买了一台全新的笔记本电脑,把那个数字输进去,再输入我自己纸上的另一个数字,两数相加,私钥就出来了。与此同时,我花了两天时间手忙脚乱地建了一个新钱包,好把我的以太币安全转移过去,还要找人来当多签的联署方。这一整套事情,放在十年前,你只会觉得它是赛博朋克科幻小说里的情节,可现在它全是真的。

弗里德曼: 这些你都是一个人做的?

布特林: 基本上大部分是我一个人做的,因为得保密。我需要家人去把纸上的数字念出来,新的多签钱包里也有别的联署人,但除此之外的细节我显然不会透露。

我先拿到私钥,做的第一笔交易是把我所有的以太币转进多签钱包,让它安全。第二步才是把私钥放到我的主力电脑上,开始卖掉一部分狗币,再把它们分别给到不同的慈善机构。

当时我其实完全不知道能拿到多少钱。纸面上这些狗币值七十亿美元,可现实中流动性有限,你卖一百万会不会就把价格砸穿?卖一千万呢?还是说你真的能拿到整整两亿?我心里没数。所以我的想法就是:先卖一点,换成以太币,捐一些给 GiveWell,捐一些给别的机构,剩下的狗币我自己没能力再卖了,那就直接给这些机构,希望他们能用它做点好事。

实际上我捐出去的是20%,销毁的是80%。印度新冠那个组织拿到了一笔,还有另一个组织拿到了另一笔,我不想说是谁,因为我想他们会在合适的时候自己宣布。不过这些交易都在链上,你是能看到的。

事后复盘:压力与遗憾

弗里德曼: 现在过去几周了,这个决定有哪一部分让你后悔吗?

布特林: 肯定有些地方我本来可以做得更好。我后来跟这些慈善机构聊过,我很惊讶他们卖掉一部分币居然能换到那么多钱。所以我大概可以多跟交易员沟通,确保他们能把这些币的价值最大化。但那段时间压力很大,我必须快速行动。我确实赶在那次加密货币大崩盘之前几天把大部分捐赠完成了。显然存在一些平行宇宙,在那里我做得更好;但同样有很多平行宇宙,在那里我犹豫更久、想得更多,结果错过了时机。所以这多少是运气,我只是庆幸最后的结果已经相当不错。

弗里德曼: 你提到压力,心理上到底有多难熬?

布特林: 确实有压力。最让人紧张的一点,是我必须把我全部的资金,包括三十二万五千个以太币,从一个冷钱包转进一个多签钱包。万一那个多签钱包有漏洞呢?万一我中间哪一步出了错,钱就没了呢?这部分真的让人焦虑,我紧张了整整两天,把新钱包反反复复检查了三遍,自己还做了一点代码审计,甚至自己写了 JavaScript 来完成确认签名,因为 Gnosis Safe 跟 Status 钱包配合得不好。整件事有点像一场马拉松。

我当时也有点担心,不确定公众,包括这些币的社区,会怎么看这件事。但结果让我很意外。每有一个人发帖说「维塔利克为什么要跑路,他的钱包本来应该是个销毁地址」,就有十个人说:我本来以为自己只是参与了一个好玩的资金盘赌局,结果我竟然成了一件造福全人类的公共事业的一部分,这更棒了。这种反馈的数量非常可观。所以总的来说,狗币社区的人表现得很漂亮。

公共物品与去中心化

弗里德曼: 这个决定背后有没有可以推广到更大层面的原则?这些原则是不是也用在你对以太坊的判断上?

布特林: 对我来说,很重要的一点是:加密货币不只是给人提供稍微好一点的储值方式,它还是一个机会,让我们能创造出新的数字机构,以新的方式服务公共利益。这件事我关注很久了。2014年我在《比特币杂志》上写过一篇文章,提出过这个设想:可以有一些代表某项事业的币,人们购买和接受这些币,正是因为他们支持那项事业。文章标题好像叫《市场、机构与货币:一种新的社会激励形式》。看到它变成现实,感觉挺有意思的。

总体上我认为公共物品非常重要,在互联网上更重要。比如每一期莱克斯·弗里德曼的播客都放在 YouTube 上,谁都能看,你没法把它卖掉、让一部分人看得到另一部分人看不到。你当然可以那么做,但那显然会削弱你的影响力。

弗里德曼: 谢谢你,也谢谢这档播客还能免费看。不过这里有个紧张之处:怎么才能让它不被中心化地控制?YouTube 感觉上是自由开放的,但它终究是一家公司在做中心化决策。我第一次意识到 YouTube 不是永恒的,是乔·罗根因为 Spotify 的协议把大量节目从 YouTube 撤下来的时候。那种感觉,就像意识到法币是中心化的一样,你会明白这东西不会永远在,你得想办法把它的控制权分散出去。

布特林: 播客最早不就是一个 RSS 订阅源吗。

弗里德曼: 正是。

布特林: 我希望在哲学层面达成的一件事,就是把「公共物品」这个概念,从「必须有一个中心化组织代表公众、完全理解并且能够强加它对何为善的判断」这一层含义里剥离出来。公共物品极其重要,是现代文明的命脉,但人们谈起它时,往往附带着中心化或者从众的包袱。我认为不必如此。很多时候,最重要的公共物品恰恰是那些跟所有人意见相左的疯子个体创造出来的。

我想做的是一种综合:既保留去中心化的价值和开源的价值,又不天真。你得承认,要让这些东西持续被生产出来,就必须有可持续的机制,必须有办法支持那些投身其中的人;但与此同时,你又要避免这种支持本身变成新的中心化通道。把好的部分都拿到,把坏的部分甩掉,这就是我在加密世界里的大实验的核心。

我们在往不同方向尝试。以太坊生态里有 Gitcoin Grants 的二次方融资;有这些狗币,算是意外落下来的;还有别的项目,比如 Uniswap 的 DAO 手里握着巨额资金,我们还没看到它会怎么被使用,但它有可能被用来做很多了不起的事。

弗里德曼: 你会把以太坊看成一种为社会事业而战的机制吗?

布特林: 某些具体的社会事业,我确实这么看。创造一个任何人都能参与的开放金融系统,不管你在世界的哪个角落,这就是一项社会事业。让五个分处五个国家的人也能组织起来、做出一个项目,这种包容性也是一项社会事业,是加密世界的核心价值。但同时,以太坊的魔力还有另一半,你必须与之平衡:它是一个开放平台,最终跑在以太坊上的东西,就是社区自己愿意做的东西。

监管的最好与最坏

弗里德曼: 那就顺着这道门说下去。政府对加密货币的监管,最好的结局是什么,最坏的又是什么?以太坊在挑战世界上的权力中心,你怎么看政府与这种抗拒中心化权力的新技术之间的相互作用?

布特林: 最好的情况是,区块链继续繁荣,我们把可扩展性解决掉,人们真正开始把那些美好的用例做起来。今天很多好东西被价格挤出去了,因为一笔交易的手续费就是五到十美元。等到扩容做成,我们会在区块链上看到各种精彩的应用:DAO 创造出人与人互动和组织的新方式,艺术家获得资助的新方式,等等。

同时,公众的支持足够多,足够多的人看到加密显然在做很多好事。当然会有存在张力的领域,但在那些领域里,或许能想出一些有创造性、有意思的办法。比如企业所得税,如果理论上公司全部被 DAO 取代,这块财政收入就消失了。但也许可以有别的创造性方式,让 DAO 自身在治理规则里内嵌某种机制,确保它至少在某种程度上倾向于服务全球公共利益。也许足够多的 DAO 做到了足够多这样的事,人们就接受了。

肯定还是会有人不满意,总会有人想监控所有人。但如果加密对个体的赋权作用大于这些,而且大得让人一眼就能看出来,那就是一个好的结局,它会像互联网当年那样被吸纳、被接受。

最坏的情况当然是,人们突然翻脸,进入道德恐慌模式:天哪,这项技术被「今日头号坏人群体」使用了。我不认为政府有能力彻底禁掉加密、让区块链无法存在,但他们绝对有能力把它边缘化。如果你禁掉所有交易所,掐断法币生态与加密之间的所有链接,再禁止所有主流雇主接受或使用加密货币支付,你就能成功地把它变成一个相当小众的反主流文化玩意,影响力远不如它本可以拥有的。现实大概会落在好与坏之间,我显然希望是好的那一边。

弗里德曼: 政府和公司之间的张力也很有意思。如果一批亿万富翁、一批像特斯拉这样的公司投资比特币,而政府抵制,在最坏的情形下谁会赢?而当有钱的、所谓「体面的」人拥抱比特币、以太坊,甚至狗币,这几乎是在向其他所有人发信号:这场革命留得下来。

犯罪、隐私与主权

弗里德曼: 顺着你提到的那条支线:有一种说法虽然已经陈旧但仍然存在,说加密货币是用来干非法勾当的,买毒品、犯罪之类。你会不会担心,如果以太坊真的运行世界,靠犯罪赚钱会变得更容易?

布特林: 这种可能性总是存在的。但同时,如果你看整个世界和其他技术趋势的走向,现实世界里的监控每年都在增加。在肉身空间里犯罪,想全身而退越来越难,这是技术和信息透明度进步的自然结果,很难阻止,哪怕你真的努力去阻止。所以那种「世界变得一片漆黑,罪犯肆无忌惮,我们什么都看不见」的图景,也就是警察鹰派爱讲的那种,我觉得不太可能发生。

但另一方面,一个完全没有隐私的世界,一个人们完全无法在主流机构的框架之外行动的世界,倒是更现实,而那会带来很多可怕的后果。

即便从政府的角度看也是如此。这几年很多政府非常在意主权,他们担心自己国家的经济和社会环境完全依赖于由外国政府控制的外国科技公司。要知道,各国政府并不是站在「政府队」这一边的,印度政府站在印度队,俄罗斯政府站在俄罗斯队,如此等等。他们不希望美国有一个通往一切的后门。

所以我认为平衡是必要的。但相比之下,我更担心的是另一种可能:如果没有加密这类东西,在机构之外行动会变得太不可能,我说的甚至不只是在政府之外,也包括在公司之外,那会带来非常糟糕的后果。反过来的风险当然也存在,但长期看,加密在这件事上既可能提供攻击手段,也同样可能提供防御手段。

弗里德曼: 纵观历史,很多最具破坏性的事情来自中心化机构,而不是来自那些在暗处活动的人。我最近在跟做迷幻药研究的人聊,约翰斯·霍普金斯那边有很多令人兴奋的研究。你可以说,在合法性的边缘地带活动,反而会加速某些东西的采纳,不管是大麻还是迷幻药,它逼着政策去追赶人们的实际立场。

布特林: 还有一点要记住:支付处理公司作为企业去限制人们做的事情,范围远远大于法律禁止的事情。一部分原因是他们想极度保守,而且层级越多越保守,因为每一层都害怕它下面那一层会怎么对付它;有时候他们还有自己的道德意见。他们针对了很多人,比如性工作者的日子就非常难过,还有你提到的迷幻药,甚至包括完全合法的活动,都会遇到这个「影子政府」,你可以叫它 PayPal、信用卡公司或者随便什么,它让你很难参与其中。所以减少中间人的数量,通常是一件好事。

权益证明是什么

弗里德曼: 我们来谈谈一项从技术上、哲学上、社会上、金融上都令人兴奋的东西:以太坊2.0。可以先请你简要说说,以太坊2.0将如何让以太坊更可扩展、更安全、更可持续吗?

布特林: 其实最近我们在有意淡化「以太坊2.0」这个说法。原因是,最初我们设想的是一场盛大的事件,所有好东西同时发生,出现一条新链、一套新协议,人们要花很大力气迁移过去。但后来我们把路线图慢慢改成了更渐进的方式:权益证明(Proof of Stake)逐步上线,分片逐步加入,各项特性逐步加进来,普通用户的体验仍然是无缝的。从用户角度看,它大概比我们以前做过的硬分叉复杂一点点,但也就一点点。

眼下最重要的两件事,以前被称为「以太坊2.0的两大旗舰功能」,现在就叫以太坊下一步演进的旗舰功能,就是权益证明和分片。

权益证明是一种共识机制。我不说「算法」,是因为算法是你自己一个人跑的东西,机制则涉及人与人之间的互动,甚至包含激励。共识机制决定网络中的节点如何就哪些区块进来了、哪些交易进来了、以什么顺序进来达成一致,并确保一个区块一旦被接受就不能被回滚,以及我们对区块链期待的其他性质。

现有的区块链,包括比特币、包括今天的以太坊,用的是工作量证明。我们为什么需要「证明」这种东西?因为它承担着一个我称之为「经济性女巫抵抗」的功能。基本思路是:网络里有很多台电脑要就接受哪个区块达成一致,有时会有两个区块同时发布,你必须就顺序达成共识,于是需要某种投票博弈。但问题来了,在这个投票博弈里,谁有票?谁能参与?

你不能说一人一票。之所以不能,是因为你需要某种权威或机制来判定谁是人类,如果没有,一个坏人就可以带着一台装了一百亿个虚拟机的电脑进来,制造一百亿个虚拟节点,然后说:看,我是网络的99%,一切都该我说了算。

为了防止这种情况,工作量证明和权益证明都采取同一个思路:你在共识中的投票权重,与你投入的经济资源数量成正比。在工作量证明里,你的经济资源是计算机,你通过让它们一天二十四小时跑哈希算法来证明你拥有它们。这确实解决了问题,因为要攻击网络,你必须投入比网络其余部分加起来更多的计算机、更多的电力和金钱,那极其昂贵。

权益证明则不依赖那些没日没夜产出哈希的机器,而是直接用你在系统里持有的币作为经济资源单位。所有这些区块链本来就有自己的币,比特币有比特币,以太坊有以太币,那为什么不直接用它来衡量参与度呢?这就是工作量证明和权益证明的核心区别。

为什么我偏爱权益证明

布特林: 我喜欢权益证明,而且喜欢很多年了,根本原因是它需要的持续资源消耗少得多。

工作量证明里,你必须真的去买那些物理机器。如今是专用硬件,也就是 ASIC,专用集成电路。你要么自己生产,要么,除非你有几百万美元,只能从生产它们的人手里买,而那些人往往把利润的一大块拿走。然后你要把机器插上电,让它们二十四小时不停地烧电。这消耗巨量能源。而且不只是能源,制造硬件本身也是消耗。人们往往只盯着电,实际上工作量证明挖矿的成本里大约有一半是硬件成本,硬件同样是大问题,而且是塞满大仓库的那种庞大、专用的硬件。

权益证明不需要那么多电,只要能跑一台普通电脑的电量就够,你用现有的电脑就能运行验证者。资源消耗低得多,好处有几个方面。第一是环保上的理由,你不是在破坏环境。第二是你没有从别人那里抢走电力和其他资源。就在今天我还看到一条新闻,说伊朗想关停一些比特币矿场,因为它们抢走了太多电,出价压过了附近的城镇,当地电不够用。还有 Chia,那个用硬盘挖矿的项目,一下子吃掉了那么多硬盘,市场上出现了短缺。第三个理由更自私一点:既然参与共识不需要那么大的能源支出,你就不必付那么多钱请人来参与。比特币和以太坊现在每年都要向矿工增发大约总供应量的4%,以太坊大概是每年四百七十万枚以太币,而当前供应量约一亿一千五百万枚。改用权益证明之后,我们预计每年大约在五十万到一百万枚之间。供应量不必增长得那么快。

安全性、罚没与社区共识

弗里德曼: 有人替工作量证明辩护,说它更安全,正因为参与门槛高。你怎么看权益证明的安全性?有办法让它足够安全吗?

布特林: 我认为权益证明非常安全。因为要攻击这个系统,你手里的质押量基本得跟网络其余部分一样多。比如现在有五百万枚以太币在质押,你就得凑出五百万枚以太币加入网络。五百万以太币是很大一笔钱,按现在的价格大概一百五十亿美元,我相信这已经超过攻击比特币网络的成本了。

第二点是,权益证明从攻击中恢复要比工作量证明容易得多。对很多种攻击,我们有「自动罚没」(slashing)的概念。要回滚一个已经最终确定的区块,也就是让网络放弃一个已被接受的区块、转而接受另一个,你必须让你的大批验证者签署互相冲突的消息。这些消息一旦出现在网络上,任何人都能拿出证据说:看,就是这些人干的。协议里的罚没机制就是把这些被证明作恶的人的币销毁掉,而且只销毁他们的币,不动别人的。

还有另一类情况。假设攻击者不是回滚区块,而是审查所有人的交易,那么被审查的人就会另起一条少数派链,社区随后需要做一次分叉,大家说:这条链明显在攻击我们,那条链没有,我们加入那条。结果是,在新链上攻击者同样损失大量的币。

工作量证明和权益证明的差别就在这里:权益证明系统里你能识别出具体的参与者。而且这不是某个人跑进来说「我不喜欢你,不喜欢你」,这是自动的。

弗里德曼: 罚没过程是自动的。有可能出错吗?毕竟币被销毁是件很痛的事。

布特林: 确实很痛。当然,最大的未知数是:如果攻击真的发生,如果攻击迫使社区必须在这些少数派分叉中选一条,社区成功协调起来到底是什么样子?我们可以谈论它,可以写科幻小说,但在它真正发生之前,你不会知道细节,也不知道有多难。

弗里德曼: 社区的沟通渠道是什么?在政治领域,推特常常被用来让大群人涌现出某种共识,然后为共识而战。在以太坊社区,人们靠什么样的自然语言沟通形成这种涌现出来的信念结构?还是说一切都通过钱、通过交易来沟通?

布特林: 肯定也有说话的部分。我们总得就协议变更达成一致。有推特,有 Reddit,有 GitHub,有各种以太坊论坛,比如 Ethereum Magicians 和 ethresear.ch,有线下交流,还有一张看不见的网:所有人在 Telegram 或 Signal 上互相聊天。什么都有一点。

但我想强调的是,就「要不要因为攻击者在审查交易而分叉」这类问题达成共识,其实比听上去容易,因为每一个运行节点的人看到的几乎是同一幅画面。他们之间可能差几秒钟,也许差几分钟,但如果是一次严重的攻击,人们是会知道的。这不像那种「爱泼斯坦是不是自杀的」之类的政治事实,现实中没有人真正知道发生了什么,大家都在猜。攻击是可见得多的事情。

当然,我也乐意承认,这些机制基本上未经检验。但工作量证明的相应机制同样未经检验,而且在工作量证明里更难,因为你没有能力去识别并宣布「这些矿工发动了攻击,所以我们不让他们进来,那些矿工没有攻击,所以留下他们」。你基本上只有两个选择:要么一个矿工都不剔除,要么做一次更换工作量证明算法的分叉,把所有矿工一起剔除。所以至少在我看来,工作量证明在攻击恢复上的经济学其实更不利。当然,你去问工作量证明阵营的人,他们会给你完全不同、完全相反的看法,这也完全没问题,甚至挺好。

MEV:把中心化隔离起来

弗里德曼: 有人把 MEV,也就是矿工可提取价值,形容为以太坊的生存性风险。MEV 是什么?解决它有多重要?如果重要,你有什么想法?

布特林: MEV 在工作量证明和权益证明里是一样的问题。如果你愿意,也可以叫它「区块提议者可提取价值」,听着没那么性感,但叫 BPEV 也行,无所谓。

基本思路是:如果你有权决定哪些交易进入一个区块、以什么顺序进入,你就能利用这个位置获取经济收益,而且方式远不止收取手续费。举个例子,链上有去中心化交易所比如 Uniswap。假设上一个区块里以太币兑 USDC 的价格是2700,然后市场小幅下跌,现在是2680,你就可以跑到 Uniswap 上,把自动做市账本里2700到2680之间的那一段全部吃掉;与此同时你跑一个机器人,在2680把以太币买回来,于是你赚到大约十美元的利润,再乘以深度。

还有一类涉及抢跑别人的交易。比如有人发出一笔交易,说「不管什么价格帮我买五个以太币,上限一万五千美元」,你就可以把自己的交易插到他前面,先把这些以太币买下来,再以一万五千美元减一美元的价格卖给他。

弗里德曼: 于是你赚到一点差价。

布特林: 正是。套利、抢跑、尾随交易,各种各样的小花招,让区块提议者能在手续费之上再抽一层。

这为什么是个挑战?首先,它有时会损害用户体验,用户拿到的成交价更差,不过对应用来说有时可以缓解,有时也没那么糟。但更大的、有人认为更接近生存性风险的问题在于:在「如何榨取这部分收入」这件事上,规模效应极强。如果你只是收手续费,其实没有规模效应,也没有中心化的好处,因为公式非常简单,把出价最高的交易抓进来就完了。但 MEV 涉及各种复杂算法,如果你有很多钱,你可以雇非常聪明的人写出厉害的算法,再用另一半钱去买大量算力或者大量质押,于是你有更多机会去使用你那套更好的算法。这样一来,挖矿,甚至权益证明里的验证,都有中心化的风险。

我认为生态对这种风险最好的回应,也是 Flashbots 这类项目已经在走的方向,就是:如果你消除不了中心化,那就把它隔离起来。做法是刻意创造一个市场,一边是专门做复杂活的人,他们制造所谓的「捆绑包」,也就是一组非常有利可图的交易;另一边是区块提议者,也就是矿工,他们只是一群「笨」节点,去问那些被称为「搜索者」的捆绑包制造者:如果我把你的包放进去,你能给我多少?然后接受出价最高的那个。

你把任务拆开了:简单的部分和困难的部分。困难的部分交给搜索者这一类特殊角色,简单的部分由矿工和验证者来做,他们只需要跟各路搜索者谈,然后价高者得。这也是经济机制设计哲学的一个有趣例子:有时候你没法让中心化消失,它是不可避免的,但至少你可以试着把它围起来、把它引导到某处,甚至把它隔离在真正需要去中心化的核心共识之外。

弗里德曼: 所以你不认为它是生存性风险,只是一个必须持续应对的问题。

布特林: 它当然是风险,它是个很严重的问题,而且确实存在 Flashbots 这套办法有致命缺陷的可能。但我们处理它的心态是:这是一个问题,我们确实得干活去解决它,而我们正在干,到目前为止它在被解决。

读链与写链的平衡

弗里德曼: 那我们谈谈以太坊未来另一个极其迷人的部分,扩容。核心是分片。什么是分片?

布特林: 区块链扩容有两大范式,也就是你说的一层和二层。一层的意思是,让区块链本身有能力处理更多交易,尽管每个参与者的处理能力有限,你也要想办法做到。二层则是说,区块链本身保持不变,但我们在它上面造出巧妙的协议,这些协议仍然使用区块链,仍然继承区块链的安全保证,但大量工作在链下完成,这样也能获得扩展性。在以太坊,二层最流行的范式是 Rollup,一层最流行的范式是分片。

弗里德曼: 实现一层扩容的一种方式是增大区块,于是就有了所谓的区块大小战争。你还发过推特说,有人认为维塔利克改变了立场,从大区块派变成小区块派,或者反过来,而你说「我一直是中区块派」。在谈分片之前,能不能先说说你在区块大小之争上的立场?

布特林: 我理解的这个权衡,是「让写链变得容易」和「让读链变得容易」之间的权衡。我说的读,是指你自己跑一个节点,去验证它,确认它是正确的;写就是发送交易。为了去中心化,这两件事都必须是普通人负担得起的,而且我认为它们大致同等重要。

如果一条链贵到没人读得起,那么所有人就只能信任少数几个人替他们读,而那少数人可以在不经任何人许可的情况下改变规则。反过来,如果写变得极其昂贵,所有人就会转移到高度中心化的二层系统上去,这同样侵蚀了去中心化和自主权。这基本上一直是我的观点:你需要这种平衡,往任何一个方向跑偏都很不健康。

比特币的一兆字节

布特林: 比特币的情况是这样的。最开始它其实没有区块大小限制,只是意外地有一个32兆字节的上限,因为那正好是点对点消息的大小限制。

弗里德曼: 这我倒不知道。

布特林: 后来2010年,中本聪担心哪怕32兆的区块也太难处理,就把上限降到一兆字节。

弗里德曼: 你的意思是,悄悄塞进去的?

弗里德曼: 对,就是给比特币软件做了一次更新,让大于一百万字节的区块无效。我想当时大多数人的印象是,这只是一个临时的安全措施,随着我们对软件越来越有信心,这个上限迟早会往上调一些。

但等到链上的实际使用量开始上升,先是每个区块一百千字节,然后二百五十千字节,然后五百千字节,那种「这个上限就不该被提高」的观点开始从各个角落冒出来。中间有过各种妥协尝试,先是有人提议二十兆区块,后来有了所谓「2-4-8」方案,这个方案有点讽刺:它最初是小区块阵营的谈判立场,可当大区块阵营回来说「好啊,那我们就这么办」的时候,他们又说不不不,我们现在根本不想要任何区块扩容了。

小区块阵营珍视一兆区块,我认为有两个原因。一是他们真的非常相信「所有人都能读链」的重要性;二是很多人真心相信,必须维持「永不硬分叉」这个规范。

硬分叉和软分叉的区别在于:软分叉里,任何在新规则下有效的区块,在旧规则下也仍然有效,所以一个按旧规则验证的客户端,仍然能接受遵循新规则的链;而硬分叉意味着你必须更新代码才能留在链上。他们的信念是,软分叉比硬分叉强制性更弱,这一点我完全不同意。我恰恰认为软分叉更具强制性,因为它实际上是让所有不同意的人默认被裹挟着跟着走。他们还有另一种说法:软分叉更难被滥用去做那些真正恶劣、彻底违背人们预期的事,比如增发供应量。这一点我承认有一定道理。

出于这些理由,他们说我们只做软分叉,不做任何硬分叉。最后他们发现了「隔离见证」这个办法,用软分叉实现了一次很小的区块扩容,相当于扩到两兆左右。这是个非常怪、非常狡猾的把戏:把交易的签名拿出来放到区块之外,再加一条规则,规定一个区块要有效,必须附带一个包含所有交易签名的扩展块。于是按旧规则去量,它加起来还是不到一百万字节,但实际上还有一个旧协议根本不知道的扩展块。

弗里德曼: 所以这是一个奏效的小把戏,以一种很小的幅度完成了扩容。

布特林: 对。小区块阵营对这种极低的容量水平就满意了,而大区块阵营至少想扩到四兆,或许再到八兆、二十兆,他们内部也有分歧。我这一路上一直更偏向大区块这一边,你大概看得出来。

硬分叉更诚实

弗里德曼: 反对大区块的理由是,它让系统更中心化,因为能跑节点、能验证链的人更少了,而且这些改动都需要硬分叉,而硬分叉天然有风险。你觉得这里有道理吗?

布特林: 我支持硬分叉。我认为从政治经济学的意义上说,硬分叉比软分叉更好。

弗里德曼: 「软分叉可能比硬分叉更具强制性」,作为一条原则,我觉得很漂亮。这不只是加密货币的事,这关乎政治,关乎生活。所以你接受硬分叉,甚至认为硬分叉才是做出改变的正确方式,因为它逼每个人做一个决定:你接不接受这次变更?而不是让东西从后门溜进来,把决定强加给你。

布特林: 正是如此。

弗里德曼: 但有人谈到以太坊时会说,硬分叉有点像在飞机飞行途中给它升级。

布特林: 软分叉同样是在飞行途中升级飞机,只是幅度小一些。这话有一定道理。硬分叉确实更容易导致链的分裂,而分裂是很不理想的。不过这要看情况:如果分裂是因为一个漏洞,那很糟糕;如果分裂是因为政治分歧,那我认为分裂好过逼着一方咽下去、接受它其实非常厌恶的多数派立场。

弗里德曼: 不过从美国历史上看,也有另一面:有时候意见严重不合的人群应该被迫把问题谈开,哪怕短期看分开更容易。

布特林: 得看情况。对区块链来说,人们和平地各走各路的代价要低得多。一个国家里有两个阵营,往往要打一场内战才能决定新规则,还需要人口迁徙,等等。但在区块链上,成本低得多。

区块大小战争与克雷格·赖特

弗里德曼: 如果你戴上历史学家的帽子回看区块大小战争和后来的分裂,也就是比特币现金和比特币,你觉得结果本可以更好吗?

布特林: 我对大区块这一边发生的事确实很失望。失望的根源在于,观察政治分歧时你会注意到一件事,尤其在那些威权或者一党独大的环境里:存在一个反对派,他们往往有非常正当的不满,但与此同时,反对派本身常常很糟糕,缺乏政治能力,缺乏提出政策的能力,因为它的整个文化都是围绕「抵抗」设计的,而不是围绕认真辩论政策取舍设计的。

我担心,或者说已经不必担心了,因为它已经发生了,比特币现金不幸成了这种模式的受害者。先是比特币现金分裂出去,然后克雷格·赖特来了。克雷格·赖特基本上是个骗子,他不断假装自己是比特币的发明者中本聪。(对着镜头)喂,克雷格·赖特的律师团队,你们听得见吗?是的,我仍然认为你们的当事人是个骗子,来告我吧。

弗里德曼: 那我必须问问克雷格·赖特,因为这些人一直在联系我,我想搞清楚这到底是个什么人。给不了解的人解释一下:有一个中本聪,比特币的创造者,匿名。而且加密领域真正有分量的人,比如你和其他人,即使开玩笑也不敢声称自己是中本聪。事实上,如果中本聪还活着,他或她大概最想做的事就是保持匿名。另一边,有一个叫克雷格·赖特的人,不断声称自己就是中本聪,还不断起诉很多人。你怎么看这个角色?该无视他吗?他的主张有任何可能是真的吗?

布特林: 我脑子里冒出来的类比会有点政治性,不过没关系。我大概把克雷格·赖特看成一个特朗普式的人物。他并不是很有智识深度,但他能获得庞大的听众,因为他说的话迎合了人们心里的怨恨,说的是人们想听的话。

在区块大小战争之后,大区块阵营确实感到被剥夺。他们觉得比特币一直以来的愿景就是不断增大区块,比特币是纯粹的现金,白皮书里就是这么写的,结果一小撮精英主义的核心开发者跑进来说,不不不,我们要推行一套完全不同的愿景,你想要扩容,就得等我们造出一套叫闪电网络的、原理完全不同、完全未经验证的花哨技术。他们对此非常愤怒,我认为这种愤怒有很大一部分是正当的。

但当人们处在那种心理状态时,很容易一把抓住某个人不放。如果你发现有个人对你所愤怒的事同样愤怒,而且看起来强硬、看起来值得围绕着他集结,人就很容易跟上去。至于「我就是中本聪」这一层,我觉得他不加这一层也能做到,那只是一种营销策略,让他更显眼。大区块阵营里还有别的意见领袖,可克雷格·赖特的差别在于,他不只是一个大区块意见领袖,他还「可能是中本聪」。

而且他确实把大区块的话全说了:手续费市场这个概念从经济学上根本是错的,它应该是自由市场,你想要多大的区块就该有多大的区块。所有话术他都重复了一遍,于是很多人被吸进去,他因此长期主导了比特币现金社区相当大的一部分。

后来越来越多人反应过来,因为他会说出完全错误的技术性论断。我记得的一个例子是,他把「256位」和「2的256次方位」搞混了。这中间的差别,就好比「80」和「80位数」的差别。因为这个混淆,他做出了一个论证,说比特币所用的椭圆曲线对密码学配对友好。你不必懂配对是什么,想了解的话我在 vitalik.ca 上两个话题都写过文章。总之他那个技术论证完全建立在这一点上,当有人当面追问他的时候,他就含糊其辞。2的256次方位的信息量,比整个宇宙里的信息量还大,可他利用人们无法理解这种数学细微差别的弱点混过去。我公开指出过他,最后还在一次会议上当面点名,我站起来问主办方:你们为什么让这个骗子在这个会上发言?我记得当时还有一些大区块阵营的人因此对我很生气。不过最后他们还是把他清出去了。

而克雷格·赖特之所以被迫另起炉灶,是因为社区其余的人拒绝接受他想要的网络变更,于是有了 BCH 和 BSV。再后来,比特币现金社区又爆发了一场戏:要不要设立一个开发者基金,把矿工12.5%的收入转给开发者,以及按照自由意志主义的「不侵犯原则」,这在技术上算不算盗窃。

弗里德曼: 也就是说,他对加密货币技术细节的理解,欠缺到中本聪绝不可能欠缺的程度。

布特林: 正是。但关键在于,即便克雷格·赖特被清除之后,比特币现金社区仍然不断爆发这类争执。在开发者基金的争议之后,比特币现金和 ABC 又进一步分裂。这条分裂的链条还在延伸。

弗里德曼: 所以这种不断分裂让人失望。

布特林: 是的,我本来很希望看到一个有原则的币,它努力去做比特币,但贯彻一套一致的大区块价值观。不过也许我该停止期待那些我毫无参与的项目去在乎我的价值观。

弗里德曼: 我觉得你的声音很有力量,你可以激励别的项目活成它们最好的样子。

分片:随机抽样与证明

弗里德曼: 好,回到一层。以太坊在一层上的方案是分片。分片到底是什么?

布特林: 先把刚才那段长长的岔路收一下。其实加密货币最被低估的一面,就是你可以用它来分析社会学、政治学和人类学。

核心的权衡在于:如果你用笨办法扩容,也就是直接调大参数,那么运行一个节点会越来越难,最后你会得到一个由二十台电脑运行整个系统的高度中心化的东西。

分片的思路是:不是简单调大参数,而是改变区块链的架构,让每一个节点只需要存储一小部分数据、只需要处理一小部分交易。你可以把它类比成 BitTorrent。BitTorrent 上不存在一个存了所有电影的「全节点」,工作被拆分到大量计算机上,这是扩展这类系统唯一理智的方式。如果真有一个版本的 BitTorrent 要求全节点存下每一部电影,它的抗审查性会是零,瞬间就死了。

把这个模型搬到区块链上的难点在于,区块链不只是把数据散布出去,它还要就「究竟散布了什么数据」达成一致,并确保你们一致同意的东西确实是正确的。于是你面对一个悖论:假设你想要一个每秒处理一万笔交易的系统,而网络中每台电脑每秒只能亲自验证一百笔,那么它怎么能对剩下那九千九百笔获得保证,而不必亲自去验证?

结果是有一组不同的技巧可以做到这一点。

第一个是随机抽样。为了简化,假设这是一条权益证明链,有一万个验证者,而且假设他们持币数量相同,持币多的人我们就把他拆成十个验证者。然后你做一次随机洗牌,规定这随机的一百个验证者负责验证这个区块,那随机的一百个负责验证那个区块,如此类推。每台机器只被分配到验证很小的一块。至于验证结果如何传播:这一百个参与者验证完一个区块后,各自签署一条消息,表示「是的,我们认为这个区块有效」,然后把这些签名聚合成一个,广播出去。其他所有人不再直接验证区块,而是验证这个签名。

我看到这个签名时,我并不是直接相信那个区块有效,但我确信的是,在这个随机抽出的一百人委员会里,至少有七十人认为它有效。如果我相信整个验证者集合中的多数是诚实的,又因为选择是随机的,攻击者无法把自己硬塞进某一个委员会,他们必然被均匀地摊开,那么每个委员会都会是多数诚实的,坏区块就过不去。这是分片最简单的一种形式。

还有更巧妙的做法。比如 zk-SNARK,也就是零知识证明。它的思路是,你可以做出一个密码学证明,说明「我对这份数据跑了某个复杂计算,得到了这个结果」。有了这种证明,只要你看到一个说某区块有效的 zk-SNARK,你就确信那个区块有效。哪怕那个委员会里所有人都是恶的,他们也没有办法为一个坏区块伪造出有效的证明。而验证这个证明,比你自己把计算重跑一遍要容易得多。让这一切成立的,是背后那套极其精彩的数学与密码学。

弗里德曼: 所以它比「51%诚实」的假设更进一步,是在随机抽样之上的一层改进。

布特林: 正是。还有别的技巧,比如数据可用性抽样,能让你确认区块里的数据确实被发布出来了。把这几个技巧叠在一起,你就能造出这样一个系统:我作为一个普通参与者,可以确信这个分布式区块链里发生的一切都是正确的,而我亲自检查的部分不超过其中的百分之一。

弗里德曼: 据我所知,以太坊的分片数量是一个固定值,好像是64?那这怎么帮助扩容,只是固定放大64倍吗?这够不够达到那种要跟信用卡、Visa 竞争所需要的惊人吞吐量?

布特林: 首先,64这个数字以后可以通过硬分叉往上调。我们在数据结构里预留了理论上支持1024个分片的空间,只是先开启64个。分片更多是有代价的,你得有逻辑去检查和管理所有这些分片,太多了就变得太昂贵。但即便如此,还有不少提升空间。另一件事是,我们要靠 Rollup 和分片的结合来拿到最大的可扩展性。

Rollup:把工作挪到链下

弗里德曼: 那正好,什么是 Rollup?

布特林: 现在我们进入二层的思路了。

Rollup 的想法是:交易不再直接发布到链上让所有人逐笔检查,而是用户把交易发给某个中心角色,叫聚合者。理论上这个角色可以轮换,也可以人人都能当聚合者,所以发送本身仍然是无需许可的。

聚合者做的第一件事,是把所有跟「帮助别人更新状态」无关的交易数据剥掉。我说的状态,是区块链里一个很重要的技术概念,指账户余额、代码、智能合约的内部存储,基本上就是区块链必须记录和记住的一切。你把这些交易里与更新状态无关的数据全部去掉,然后把剩下的数据狠狠压缩。举个例子,与其写「我维塔利克有一个地址是 0x8 什么什么」,占二十个字节,不如写「我是树里第1874224号账户」,二十字节就压成了三个字节,一个索引和一个位置。用上各种花哨的压缩技巧之后,你不再发布这一堆交易,而是发布一个很小的压缩数据块。上链的数据量大约减少到十分之一。

第二件事是,计算不在链上做,而在链下做。这里有两条路。一条叫 ZK Rollup:你附上一个 zk-SNARK,说「我做了这个计算,这是结果的哈希,这是它正确的证明」,把它放上链,所有人只验证这一个证明,而不是验证所有交易。另一条叫 Optimistic Rollup,本质上是一场博弈:先有人说「我认为这些交易执行后的结果是这样」,别人可以说「我不同意,结果不是这个」。只有当两个人产生分歧时,你才真的把全部数据发布出来,把整个区块在链上跑一遍,谁错了谁损失一大笔钱。所以分歧非常罕见,而且非常昂贵。ZK Rollup 干脆连这场挑战博弈都不需要,只依赖证明。

核心原则就是:不再让所有人验证每一笔交易,而是把交易剥离、尽量压缩后上链。你确实需要往链上放一点东西,好让其他人能跟上状态,知道所有合约是什么、所有余额是什么,但那是很少量的数据。然后再用某种链下博弈,可以是乐观博弈,也可以是 zk-SNARK,来证明外面有人做了计算,而且结果正确。这样你把大约90%的数据和99%的计算推到了链下,链上只剩10%的数据和1%的计算,可扩展性因此提升大约一百倍。

这些系统对某些应用来说已经在跑了。比如 Loopring,就是一个用于支付的 ZK Rollup,你可以在里面持有资产、转来转去,手续费低得多,不是五美元,而是不到五美分。唯一的问题是它目前只支持有限的几种应用。要做一个能支持以太坊上任何操作的版本,需要更多工作,不过这项工作也在做,我预计几个月之内,功能完整、兼容以太坊的 Rollup 也会出现。

所以总结一下:Rollup 把大部分工作挪到链下,只留一点点在链上,带来大约一百倍扩容;分片再带来一百倍扩容;一百乘一百,就是一万倍,也就是每秒几十万笔交易。可扩展性就这么来了。

为什么 ZK 终将胜出

弗里德曼: 你写过,从长期看 ZK Rollup 会在二层技术上胜出。你的原话大意是:短期内,Optimistic Rollup 更可能在通用 EVM 计算上胜出,而 ZK Rollup 更可能在简单支付、兑换等特定应用场景上胜出;但随着 zk-SNARK 技术进步,中长期看 ZK Rollup 会在所有场景胜出。为什么?

布特林: 我认为,一旦你接受这项技术确实可行,ZK Rollup 在概念上就更简单,性质也更好。原因在于它没有挑战博弈这回事。

我前面说过,Optimistic Rollup 保证结果正确的方式,是允许一个人不带证明地提交结果,说「我认为结果是这样」,如果别人不同意,就提交自己的版本,两个互相矛盾的提交出现后,才真的在链上跑一遍看谁对。但要让这套机制成立,你必须真的等着别人有时间提出异议。举个例子,如果我的资产在一个 Optimistic Rollup 里,我想提现,我实际上得等一周,因为万一包含我提现的那个区块是无效的,就必须留出时间让人来质疑它。而在 ZK Rollup 里,你不需要留出分歧的时间,因为你有证明。区块一提交,证明就在那儿,你知道它是正确的。

弗里德曼: 尤其分歧长期来看本来就稀少,那你根本不想要那套博弈论的东西。

布特林: 对。在 ZK Rollup 里你可以立刻提现,不必那么操心出证明这件事的经济学,总体上麻烦更少。

ZK Rollup 今天之所以还没有全面胜出,是因为 zk-SNARK 还是一项非常新、非常疯狂的技术。十年前它只存在于理论中,实践中一个都没有;八年前人们才第一次在比特币会议上为它兴奋起来;大概三年半到四年前,才第一次有可能在以太坊上做出基于 zk-SNARK 的东西,然后人们开始做;而 zk 技术真正高效到能做很多事情,也就是最近一年半的事。它是新技术、疯狂的技术,说实话也是有点吓人的技术。想深入了解的话,我在 vitalik.ca 上也写过一篇。

弗里德曼: 你的文章写得非常好,技术性强但读得进去,我强烈推荐大家去看维塔利克的博客。以太坊的文档整体也非常好,我想有相当部分是众包的,读起来清晰又出色。

Polygon 的务实取舍

弗里德曼: 那其他的二层路线呢,比如侧链。最有名的是 Polygon,它算是基于以太坊的另一条链。它对以太坊是好是坏?它有未来吗?

布特林: Rollup 和侧链之间,有一个非常大也非常重要的安全模型差别:Rollup 的安全性继承自以太坊。如果我的币在 Loopring、Optimism、Arbitrum 或者 zkSync 里,哪怕这个生态里其余所有人都恨我、都想偷我的钱,我仍然可以个人保证,无论如何我都能把我的钱取出来。取出来也许对我来说很贵,我得在主链上发交易,但我做得到。

而 Polygon 是侧链,它不是由以太坊保障安全,而是相当程度上由它自己的权益证明共识、自己的代币来保障。所以如果 Polygon 代币持有者中的70%,甚至51%,想拿走我在 Polygon 里的钱,他们做得到。公平地说,它的代币分布我认为也不算特别分散,所以「51%的持币人联合起来把一切偷走」这种设想并非不可能。

弗里德曼: Polygon 的扩容能力从哪来?它为什么能比以太坊主链处理多得多的交易?

布特林: 我不确定它的容量具体是多少,但我猜它容量更高,部分是因为它更愿意接受中心化方面的取舍。另外还有一点:即便不谈这个,如果你设想以太坊生态靠侧链扩容,那就意味着会有一百份「Polygon」,每一条都有自己的代币、自己的链,那么哪怕每一条链的可扩展性只跟以太坊一样,这些链加起来也是以太坊的一百倍。

不过我也想说些对 Polygon 公道的话,我确实很尊重他们在做的事。刚才那些与其说是批评,不如说是提醒。他们出于非常务实的理由,做了一个刻意的取舍:以太坊生态现在就需要扩容,现在就有应用想做事情,如果没有对以太坊友好的选项,他们不会安安静静等上十二个月,他们会跑去币安智能链,或者别的什么系统,甚至跑去一个与以太坊价值观毫无关联的地方。

对 Polygon 最有力的辩护、对 Optimism 最不利的一点,就是 Optimism 还没上线,而 Polygon 已经上线了。造一个拥有 Rollup 那些额外安全特性的系统,需要更多工夫,而 Polygon 说:我们就做那个务实取舍的系统,功能优先,安全性之后再补回来。我跟他们聊过,原则上他们对增加安全性非常开放,也愿意向 Rollup 演进,或者在未来某个时候加一条 Polygon Rollup 链,我认为这是他们绝对应该兑现的事。但正因为他们现在就存在,应用就能先在一条安全性还不完美、但确实能用的链上起步,随着应用成熟,链也逐渐成熟。我觉得这是一个相当合理的策略,我很高兴他们是这个生态的一部分。

快而粗糙,还是慢而完美

弗里德曼: 加密货币的历史里有一种张力:真正好的想法难以实现,因而耗时更久;不那么好的想法却能更快落地。这有点像 JavaScript 的故事,十天写出来,占领了全世界,然后一路打补丁。从工程角度看,我越来越接受这样一个事实:我们整个世界会跑在一种远不如它本可以达到的水平的技术上,只因为糟糕的方案更快落地,然后就赖着不走了。你怎么看这种张力?

布特林: 我们在以太坊里采取的折中是:当我们不得不选择粗糙方案时,我们尽量选那种「向前兼容」的粗糙方案,也就是它日后有路变好。

当你做那个又快又脏的东西时,你脑子里应该已经有了那个更完整、补齐所有安全特性的版本是什么样子,哪怕它需要一次硬分叉。比如分片,我认为第一版分片很可能不会带 zk-SNARK 和数据可用性抽样,但我们知道这些技术是什么,我们自认为已经想明白了,所以我们知道该怎么把架子搭好,让这些组件将来很容易插上去。

这样做的话,一开始你的系统有功能,但也许安全性弱一点,或者可持续性差一点,可它的设计让日后补齐这些东西有一条顺畅的上路匝道。反过来,如果你不明确地考虑未来兼容性,就常常会得到一个把自己逼进死角的又快又脏的方案。以太坊生态确实吃过这个亏,我们不得不花相当大的力气去移除那些当初没意识到其实撑不住的特性。一个大例子就是调高 gas 成本,让某些操作变贵,因为它们本来就该更贵,它们在处理时确实很耗时。而把一些东西变贵,某种意义上就是把功能拿走。

所以,对未来可能走的路保持清醒,如果不确定,就把最可能的几条路都想一遍,在做路线图时确保无论你将来想走哪一条,都有一条干净的通道。这大概是我们目前所知的、最实用的兼得两端的办法。

合并:链中有链

弗里德曼: 那我们说说合并。现在有主网,也就是用工作量证明的以太坊1.0链;还有信标链,用权益证明,2020年12月上线并且运转良好。最让人好奇的问题是,这两条链什么时候合并?这个过程里最难的部分是什么?

布特林: 我们设计的权益证明过渡是这样:权益证明链先独立上线,这就是去年12月发生的事,到现在它已经跑了将近六个月,到大家看到这期节目时可能正好六个月。但它目前除了对自己达成共识之外,不对任何东西达成共识。

这么做的用意是给权益证明链时间成熟,给人们时间围绕它建生态,确保没有漏洞,并且向社区证明:权益证明是真的,完整的过渡是现实可行的,因为你要过渡去的那个东西已经存在、已经在跑了。

然后在未来某个时刻,会有一个叫「合并」的事件,你把工作量证明链上正在进行的活动,整个搬进权益证明链,彻底摆脱工作量证明这一侧。

合并的做法经过好几轮迭代。早期版本要求用户和客户端做更多事,感觉上更像是「有一条新链、有一条旧链,所有人从旧链迁移到新链,某一刻我们把旧链忘掉」。新版本的设计对用户无缝得多。实际发生的事情是,旧链被嵌进新链内部。从合并的过渡区块开始,每一个权益证明区块内部都会包含一个我们今天称为以太坊链的区块,不过以后我们叫它执行链。与此同时,生成这样一个区块不再需要工作量证明。也就是说,你在同一时刻做两件事:取消这种区块有效所需的工作量证明要求,代之以要求这些区块必须被嵌在权益证明区块里。

于是你得到了一条链中之链。从架构上看,你可能觉得这有点次优,但它其实有些不错的性质:它让你能把共识层和我们所说的执行层,也就是交易和合约那一层,分开来思考、分开来升级。而且它让升级过程极其无缝:从跟随这条链的客户端角度看,你基本上什么都不用改,你仍然跟着同一条链、同一套规则,只是把「检查工作量证明」换成「检查这些区块是否被嵌在权益证明区块里」。

弗里德曼: 那会有一个标记这次过渡的合并区块。随着时间推移,新链会包含旧链上发生过的所有交易记录吗?

布特林: 新链不会持有合并之前以太坊链上发生的信息。合并前后那段时间人们使用的客户端,大概仍然会同步并检查工作量证明链直到合并点,然后检查权益证明链;但我想在未来某个时刻,人们就不再费劲去检查合并之前的工作量证明链了。

弗里德曼: 也就是说,那段旧历史对未来不重要?

布特林: 严格说,它对智能合约、对跑在链上的应用不是必需的。它对用户可能重要,对某些应用也可能重要,但我们要说的是:维护和提供这些历史数据,不再是每一个以太坊节点必须同时承担的责任。如果你需要这些信息,可以有单独的协议来备份它,而且这些协议已经存在了,比如 The Graph 就在做历史数据检索,你也完全可以把整条旧链扔到 BitTorrent 上。归档它、为它建定制的检索协议,办法有很多。

为什么一再推迟

弗里德曼: 你觉得为什么合并比原先预期花了更久?就像 Python 2 到 Python 3,人们迁移了很久很久。

布特林: 最大的原因就是我们低估了技术复杂度。造出一条成功的权益证明链有大量技术复杂度,把过渡过程真正想清楚也有大量技术复杂度。

弗里德曼: 技术复杂度比社会层面的复杂度更大?

布特林: 我确实这么认为,而且我觉得我们很幸运,合并这件事没有太多社会层面的复杂度,戏剧性很少。

最主要的原因是,我们从项目几乎最开始就在谈论权益证明和分片是路线图的一部分。第一篇关于权益证明的博客文章是2014年1月,那是项目启动两个月后,可能只比公开宣布晚了一天。所以权益证明不是我们突然砸到谁头上的东西。后来 DAO 分叉发生,一部分人去了以太坊经典那一边,恰好那些无法接受 DAO 分叉、转投 ETC 的人,更偏比特币气质,而偏比特币气质的人通常也更喜欢工作量证明。这某种意义上让两边的社区都更纯粹了。以太坊经典不会转向权益证明,他们对自己的设置很满意。等到信标链上线,现在社区对切换到权益证明的支持非常强烈。

弗里德曼: 那我要问一个所有工程师都不爱听的问题:时间表。你觉得合并会在什么时候发生?今年?还是推到2022年,甚至更晚?

布特林: 我认为2022年初是最现实的。今年内发生这件事仍然存在一个乐观情景,但可以指望的现实答案,是明年非常早的时候。

弗里德曼: 有没有什么具体的里程碑,你看到了就会对进度感到乐观?

布特林: 上个月我们办了一次线上黑客松,叫 Rayonism,参与过渡的各个客户端开发团队一起攒出了几个合并之后的以太坊链的测试网。那些只是「合并之后」的测试网,不是过渡本身的测试网。而人们现在正在做的,恰恰就是过渡本身。

下一步是拿出一份完整的规范,同时覆盖过渡与过渡之后。规范我们现在有了,但现实地说,它大概还需要若干改动和打磨。然后要有一个既跑过渡、又跑过渡之后状态的测试网。有了测试网之后,就是大量的测试和审计。再然后,不只是在专门的测试网上跑,还要在 Ropsten、Rinkeby 这种以太坊社区已经大量使用的现有测试网上跑。如果都跑通了,就可以在主网上部署过渡了。

测试网事故教给我们的

弗里德曼: 顺带一问,去年8月14日,Medalla 测试网上出过一次事故。这类事故发生时,你们会从中学到什么?

布特林: 我记得那次是某种共识失败,不同客户端对同样的东西有不同解读,其中一个被踢出了网络,然后花了相当久才让所有人重新上线。之所以拖了好几周,很大程度上是因为那是测试网,币是没有价值的,人们并没有多大动力赶紧换一个新客户端好重新参与。所以那条链确实花了一阵子才重新开始最终确定。我记得10月还有过另一轮不能最终确定的情况。

我们确实学到了东西。客户端开发者学到了很多关于优化的经验,学会了怎么把客户端造得能高效处理事务。我们也从中完整看到了一个生命周期:当超过三分之一的验证者掉线,最终确定停止,链会进入一种奇怪的非常态并持续一段时间,然后没有参与的人的质押会被慢慢消耗掉,这种情况我们不用「罚没」这个词,我们叫「泄漏」,但本质上也是被销毁,直到仍在参与的人重新回到三分之二以上,链恢复最终确定。亲眼看到这些边缘情况在真实环境中走完一遍,帮助很大,也让我们对主网更有信心。

弗里德曼: 今年4月24日也有一次事故,信标链上 Prysm 客户端里发现的一个漏洞,导致网络上大约70%的验证者无法出块。你能说说发生了什么吗?更宏观地说,你担心的是哪一类问题?是小漏洞,还是那种涌现出来、出人意料的社会性问题?你希望通过什么样的机制来防止它们?

布���林: 那次的幸运之处在于,这个特定漏洞只阻止了出块,没有阻止证明(attestation)。证明是对区块投票的机制,真正让链最终确定的正是证明。所以整条链其实全程都相当稳定。

我们从这些经历中普遍学到的,是拥有一个多客户端网络有多宝贵。这也是以太坊与比特币之类项目区别开来的地方之一:在以太坊,我们没有一个所有人都在跑的单一客户端,协议有多个实现,而这些实现都能处理和验证彼此产出的区块,它们说同一种语言。

有时候出现漏洞,它们会产生分歧。当两个客户端因为漏洞而分歧,我们称之为共识失败,共识失败是相当严重的。如果你像比特币那样是客户端的单一文化,共识失败确实更罕见。不过比特币也不是没出过,2013年同一个客户端的两个不同版本之间就发生过共识失败。这种事发生的概率更低,但有意思的是,我认为多客户端架构拯救以太坊的次数,远多于它伤害以太坊的次数。就说这次最近的事故,Prysm 不出块了,但其他所有客户端还在出块,另外还有四个,Prysm、Nimbus、Teku、Lighthouse 等等。

还有2016年那件事,我们叫它「上海拒绝服务攻击」,之所以这么叫,是因为攻击正好从我们那年在上海举办的 Devcon 年会的第一天开始。基本情况是,有人想出了一种办法,构造出对一个客户端处理起来极慢、对另一个客户端却不慢的区块。当时以太坊基本上有两个客户端,Geth 和 Parity,现在排前三的我认为是 Geth、Nethermind 和 Besu。因为我们有两个客户端,攻击者始终没能造出让两个客户端同时彻底卡死的区块,于是很多矿工和网络参与者就在两个实现之间来回切换,哪个能用用哪个。这真的帮助链熬过了那一个月的攻击。攻击者不停地锤我们的系统,把所有弱点都暴露出来,逼着我们的客户端来了一次疯狂的冲刺,把一切都优化到底,把那些「毒区块」和漏洞清干净。

反过来的例子,也从另一面印证了这一点:比特币2010年有过一个数值溢出漏洞。有人构造了一笔交易,带两个输出,每个输出都是几十亿枚比特币,大约2的63次方个聪,两个数加起来就超过了2的64次方。计算机里一旦超过2的64次方就会回绕,于是比特币节点认为交易的资金是够的,因为它看起来只要十亿聪之类,实际上它要的是2的64次方再加十亿。攻击者就这样凭空造出了几十亿枚比特币。这个问题在大约十二小时后才被发现并修复。如果比特币当时是一个多实现的系统,几乎必然会出现的情形是:其中一个客户端出 bug,而另一个客户端很可能做了这项检查,于是会出现一次共识失败,但那至少会非常快地提醒所有人这里有问题,同时也给了所有人一个明摆着的社会许可,去挑选哪条链是正确的,然后解决问题。

这是我们从以太坊生态多次经历中得到的一个重要结论,它验证了多客户端模式。公平地说,这也是我们经常被批评的模式。比特币的人会说这创造了共识失败的风险;风投那一类人会说,资助三个软件团队难道不昂贵、不浪费吗,你本来可以做一次「聚焦」的努力。他们很爱「聚焦」这个词。以太坊不是那样,但尽管不是那样,它依然很了不起。

除此之外,我们也从链的真实运行中学到很多,比如实际的质押体验是什么样的,各类参与者的实际激励是什么。所以我确实觉得,在让整个以太坊依赖它之前,先试运行一年,收获巨大。

为什么不是比特币就够了

弗里德曼: 我问一个也许有点怪的问题。比特币的拥护者会说「比特币解决一切」,那我们为什么需要以太坊?为什么不是比特币加上闪电网络做扩容,再用工作量证明保障安全?

布特林: 比特币一直吸引我的地方,是它所代表的价值:去中心化,造出任何人都能参与的开放系统,它不会因为创造者厌倦了就倒下去,也能抵抗运行者自己破坏规则,等等。我非常强烈地认为,这些原则的适用范围远远超出货币这一件事。

比特币是「为货币而生的区块链」,而以太坊从一开始就是作为通用区块链来构建的。以太坊上有以太币这个资产,但你也可以做去中心化金融,也就是今天说的 DeFi;可以做 ENS 这样的去中心化域名系统;可以做预测市场;也可以做完全非金融的系统,比如追踪某份证书是否被签署,或者某个密钥是否被吊销。区块链能做的有趣事情有一长串。它们是原本缺失的那块拼图:没有它们,一个去中心化的计算机网络能做的事情非常有限;有了它们,很多限制就消失了。

以太坊从一开始就是关于这件事的:这不只是钱,如果你可以造出任何基础设施、任何数字机构、任何 DAO,让底层逻辑以开放透明的方式执行,让所有人都能看见发生了什么,或者如果你喜欢零知识证明,至少让所有人能看到「一切按规则进行」的证明,而不必时时刻刻去信任中心化的行动者,那么能做的事情要多得多。

弗里德曼: 所以智能合约就是其中的核心技术。

布特林: 正是。智能合约就是跑在以太坊上的计算机程序,它们是让以太坊成为通用平台的核心。

我确实认为,这个世界出问题的地方远不止货币。我不是那种觉得「废掉法币、换成加密货币,战争就会消失」的人。首先,铸币税收入只占政府财政收入的一小部分,大概5%到10%。其次,有一件事我甚至理解不了那套逻辑:假设你是一个极端的、极度不信任政府的自由意志主义者,你认为这些政府很可怕。我们今天知道,政府把钱花在福利上,也花在军队上,比如去阿富汗炸人。那么你要问的问题是:你用你那套新奇的赛博货币接管世界,剥夺了政府的铸币税能力,让政府收入减少10%,如果政府真的那么邪恶,它会从哪一部分开支里砍掉这10%?它会停止在阿富汗轰炸,还是会削减福利?如果你认为是前者,那你对政府的看法未免太乐观了。所以「靠剥夺政府隐性征税的权力来拯救世界、创造和平」这套说法,对我来说说不通。

但我确实认为,一种去中心化的开放货币有真实价值:世界上任何人都能使用的金融基础设施本身就是价值,它很容易成为很多人的福音。世界上有许多地方,本国货币远不如美元稳定。这些人如果只有比特币,那唯一选择就是拿比特币,而比特币同样相当波动;如果用以太坊,他们可以拿以太币,也可以拿稳定币。你可能会说,你这就不够意识形态纯正了,你给他们的是锚定美元的稳定币,而美元当然也会崩。但现实是,美元远比委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔稳定。所以,建立一个全球开放的金融体系,确实能给人带来实实在在的好处。但如果你真想做到这件事,你需要的远不止一种货币。而如果你想超出金融领域,那就更需要不止一种货币了,而且你必须真正认真对待可扩展性,因为那些非金融的应用,没人会为一笔交易付五美元。

狗狗币与马斯克

弗里德曼: 我们能回到狗吗?

布特林: 可以。

弗里德曼: 顺便问一句,有没有以猫为主题的加密货币?

布特林: 我想是有的,有过 Catcoin,还有 Nyancoin,不知为什么它们就是不如狗币火。

弗里德曼: 那说说狗狗币和埃隆·马斯克。埃隆说过:理想情况下,狗狗币把出块时间加快十倍,区块大小增加十倍,手续费降低一百倍,那它就赢定了。你写过一篇博文部分回应这个说法,指出有一些微妙的技术原因让这行不通。埃隆对此说你「害怕狗狗」。所以,狗狗币要成为世界主要加密货币之一,技术障碍在哪?你真的害怕狗狗吗?

布特林: 我觉得有必要澄清一下:我绝对不害怕狗狗,我爱狗狗。几年前我还去日本看过那只狗本尊。

弗里德曼: 等等,那只原版的狗?它还活着?

布特林: 对。而且我们每年的 Devcon 大会都接受狗狗币支付。我当然也不认为以太坊与狗币对立,某种意义上我甚至觉得以太坊在精神上多少也是一个狗币。而且像我前面说的,我爱狗狗币,我买过不少,现在还持有一些。

至于可扩展性问题,挑战在于扩容与中心化之间的取舍:如果你只是调大参数而不做别的,验证这条链就会越来越难,链就越可能中心化,越容易被各种形式的俘获。

弗里德曼: 所以它需要我们刚才谈的那些二层技术?

布特林: 我个人觉得,如果狗狗币能以某种方式桥接到以太坊,人们就能在 Loopring 里每秒交易上千次狗狗币,那会很棒。如果他们想直接采用 ZK Rollup 那类技术,在自己的链上做到每秒上千笔交易,那也是很好的结果。

弗里德曼: 那以太坊和狗狗币有没有合作的可能?像埃隆·马斯克这样的人推动一种加密货币,背后是有能量的。有没有办法把这种能量和势头,引到那些技术上已经更成熟的方向上去?

布特林: 我确实觉得有空间。如果我们能有一座安全的狗狗币与以太坊之间的桥,那会非常棒。等以太坊拿到可扩展性,任何适用于以太坊资产的扩容方案,也同样能让「包装狗狗币」以极低手续费、极高速度交易。

弗里德曼: 在加密货币之间建安全的桥,有先例吗?这件事有多难?

布特林: 这件事还处在婴儿期,不过跨链交互确实有过一些尝试。最早的大概是合并挖矿:一条链让自己的工作量证明算法依附于另一条链的工作量证明算法。我记得狗狗币其实是和莱特币合并挖矿的,回头看这不算好选择,因为现在狗狗币比莱特币大。如果有办法让狗狗币以某种方式与以太坊的权益证明「合并挖矿」,那会是个有意思的替代方案。

至于「一条链读另一条链」这种桥,以太坊历史早期有个项目叫 BTC Relay,是一个验证比特币区块的以太坊智能合约。后来人们不太关心也不再维护它,因为当时没有足够多的应用真正想用它,而且手续费涨得太高,维护不下去。我想如果我们要做一个 BTC Relay 2.0,用 SNARK 之类让它便宜下来,大概是可行的,也许现在正是可以做这种单向验证的时候。

但难点在于,如果你想要一座能在链之间转移资产的桥,你需要的不只是单向验证,而是双向验证。以太坊什么都能验证,因为以太坊的智能合约可以运行任意代码;但如果你想让比特币根据以太坊上发生的事做出反应,比特币那边就得动。当然,他们什么都能用软分叉做,毕竟那是他们的宗教信仰。如果狗狗币愿意做一次分叉,支持与以太坊的双向转移,他们完全可以。我觉得如果有兴趣,这会是一次很美的合作。我想现在甚至有一些多签基金里放着资金,就是悬赏给做出这两者之间桥梁的人。

弗里德曼: 你能不能简单分析一下埃隆·马斯克?特斯拉和他在加密世界里的这趟旅程,先是比特币,然后是狗狗币,大量买入并持有比特币,我相信也在考虑大量持有狗狗币。你怎么看特斯拉和 SpaceX 在加密领域的未来?你觉得他们会考虑以太坊吗?

布特林: 如果他们继续留在加密生态里,我相信总有一天会的。比特币第一,狗狗币嘛,拜托,它至少值个第三,或者第二,然后以太坊可以是剩下的那个数字。或者干脆以太坊也变成一个狗币,把 logo 改成带条狗的,就像有只狗从后面溜进来。

我也觉得,如果你给这整件事赋予太多精心设计的恶意,或者任何深层的意图,那是判断失误。他就是个普通人,他喜欢狗,就像我喜欢狗一样。我认为这真的就是狗狗币那件事背后的全部理由。

弗里德曼: 也有另一面。这个人把一辆车射进了太空,你可以问那是为了什么?我认为那是为了好玩。他越来越彻底地拥抱一个念头:最有娱乐性的结局是最可能发生的结局。而在很多意义上,狗狗币就是最有娱乐性的加密货币。随着加密越来越深刻地影响世界,人们越来越严肃,而他偏偏选了最不严肃、最好玩的那一个。把乐趣和技术上的复杂精妙结合起来,这里头是有些东西的。

布特林: 完全同意。我希望这个世界好玩,世界好玩是件大好事。

预言机该放在哪一层

弗里德曼: 再问几项技术。你怎么看 Chainlink,以及那种利用链下外部数据源的混合智能合约?

布特林: 智能合约要做很多事,确实需要某种链下数据。如果你想做稳定币,你需要价格预言机,才知道自己在锚定什么价格。如果你想做那种农作物保险的产品,我认为 Etherisc 在这方面做了很多不错的工作,好像在肯尼亚或者斯里兰卡,也可能两地都有,那你就需要某种预言机来告诉你某个具体区域到底有没有下雨。如果你想要映射其他金融资产的资产,你需要预言机。如果你想做预测市场,你需要预言机。

所以提供预言机的项目确实很重要,而且不同的用例差别很大。比如 Augur 更偏向事件,它的预言机设计思路跟 Chainlink 不同。Chainlink 强调的是那种快速、自动、把数据迅速给你的东西;Augur 则是「我们根本不在乎速度」,而且也确实不需要在乎速度,因为如果你想在一个现实中已见分晓的预测市场上把钱拿出来,你大概本来就能以九十九美分把币卖掉。

我认为 Chainlink 确实占据了预言机设计空间里一个重要且有价值的位置,我很高兴有这样一个项目在做这件事。同时我也觉得,他们在推特上的那支「青蛙大军」有时候强度有点大。

弗里德曼: 有没有办法把预言机网络这类思路纳入以太坊本身?

布特林: 我个人更希望以太坊的基础层不要试图提供太多功能。因为一旦以太坊基础层开始对「美元兑以太币的价格」之类做出断言,某种意义上你就是在说,以太坊作为基础平台开始发表可能带有地缘政治性的声明。举个例子,设想美国发生内战并分裂,出现了两种都自称美元的货币,那么以太坊为了所有已经在用这个预言机的人,就必须选一个。这是否意味着区块链在一场重大的宏观政治争论中选边站?

正是出于这类理由,我个人更希望以太坊本身是一个更纯粹的平台,只按确定性的共识规则、用数学去处理交易,而预言机可以放到二层去。我认为以太坊的好处,恰恰来自它不试图在一层做所有事情,而是拥有一个非常健壮的二层生态,里面有各种各样做有趣事情的项目。

弗里德曼: 专注基础技术,回避政治。

与霍斯金森,与卡尔达诺

弗里德曼: 问一个比较人性的问题。查尔斯·霍斯金森是以太坊早期与你共事过的人,从外人看来,你们似乎有过一次分道扬镳。关于你们为什么分开,有没有一个正面的、鼓舞人的故事可以讲?

布特林: 我大概更愿意让那些写以太坊的书自己去说这件事。不过我想说的是,从那以后,查尔斯显然有了长进,在很多方面成熟了。密切关注他的人都告诉我,2021年的查尔斯与2014年的查尔斯非常不同。我相信2021年的维塔利克也与2014年的维塔利克非常不同。我也很好奇2030年和2040年的维塔利克与查尔斯会是什么样。

弗里德曼: 会不会出现那种所有人兜了一圈回到原点的情况,2030年的维塔利克和查尔斯成了最好的朋友?

布特林: 未必是最好的朋友,但能够以某种方式回忆往事,把过去的一些紧张放下,我觉得这样的事是可能的。人绝对有权利、也应该努力去不断改变和重塑自己。

弗里德曼: 那你怎么看查尔斯领导的卡尔达诺项目?他们做了一些与以太坊平行的事,权益证明、智能合约之类。

布特林: 里面确实有有意思的想法。我认为卡尔达诺采取的路径和以太坊不太一样,他们非常强调所有东西都要有厚重的学术证明,而以太坊则更能接受启发式的论证,部分原因是它在试着更快地做更多事。但 IOHK 的研究里确实出过很有意思的东西。

严谨是被高估的吗

弗里德曼: 我自己有一只脚在研究界,挺欣赏查尔斯那种对论文和学术严谨的强调。在加密货币的世界里,深度的研究严谨性扮演什么角色?

布特林: 有意思的是,我恰恰是那种认为「深度严谨被高估了」的人。

我这么想,是因为从协议为什么会失败来看,我认为模型之外的失败,比模型之内的失败更多、也更重要。以「自私挖矿」为例,2013年那项最初的发现表明,比特币在假设所有人诚实时容错率是50%,但如果你假设的是理性行为者,根据网络模型不同,它的容错率会掉到33%甚至0%。在我看来这是模型外失败的绝佳例子:传统共识研究在区块链出现之前基本没怎么考虑激励问题。当然也有一点点,有几篇关于「拜占庭-利他-理性」模型的论文,但不算深入,主要还是在假设「我们要在十五个参与者之间达成共识,而他们是机构,如果出了问题,我们可以线下弄清楚它是不是故意的,如果他们作恶就起诉他们」。在加密世界你做不到这些。所以那整个发现之所以出现,正是因为传统共识研究的模型压根没覆盖那些可能性,而一旦你走到模型之外,这些问题是真实存在的。

但同时,确实也有协议在模型之内就不安全。这让我想起我大概在2017年底,在 BitShares 或者 EOS 提出的某个共识实现里发现了一个漏洞。那就属于模型之内:他们对自己想达成什么有非常清楚的设想,有非常清楚的描述,而有一个非常清楚的数学论证说明,那个描述并不能导致他们想要的结果。

不过归根结底,你真正想达成的东西,永远无法在形式语言中被完整描述。我想这正是人工智能安全领域的人的一大发现:仅仅是「写下你想要什么」的规范,就是一个难到离谱的问题,而且你所指挥的优化器越强大,你就越必须小心。

所以这里有两面。另外一点是,很多学术路径最终是在为学术体系内部的其他人做优化,而不是为好奇的外行做优化。而我个人是完全为好奇的外行做优化的,至少我努力这么做。我想这也是为什么我的一些做法,偶尔会被传统学术型的人批评为莽撞。

但另一方面,严谨的做法确实带来真实好处,尤其是当你已经清楚知道规范是什么,你要做的是改进或者提供真正符合规范的协议时。现实地说,两种分析你大概都想做,甚至在不同阶段分别做:先做快而粗的东西,甚至对粗糙版本征求公开反馈,之后再把它形式化,再收一轮反馈。

总的来说,我觉得研究的规范正在改变,互联网改变了太多东西,它连协作结构、我们彼此合作的方式都改变了。协作式研究的正确结构不可能和十五年前一样。至于这些既有组件和新想法该怎么组合,那正是值得激烈争论的问题。我觉得不同生态对这些事有不同态度是好事。完全有可能以太坊生态处理某些问题的方式是彻底错的,如果有别的生态遵循不同的原则并且做得很好,那正是我们可以学习的地方。

人工智能安全的镜像

弗里德曼: 顺着这条支线,你怎么看人工智能安全?有人很担心人工智能的生存性风险。从「形式模型 vs 走出模型看真实世界」这条思路里,有没有可以映射到人工智能安全的教训?

布特林: 我的印象,而且这是一个比较远距离的印象,可能是错的,是人工智能面临的一个挑战也许恰恰是不够形式化。人工智能非常以实践者为导向:我发现了几个小技巧,我跑了一下,看起来分类准确率从0.684提高到了0.773。很多时候,这个技巧为什么有效、那个技巧为什么无效,背后并没有真正的科学,你就是靠试错摸出来的。

我能理解这种做法为什么奏效,但同时,这种做法不利于可读性,不利于理解到底发生了什么,也不利于理解这类系统可能怎样失效。甚至有一场争论:你能不能把 GPT-3 这样的东西一直放大,智能就会持续提升;还是说存在某些类型的推理,它们从根本上就不擅长,无论你怎么加硬件、扩规模都不会变好。所以,更明确地去思考里面在发生什么,我理解人工智能安全研究的很大一部分正是在做这种事。

弗里德曼: 对,形式化,提升人工智能的可读性,理解当模型做出某个分类时,中间到底发生了什么。

布特林: 而加密,或者说传统密码学,其实是一种很有意思的混合:既非常形式化,又非常不形式化。形式化在于,给定这些安全假设,证明协议在这些假设下成立。不形式化在于,我们凭什么知道不存在一个高效的大整数分解算法?我们试了四十年,至今没人找出比一般数域筛法更好的东西,好吧,那我们就假定它没问题。我们凭什么知道找不到两个椭圆曲线点之间的离散对数?试了几十年,没人找到比「小步大步」之类更快的办法。

这种做法确实很有道理,因为你至少可以把分析集中在数量很少的构件上。对这些构件你有一些直觉性的论证,但至少构件数量少、看的人多,其余一切都形式化地建在它们之上。你确实可以把大东西的安全性数学地归约到这些构件上,比如你可以有数学证明说:如果你能为一个实际上为假的命题造出 zk-SNARK,那么你就能用它从椭圆曲线里提取出信息,从而彻底攻破那个难题。

弗里德曼: 所以 zk 就是形式化带来收益的例子。也许人工智能系统里也能找到某些可以被牢牢把握、可被证明地控制住的方面。

布特林: 在区块链和加密货币里,共识机制之所以仍然更像艺术而非科学,是因为它们不只是技术系统,还是加密经济系统,它们对人做出假设,而你能对人做出哪些假设,是没法用数学证明的。哪怕是最基本的「51%的人是诚实的」,你能信任那51%吗?如果不能,你能信任另外那49%能协调起来另起一条分叉吗?币价会怎么变?人作为人会如何对这些事件作出反应?全是假设。不过同样,如果你能把假设写下来,你就能对它们做形式化的工作。

NFT 与公共物品的钱

弗里德曼: 差点忘了问一件事,这件事不算技术性,更像社会性的:NFT。最近几个月 NFT 的爆发,尤其在艺术界和更广的范围里,你怎么看?它对各类创作者个体的影响,是你预料到的吗?在虚拟现实、游戏这些数字空间里,NFT 未来会怎么走?

布特林: NFT 确实让我很意外。我甚至在某个科技会议的圆桌上有过公开记录,当时是那种「高估还是低估」的环节,问到 NFT,我想了想说,我觉得 NFT 被高估了。回头看,这个判断相当错。

我想我个人就是很难体会「为一样东西花很多钱」这种心理,那种东西的价值凭什么能够维持,我没有清晰的理解。

弗里德曼: 一样东西因为独一无二而具有价值。

布特林: 正是。我实在理解不了「花二十万美元买一幅原作画」背后的心理。如果我有一座豪宅,我会说,把所有东西都给我复印件就行,你可以挂三张《蒙娜丽莎》的复印件。其实我大概连《蒙娜丽莎》都不会挂,我可能就挂几张彩虹猫。

弗里德曼: 这大概就是数学或者理论计算机科学无法形式化的东西:NFT 为什么有价值。

布特林: 正是。但既然它已经发生了,让我感到高兴的地方,回到我们开头谈的那个话题:我关心去中心化的公共物品资助。我希望那些好的、有价值的东西,尽可能同时也是能在经济上养活其创造者的东西。因为如果做不到,要么这些公共物品根本不会被生产出来,要么有人做出中心化的版本,它具备其中一部分特性、试图充当替代品,但实际上把控制权集中到极小的一群人手里。这两种结果都不好。

NFT 的好处就在于:如果你是艺术家,你可以铸造 NFT,这就成了一条收入来源。对于常常资金不足的创造性工作来说,多一条收入流,这太好了。

骗局的灰色地带

弗里德曼: 问个奇怪的问题。我们刚才聊了克雷格·赖特。很多人给我写信,内容基本是两类:一类说除了比特币之外的任何币都是骗局;另一类说「我最喜欢的币是最好的币,它会拯救世界」,不管那是什么币。我完全不知道该怎么判断,只能试着去看这个领域里我信得过的人,看他们身上最基本的人的品质。你觉得有些币是骗局吗?有些币比另一些更像骗局吗?在这个圈子外面的人,该怎么判断什么是骗局?还有该怎么使用语言?比特币极端主义者的语言非常严厉,他们不只说一切都是骗局,包括以太坊,还用上「shitcoin」这类词,意思是它不仅是骗局,而且是浪费时间。而另一些人用「骗局」这个词就保守得多,只用来指那些确实在骗人钱的币。这个词该不该用在币上?它是非黑即白,还是有灰色地带?

布特林: 肯定有灰色地带。确实有些东西是真正的骗局,BitConnect 就是这个光谱上很典型的一例。

弗里德曼: 你看过他们2017年那个宣传视频吗?「Hey hey hey, BitConnect!」

布特林: 对,那个三分四十八秒的视频,就是一个人在台上完全疯狂地吼。那是在越南的一个会议上,他们当然是在说服一大群人去买这个币,宣称它会不断升值。那绝对是纯粹诈骗币的巅峰,真的很恶劣。有趣的是,尽管加密货币整体规模变大了,我觉得这类东西现在反而少了不少。

然后当然还有一大片光谱:有些东西不算彻底的骗局;有些项目技术上完全没问题,但它的社区糟糕得离谱;再往那边,有些社区人很好,但项目从根本上不可能实现它想做的事,社区却没意识到;再到那些真正很好的项目。

如果100%算骗局,那么80%是什么?比特币 SV 大概算一个。它是克雷格·赖特那条比特币分叉,理论上它是条区块链,是比特币的分支,有512兆的区块,你真想用的话是能用的,它满足「你可以往上发交易」的性质,你甚至可以拿它当备份存文件,因为它空间实在多,虽然可能会挂。但与此同时,正如我说的,克雷格·赖特是骗子,而且那个社区有一半人完全疯了。

弗里德曼: 所以是币背后的人让它成为骗局,尤其是有话语权、引导社区的那些人。

布特林: 对。以 BSV 为例,那些人对 BSV 能做到什么、可能做到什么,做出了完全错误、而且显然错误的宣称,很多方面让人觉得这就是捞钱。这是一个例子。再往前走一点,比如世界上那些 Tron 之类,它是个平台,你能用它,能在上面做事,但同时他们确实抄袭了 IPFS 的白皮书。

弗里德曼: 对,那些「骗子气质」。让我很难办的一点是,那些让我觉得有骗子气质的币,往往都有一大群极其正面的社区成员,他们会写信给我。当然反过来说,比特币的人也非常正面。我曾经眯着眼打量比特币很久,就是因为大家怎么都这么正面?我感觉到一种彻底的邪教气氛,那种想法不是扎根于真相,而是扎根于「你可以人为地造出一个真相」的痴迷。从那以后我学到了很多,学会了把社区和想法分开看,我认为比特币在很多方面是革命性的想法。但一个社区对某样东西表现出教条式的狂热,仍然让我警惕。也许这只是我的成长经历使然,当所有人都对某件事极度兴奋时,我就会怀疑。可这又让我很难判断什么是骗局,因为这个世界上最激动人心的一些想法,本来就有一群为之激动的人。我觉得太空探索超级令人兴奋,我也认识很多对太空探索极度兴奋的人,这难道就说明它是骗局吗?当然不是。

布特林: 就比特币而言,我绝对不会把比特币称为骗局,我也不会把莱特币称为骗局。有人说莱特币是骗局,理由是它没有根本性的用例,「比特币是金子,它是银子」这个定位本来就很蠢,而且从技术上说,「毫比特币」才是比特币的银子。但与此同时,如果这些人看起来是真诚地相信这一点,并且真的在尽力把莱特币做好,对我来说这就足以让它不算骗局。

真正最大的灰色地带,还是那些真诚的项目,只不过它们身上带着各种各样、互相组合的缺陷。

弗里德曼: 我觉得能算真正骗局的,是项目核心人物在有意撒谎。只要意图是想在世界上做点好事,哪怕实现得有缺陷,那就不是骗局。可能是有缺陷的想法,可能是错误的想法,但不是骗局。我还在学着怎么在这个领域里航行。

布特林: 这确实是个很难航行的领域,某种程度上它是整个世界的一面镜子。

弗里德曼: 而我们前面聊到过,钱被牵扯进来让事情更复杂,人的人生可能因为选错了技术而被毁掉。这让一切更真实,更痛,也让影响被放大。

布特林: 你可以想象一下,如果当年 Mac 对 PC 的论战里,每个人买一台 MacBook 就附带十股苹果股票,买一台 PC 就附带十股微软股票,会是什么景象。那些1983年花五百美元买了 Mac 的精英,现在手里有四千万美元,于是他们觉得自己是能看懂金融与地缘政治未来的大师,会发明各种理论,说苹果是那个将把自由带给世界的公司,而 Windows 暗中与邪恶轴心结盟。

弗里德曼: 这个类比太妙了,而且百分之百准确。因为钱才会真正点燃这些争论的大军,没有钱的东西做不到这一点。

把衰老当成工程问题

弗里德曼: 说说另一件让你兴奋的事:长寿与抗衰老。你向 SENS 基金会捐过款,对寿命研究一直有兴趣。你在这个领域希望看到什么?

布特林: 我希望在大约半个世纪的时间里,「眼看着父母和祖父母死去」这件事,能像「在城市里迷路」这种体验在过去五十年里因为智能手机而慢慢消失一样,从公众意识里慢慢消失。

弗里德曼: 你推特上置顶的那篇尼克·博斯特罗姆的文章,基本是在论证死亡近乎不道德。文章里那条龙不断吞噬我们周围的所有人,包括我们的父母和祖父母,而我们不去积极对付这条龙,这件事本身说不通。所以你认为这是一场值得打的仗,一场为了不朽、或者至少为了长寿而打的仗?

布特林: 绝对值得。而且我会说,特别是过去五年,我们真的开始看到人类第一批裂缝,看到一些看起来会变成胜利的东西。

弗里德曼: 你认为人类最终能永生吗?以及什么技术会让它实现,基因改造、克隆,还是意识上传?

布特林: 先定义「永远」。我们说的是一千年、一百万年、10的14次方年,还是10的45次方年?

弗里德曼: 我今天还发推说,最终整个宇宙会被超大质量黑洞填满,那种「永远」也许我们还有10的16次方年可以慢慢想。也许还能在多重宇宙之间旅行。不过我说的「永远」,大概是几千年的量级。

布特林: 我确实认为我们能做到。我也确实认为,这件事需要多到离谱的工作量,而且我觉得,等我们解决了第一批问题、人们开始活到一百五十岁,我们就会发现还有另外十个问题会以更慢的方式杀死你,我们还得继续干。好消息是,这正是奥布里的「长寿逃逸速度」论证:如果你现在能让所有人活到一百五十岁,你就有半个世纪的时间去解决其余那些问题。

我乐观还有另一个理由:不要低估人类的创造力,尤其是长期的创造力。看看从1950年的 ENIAC 到2020年,计算机变成了什么样,那不过是七十年。我想我们两个人即便按现有技术,也都至少还有七十年可活,那就想象一下这段时间里生物医学会发生什么样的翻天覆地的变化。

还有一件事让我乐观:我认为新冠是一个真正把生物医学、尤其是带有行动主义色彩的生物医学推入公众意识的事件。它让人们进入这样一种心态:等等,能拯救世界的不只是比特和推文,生物学才是真正重要、真正巨大的东西。最终终结新冠的,是疫苗,而疫苗表现得非常出色。

如果能把这种能量、还有我注意到的一种哲学态度延续下去,那就更好了。我理解的所谓「20世纪后期意识形态」,大致是这样一种心态:自然是好的,对自然的扰动是坏的,你通常应该尽量减少对自然的扰动。而这种心态在政治光谱的各处都存在。有字面意义上的自然;在我看来,它的右翼版本是「市场即自然」。

弗里德曼: 市场即自然。

布特林: 对,那种哲学谈论市场、谈论不要干预市场的方式,风格非常接近「自然」。当然还有保守主义的版本,也就是把「行动主义者开始控制一切之前就存在的传统文化」当作自然。

而21世纪的态度,新冠真的翻转了很多人的脑子:不,自然并不安全。默认结果是难以计数的苦难,是几千万人死去。唯一的出路是人类的创造力。这种心态与我想看到的另一场观念转变非常契合,就是把衰老当成一个工程问题:默认结果是现在活在这颗星球上的七十八亿人全部死去,而且人生最后十年要在难堪的痛苦中度过;阻止它的唯一办法是人类的创造力。我们还没有那个解决方案,但只要努力,我们会有。

弗里德曼: 而且越来越多生物学、计算生物学那边的人,正在把人类生物学这一团乱麻转化成一个工程问题。一旦这种转化完成,看基因、看蛋白质,你就能把我们已知的解决工程问题的工具用上去。另外还有一条路:我们为什么要如此浪漫化这具肉身载具,它归根结底只是承载大脑的东西。也许我们可以越来越多地把自己转移到数字领域,比如脑机接口这条路,在信息空间里实现不朽。

布特林: 这些也很有意思。我同意,我们的资源足够多,所有平行路线都该试。有人努力让我们的身体正常运转,很好;有人做上传或者改进脑扫描,很好;也有人在改进人体冷冻,我们可以躺进冷冻舱睡过去,希望未来某个时候,人类有能力让他们醒过来。当然这是下策,是最后的办法。

极端的上传路线还有另一个有意思的地方,跟太空有关。很多科幻,尤其是硬科幻类型的人会指出:如果你不是人类,探索太空要容易得多。在人类的语境里,我们讨论的是能不能去月球、能不能去火星;但有一个项目叫「突破摄星」,他们想把微型航天器送去半人马座阿尔法星,而且他们真的相信能在2060年代把航天器送到四光年之外。

弗里德曼: 靠接近光速的方式飞。

布特林: 正是。原理是光帆:你用一束极强的激光照射航天器,让它以很高的加速度迅速加速,直到达到光速的20%,然后它就自己上路了。所以,如果你想在一两个世纪内亲自探索半人马座阿尔法星系,当一个机器人显然是最实际的办法,因为人类没有办法活那么久。所以从长期看这条路很有意思,但同时确实有很多心理上的疙瘩和很深的哲学问题需要面对。

弗里德曼: 我认为它取决于我们能不能把意识变成一个工程问题。意识是不是绑定在我们的生物学上?一旦我们能把意识转换成数字形式,就可以把它随着光帆送出去;在此之前,机器人什么都没带上,顶多带上一点基础知识,比如维基百科,它没有携带人类意识的火种。我对把意识变成工程问题抱有很高期待,事实上我觉得这没有人们想的那么难。

布特林: 我同意。我明确站在「意识是算法的属性,而不是大脑结构的属性」这一边。另一个好玩的哲学问题是:一旦你能上传自己,你就可以按 Ctrl+C。要是有十个莱克斯的副本,那多好,我们可以把每一个都采访一遍。

有限性与意义

弗里德曼: 我必须问一个不好回答的问题。稀缺创造价值,这跟不朽有关。有一批哲学家,维克多·弗兰克尔、伯纳德·威廉姆斯、欧内斯特·贝克尔,论证说死亡,或者说生命的稀缺性,创造了意义。生命之所以美,爱的时刻、一顿好吃的饭之所以珍贵,正是因为它们有限,因为它们会结束,因为我们拥有的不多。所以有一种担忧:如果延长人类寿命,如果实现不朽,或者把我复制很多份,那种「此生此身」的丰富就丢失了。这件事让你担心吗?死亡是不是在某种意义上确实赋予了生命意义?

布特林: 我能想到一个历史类比,也许有点不公平。曾经有哲学家说过类似的话:战争赋予人类集体以意义,民族之间、种族之间的优劣之争是推动进步的巨大动力,它确保每个人都努力成为最好的自己。当然,这种观点后来钻进了一个疯狂的奥地利人的脑子里,二十年后他的士兵朝我的祖父母开枪。

如今我们不再有那种东西,但生活依然让人觉得有意义。我们仍然为技术进步而奋斗,仍然为自我提升而奋斗。事实证明,你并不需要存在性的冲突来获得意义。也许你确实需要某种冲突,但我们有别的冲突:企业之间的竞争,政治理念之间的竞争,项目之间的竞争。不管那种心理需求是什么,替代品是存在的。所以我的直觉是,等我们开始活到两百岁,我们同样会看到新的替代品出现。

弗里德曼: 那些冲突造成的苦难会比战争少。也许我们就开始玩《暗黑破坏神》四代、五代、六代,因为在游戏里你会死。也许我们能从自己参与的活动里,得到一点稀缺性的感觉,而不必靠自己的身体真的死去。我记得《暗黑破坏神3》里有硬核模式,角色死了就永久没了,我一想到就难受。也许我们会靠这些「小小的、会死的自己」,拿到今天我们从生命本身获得的那种丰富。

布特林: 有意思的是,随着我在这个世界里待得更久,我开始意识到,真正的有限性仍然存在,而且它可能依然提供意义,却不需要任何人真的死去。比如说,你中学,甚至高中的同学里,现在还经常联系的有几个?

弗里德曼: 还能称得上亲近朋友的,大概四五个。

布特林: 我这边的答案是,中学零个,高中两个。你看,数字一下就掉下去了。很多关系本身就是有限的。一个人经过二十五年,世界观会变得足够不同。好像还真有过一项研究,说一个人和二十五年后的自己,差异大约相当于两个不同的人。

所以,你可以有不流血的冲突,也可以有有限性,甚至可以有有限性必然带来的那种哀伤,而不需要任何人真的结束自己的生命。

弗里德曼: 希望如果我们真的延长寿命,也能找到办法延长神经可塑性的时期,让我们能在那段时间里持续改变世界观,走过人生的不同阶段。

语言的泡泡

弗里德曼: 刚才你用俄语说了一段。对不听俄语的人解释一下,维塔利克说,在加密世界里工作的俄罗斯人身上有一种不太一样的精神气质,而这种东西与你自己身上某些根源相连。你会不会为此感到遗憾,这两个世界因为语言而部分隔绝?中国和世界其他地方大概也是如此。语言在某种程度上减慢了文化之美的传递,你们可以在技术层面合作,却难以在某种深层的人的连接上合作。你会同时使用这些语言,你怎么看?

布特林: 会说多种语言当然有好处。而且一旦你会了,你会发现连自己的心态都会随着所说的语言而变化。有人跟我说过,我说俄语时听起来更直接、更务实;说中文时听起来更可爱;说英语时又是另一种样子。

如果你只待在一种语言的泡泡里,你确实会错过某种丰富性。但另一边的论证是,如果所有人都说同一种语言,那就只剩一个泡泡了。这是个难题,文化多样性确实有好处,你绝对不希望整个世界过于千篇一律。

加密有意思的一点在于,它是一种文化,它设法保有自己的独特性,甚至在嵌入所有这些国家之中的同时,保持了对它们的独立。

弗里德曼: 所以它跨越了地理边界,某种意义上也跨越了语言。而这些文化、这些泡泡的形成方式很有趣,它们以某种层级互相重叠,加密世界内部也是如此,每种币有自己的社区,社区里还有社区。

布特林: 是的。每当这些群体互相攻击的时候,当然很让人难过,人们能多合作当然更好。但同时,拥有一群拥有不同人生经验的人,本身确实是有益的。

钱是用来少操心的

弗里德曼: 最后一个问题,上次我大概没问过,这是个荒唐的大问题:生命的意义。陀思妥耶夫斯基说美将拯救世界,有人认为钱是幸福的重要部分。而你先是赚到了很多钱,又推开了很多钱、推开了很多权力,所以问你特别有意思:你认为生命的意义是什么?

布特林: 我在拥有很少的钱和拥有很多的钱这两种状态里都待过,我意识到的一点是:钱的最大用处,不在于它让你做更多事、拥有更多东西,而在于它让你少操心几件事。

如果你的存款不是零,你就不必那么担心丢掉工作。如果你觉得自己的工作与你的价值观严重冲突,只要你有哪怕六个月的积蓄,你就更容易说一声「再见,我去做别的」。钱再多一点,你甚至可以不在乎自己正在做的事情是否盈利。再多一点,你在交通和饮食上可以选择那些麻烦更少的方案,让自己活得懒一点。

所以,「减少麻烦、为别的东西腾出空间」这一面,我认为是钱的价值的重要部分。反过来,如果你把钱看成一个给你东西的机器,并试图从这些东西里获得意义,我觉得那更可能是在挥霍这个机会。我在这件事上的哲学,更偏减法而不是加法。

弗里德曼: 可一旦你有了足够的钱,不必再为钱操心,你就背上了另一个问题:意义。你觉得这一切有意义吗?看你自己的人生,你似乎在试图造出很酷的东西,好减轻世界上的一些痛苦。

布特林: 有一种想法是,回头看看你上学时是怎么理解人生的。学校这件事挺值得琢磨,因为它在很多方面完全处在我们成年后所生活的那些社会系统之外,也许学术界这类东西是想复制学校的某些部分。

首先,学校是相当极权的:你必须服从老师的指令,你的日程大部分被强制安排在特定区域,你被禁止在某些时段离开校园,还要写一大堆作业。但同时,学校也有点像一个后稀缺的乌托邦,你完全不需要操心为自己获取资源。我们两个人都在那种环境里生活了十二年。

这说明了什么?我想有一点是明显的:如果所有决定都由别人替你做,生活会变得容易。而成年的挑战之一,就是转入一个选择要由自己做主的世界,你必须学会和它相处。

弗里德曼: 也就是承担自由的重负。

布特林: 有意思的是,我做以太坊的头五年,某种意义上也没那么自主,因为其中很大一部分是在回应各种义务:有人说来韩国这个活动讲一下,好;来台湾讲一下,好;以太坊要上线了,需要把某个部分做完并测试好,好,去做;我们需要一个权益证明算法,去做。

而疫情这一年,我基本上被困在新加坡,这给了我多得多的独处时间,旅行少了很多,对我来说是一种全新的、有意思的体验。

弗里德曼: 你会怎么形容那段独处的时间?悲伤,忧郁,希望,梦想,还是一个富有创造力的时期?

布特林: 五样都有一点。肯定有自我发现的成分。我当时非常明确地做了一个决定:我有了这段时间,我要用它做出点真正有意义的事。

举个例子,我真正开始大量听有声书和播客。基本上今年我才第一次发现播客这个空间是真实存在的。在那之前,我会去接受别人的采访,但我并没有在心里真正接受「播客是一种你可以去听的东西」这个观念,今年我接受了。我的朋友卡尔·弗洛尔施,Optimism 的人,向我推荐了《硬派历史》,我就把所有《硬派历史》都听完了。之后我听了大概十期莱克斯·弗里德曼,然后又听了别的一些。再往后我开始听有声书,我听完了整本《第三帝国的兴亡》,四十五个小时。

弗里德曼: 有没有某一段历史,不管是丹·卡林讲的还是别的,是你会反复回到那里,去思考世界、思考人性的?二战?成吉思汗?一战?还是别的什么?

布特林: 我觉得1930年代和40年代特别引人入胜,因为它逼着你去真正面对一个问题:恶从哪里来?我脑子里一直有一个心理谜题:一方面,像大屠杀这样的事情确实发生过;另一方面,如果你只是去和人喝杯咖啡,一百次里有一百次,每个人看起来都那么好。

弗里德曼: 对,正是如此。

布特林: 你怎么调和宏观与微观?如果你没有恰当的个人经验,这件事就非常难理解,尤其当你的个人经历一开始是被保护起来的,像我这样。刻板印象说书呆子在学校会被霸凌,但我的学校经历其实是所有人都对我很好。这让理解这些事更困难。

我记得刚开始做以太坊的时候,我真的被打了个措手不及:不到六个月,就开始有人为了「如果以太坊最后变成一家公司,谁能拿到更多股份」而争吵,而当我建议干脆做成非营利组织时,居然把人惹火了。

有意思的地方在于,我一边读历史听历史,一边看着加密世界里正在发生的事。由此我得到一个直觉:我认为大多数恶不是出于贪婪,而是出于恐惧。

在以太坊的历史上,我心目中社区最低谷的时刻,也是我个人最低谷的时刻,是2016年的 DAO 分叉。DAO 被黑,我们做出了改变以太坊协议这个有争议的决定,然后以太坊经典分裂出去。分裂一发生,到处都是愤怒,而当以太坊经典的价格开始往上走,愤怒尤其强烈。当时以太币是十三美元,以太坊经典从零开始,可突然有一天以太币跌到十二点五,以太坊经典涨到零点五,接着以太币继续跌。人们开始说,以太坊经典这整件事是比特币社区的心理战,是有钱的比特币持有者想毁掉以太坊。

我心里知道这并不完全是真的。确实有比特币阵营的人参与,但把内部分歧归咎于外国干涉,这正是各国政府天天在做的事。它是一个非常方便的借口,让你可以把正在发生的事推给外人,而不必真正面对一个事实:你自己的社区里就有人不同意你,他们有不同的信念。我觉得以太坊社区在那段时间没有把这件事处理好,我自己也没有处理好。于是有大量对比特币阵营的指责,甚至还有不少人呼吁我们动用商标法,去起诉交易所,阻止它们上架以太坊经典。在我看来那非常不道德,那是把政府当武器去攻击并摧毁另一种加密货币,完全违背了自由的理想,违背了我们至少在理论上应当捍卫的东西。

但在那个特定时刻,实际情况是以太坊经典的价格在涨,而以太币的价格在同步地跌,有很多比特币阵营的人说这就是以太坊的终结。我想很多人是真的害怕以太坊会因此被彻底摧毁。愤怒就是从那里来的。

弗里德曼: 也就是说,它来自恐惧。

布特林: 正是。是恐惧让人们得以把「放弃原则」合理化,而在别的处境下他们绝不会接受那样的行为。我自己在某种程度上也随着这股情绪走了,这一点我确实后悔,那些过火的部分我完全后悔。后来比特币的区块大小战争里,也发生了很类似的事情。

这个洞察之所以有意思,是因为它在心理上完全说得通:当你真的害怕,如果你不采取某种行动,你的整个世界就会崩塌,那么把「忘掉原则、不惜一切去保住你所在乎的那个东西」合理化,就容易得多。

弗里德曼: 而正确的事、勇敢的事,恰恰是在恐惧面前仍然保有慈悲、保有爱,而不是恨。人类历史上最黑暗、最艰难的时刻,都是恐惧弥漫的时刻,而走出去的办法是爱,是不向恐惧屈服。

布特林: 是的。

弗里德曼: 回到你说的咖啡和人的善意:看来每个人都有作恶的能力,每个人也都有爱的能力,我们要做的是创造出那些让后者压过前者的机制和激励。

维塔利克,你是我有幸交谈过的最有意思的人之一,非常感谢你今天来。我希望以后还能再聊,也希望有一天能和你还有丹·卡林一起录一期,那会是很棒的对话。谢谢你做出这么多了不起的技术创新,它们激励着计算机科学家、经济学家,也激励整个世界去看技术能做到什么。现在又加上长寿,我真心希望我们都能活很久,并且靠《暗黑破坏神》把这段漫长的时间过得有意思。

布特林: 谢谢你,莱克斯,这次聊得很开心。

弗里德曼: 最后留下纳尔逊·曼德拉的一句话:当一个人被剥夺了按自己信念生活的权利,他就别无选择,只能成为一个不法之徒。

本期讲者
维塔利克·布特林以太坊联合创始人,2013 年提出以太坊白皮书,主导了权益证明、分片与 Rollup 路线图的设计。长期在个人博客 vitalik.ca 撰写机制设计与密码学文章,并资助长寿研究等公共品项目。
Lex Fridman人工智能研究者、Lex Fridman Podcast 主持人,以长篇深度访谈科技与科学领域人物著称。本期为 Vitalik Buterin 第二次做客该节目。
章节 · 点击跳转视频
0:00 赠币风波与六十七亿的取舍 ▶ 正在看
12:44 加密货币与公共品的新可能 ▶ 正在看
18:09 政府监管的最好与最坏情形 ▶ 正在看
28:00 权益证明:能耗、安全与罚没 ▶ 正在看
40:45 MEV 与区块排序权的隐形抽成 ▶ 正在看
45:46 区块大小之争与硬分叉哲学 ▶ 正在看
1:04:08 分片:随机抽样与零知识证明 ▶ 正在看
1:11:06 Rollup 与侧链的安全模型之别 ▶ 正在看
1:27:06 合并:信标链吞并工作量证明 ▶ 正在看
1:45:30 为何需要以太坊而非只有比特币 ▶ 正在看
2:16:03 NFT、骗局边界与社区心理 ▶ 正在看
2:27:59 长寿、意识上传与意义之问 ▶ 正在看
本期论点
本期回应
2:34:11
自然并不安全,其默认状态是大规模的苦难与死亡,唯一的出路是人类的创造力 原则上都能解决人类驾驭得了自己造出的力量吗?
其他论点
16:09
最重要的公共品往往由与所有人意见相左的疯狂个体创造
21:25
政府无法彻底禁绝加密货币,但能靠封锁交易所和法币通道把它边缘化为小众亚文化
35:55
攻击以太坊权益证明网络的成本高于攻击比特币工作量证明网络的成本
43:33
MEV 提取收益存在强规模效应,会推动挖矿与验证走向中心化,这比用户体验变差更危险
44:25
面对无法消除的中心化,最好的应对是把它隔离在核心共识之外,而不是假装能消灭它 做法
48:38
区块链的读取成本必须与写入成本同等可及,任何一方过高都会破坏去中心化
51:52
软分叉比硬分叉更具强制性,因为它迫使不同意的人默认跟着走
55:16
因政治分歧导致的链分裂,好过让少数派被迫接受多数派立场
1:16:55
ZK Rollup 概念更简单且无需挑战期,长期会在所有二层应用场景中胜出
1:41:22
多客户端架构给以太坊带来的好处,远大于它引入的共识失败风险
1:48:36
铸币税只占政府收入的 5% 到 10%,废除法定货币改用加密货币并不会让战争消失
1:49:41
深度学术严谨被高估,因为协议的失败更多来自模型之外而非模型之内
2:26:34
只有项目最上层的关键人物有意撒谎才算骗局,出于善意但实现有缺陷的项目不是骗局
2:43:11
有限性及其带来的哀伤足以赋予生命意义,并不需要任何人真的死去
01赠币风波与六十七亿的取舍
0:00
the following is a conversation with vitalik buterin his second time on the podcast vitalik is the co-founder of ethereum and one of the most influential people in cryptocurrency and technology broadly defined quick mention of our sponsors athletic greens magic spoon indeed for sigmatic and better help check them out in the description to support this podcast as a side note let me say that ethereum bitcoin and many other cryptocurrencies have been taking a wild ride of prices going up and down in the past few months to me the prices were never as important as the ideas both technical and philosophical cryptocurrency has the potential to empower billions of people to participate in the global economy in a way that resists the manipulation by centralized power also with smart contracts layer 2 technologies data pools nfts and of course integration of artificial intelligence into the whole thing we have the opportunity to build tools and worlds that transform physical and digital life as we know it
以下是与 Vitalik Buterin 的对话,这是他第二次做客本播客。Vitalik 是以太坊的联合创始人,也是加密货币领域乃至整个科技界最具影响力的人物之一。先简单提一下我们的赞助商:Athletic Greens、Magic Spoon、Indeed、Four Sigmatic 和 BetterHelp,可以看看简介里的链接,以此支持本播客。顺便说一句,以太坊、比特币和许多其他加密货币在过去几个月里价格上蹿下跳,坐了一趟过山车。对我来说,价格从来都不如背后的理念重要,无论是技术层面还是哲学层面。加密货币有潜力赋能数十亿人参与全球经济,而且是以一种能够抵御中心化权力操控的方式。再加上智能合约、Layer 2 技术、数据池、NFT,当然还有把人工智能整合进这一切,我们有机会打造出能够改变我们所熟知的物理世界和数字世界的工具和世界,希望能把世上的苦难降到最低,把乐趣放到最大。这里是 Lex Fridman 播客,下面是我与 Vitalik Buterin 的对话。我们先聊聊柴犬币吧,如果可以的话,它也叫 Shiba Token,代码是 SHIB。Shiba Inu 是
便签引用
1:06
hopefully minimizing the suffering in the world and maximizing the fun this is the lex friedman podcast and here is my conversation with vitalik buterin let's first talk about shiba ino if we can also known as sheba token code shib for contact shiba unu was created in august 2020 modeled off of doshcoin by the anonymous founder known as ryoshi on may 10th this year it had a market capitalization of over 13 billion and uh maybe you can explain this but in a crazy move you were given half of shibs uh total supply you uh burned aka destroyed 90 of it that's worth 6.7 billion dollars and you donated 10 that's worth 1.2 billion at the time to an uh india covet 19 relief fund saying you don't want to be the locus of this much power this is uh fascinating why and how were you able to walk away from this much money and this much power so i i should probably start by yeah giving some of the backstory around you know these coins and this concept of giving me coins uh so you know first of all you know
2020 年 8 月由一位化名 Ryoshi 的匿名创始人仿照狗狗币创建的。今年 5 月 10 日,它的市值超过了 130 亿美元。也许你可以解释一下,但在一个疯狂的举动中,你被赠予了 SHIB 总供应量的一半。你把其中 90% 销毁了,也就是彻底摧毁,价值 67 亿美元;你还捐出了 10%,当时价值 12 亿美元,捐给了印度新冠救助基金,还说你不想成为这么大权力的中心。这实在太有意思了:你为什么、又是怎么做到从这么多钱、这么大的权力面前走开的?我想我大概应该先讲一讲这件事的一些来龙去脉你知道这些币,还有送我币这个概念,嗯,所以首先呢,就像你说的,柴犬币(Shiba Inu)
便签引用
2:37
shiba inu as you said is this kind of knockoff of dogecoin right and deutsche coin was this initial kind of fun coin that was created back i think around 2014 or so and it was just created by jackson palmer and like put it out as a joke for a couple of hours and a community formed around it and at the beginning people didn't take it very seriously i actually remember putting about 25 000 into doge sometime around 2016 and i just remember uh just thinking to myself like okay how am i going to explain my to my mom that i just invested 25 000 into dog coins and like what even are dog coins like the only interesting thing about this coin is that there's you know a logo of a dog somewhere um but you know of course that ended up being one of the best investments i've ever made and it did really well and then at the end of 2020 elon musk of course you know started talking about dogecoin and the market cap just like shot up to about 50 billion dollars actually and it shot up multiple times right like the first time
算是狗狗币的一个山寨版嘛。而狗狗币最早是一个玩票性质的币,大概是2014年前后创造出来的它是杰克逊·帕尔默(Jackson Palmer)创造的,本来只是当个玩笑发出来,就几个小时,结果就有一个社区围绕它形成了一开始大家都没把它当回事。我记得我大概在2016年左右往狗狗币里投了差不多两万五千美元,我就记得当时自己心里想,好吧,我该怎么跟我妈解释我刚刚往狗币里投了两万五千美元而且狗币到底是个什么东西啊,这个币唯一有意思的地方就是某个角落里有一个狗的logo而已但当然啦,那最后成了我做过的最好的投资之一,收益非常好。然后到了2020年底,埃隆·马斯克当然开始聊狗狗币了,市值一下子就冲到了大概五百亿美元,而且它是好几次暴涨,比如第一次就从大概
便签引用
3:38
it went up from about 0.8 cents to about like seven cents and this just happened all in one day and i remember um this was when i was still in singapore in the middle of uh kovid and you know i saw that the price just went up by a thousand percent and i was like oh my god my doge is worth like a lot and so i immediately called up some of my friends and told them to like drop everything in scramble and i just sold half the dosh and i got 4.3 million dollars donated the proceeds to give directly and a few hours after i did this the price dropped back down from about seven cents to four cents right so i managed to sell the doge at the top and i remember just uh feeling like i was such an amazing trader but then of course you know the price went up from four cents then to seven and then 50 and just like doge becoming this big phenomenon where there's even a lot of people that have heard of those that have not heard of ethereum is just like something even i wasn't predicting right and so after that of course you know we have
0.8美分涨到了差不多七美分,这一切都发生在一天之内。我记得那时候我还在新加坡,正处在疫情当中。我看到价格一下子涨了百分之一千,我心想,我的天,我的狗狗币值好多钱了。于是我马上给几个朋友打电话,让他们放下手头一切事情赶紧忙活起来,我就卖掉了一半的狗狗币,拿到了430万美元,把这笔钱捐给了GiveDirectly。而在我卖完之后几个小时,价格就从大概七美分跌回到了四美分。所以我算是在最高点把狗狗币卖掉了,我记得当时就觉得自己简直是个了不起的交易高手,但后来嘛,价格当然又从四美分往上涨了美分,然后涨到七美分,接着是50美分,就像狗狗币变成了这样一个大现象,甚至有很多人听说过狗狗币却没听说过以太坊,这种事连我自己都没预料到,对吧,所以在那之后,当然,你知道,我们有了狗狗币,然后人们就在想,你知道,如果领头的狗狗代币值500亿
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4:38
doge and then people are thinking well you know if the leading dog token is worth 50 billion dollars then surely the second largest dog token deserves you know at least seven or eight billion right because i feel like that's the kind of what the mindset of these shiba people is um so that of course they did this other gimmick right where they gave me half the shiba token supply um they were actually not the first projects to do this uh so around the end of 2020 there was this weird project called teller it's like t-e-l-l-o-r i think they're a chain-link competitor or something like this but i remember they just like dumped fifty thousand dollars worth of their token into my wallet and then they had their twitter arbi just like basically run around saying look look at vitalik's wallet vitalik holds towers he's one of us he's a supporter and as soon as i discovered this i just like publicly sold the tower tokens on you to swap and this created a bit of a twitter splat now the shiva people were more clever
美元,那第二大的狗狗代币怎么着也该值个七八十亿吧,对吧,因为我觉得这大概就是那些柴犬币(Shiba)的人的心态,嗯,所以他们当然又搞了另一个噱头,对吧,他们把柴犬币总供应量的一半给了我嗯,其实他们并不是第一个这么干的项目,呃,大概在2020年底的时候,有这么一个奇怪的项目叫Tellor,就是T-E-L-L-O-R,我记得,我想他们是Chainlink的竞争对手之类的但我记得他们就这样往我钱包里砸了价值五万美元的代币,然后他们让推特上的水军到处跑着说,快看快看Vitalik的钱包,Vitalik持有Tellor,他是我们的一员,他是支持者我一发现这事,就直接在Uniswap上公开把那些Tellor代币卖了,这在推特上还引起了一点小争议而柴犬币的人更聪明,柴犬币的人没有砸到那个钱包,他们砸到了我的冷
便签引用
5:36
the shiva people instead of dumping to that wallet they dumped to my cold wallet right so in a cryptocurrency right there's this concept of like cold wallets and hot wallets basically like the thing that actually owns euro money is like this 80 digit number called a private key right and a hot wallet is when that private key is just stored in memory on your computer on your phone really easy to access cold wallet means it's either on written down on a piece of paper or it's uh on a computer that's just never accessed the internet right so cold is very inconvenient but cold is also much more secure right because even if that computer has some like viruses on it like it's it's like air gap that's not actually going to be able to upload it so this cold wallet and like all the money's out of the cold wallet so it's safe for me to talk about my setup now right but it was a laptop that was sitting in canada and i also had um two pieces of paper where i wrote down two numbers on those two pieces of
钱包,对吧,所以在加密货币里,对吧,有冷钱包和热钱包这样的概念,基本上,真正拥有你的钱的东西是这么一串80位的数字,叫做私钥,对吧,而热钱包就是私钥直接存在内存里,在你的电脑上、你的手机上,非常容易访问,冷钱包则意味着它要么被写在一张纸上,要么呃在一台从来不联网的电脑上,对吧,所以冷钱包很不方便,但冷钱包也安全得多,对吧因为就算那台电脑上有什么病毒之类的,它是物理隔离的,根本没办法把东西传出去所以这个冷钱包——而且冷钱包里的钱都已经取出来了,所以我现在可以放心聊我的设置了对吧,但那是一台放在加拿大的笔记本电脑,另外我还有两张纸,我在那两张纸上分别写了两个数字
便签引用
6:33
paper one was with me one was in canada and if you add those two numbers together you get the private key so because of covid travel restrictions and you know this is in this cold wallets in canada like it's very difficult for me to actually access it right and i'm not sure if they knew this maybe they just got lucky but basically they you know sent a lot of uh these dog tokens into this wallet where i it was very difficult for me to access it but then i saw these dot co tokens i saw more and more people talking about them and then at some point i realized i realized that like hey these things are worth billions of dollars and like you know there's lots of really good things that you could do with that amount of money and it would actually be a waste to just like see it go so i made the decision that like i would actually power through and figure out how to like safely like basically get my private key um i actually had to call up my family tell them to read out their number off of their piece of paper
一张在我身边,一张在加拿大,把这两个数字加起来就得到私钥。所以因为新冠的旅行限制而且这个冷钱包在加拿大,我其实很难去真正访问它,我也不确定他们是不是知道这一点,也可能只是运气好,但基本上他们往这个钱包里打了很多这种狗狗代币,而我当时非常难去访问它,但后来我看到了这些狗狗代币,我看到越来越多的人在讨论它们,然后在某个时刻我意识到,我意识到,嘿,这些东西值好几十亿美元,而且你知道,有很多真的用这笔钱能做很多好事,就这么眼睁睁看着它没了实在太浪费了,所以我就做了这个决定:我要硬着头皮撑下去,想办法安全地把我的私钥弄回来我真的得打电话给家里人,让他们把纸条上的数字念给我听,然后我把它输进一台刚从 Target
便签引用
7:30
i uh entered that into a fresh laptop that i bought from target then i put in my other number on my piece of paper added the two numbers together on the computer there's the key and at the same time like just scrambled for two days setting up a new wallet for to where i could move my youth to safely like getting people to be multi-sig partners just like doing all sorts of like stuff that you know 10 years ago you would expect to just be part of a cyberpunk you know science fiction novel but you know now it's all real so you're doing this all by yourself i essentially most of it by myself so you have to keep it secret right and i needed my family to um actually like go and read the the number on their piece of paper and then i am in my new multisig wallet like there's other people that are signatories um but you know i'm obviously not going to reveal any details beyond that about so i did this right and i actually managed to make get the private key make the first transaction that would just move all my
买回来的全新笔记本电脑里,接着再输入我自己纸条上的另一串数字,在电脑上把两串数字相加——密钥就出来了与此同时,我还手忙脚乱地折腾了两天,建了一个新钱包,好把我的 ETH 安全地转过去比如找人来当多签伙伴之类的,做的全是那种十年前你会觉得只该出现在赛博朋克科幻小说里的事,但现在这些都成真了。所以这些都是你一个人搞定的?基本上大部分是我自己弄的我自己,所以你必须保密,对吧?然后我需要我的家人去,嗯,真的去读一下他们那张纸上的号码然后我就进入了我的新多签钱包,里面还有其他人作为签名方,嗯,但你知道,除此之外我显然不会透露任何更多细节。所以我就这么做了,我实际上成功拿到了私钥,做了第一笔交易,就是把我所有的以太币转到多签钱包里,这样就安全了,然后第二笔交易,把私钥
便签引用
8:30
ether to the multisig wallet so it's safe and then second transact put the private key on my main computer then started you know like going in and just selling some of the dark tokens and then just like giving them to these different charities now at the time i actually did not even like have any idea of how much you would be able to get right because like on paper the dog tokens are seven billion dollars but like in reality it's a very liquid market you know are you going to crash it by yeah and after you sell 1 million worth you're going to crash it after 10 million are you might you actually be able to get like an entire 200 million i had no idea um so i definitely was just of the mindset like okay i mean i'll sell a bit maybe i get some eth and then you know donated some yeast to give well donated some to other groups and then okay have some dog tokens like i don't have an easy ability to sell more myself but then i'll just like give them to these groups and like you know hopefully they'll do good
放到我的主电脑上,然后就开始,你懂的,去卖掉一些狗狗类代币,然后就把它们捐给这些不同的慈善机构。当时我其实完全不知道能换到多少钱,对吧?因为账面上那些狗狗代币值七十亿美元,但现实中那是一个流动性很差的市场,你知道的,你会不会把价格砸崩?是啊,你卖了一百万美元之后价格就要崩了,还是一千万之后才崩?你真的能拿到整整两亿美元吗?我完全不知道。嗯,所以我当时的心态肯定就是好吧,我先卖一点,也许能换到一些 ETH,然后你知道,捐一些给 GiveWell,捐一些给其他组织,然后好吧,手里还有一些狗狗代币,我自己没法轻松地再多卖,那我就直接把它们给这些组织,然后,你知道,希望他们能用这些做点好事。嗯,其实是,我实际上捐出了
便签引用
9:27
things with them um it was actually um i actually donated at 20 and dumped 80 percent um yeah so the cove the coved um india group got one batch and then there's another group that got another batch and i don't want to say who they are because i think that they want to announce themselves at some point sure yeah but it's uh you know you you can see the fact that these transactions were made on the blockchain um but it was uh just very intriguing interesting and unexpected and just an insanely crazy situation it's been a couple weeks first of all thank you for uh helping me uh hang up some curtains this is this is a first for the podcast and uh shows uh that you're truly a special person um to be willing to help but now a couple weeks later do you regret any aspect of that decision um i'm sure there are some things that i probably could have done better like i i was actually i was actually talking to some of these charities and i was impressed by just how much money they managed to get out
百分之二十,抛售了百分之八十。嗯,是的,所以那个印度新冠救助组织拿到了一批,然后还有另一个组织拿到了另一批,而我不想说他们是谁,因为我觉得他们想在某个时候自己宣布。当然,对,但这个你知道,你可以看到这些交易确实记录在区块链上。嗯,但这整件事就是非常有意思、很有趣,也很出乎意料,就是一个疯狂到不可思议的情况。已经过去几周了,首先谢谢你,嗯,帮我挂窗帘。这在播客里还是头一回,嗯,也说明,嗯,你真是个很特别的人,嗯,愿意帮忙。但现在几周过去了,你对那个决定的任何方面有后悔吗?嗯,我相信有些事我本来可以做得更好。比如我,我其实后来跟其中一些慈善机构聊过,我很惊讶他们卖掉这些币居然能换到那么多钱。所以我,我本来可能可以做得更好,
便签引用
10:31
of selling some of these coins so i i probably could have done better by just like talking more with the traders and actually ensuring that you know that they can do a better job of maximizing the the value of uh of uh all of them but like you know it was a very stressful time and i did have to act quickly like i yeah i did manage to you know make a lot of the donations before like a few a few days before the great crypto crash happened uh so it was and it's difficult to like obviously there's parallel universes in which i did better but at the same time there's also lots of parallel universes where because i hesitated more and tried to spend more time thinking i missed the opportunity uh so you know on that it's like a luck of the draw and i'm just you know happy that uh it was everything was able to turn out as well as it did but psychologically you mentioned stress how hard was it uh it was stressful right i think well one of the really stressful parts was just the fact that i had to basically move all of my funds
比如多跟交易员们沟通,确保,你知道,他们能更好地把所有这些的价值最大化。但你知道,那是一段压力非常大的时期,我确实得快速行动,我,是的,我确实在,你知道,那次加密货币大崩盘发生前几天完成了很多捐赠。嗯,所以那是,而且很难说,显然存在一些平行宇宙,在那里我做得更好,但与此同时也有很多平行宇宙,因为我犹豫更久、花更多时间思考,结果错过了机会。嗯,所以在这件事上就是运气的问题,我只是,你知道,很高兴,嗯,最后一切能有这么好的结果。但从心理上说,你提到压力,这有多难?嗯,是挺有压力的,对。我想,最有压力的部分之一就是我必须把我所有的资金,你知道,包括那 32.5 万个以太币,从一个冷钱包转到
便签引用
11:40
you know including the 325 000 ether from one cold wallet into another hot wallet or sorry into another multi-sig wallet um and you know maybe the multisig wallet had a bug in it maybe there's like some mistake i'll make in the middle that causes the the funds to get lost like you know that's that part was stressful and i i was definitely stressing out for two days i'm you know triple checking the new wallet i even did a bit of an audit of the code myself i wrote my own javascript to adapt to make confirmations because gnosis safe didn't work with the status wallet well um so there was definite that whole thing was definitely a bit of a marathon um i was also a kind of definitely a bit worried about or uncertain i guess how the public and you know including the coin communities would perceive the whole thing um but i was actually impressed like i yeah for every poster that was saying like no you know why yeah why did vitalik like rugby on ice he was simple his wallet was supposed to be a burn
另一个热钱包,啊不对,是转到另一个多签钱包。嗯,你知道,也许那个多签钱包有 bug,也许中间我会犯什么错误,导致资金丢失,就像,你知道,那部分很有压力。我确实焦虑了两天,我,你知道,反复检查那个新钱包,我甚至自己做了一点代码审计,我自己写了 JavaScript 来做确认,因为 Gnosis Safe 跟Status 钱包不兼容。嗯,所以整件事确实有点像一场马拉松。嗯,我当时也确实有点担心,或者说不确定,公众,包括那些币的社区,会怎么看待这整件事。嗯,但我其实挺惊讶的,我是说,对,每有一个人发帖说,不,你知道,为什么,对,为什么 Vitalik 要这样,他把钱包当成黑洞地址来用的,你知道,就有差不多十个人说,哦,你知道,我本来以为我参与这个
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02加密货币与公共品的新可能
12:44
address you know there's like 10 people that are like oh you know i thought i was just in this because it's a it's a fun pyramid gambling thing but instead i ended up being part of this you know great public good thing for humanity and that's like even more amazing uh so the i the amount of that that i got was very impressive so you know all in all let me know i think the dog people did great the dog people is there something you can extend to the bigger picture of it in the principles you apply to making this decision is there some principles philosophies that you apply also to uh the decisions you make around ethereum um um i think uh a big one for me is just this idea that crypto you know isn't just an opportunity to give people like slightly better ways to sit to save value and all these things like it's also an opportunity to like basically create these like new digital institutions that could serve the public good in new ways and and that's something that i've been interested in for a long time i actually
只是因为它是个好玩的传销赌博游戏,但结果我却成了这件造福人类的伟大公共品的一部分,那就更了不起了。嗯,所以我收到的那种反馈,数量之多让我印象很深。所以你知道,总的来说,让我说的话,我觉得狗币社区的人表现很棒。狗币社区的人。这件事有没有什么可以延伸到更大层面的东西,你在做这个决定时应用的那些原则,有没有一些原则、哲学,你同样也应用到,嗯,你围绕以太坊做的决定上?嗯,嗯,我想,嗯,对我来说很重要的一点就是这个想法:加密货币,你知道,不只是一个机会,让人们有稍微更好的方式来储存价值之类的,它同时也是一个机会,去,基本上创造这些新的数字机构,能以新的方式服务于公共利益。这是我很长时间以来一直感兴趣的东西。我其实
便签引用
13:52
even have this article in bitcoin magazine back in 2014 where i basically suggested this idea that you know you would have coins that represent causes and like people would just like buy and accept those coins because they support those causes so i think it's called markets institutions and currencies a new form of social incentivization or something like that oh my god and i'm sure you can find it and throw it in the links um yeah the so that was interesting to kind of see becoming real and like in general i mean i think you know public goods are very important and on the internet public goods are even more important right like every single lex friedman podcast is just on youtube and you know anyone can go and see it like there's no way for you to like you know sell it and so that some people can see it but other people can't see it like you know you could do that but then you'd obviously be you know reducing your impact so thank you for making the uh the amazing lex freeman podcast still
早在 2014 年就在《比特币杂志》上写过一篇文章,基本上提出了这个想法:你知道,你可以有代表某项事业的代币,然后人们会去买、去接受这些代币,因为他们支持那些事业。我想标题是《市场、机构与货币:一种新的社会激励形式》之类的。我的天我相信你能找到它,把链接放进去。嗯,对,所以看到这个逐渐变成现实挺有意思的,而且总的来说,我是说,我认为,你知道,公共品非常重要,而在互联网上公共品更加重要,对吧?比如每一期 Lex Fridman 播客都放在 YouTube 上,你知道,任何人都可以去看,就是说你没办法把它卖掉,让一些人能看到而另一些人看不到。你知道,你可以那么做,但那样你显然就在,你知道,削弱自己的影响力。所以谢谢你让这个,嗯,这么棒的 Lex Fridman 播客一直
便签引用
14:47
freely available well that's actually a tense thing is uh how do you do it in a way that's not uh controlled in a centralized fashion because actually youtube feels free and open but it nevertheless is one company making centralized decisions and the first time i realized youtube was not forever is when a lot of the joe rogan experience library was pulled from youtube as part of the spotify deal and he made me realize we need to uh it's like the realization that fiat money is centralized is uh realizing that you know they this is not forever and you might want to come up with schemes to distribute it to uh decentralize the control of it in a way that audio for podcasters was just an rss feed exactly yeah and i think one of the kind of philosophical things that i hope to achieve is kind of decouple the concept of public goods which are incredibly important and are the lifeblood of modern civilization from the the idea that there nick is there can be one central organization that represents the public and
免费开放。嗯,其实这里有个矛盾的地方,就是,你怎么用一种不被中心化方式控制的方法来做这件事,因为其实 YouTube 感觉是免费开放的,但它终究是一家公司在做中心化的决策,而我第一次意识到 YouTube 不是永恒的,是当《Joe Rogan Experience》的大量节目库从YouTube 上被撤下,作为 Spotify 交易的一部分。这让我意识到我们需要,嗯,这就像是意识到法定货币是中心化的一样,嗯,意识到你知道,这不是永远的,你可能会想设计一些方案来分散它,嗯,以某种方式去中心化对它的控制。播客的音频原本就只是一个 RSS 订阅源。没错,对,我觉得我希望实现的一件带有哲学性的事情,就是把公共品这个概念——它极其重要,是现代文明的命脉——和另一个观念解耦开来,那就是说,必须有一个中心化组织来代表公众,并且
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15:54
like perfectly unders uh understands and can impose their idea of what is the good right like it's when people talk about public goods it just often comes with this baggage of uh you know either centralization or conformism and i think like it doesn't have to right like uh often the most important public goods are the ones that are created by you know the crazy individual that's that disagree with everyone else so trying to make this kind of synthesis where you combine the values of decentralization and the values of open source but you're not naive about it and like you know you realize um that for these things to be produced there needs to be a way for it to be sustainable there needs to be some way of supporting people who are working these projects but at the same time you want to avoid that turning into a vector of centralization like trying to sort of get all of the good things without the bad things to me that's a yeah a big part of sort of what my grand experiment in crypto is about and and
完美地理解、并能强加他们关于什么是好的那套想法,对吧?就像人们谈到……公共品——它往往伴随着这样的包袱,就是要么中心化,要么趋同化,而我觉得,其实不一定非得这样对吧,很多时候最重要的公共品,恰恰是由那些和所有人意见都不一样的疯狂个体创造出来的所以要尝试做出这样一种综合:把去中心化的价值观和开源的价值观结合起来但又不天真,你知道,你要意识到,要让这些东西真正被生产出来就必须有一种可持续的方式,必须有某种途径去支持那些在做这些项目的人,但与此同时你又想避免这件事变成中心化的一个入口,也就是尽量把好的部分都拿到,而不带上坏的部分对我来说,这就是我在加密领域这场大实验的一个重要部分。而我们也在为此做各种不同的尝试
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16:58
like we are doing things in different kinds of things for this right like there's the the git coin grants quadratic funding in the ethereum ecosystem um there's i mean obviously these uh dog coins that just happens like i guess accidentally um there's other projects um that like for example you know uniswap has um their uniswap dao that just has a huge amount of funding and like we haven't seen yet how that's going to be deployed but you know it could be potentially deployed to do lots of really good and amazing things do you see ethereum as essentially a mechanism to uh fight for social causes um i definitely see ethereum as being a mechanism to fight for definitely some some specific things that are um that are social causes um like just you know the fact of creating an open financial system that anyone can participate in no matter where they are in the world that's a social cause i'm just you know giving people the ability to organize and create projects even if it's five people in five different
��如以太坊生态里有 Gitcoin Grants 的二次方融资还有,我是说,显然还有那些狗狗币之类的东西,我猜那算是碰巧发生的。还有其他一些项目比如说 Uniswap 有他们的 Uniswap DAO,里面有巨额的资金,我们还没看到它会如何被使用但你知道,它有可能被用来做很多非常好、非常了不起的事情你是否把以太坊本质上看作一种为社会事业而战的机制?我确实认为以太坊是一种机制,去为某些特定的、属于社会事业的东西而战比如说,创造一个开放的金融系统,让任何人无论身处世界哪个角落都能参与,这就是一项社会事业还有就是,让人们有能力去组织起来、创建项目,哪怕是分布在五个不同国家的五个人
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03政府监管的最好与最坏情形
18:09
countries i think that kind of inclusiveness i think that's a social cause and it's a core a core crypto value um but then at the same time like the other important kind of part of the magic of ethereum that you have to balance that against is that it is also this open platform where ultimately you know the thing that go the things that are on ethereum is just the things that the community makes of it well you kind of briefly open the door so let's go there when it comes to uh government regulation of crypto uh what's the best case scenario what's the worst case scenario in terms of uh you know as you've kind of mentioned ethereum challenges the the the power centers of the world and uh how do you see the interplay between govern governments and this new technology that resists centralized power best case and worst case the the best case is um that um you know blockchains continue to prosper and we figure out scalability is so that people can actually start doing things on block all you know all
我觉得这种包容性,我认为这就是一项社会事业,也是加密的一个核心价值。但与此同时以太坊的魔力里还有另一个同样重要的部分,你必须去和前面那点取得平衡,那就是它同时也是一个开放平台,最终,以太坊上有什么东西,完全取决于社区把它做成什么样你刚才算是稍微打开了一扇门,那我们就顺着聊下去。说到政府对加密货币的监管最好的情况是什么?最坏的情况是什么?就像你刚才提到的以太坊挑战了世界上的权力中心,那你怎么看政府和这种抵抗中心化权力的新技术之间的相互作用?最好的情况和最坏的情况。最好的情况是,你知道,区块链继续繁荣发展我们解决了可扩展性问题,让人们真的可以在链上做事情,做那些大家一直在谈论的所有了不起的用例
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19:23
of the amazing use cases that people have been talking about instead of today where a lot of the great stuff gets priced out because you know transaction fees are at five to ten dollars and then we see a lot of different um amazing applications happening on blockchains you know it could be like dao is creating new ways for people to inter interact and organize with each other new ways for artists to get funded and just all sorts of these amazing things and there's just enough public um public support and just enough people that see that you know look crypto is clearly doing a lot of good things and and you know there are definitely areas where there's tensions but in those areas where there's tensions like there could be some kind of creative and interesting approaches that get figured out right like you know the concept of corporate taxes for example right like you know it does it that would disappear as a revenue stream if theoretically corporations just all get replaced by taos but i know like maybe there's some other
而不是像今天这样,很多很棒的东西因为手续费高达五到十美元而被挡在门外然后我们会看到区块链上出现很多不同的、令人惊叹的应用,你知道,可能是DAO 创造出人们相互交往和组织的新方式,艺术家获得资助的新方式以及各种各样这类了不起的东西。而且有足够的公众支持,有足够多的人看到,你知道,加密显然在做很多好事,而且,你知道,确实有些领域存在张力,但在那些有张力的领域,也许能找到某些有创意、有意思的解决办法比如说企业所得税这个概念,对吧,如果理论上所有公司都被 DAO 取代了,那这笔财政收入就消失了但我想,也许有某种有创意的方式,让 DAO 本身可以在治理中编码进某种机制,确保它们
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20:26
creative way by which dao like dao's themselves can kind of be co you know have some kind of encoded governance that ensures that they have at least some of us some kind of bias towards serving the global public good and you know maybe it does enough of the daos can do enough of that that people are happy with it and and you know there are going to be things that people are unhappy about there's always going to be the people that you know wants to surveil everyone but if on the the kind of effect of crypto from just empowering people is greater than that and greater than that in a way that people can just easily see then you know that would be a good scenario right and we'll just like become incorpor kind of incorporated and accepted the same way as happened uh with the internet um but the work in the worst case scenario would of course be just like people like suddenly you know flipping and going into moral panic mode and just you know oh my god like this technology is used by like you know
至少在一定程度上带有服务全球公共利益的倾向,而且也许DAO 能做到足够多这样的事,让大家觉得满意。当然,总会有些事情让人不满意,总会有那种,你知道,想要监控所有人的人。但如果加密在赋能个体方面的整体效果超过了那些负面影响,而且是以一种大家都能轻易看到的方式超过,那,你知道,那就是个好的局面我们就会像当年互联网那样,被逐渐接纳、融入主流而最坏的情况当然就是,人们突然,你知道,态度一百八十度转弯,进入道德恐慌模式然后就是,你知道,我的天,这项技术被某某坏群体利用了。而我我不认为政府有能力禁掉加密、彻底阻止区块链存在,但他们
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21:29
insert bad group of the day and then i don't think governments have the ability to ban crypto to the extent of just complete like preventing blockchains from existing but they definitely have the ability to really marginalize it right like if you just ban all exchanges i can ban all links from the fiat ecosystem to crypto and you know you ban all kind of mainstream employers from accepting or paying in cryptocurrency then like you could you can successfully like turn it into a like you know a fairly kind of niche counterculture thing that has much less impact than otherwise would so it's somewhere between the good scenario in the bad scenario i'm obviously hoping for the good well that's interesting also the tension between governments and uh companies like if you have a bunch of billionaires or a bunch of companies like tesla investing in bitcoin and then governments resisting that it's interesting who wins out in that worst case scenario and almost when companies and uh rich quote unquote respectable
绝对有能力把它彻底边缘化,对吧,如果你禁掉所有交易所,禁掉法币生态和加密之间的所有通道然后你禁止所有主流雇主接受或用加密货币支付,那你就能成功地把它变成,你知道,一个相当小众的亚文化现象,影响力比原本可能有的要小得多所以现实会落在好情况和坏情况之间的某个位置,我当然是希望走向好的那边这也挺有意思的,还有政府和公司之间的张力,比如如果有一堆亿万富翁,或者一堆像特斯拉这样的公司去投资比特币而政府在抵制,那在最坏的情况下谁会赢,这就很有意思了。而且几乎可以说,当公司以及有钱的、所谓“体面”的人开始拥抱加密货币、比特币、以太坊等等,甚至包括狗狗币,这几乎是在向所有其他人发出一个信号:这是一场会长期存在下去的革命
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22:34
people embrace uh cryptocurrencies bitcoin ethereum so on even the dot coins uh it's almost sends a signal to everybody else that this is this is a revolution that's here to stay on this one little tangent that you brought up this is almost an outdated idea but it's still with us which is cryptocurrencies are used for illegal activity for drugs for crime and so on is there some sense that worries you that if uh if cryptocurrency if ethereum runs the world then crime making money from crime will be easier there's always that possibility like at the same time i think if you look at you know the world as a whole and like the way all the other technological trends are going like you know in-person surveillance is just going up every year right yeah like the if you commit a crime in you know meat space it's getting harder and harder to get away with it so like you know if he wants to do something and and this is something that's just like happening as a result of you know just better technology
说到你刚才提到的这个小插曲,这几乎已经是个过时的观念了,但它仍然存在,就是加密货币被用于非法活动,用于毒品、犯罪等等。你会不会有点担心,如果加密货币、如果以太坊真的主导了世界,那么犯罪、从犯罪中牟利会变得更容易?这种可能性总是存在的。但与此同时,我觉得如果你看看整个世界,以及其他所有技术趋势的走向,你知道,线下的监控每年都在不断增加,对吧。是的,如果你在现实世界里犯罪,想逃脱惩罚正变得越来越难所以,你知道,如果有人想做点什么……而这种趋势本身就是因为技术变好、信息更透明而自然发生的,其中很多东西哪怕你真想阻止也很难阻止
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23:44
information and information transparency like a lot of it's hard to prevent even if you really tried um so i the world where like things go dark to such an ex you know as the the one the police hawks sometimes like to say um to such an extent that like you know oh my god the criminals are committing crimes with impunity and we can't see anything like that just seems unlikely um but you know on the other hand like the world uh where there just you know is no privacy for example or um the world where there just like is no no ability to uh kind of act outside of the the confines of you know mainstream institutions like it's uh some that's something that's more realistic and that seems like something that uh could lead to a lot of kind of a lot of scary things right and like even from a government's point of view right like i think governments over the last few years a lot of them they're very worried about sovereignty you know they're worried about like if their um country is economies and you
所以,那种一切“变暗”的世界,就像那些警方鹰派人士有时爱说的那样,暗到,你知道,“我的天,罪犯们可以肆无忌惮地犯罪而我们什么都看不见”,那种情况我觉得不太可能出现。但你知道,另一方面,那种完全没有隐私的世界,或者那种根本没有任何能力在主流机构的框架之外行事的世界那反而是更现实的,而那看起来会导致很多有不少挺吓人的事情,对吧,而且就算从政府的角度看也是这样,我觉得过去这几年里很多政府它们都非常担心主权问题,你知道,它们担心自己国家的经济,还有
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24:53
know social environments they're just completely dependent on basically foreign tech companies controlled by foreign governments like you know governments are not on team government right that's like you know the indian government is on you know team india you know the russian government is on team russia and so forth right so like you know they don't want the us to be able to like have this big backdoor into everything uh so i mean i do think that a balance is needed but at the same time i uh do and think um i guess i i definitely like worry more about the messiah the possibility that just like without things like crypto uh kind of acting outside of institutions becomes too impossible and i don't even necessarily mean outside of governments even just you know outside of corporations like becomes too impossible and there's just like terrible things that come as a result um and if things going in the other direction like it obviously is a a risk but you know at the same time i think in the
社会环境,会完全依赖于那些由外国政府控制的外国科技公司,比如说你知道,政府之间并不是一伙的,对吧,就好比印度政府站的是印度这边,俄罗斯政府站的是俄罗斯这边,诸如此类,所以它们不希望美国能在所有东西里留一个大后门,所以我确实认为需要一种平衡,但与此同时我也会想,我想我确实更担心另一种可能性,就是如果没有加密货币这类东西在体制之外行事会变得太不可能,我说的甚至不一定是在政府之外,哪怕只是在企业之外都变得太不可能,那样会带来一些很糟糕的后果而如果事情往另一个方向发展,那显然也是一种风险,但你知道,与此同时我觉得从
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25:56
long term like a crypto can potentially even like offer defenses as much as attacks against that sort of thing yeah many throughout history many of the most destructive things came from centralized institutions versus sort of from the people operating in the shadows and you know i've been talking to a bunch of psychedelics folks that people doing researchers like greg doblin in johns hopkins there's a lot of exciting research on psychedelics and one thing you could say about operating at the edge of legality it could actually accelerate the adoption of particular things like whether it's marijuana or psychedelics they can help people out it almost accelerates the policy it forces the policy to catch up to where the people stand right so there's a positive way of doing things that are in the gray area of legality and creating a market that allows people to to uh in a safe way be able to participate in this gray area yeah i mean the other thing to keep in mind of course is that the the set of like the kinds of things that
长期来看,加密货币在这类问题上,既可能被用来攻击,也同样有可能提供防御。是啊,纵观历史,很多最具破坏性的事情都来自中心化的机构,而不是那些在暗处活动的人你知道,我最近跟不少研究迷幻药的人聊过,比如约翰霍普金斯的 Greg Doblin 这样的研究者,关于迷幻药有很多令人兴奋的研究。关于游走在合法边缘这件事,可以说它其实能够加速某些东西被接受的速度,比如大麻或者迷幻药,它们确实能帮到人,这几乎是在加速政策它逼着政策去追上民众所处的位置,对吧,所以在法律灰色地带做事其实有一种积极的方式也就是创造一个市场,让人们能够以安全的方式参与到这个灰色地带里是啊,另外还有一点当然也要记住,就是那些支付处理商这类公司
便签引用
27:01
just like payment processors as companies try to restrict people you from is much larger than the set of things that's illegal right right like part of that is because they want to be super conservative and like the more layers you have the more they're like kids conservative because they're scared of what what the layer below them will do to them sometimes they have their own you know moral opinions of various kinds you know they go after lots of people right like they make life really hard for you know like sex workers for example and like you know psychedelics as you mentioned there's uh like a lot of activity even including stuff that is totally legal that just you know there's this like you know shadow like paypal credit card governments or whatever you want to call it and no no that makes it just hard to participate in this stuff so i think like reducing the number of intermediaries is definitely normally a good thing all right let's talk about one of the most exciting uh technologies like technically
试图限制你去做的事情,范围要比真正违法的事情大得多,对吧,部分原因是它们想极度保守,而且中间的层级越多,它们就越保守,因为它们害怕下面那一层会怎么对付它们,有时候它们自己也有各种各样的道德立场你知道,它们会盯上很多人,比如说它们让性工作者的日子非常难过还有你提到的迷幻药,有很多活动,甚至包括完全合法的那些,都会碰上这种所谓的影子体系,PayPal、信用卡这些“政府”,随你怎么叫它,总之这让人很难参与这些事情。所以我觉得减少中间环节的数量,通常来说肯定是件好事。好,我们来聊聊最激动人心的技术之一,无论从技术上、哲学上,还是社会层面、金融层面,各个方面来说
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04权益证明:能耗、安全与罚没
28:00
philosophically like socially financially in every way which is ethereum 2.0 there's a million things to talk about but at the step one is probably a good thing to do which is can you briefly summarize your vision how ethereum 2.0 will make ethereum more scalable secure and sustainable sure so i think recently we've actually been kind of de-emphasizing the eth 2.0 branding i guess so the reason behind that was that originally we envisioned something more like a big grand event where you know all the good things would happen at the same time and it would be a new blockchain and it would be a new protocol and people would have to take a lot of effort to migrate over but later we've slowly changed the roadmap over to something that's much more incremental right so you know proof of stake happens kind of over time and then sharding gets added over time and all these features get added over time and so the experience for just a regular ethereum user still feels very seamless right it's like maybe a little bit more complex
那就是以太坊 2.0。要聊的东西有一百万件,但第一步大概应该是你能不能简要总结一下你的愿景,以太坊 2.0 将如何让以太坊更具可扩展性、更安全、更可持续?当然其实我觉得我们最近已经有点淡化“ETH 2.0”这个说法了,背后的原因是最初我们设想的更像是一个盛大的事件,所有好的东西会在同一时刻发生,它会是一条新的区块链、一套新的协议,人们得花很大力气去迁移,但后来我们慢慢把路线图改成了更加渐进的方式,所以权益证明是逐步落地的,然后分片也是逐步加上的,所有这些特性都是逐步加进来的,因此对一个普通以太坊用户来说,体验仍然非常无缝,对吧,从用户的角度看,可能比我们已经做过的那些硬分叉
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29:06
than the hard forks that we've already done but from a user's point of view but like not by that much right uh so like the big two things that are happening right these are what used to be considered the two flagship features of use 2.0 and now they're just you know the flagship features of the you know the next uh evolution of ethereum yeah as uh proof of stake and sharding right so proof of stake is a consensus algorithm it's the or it's not just mechanism i should say um it's the difference is that like an algorithm is something that you run by yourself a mechanism is like it involves interactions between people and it could even include incentives and all of that uh so the consensus mechanism uh so by which nodes in the network agree on you know which blocks came in which transactions came in in what order uh make sure that once a block gets accepted it can't get reverted and all of these things that we expect from a blockchain um so existing blockchains you know including bitcoin including the ethereum
稍微复杂一点点,但也没复杂多少,对吧。所以正在发生的两件大事就是以前被视为 ETH 2.0 两大旗舰特性的东西,现在它们只是以太坊下一步演进的旗舰特性,也就是权益证明和分片。权益证明是一种共识算法或者说不只是算法,我应该说是机制,区别在于算法是你自己一个人运行的东西,而机制则涉及人与人之间的互动,甚至还可能包含激励等等。所以这个共识机制就是网络中的节点用来就哪些区块进来、哪些交易进来、以什么顺序进来达成一致的机制确保一个区块一旦被接受就不能被回滚,以及所有我们对区块链期待的那些性质现有的区块链,包括比特币、包括今天的以太坊,还有很多别的链,都使用工作量证明
便签引用
30:09
of today and including a lot of them they use proof of work right uh so the reason why we need proof of anything is be it is because like they serve this function that i call kind of economic civil resistance so that's obviously you know a big word for especially if you've never heard of sybil's before but like the basic idea is right that you have a network and you have lots of computers that agree on like which block to accept and sometimes you get you know two blocks that get published at the same time and you just have to agree on an order so there has to be some kind of voting game yeah but then the question is well in this voting game you know who get who gets a vote who gets to participate now the pro you can't say one person one vote right the reason why you cannot say one person one vote is because you need some kind of like authority or some kind of mechanism to say you know who the the humans are like and if you don't have that then a bad guy could just come in with a virtual machine or with a computer that
对吧。我们之所以需要某种“证明”,是因为它们承担了一个功能,我称之为经济层面的抗女巫攻击。当然如果你没听说过“女巫”(Sybil),这个词会显得很生僻,但基本思路是这样的:你有一个网络,有很多台计算机要就接受哪个区块达成一致,有时候会出现两个区块在同一时间被发布,你就得就顺序达成一致,所以必须有某种投票游戏是的,但接下来的问题是,在这个投票游戏里,谁有投票权,谁可以参与你不能说一人一票,对吧。之所以不能一人一票,是因为你需要某种权威或者某种机制来判定谁是真实的人,而如果你没有这个,那么坏人就可以搞一台虚拟机,或者搞一台上面跑着 100 亿个虚拟机的计算机
便签引用
31:06
has on it 10 billion virtual machines that have 10 billion you know virtual nodes and then just like say look i'm 99 of the network i should control everything uh so to prevent this what proof of work and proof of stake both do is they basically say well the weight of your vote like how much influence your votes have in the consensus is proportional to like what quantity of economic resources you bring in so in the case of proof of work you prove what economic resources you have because your economic resources are computers and you prove that you have them by just running them 24 7 using these hash algorithms right so this does solve the problem right because in order to attack the network you have to come in with more computers and more money invested into computers and electricity than the rest of the network puts together and that's extremely expensive in proof-of-stake instead of relying on people with computers that are just constantly cranking out hashes 24 7 you as you're like a unit of economic
于是有 100 亿个虚拟节点,然后说:看,我占了全网的 99%,一切都该我说了算所以为了防止这种情况,工作量证明和权益证明的做法本质上都是说,你这一票的权重,也就是你的投票在共识中有多大影响力,是与你投入的经济资源数量成正比的。在工作量证明的情况下你要证明自己拥有多少经济资源,而你的经济资源就是计算机,你通过让它们7×24 小时不停地跑哈希算法来证明你拥有它们,对吧。这确实解决了问题,因为要攻击网络,你必须拿出比网络其他所有人加起来还要多的计算机、还要多投入在计算机和电力上的钱,而那是极其昂贵的在权益证明里,我们不再依赖那些 7×24 小时不停算哈希的人和计算机而是把系统内部持有的币当作衡量经济资源的单位,对吧。所有这些区块链
便签引用
32:08
resources you just use like holdings of coins inside the system right so all of these blockchains they have some kind of coin in them bitcoin has bitcoin ethereum has ether um you know they all have a coin so why not just use that as the economic the economic resource that you're using to like measure participation um so that's like the quarry distinction between proof of work and proof of stake um i like proof of stake and i've liked proof of stake for many years basically because like it just requires much less ongoing resource consumption right like with proof-of-work um you know you have to like actually go and buy these physical computers and these days um you know yeah they have specialized hardware asics um application specific integrated circuits you have to go produce them you have to go buy them and unless you have millions of dollars you know you have to buy them from one of these other people who creates them and those other people often end up taking a huge cut of the profits
里面都有某种币,比特币有 BTC,以太坊有 ETH,它们都有一个币,那为什么不直接用它作为衡量参与度所使用的经济资源呢?这就是工作量证明和权益证明之间的核心区别我喜欢权益证明,而且喜欢了很多年,基本上是因为它所需要的持续资源消耗要少得多。而在工作量证明里,你得真的去买这些物理机器而如今,是的,还有专门的硬件 ASIC,也就是专用集成电路你得去生产它们,你得去买它们,而除非你有几百万美元,否则你只能从那些制造它们的人手里买,而那些人往往自己就拿走了利润里很大一块
便签引用
33:02
themselves uh and then you know you have to plug them in you have to just burn all of this electricity that's just um running 24 7. so it consumes a huge amount of energy right and it gets not just energy it also you know just to create the hardware right like people focus a lot on energy but like actually about half the cost of proof of work mining is the cost of the hardware um so hardware is a very big deal too um and you know you need this like these this really big and powerful with very specialized hardware another kind that fills up these big warehouses so proof of stake you don't you don't really need that much electricity you just need just a little bit to run right to run a regular computer um you can run proof-of-stake validators on computers that you already have um so it's just much less resource intensive and like this is good for a few reasons right like one is you know the kind of environmental rationale that you know you're not breaking the environment um the second is that you're not taking away
然后你还得把它们插上电,还得白白烧掉所有这些电,就那样7×24 小时跑着。所以它消耗巨量的能源,而且不只是能源,还有制造硬件本身人们很关注能源,但实际上工作量证明挖矿的成本里大约有一半是硬件成本所以硬件也是个很大的问题。而且你需要这些非常庞大、非常强劲、非常专用的硬件塞满一个个大仓库。而权益证明你并不需要那么多电你只需要一点点电来运行一台普通的计算机,你完全可以在自己已有的电脑上运行权益证明验证者所以它的资源消耗要小得多,这有几个好处。一是出于环境方面的考量,也就是你不会破坏环境;二是你不会把电力
便签引用
34:02
electricity and like other resources from other people i mean like right now there's i think just today i saw a story about like iran wanting to shut down some bitcoin mining because it was just grabbing up so much electricity that it was you know outbidding the nearby towns and they just didn't have enough um and then there was like chia that was the one that's doing proof of like hard disk mining basically it's just like grabbing up so many hard disks there's a there's a shortage right so that's the second reason and then the third more selfish reason is that because participating in consensus does not require so much energy expenditure you don't need to pay people as much to participate right so like bitcoin and ethereum they both issue somewhere around four percent of the total supply every year right now to miners so ethereum is about 4.7 million ether and the current supply is about 115 million but with proof of stake like we expect it'll be somewhere between 500 000 and one and one million per year
和其他资源从别人那里抢走。比如现在,我记得就在今天我看到一则新闻说伊朗想关停一些比特币矿场,因为它们占用了太多电力,把附近城镇的电都抢走了,当地根本不够用。还有像 Chia,它做的是基于硬盘的挖矿,结果就是抢占了太多硬盘,闹出了短缺,对吧这是第二个原因。第三个更自私的原因是,因为参与共识不需要那么多能源开销,你就不需要给参与者付那么多钱,对吧。比如比特币和以太坊现在每年都要向矿工增发大约总供应量的 4%,以太坊大概是每年 470 万个 ETH而当前供应量大约是 1.15 亿。但在权益证明下,我们预计每年大概在 50 万到 100 万之间
便签引用
35:00
um so so that means you know this the supply doesn't have to you know increase so quickly um so one of the pros that uh that people sort of argue for the proof of work is that uh it is secure because it's much more difficult to sort of as you've highlighted is difficult to participate is there um is what are your thoughts about the security of the proof-of-stake mechanism is is there ways to make it secure so i think proof of stake is very secure uh because in order to be able to attack the system you need to have like basically as much stake as the rest of the network right so that means like right now for example we have five million each staking so you have to come up with five million each and then join the network and then the the other so five million ethers a lot right it's like um how much is it now like 15 billion dollars so that's actually more than i i believe the cost of attacking the bitcoin network and then the second thing is that recovering from attacks is much easier in proof-of-stake than proof-of-work
所以这意味着供应量不必增长得那么快。那么人们为工作量证明辩护的一个优点是说它很安全,因为正如你刚才强调的,要参与进去要困难得多。那你对权益证明机制的安全性怎么看有没有办法让它变得安全?我认为权益证明非常安全,因为要攻击这个系统你基本上需要拥有和网络其余部分一样多的质押量,对吧。所以这意味着,比如现在我们有五百万个 ETH 在质押,你就得拿出五百万个 ETH 然后加入网络。五百万个ETH 可是很多的,对吧,现在大概值多少,150 亿美元吧?这实际上比攻击比特币网络的成本还要高,我相信是这样。第二点是,在权益证明里从攻击中恢复要比工作量证明容易得多
便签引用
36:05
right because in proof-of-stake you have like first of all we have for many kinds of attacks that you do against this network we have this concept of like automatic slashing right which basically means that in order to like revert a finalized block so if there's one block that's like accepted by the network and you try to convince the network to kind of revert that block and accept a different block in order to make that kind of attack you basically have to have your validator like a big portion of your validators signed to conflicting messages and this is something that like once these messages are on the network you can go and prove like look these people did it and so we have this feature in the protocol called slashing where you basically take all these people who provably misbehaved and you burn their coins right and you don't burn anyone else's coins now there are other cases like for example if instead of reverting blocks the attack just tries to censor everyone right then what you do everyone who got
因为在权益证明里,首先,对于针对这个网络的很多种攻击我们有自动罚没(slashing)这个概念。它的意思基本上是,要想回滚一个已经最终确定的区块——比如有一个区块已经被网络接受,而你试图说服网络回滚这个区块、转而接受另一个区块——要发动这种攻击,你基本上必须让你的验证者,也就是你相当大一部分验证者对相互冲突的消息签名,而一旦这些消息出现在网络上,你就可以拿出来证明看,就是这些人干的。所以我们在协议里有这个叫罚没的功能,你基本上就把所有可被证明作恶的人揪出来然后销毁他们的币,对吧,而且不会销毁其他任何人的币。当然还有别的情况,比如说如果攻击者不是去回滚区块,而是试图审查所有人,那么这时候,所有被
便签引用
36:59
censored would just like basically create the minority chain um and then the community would basically have to do a soft fork right they would just have to say like look this chain is clearly attacking us this chain is the one not attacking us and so we're going to join this chain and then what happens is that on that new chain the attackers also lose a lot of coins right yeah so the difference between proof of stake and proof of work is that in a proof-of-stake system like you can identify specific participants and you can say you know these and like this isn't like you know a human going in and saying i don't like you i don't like you i don't like you this is like automated right you can so the slashing process is automated yes is there ways it can go wrong so that's a painful process where the coins are burned um it is painful yes i think uh i mean the one big unknown of course is like if an attack actually happens and like if an attack happens that requires the community to actually choose one of
审查的人基本上就会组成一条少数派链,然后社区基本上就得做一次软分叉,对吧他们只需要说:看,这条链显然在攻击我们,那条链没有攻击我们,所以我们要加入那条链。接下来发生的是,在那条新链上,攻击者也会损失大量的币是的。所以权益证明和工作量证明的区别在于,在权益证明系统里,你能够识别出具体的参与者你可以说这些人——而且这并不是某个人跑过来说“我不喜欢你、我不喜欢你、我不喜欢你”这是自动化的,对吧。所以罚没过程是自动的?是的。有没有可能出岔子?因为这是个很痛的过程,币会被销毁。确实很痛,是的。我觉得,最大的未知数当然是如果攻击真的发生了,而且这次攻击需要社区真的去选择其中一条
便签引用
37:52
these minority forks then like what would the the community actually successfully coordinating on this look like right like it's like you know we can talk about it and we can you know write like science fiction novels about it but like until it's happened you don't really know the details of like what it looks like and how difficult it is what are the channels of communication for the community if you can enlighten me a little bit like what you know uh in many ways in the political realm twitter is often used as a way to kind of have these emerging phenomena of large groups of people coming to a consensus right about a particular idea and then there's battle for consensus what's uh in the ethereum community how do people what are the sources of natural language based communication that have an emergent belief structure that you would say or is it all through money is it all through trading that the communication happens there's definitely talking as well um i mean like we have to agree on protocol
少数派分叉链,那社区真正成功协调起来会是什么样子,对吧我们可以讨论它,也可以写科幻小说去想象它,但在它真正发生之前,你并不真正知道具体是什么样子、有多困难。那社区的沟通渠道都有哪些?能不能给我讲讲,因为在政治领域,很多时候Twitter 常常被用作一种方式,让大量人群涌现式地就某个具体想法达成共识然后就有了对共识的争夺。在以太坊社区里,人们是怎么做的,有哪些基于自然语言的沟通渠道会涌现出某种信念结构?还是说一切都通过钱、都通过交易来完成沟通?肯定也是有交谈的。我是说,我们总得以某种方式就协议
便签引用
38:52
changes somehow right like there's twitter there's reddit there's um github there's uh all of the various ethereum forums ethereum magicians ethereum research there's just in-person communication then there's just kind of like the hidden web of everyone talking to everyone on telegram um or signal uh so it's like some of everything right but i think like the thing to emphasize around like can you actually come to consensus on you know whether or not to fork the chain because the attacker is censoring some everyone just for example is like you everyone who's running a node is going to see almost the same thing right like they're going to be off by a few seconds and like maybe they'll be off by a few they'll disagree by a few minutes but like if it's a serious attack you know people are gonna know right it's not like one of those things where you know oh it we're trying to agree on like i don't know did epstein kill himself or like some you know read the political facts for like in reality no one knows a single thing
变更达成一致,对吧。有 Twitter,有 Reddit,有 GitHub,还有各种以太坊论坛比如 Ethereum Magicians、Ethereum Research,还有面对面的交流,然后还有那种隐形的网络,大家在Telegram 或者 Signal 上互相聊天。所以是各种渠道都有一点,对吧。但我觉得要强调的一点是你到底能不能就“要不要分叉这条链”达成共识——比如因为攻击者在审查所有人关键在于,每个运行节点的人看到的东西几乎是一样的,对吧,他们可能会差几秒也许会差上几分钟,会有一点分歧,但如果是一次严重的攻击大家都会知道的,对吧。这不像是那种,我们要就某个我说不上来的细节达成一致的情况比如爱泼斯坦到底是不是自杀的,或者你去看那些政治事实,实际上根本没人真正知道
便签引用
39:49
about what's actually going on and they're all speculating like it is much more visible right so we do have that but you know at the same time i'm happy to admit that like these are fairly untested mechanisms but like at the same time they're also untested mechanisms and proof of work right and like in proof of work it's even harder because in proof of work you don't have the ability to like identify and say like you know i'm going to these miners attacked and so we're not going to let these my um these miners in these miners do not attack so we're going to keep them in like you have to pretty much you know either take out none of the miners or you do a fork that changes the proof of work algorithm which takes out all of the miners right so the the economics of like recovering from attacks and proof of work at least to me actually do seem more unfavorable but you know i'm sure the proof of work people you talk to will give a very different and contradictory opinions and that's totally fine and amazing some people
到底发生了什么,大家都只是在猜测,而这边(链上)要可见得多,对吧,所以我们确实有这个优势但同时我也乐于承认,这些机制确实还没怎么经受过检验,不过话说回来,它们同样也是未经检验的机制,工作量证明也一样,对吧,而且在工作量证明里更难,因为在工作量证明里你没有办法去识别并说,你知道,我要把这些发起攻击的矿工剔除掉而这些矿工没有攻击,所以我们把他们留下来——你基本上只能要么一个矿工都不剔除,要么做一次硬分叉改变工作量证明算法,那样就把所有矿工都剔除了,对吧,所以从攻击后恢复的经济学角度看,至少在我看来,工作量证明其实更不利但我相信你去问工作量证明阵营的人,他们会给出非常不同、甚至完全相反的看法这完全没问题,而且挺好的。有些人把 MEV(矿工可提取价值)说成是以太坊的生存性风险
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05MEV 与区块排序权的隐形抽成
40:45
describe mev minor extractable value as an existential risk to ethereum what is mev how important is it to solve an mvv if it's important what ideas do you have sure how about after this one we'll also talk about sharding because that's amazing and it's part of the return back to sharding and which is no no return to the big picture of the scaling problem as you mentioned i love this conversation you know depth first search instead of brett first so uh basically okay ebbyv minor extractable value um it is not different in proof of work and proof of stake right so like if you want to call it you know block proposal extractable value like it sounds a lot sexy but you know we can call it bpef instead of math who cares um but so this is a problem in both proof of work and proof of stake yes so the basic idea is that if you have the ability to choose which transactions go into a block and in what order then you have the ability to like take advantage of that position for economic gain in a lot more ways than just collecting
什么是 MEV?解决 MEV 有多重要?如果重要的话你有什么想法?好,那这个聊完之后我们再聊分片,因为那部分很精彩,也是回到分片这个话题的一部分,不不,是回到扩容问题的大局上,就像你提到的。我很喜欢这样的对话,你知道,深度优先搜索而不是广度优先那么,基本上,好的,MEV 矿工可提取价值,它在工作量证明和权益证明里其实没有区别,对吧,所以如果你想把它叫做“区块提议者可提取价值”,虽然听起来没那么性感,但我们完全可以叫它 BPEV 而不是 MEV谁在乎呢。但总之这在工作量证明和权益证明里都是个问题,是的。基本思路是,如果你有能力决定哪些交易进入区块、以什么顺序进入,那你就有能力利用这个位置去获取经济收益,而且方式远不止收取交易手续费。比如说,链上有去中心化交易所,像 Uniswap
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41:48
transaction fees right like for example there's decentralized exchanges on chain like uniswap and like let's say the price of eth versus usdc was 2700 the previous block but then there was a bit of a market drop and now it's 26.80 where you can go on unit swap and you can just like gobble up the entire part of um you know the automated order book that's like between 2700 and 26.80 right and that's and then at the same time you like run a bot and uh you know you buy some yeast back at 26.80 and you've just like made about 10 dollars of profit right so or well 10 dollars times you know whatever the depth is right so and so there's lots of um little things like that there's also things um that involve like front running other people's transactions so one example of this would be that if someone sends a transaction that says buy me five eth for um whatever price that you can get um then but with a maximum of let's say yeah uh 15 000 then you can go and like you can send each put a transaction
比方说上一个区块里 ETH 兑 USDC 的价格是 2700,然后市场稍微跌了一点,现在是 2680这时你可以去 Uniswap 上,把自动做市订单簿里2700 到 2680 之间那一整段全部吃掉,对吧,然后与此同时你跑一个机器人,在2680 把一些 ETH 买回来,这样你就赚了大概 10 美元的利润,对吧,或者说 10 美元乘以那段深度有多大类似这样的小手法有很多。还有一些做法涉及抢跑别人的交易。举个例子,如果有人发了一笔交易,说“帮我买 5 个 ETH,价格随便,能拿到多少算多少”,但设了个上限,比如说 15000 美元,那你就可以在他那笔交易的正前面插入一笔交易,先把那些 ETH 买下来,然后再转手卖给他,价格是
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42:54
right in front of that transaction and you can like buy up that east first and then you resell it to him at you know fifteen thousand dollars minus one yeah so there's then you get to make a little bit of money though exactly so there's a lot of these different like arbitrage front running back running these different tricks that allow block proposers to to get some percentage on top like overhead exactly and the reason why this is um a challenge is because um it's like first of all it's some it sometimes degrades user experience because users get you know less favorable uh trades but there are sometimes ways to like mitigate that for applications sometimes it's not that bad but like the bigger risk that i think some people consider more existential is that there's just much more economies of scale in figuring out how to extract all this revenue i mean because if you're just collecting transaction fees there aren't really economies of scale there aren't really benefits to centralizing right because it's a very
一万五千美元减一。对,这样你就能赚上一点。完全正确,所以有很多这种不同的手法,套利、抢跑、尾随交易,这些技巧都能让区块提议者拿到一点额外的抽成,就像额外开销一样。没错。而这之所以是个难题,原因是,首先它有时候会损害用户体验,因为用户拿到的成交价更差,不过有时候应用层也有办法缓解,有时候没那么糟。但我觉得有些人认为更具生存性的、更大的风险在于,在“如何榨取这些收益”这件事上存在很强的规模效应。因为如果你只是收交易手续费,那基本没有规模效应,中心化也没什么好处,对吧,因为那是个非常
便签引用
43:49
simple formula you just like grab up the transactions that pay you the most but with mev you know you ha there's all these sophisticated algorithms and if you have lots of money then you can hire really smart people to make amazing algorithms and then you can use the other half of your money to get a lot of mining power a lot of stake and you get a lot of opportunities to use your even better algorithms so there's this risk that like as a result of this mining is basically or or even validating proof of stake is going to centralize um so i think the ecosystems best reply to this sort of risk and it's the direction where projects like flashbots are going already is if you can't eliminate the centralization then you try to firewall it right and the way that you fire wallet is you basically say we're going to try to deliberately create a marketplace where people can just do the complicated work of creating what are called bundles like bundles of transactions that like are very profitable right and then
简单的公式,你只要挑给钱最多的交易就行。但有了 MEV,就有各种复杂的算法,如果你钱很多,你就能雇非常聪明的人写出厉害的算法,然后你可以用另一半钱去获取大量算力、大量质押,于是你就有更多机会去用你那更好的算法所以就存在这样的风险:结果就是挖矿,或者说权益证明里的验证,会走向中心化。所以我认为生态对这类风险最好的回应——也正是 Flashbots 这类项目已经在走的方向——就是:如果你没法消除中心化,那就试着把它隔离起来,对吧。而所谓隔离,基本上就是说我们要有意去创造一个市场,让一部分人专门去做那些复杂的工作,也就是构造所谓的“bundle”,也就是一组非常有利可图的交易,对吧。然后在市场的另一端,你有区块提议者、矿工,他们
便签引用
44:52
at the other side of the market you just have like block proposes reminders that are just dumb nodes and they go and ask the what are called searchers the bundle creators and they just ask like hey like how much can you give me if i put in your bundle and then they just take the highest offer right so you sort of separate out the task and you know you have the easy part and then you have the hard part and you have like this special class of actor called a searcher that does the hard part and then the easy part the people doing the easy part which is just miners and validators they kind of just talk to all the different people doing the searching and they just you know accept the highest bidder right so and this is also just like interesting uh an interesting example of like economic design philosophy right like sometimes you can't just like make centralization go away sometimes it's inevitable but you know at least you can try to kind of contain it you can direct it or you know you can even sort of
就是很“笨”的节点,他们去问那些所谓的 searcher,也就是 bundle 的构造者,就问一句:嘿,如果我把你的 bundle 打包进去,你能给我多少?然后他们就选出价最高的,对吧。所以你相当于把任务拆开了,有简单的部分,也有困难的部分,然后你有一类特殊的参与者叫 searcher,他们负责困难的部分;而做简单部分的人,也就是矿工和验证者,他们基本上就是跟各路做搜索的人对接,然后接受出价最高的那一个,对吧所以这也是一个很有意思的经济设计哲学的例子,对吧,有时候你没法简单地让中心化消失,有时候它就是不可避免的,但至少你可以试着把它圈起来,可以引导它或者说,你甚至可以把它隔离在核心共识之外,也就是那些真正必须去中心化的部分之外
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06区块大小之争与硬分叉哲学
45:46
firewall it away from you know core consensus the parts that really do need to be decentralized so but you don't see it as an existential risk it's just incredible it's a bit of a problem that it has to be constantly dealt with it's a i mean it's a risk like there's obviously a risk that you know there it it's a very severe problem and that even this flashbots approach has some fatal flaw or whatever um but i'm definitely like we're definitely approaching it with the mindset of you know this is a problem and like yes we do have to do some work to solve it but we're doing it and uh so far it's being solved okay let's talk about the other really really fascinating part of uh the future of ethereum let's not call it ethereum 2.0 but the future of ethereum that also may require a hard fork i don't know you can correct me on this is well broadly ideas for scaling yes and more specifically sort of uh layer two or uh layer one and two intersection ideas of how to achieve scaling and at the core of that is the idea of
所以你并不把它看成生存性风险,只是一个需要持续应对的问题这个嘛,它确实是个风险,显然有这种可能:它是个非常严重的问题,甚至Flashbots 这套办法有什么致命缺陷之类的。但我们肯定是抱着这样的心态在面对它:这是个问题,是的,我们确实得做些工作去解决它,但我们正在做,而且到目前为止它在被逐步解决。好,我们来聊聊以太坊未来另一个非常非常精彩的部分,我们就别叫它以太坊 2.0 了,就叫以太坊的未来,那部分可能也需要硬分叉,我不确定,你可以纠正我总之,宽泛地说就是扩容的各种思路,对,更具体一点,是二层,或者说一层和二层交叉的思路,关于如何实现扩容,而其核心是分片这个概念。那么首先,什么是分片?好的,区块链扩容
便签引用
46:52
sharding so first what is sharding okay uh so there's two major paradigms for scaling blockchains right as you said layer one and layer two and layer one basically means make the blockchain itself like capable of processing more transactions by having you know some mechanism by which you can do that despite the fact that there's a limit to the capacity of each participant in the blockchain and then layer two says well we're gonna keep the blockchain as is but we're gonna create clever protocols that sit on top of the blockchain that still use the blockchain and then still kind of inherit things like the security guarantees of a blockchain but at the same time a lot of things are done off-chain and so you get more scalability that way um so in ethereum the most popular paradigm failure too is rollups and the most popular paradigm for one is sharding so one way to achieve layer one scaling is to increase the block size yes hence the block size wars quote unquote and uh you actually tweeted
有两大范式,对吧,就像你说的,一层和二层。一层基本上意味着让区块链本身有能力处理更多交易,通过某种机制做到这一点,尽管链上每个参与者的处理能力是有上限的。而二层则说,我们把区块链本身保持原样,但我们在区块链之上构造巧妙的协议,这些协议仍然使用区块链,因此仍然在某种程度上继承区块链的安全性保证,但与此同时,很多事情是在链下完成的,这样你就获得了更强的扩展性。在以太坊里,二层最流行的范式是 Rollup,而一层最流行的范式是分片。实现一层扩容的一种方式就是增大区块大小,对,于是就有了所谓的“区块大小战争”而且你其实发过一条推特,说有人讲 Vitalik 在这件事上改变了立场,
便签引用
47:53
something about uh people are saying that vitalik changed his mind about the in it he went from being a small i went from being big to small big small of them and uh but you said i've been a medium blocker all along so maybe you can also comment on on where on the very basic aspect before you even get the sharding of where you stand on this block size debate sure so the way that i think about the trade-off is i think about it as a trade-off between making it easy to write to the blockchain and making it easy to read the blockchain right so when i say read i just mean you know have a node and actually verify it and make sure that it's correct and all of those things and then by right i mean send transactions so like i think for decentralization it's important for both of these tasks to be accessible and i think that they're like about equally important right if you have a chain that's too expensive to read then everyone will just trust a few people to like read for them and then those people
说他从小区块变成大区块,或者从大变小、小变大之类的。但你说,我一直都是“中区块派”。所以也许你可以先说说,在讲分片之前,在最基本的层面上,你在区块大小这个争论里的立场。好。我理解这个权衡的方式是,我把它看成两件事之间的权衡:让写入区块链变得容易,和让读取区块链变得容易,对吧。我说“读”,指的就是你自己跑一个节点,真正去验证它,确认它是正确的等等;而“写”,指的是发送交易。我认为对去中心化来说,这两件事都必须是人人可及的,而且我认为它们大致同等重要,对吧。如果一条链读取成本太高,那所有人就只会信任少数几个人替他们去读,而那少数人就可以在不经任何人同意的情况下改规则。但反过来说,如果
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48:49
can change the rules without anyone else's permission but if on the other hand it becomes really expensive to write then everyone will move on to basically second layer systems that are incredibly centralized and like that takes away from you know decentralization and self-sovereignty as well so this has been my viewpoints like pretty much the whole time right it's that like you know you need this balance and going in one direction or the other direction is very unhealthy in the bitcoin case um basically what happens was that bitcoin originally like at the very beginning it didn't really have a block size it just had an accidental block size of 32 meg or a block size limit of 32 megabytes because that just happens to be the limit of the peer-to-peer messages um but that's interesting i didn't even know that part yeah but then um satoshi back in 2010 was worried that even 32 megabyte blocks would be too hard to process so he uh put the limit down to one megabyte and you know i think the i put you mean sneaked in there yeah
写入变得非常昂贵,那所有人就会转向那些极度中心化的二层系统,这同样会削弱去中心化和自主权。所以这基本上一直是我的观点,对吧,就是说你需要这种平衡,往任何一个方向走过头都非常不健康。在比特币的例子里,基本上发生的事情是:比特币最初,在一开始其实并没有区块大小限制,只是有一个偶然形成的 32 兆的区块大小上限,因为那恰好是点对点消息的大小上限。这有意思,这部分我还真不知道。是的。但后来,中本聪在 2010 年担心哪怕 32 兆的区块也太难处理,所以他把上限降到了 1 兆。我觉得——你说的“放进去”是指偷偷加进去?对,就是给比特币软件
便签引用
49:47
just like made an update to the bitcoin software that made blocks bigger than one i think it's a million bytes um invalid and i think the impression that most people had at the time is that you know this is just a temporary safety measure and over time you know though as we become more confident in the software that limit would be and like raised some uh somewhat um but ba then of when the actual usage of the blockchain started going up and then it started going up first to 100 kilobytes per block then to 250 kilobytes per block then to 500 kilobytes per block um you know they're started kind of coming out of the woodworks this opinion that like no that limit should just not be increased and and you know then there are all of these attempts at compromising right um you know first there's like a proposal for 20 megabyte blocks then there was the 248 proposal which is um a bit ironic because the 248 proposal started off being like a small block negotiating position but then when the big black people came
做了一次更新,让大于一,我想是一百万字节的区块变为无效。我觉得当时大多数人的印象是,这只是个临时的安全措施,随着时间推移,随着我们对软件越来越有信心,这个上限会被适当提高。但后来,当区块链的实际使用量开始上升,先是涨到每个区块 100 KB,然后 250 KB,然后 500 KB,这时候就开始冒出一种观点,说不行,这个上限就是不该提高。然后就有了各种各样的妥协尝试,对吧一开始有个 20 兆区块的提案,后来有个 2-4-8 的提案,这有点讽刺,因为 2-4-8这个提案最初是小区块派的谈判立场,但后来当大区块派回过头来说,嘿,我们是不是
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50:51
back and said like hey where are we are we gonna do this they're like oh no no no we don't want them we don't want the block size increases anymore uh so you know there were these two different positions right the small blockers i think they valued one megabyte blocks for two reasons one is that they just like really really believe in the importance of being able to read the chain but two is that a lot of them really believe in in maintaining this norm of never hard forking right right so the difference between a hard fork and a soft fork is basically that in a soft fork um blocks that were any block that's valid under the new rules was still valid under the old rules so if you have a client that verifies according to the old rules then you'll still be able to accept the chain that follows the new rules whereas with a hard fork like you have to update your code in order to stay on the chain and look they have this belief that you know soft forks are kind of either less coercive than hard forks which by
就这么定了,他们又说,哦不不不,我们不要了,我们不想再要任何区块扩容了。所以你看,就有这么两种不同立场,对吧。小区块派,我觉得他们看重 1 兆区块有两个原因,一是他们真的非常非常相信“能够读取链”这件事的重要性,二是他们中很多人真的非常坚持永不硬分叉这个规范,对吧。硬分叉和软分叉的区别基本上是:在软分叉里,任何在新规则下有效的区块,在旧规则下也仍然是有效的。所以如果你的客户端是按旧规则来验证的,你依然能接受遵循新规则的那条链;而硬分叉的话,你必须更新代码才能留在链上。而他们有这样一种信念,认为软分叉比硬分叉更少强制性——顺便说,这一点我完全不同意
便签引用
51:51
the way i completely disagree with um i actually think soft forks are more coercive because like basically they force everyone who disagrees to sort of go along by default um but or they have this um opinion that um there's like it's more difficult to abuse soft forks to do really mean things like or that like completely violate people's expectations like increasing the supply which is again there i think there is some truth to that um so because of you know these reasons they just say we're only going to do soft forks and we don't we wants to just not do any hard forks and they eventually discovered this idea called segregated witness that allows for like a very tiny block size increase to like the equivalent of about two megabytes um with a soft fork it's it's just a really like weird and devious trick like basically what they do is they take the signatures of transactions and then they put them outside of the block and then they add an extra rule that says that like every for a block to be
我其实认为软分叉更具强制性,因为它基本上是强迫所有不同意的人默认跟着走。不过他们还有另一种看法,就是软分叉更难被滥用去做那些真正恶劣的、完全违背人们预期的事情,比如增发供应量——这一点我觉得确实有一定道理。所以出于这些原因,他们就说我们只做软分叉,我们不想做任何硬分叉。然后他们最终发现了一个叫隔离见证(SegWit)的思路,它可以在软分叉的前提下,实现一个很小的区块扩容,相当于大约两兆。这真的是个非常奇怪又狡猾的把戏,基本上他们做的是:把交易的签名拿出来,放到区块之外,然后加一条额外规则,说每个区块要想有效,就必须附带
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52:51
valid the blog has to come with a separate like basically extension block that contains all of the transaction signatures right so you know when you measure it according to the old rules like you know hey it adds up to less than a million but actually there's this extension block that the old protocol doesn't even know about so it's a hack that that seemed to work to do in a small way extend exactly but so you know small block side was like happy with these very low levels of block size and the big block side wanted to expand to you know at the very least go to four megabytes then you know maybe go maybe eight twenty there are there's disagreements within there as well um i definitely was uh favoring the big side um the whole way through as you can probably tell um but even though so the argument against the big is that uh it uh makes things more centralized yes because fewer people can run and know that verifies the chain and also because any of these things would require a hard fork and
一个单独的、基本上算是“扩展区块”的东西,���面包含所有交易签名,对吧。所以当你按旧规则去衡量时,嘿,它加起来不到一百万字节,但实际上还有这个旧协议根本不知道的扩展区块。所以这是个黑客手法,似乎奏效了,以一种很小的幅度做了扩容。没错。但总之小区块那边对这种非常低的区块大小是满意的,而大区块那边想扩容,至少要到四兆,然后可能到八兆、二十兆,他们内部也有分歧。我这一路上肯定是偏向大区块那一边的,你大概看得出来。不过——反对大区块的论点是,它会让系统更中心化对,因为能运行节点、验证整条链的人变少了;另外也因为这些改动都需要硬分叉,
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53:47
you know hard forks or inherently risky do you think there's truth to that um i'm pro hard fork i think hard forks are actually like in a yeah you know political economic sense they're better than soft forks well let's okay okay i think it's a beautiful principle as stated that soft forks may be more coarse coercive than hard forks this this is not just about cryptocurrency this is about politics and life that's fascinating so you're okay with hard forks in fact you think hard forks is the right way to make changes because then everybody's forced to make a decision right do you accept this change or not as opposed to ideas being sneaked in behind the door and you're and the decisions forced on you exactly yeah okay so but you know hard fork some people say this is when they talk about sort of ethereum is there's some aspect to a hard fork where you're trying to upgrade a what is it airplane while it's flying and uh i think softworks are also upgrading an airplane while it's flying but it's just smaller upgrades
而硬分叉本身有风险。你觉得这些说法有道理吗?我是支持硬分叉的,我认为硬分叉其实,从政治经济学的意义上说,比软分叉更好。那我们——好,好,我觉得这是个很漂亮的原则,就是你说的:软分叉可能比硬分叉更具强制性。这不只是加密货币的事,这关乎政治,关乎人生,太有意思了。所以你对硬分叉是接受的,实际上你认为硬分叉才是做出改变的正确方式,因为那样每个人都被迫做出决定,对吧,你接不接受这个改动而不是想法被偷偷从后门塞进来,决定被强加在你身上。完全正确。好,不过你知道有人谈到以太坊时会说,硬分叉有点像是你要在飞机飞行的过程中给它升级。而我觉得,软分叉同样是在飞机飞行时给它升级但那只是些较小的升级——这话有一定道理,确实,嗯,确实是
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54:56
that's like there's some truth to that like there's definitely um there's definitely a bit more risk of like a split as a result of a hard fork then as a result of a soft fork um and this split is highly undesirable right well it depends like if it's a split because of a bug then that's horrible if it's a split as a result of political differences then i think like a split is better than you know one side being forced to basically just like suck it up and accept the majority position even if it really hates it well there's also political connections throughout the history of the united states it's like sometimes groups of people that strongly disagree with each other should be forced to work it out even if they even when a split seems like an easy thing in the short term it depends and i think like well for blockchains in particular the costs of people being able to like peacefully do their go off and do their own thing or much lower right like you know okay if you have a country and you have two groups then
硬分叉导致链分裂的风险要比软分叉大一些,嗯,而这种分裂是非常不可取的,对吧——这得看情况,如果是因为 bug 导致的分裂,那就很糟糕;如果是因为政治分歧导致的分裂,我觉得分裂反而比让某一方被迫忍气吞声要好被迫接受多数派的立场,哪怕他们其实非常反感。不过纵观美国历史,也有一些政治上的联结就是说,有时候强烈对立的群体应该被迫坐下来把问题解决掉哪怕短期看分家似乎更省事——这要看情况。我觉得,尤其对区块链来说,成本的问题是人们能够和平地各走各的路、去做自己的事,这个成本要低得多,对吧。你想想,如果是一个国家有两个群体,那么很多时候,要争出一套新规则往往需要打一场内战,需要
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55:56
like often enough like fighting out the new rules requires you know a civil war it requires everyone to move and so forth but no no on a blockchain like you know the costs are lower and so so if you were to look at the way things worked out with the block size wars and there was a split what is the bitcoin cash and bitcoin yeah um would you like you looking putting on your historian hat you mentioned offline you like dan carlin so if dan carlin went to do an episode on the on the block size wars uh do you think uh it could have turned out better or do you um are you okay with the way it turned out i'm definitely disappointed with what happened with the block with the the big block side um i think the source of my disappointment is that like one of the things that you notice when just looking at like this political disagreements generally especially when you have environments where you know they're authoritarian or like single party dominated and then there's some opposition party and the opposition often has like very
所有人搬家等等。但在区块链上,这些成本要低得多。那么如果回头看当时的情况也就是区块大小之争,最后确实分裂了,就是比特币现金和比特币,对吧——你会不会,你以历史学家的视角来看,你之前私下提到你喜欢丹·卡林(Dan Carlin),如果丹·卡林要做一期节目讲区块大小之争,你觉得当时有没有可能有更好的结局,还是说你对最终的结果还算满意?我对大区块那一方的遭遇肯定是失望的。嗯,我觉得我失望的根源在于你观察政治分歧时会注意到的一点,尤其是当你身处那种威权或者一党独大的环境里,然后出现某个反对党,而反对派往往有非常正当的诉求,但与此同时你会
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57:02
legitimate grievances but at the same time the thing you notice is that often enough the opposition just sucks right like it just doesn't have you know political capacity it doesn't have like the ability to come up with policy because its entire culture is like designed around resisting much more and then it's designed around like you know actually debating serious policy trade-offs and i i worry or i guess not so much worry because it's already happened i uh unfortunately think that bitcoin cash ended up being a victim of this right like um first no there was a split with bitcoin cash and then of course craig wright came in and you know craig wright was uh this basically scammer who just keeps on pretending that he is satoshi nakamoto the inventor of uh bitcoin hey craig wright's legal team do you hear me yes i still think your client is a scammer so sue me this is definitely gonna be depth first search because i gotta ask you about craigslist because these people have been contacting me and i'm trying to figure
注意到,反对派本身常常很糟糕,对吧,他们没有真正的政治能力,也没有制定政策的能力,因为他们整个文化都是围绕着反抗建立起来的,而不是围绕着认真辩论严肃的政策权衡建立起来的。所以我担心,或者说也算不上担心因为它已经发生了——我很遗憾地认为比特币现金最终成了这一现象的牺牲品。先是有了分裂比特币现金分出来,然后当然克雷格·赖特(Craig Wright)就来了,你知道,克雷格·赖特基本上就是个骗子,他一直假装自己是中本聪,比特币的发明者。嘿,克雷格·赖特的律师团队,你们听见了吗?是的,我依然认为你们的客户是个骗子,来告我吧。这段肯定要变成深度优先搜索了,因为我必须问问你关于克雷格的事,因为这些人一直在联系我,我想搞清楚这个人到底是怎么回事。那么对于
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57:59
out like what is up with this human being so for people who don't know there's somebody who is let's start there's satoshi nakamoto who is the creator of bitcoin is anonymous and actually most really big people in the cryptocurrency space do not like like yourself and others do not dare claim that they are even for fun satoshi nakamoto in fact if satoshi nakamoto is still alive and is like if say you were satisfied it seems like the thing he would do is probably or she is uh trying to remain anonymous on the flip side of that there's a guy named craig wright who continually keeps claiming that he is in fact satoshi nakamoto and keeps suing a lot of people so uh on on him if we could just linger on him what do you make of this character uh what what are we supposed to make of this character should he be ignored is there any possible truth to his claims um what do you make of him the the analogy that's at the side at the top of my head will get a bit political but um that's fine you've had michael ballas
不了解的人来说,有这么一个人——我们先说,中本聪是比特币的创造者,他是匿名的而且实际上加密货币领域真正有分量的人,比如你和其他人,都不会——哪怕是开玩笑——去声称自己是中本聪。事实上,如果中本聪还活着,比如说假如你就是中本聪,看起来他大概会做的事,或者她,就是继续保持匿名。而另一方面,有个人叫克雷格·赖特,他不断声称自己就是中本聪,而且到处起诉很多人。所以关于他,我们能不能稍微聊一下他,你怎么看这个人物?我们该怎么理解这个人物?该不该无视他?他的说法有没有任何可能是真的?你怎么看他?我脑子里冒出来的那个类比会有点政治,不过没关系,你之前请过迈克尔·马利斯(Michael Malice)
便签引用
59:06
um so um i guess i view craig wright as being kind of like a donald trump figure yes and that like he's not very intellectual um but i think he gets a big audience because he says he he says things that like play to the resentments that people have and he says things that uh people wants to hear right like in the in the wake of this block size war no the big blockers did feel very disenchanted like they felt that you know bitcoin always had this vision that we were supposed to just keep increasing the block size and bitcoin is pewter pure cash it says so in the white paper and then this gr this elitist clique of core devs just like came in and said you know no no we're going to impose this totally different vision and if you ever want your scalability you'll have to wait for us to create this this totally unproven fancy technology called the lightning network that works on your completely different principles and you know they were very angry at this and i mean i think like i think a lot of that anger is justified
嗯,所以我想我看克雷格·赖特有点像看唐纳德·特朗普这样的人物。对,就是说他不是那种很有知识分子气质的人,但我觉得他能吸引大量听众,是因为他说的话迎合了人们心里的怨气,他说的是人们想听的话,对吧。就像在那场区块大小之争之后大区块派确实感到非常幻灭,他们觉得比特币一直以来的愿景就是我们应该不断增加区块大小,比特币是纯粹的现金,白皮书里就是这么写的,然后这群精英小圈子核心开发者跑进来说,不不不,我们要强推一套完全不同的愿景,如果你想要扩容你就得等我们造出这个完全未经验证的花哨技术,叫闪电网络,而它运行在完全不同的原理之上。你知道,他们对此非常愤怒,我觉得这份愤怒有很大一部分是有道理的。但与此同时,当人们处在那种心理状态下,很容易就会
便签引用
1:00:01
um but at the same time you know when people are in that mental state like it's very easy for you to just kind of like latch on and if you find someone who expresses anger at the same things that you're angry at and also like it seems like someone who's strong and seems like someone who you know might be good to rally around it's very easy to just like get behind that but that extra part about where he satoshi i think that's um he could have done it without that but that i mean that just it's a marketing strategy like it sort of gives him more salience like there's other big block personalities right but what's the difference between with greg wright he's not just a big a big block personality he's potentially satoshi um and he did say all the big block things right like he talked about how oh the concept of a fee market is fundamentally like economically wrong and it should be it should be a free market and you should be able to have walks as big as you want like he repeated all the talking points and so
一把抓住某个人不放——如果你找到一个人,他对你所愤怒的同样的东西表达愤怒,而且看起来是那种强势的、值得团结在其周围的人,那就很容易一下子就追随他。但他自称是中本聪这个额外的部分,我觉得,他其实没有这个也能做到,但那,我是说那只是一种营销策略,它让他更有存在感。因为还有其他大区块派的人物,对吧,那区别在哪呢在克雷格·赖特这里,他不只是个大区块派人物,他还可能是中本聪。而且他确实把大区块那一套都说了,比如他讲什么手续费市场这个概念在经济学上根本就是错的,应该是一个自由市场,你应该能想出多大的区块就出多大的区块。他把所有的话术都重复了一遍,所以很多人就被吸进去了
便签引用
1:01:04
a lot of people were kind of sucked into that right and so he unfortunately was able to basically dominate a big part of the bitcoin cash community for a long time and then eventually if of course um you know more and more people started to catch on um he would just say technical things that are completely wrong right like one example of this that i remember is that he mixed up the concept of 256 bits and 2 to the power of 256 bits right um so you know the difference is it's like the difference between you know 80 and the concept of 80 digit numbers right um and because of this like he made this made this argument that said that bitcoin that bitcoin's elliptic curve is friendly to cryptographic pairings like you don't have to understand what that is but if you want to know i have articles on both at vitalik.ca um but basically he made this like technical argument that really hedged on this point and then when people when people pressed him on it's like yes what no no like what look exactly
对吧。于是很遗憾,他有很长一段时间基本上主导了比特币现金社区的很大一部分,然后最终,当然,越来越多的人开始看明白了,因为他会说一些技术上完全错误的话。我记得的一个例子是,他把 256 位和 2 的256 次方位这两个概念搞混了,对吧。嗯,这个差别就好比是 80 和 80 位数的数字这两者的差别,对吧。因为这个混淆,他提出了一个论点,说比特币的椭圆曲线对密码学配对很友好——你不需要懂那是什么,但如果你想了解,我在 vitalik.ca 上两个话题都写过文章。基本上他提出了这么一个技术论证,而这个论证完全押在这一点上,然后当人们追问他的时候,就是,对,什么,不不,你看,那个高度是——什么,2 和 2 的 256 次方位,那是
便签引用
1:02:07
the the height is like what two and two to the 256 bits that's uh a very uh a very tiny amount of information no no no 2256 bits is more than the amount of information in the universe and like yeah you know equivocated and kind of like preyed on people's inability to and you know understands that mathematical nuance and i called him out and eventually i even called him out in person at this conference and soul like i just stood up and asked the you know hey you know conference organizer why are you letting this fraud speak at this conference and i remember even some big blockers at the time getting angry at me um but you know eventually they i did get rid of him and then craig well basically craig wright um was forced to split off because the rest of the community refused to accept some network change that he wanted and so then there was the bch and bsv and then in the bitcoin cash community there was this drama of are they going to add a developer fund where they redirect 12 and a half
极其微小的信息量;不不不,2 的 256 次方位比整个宇宙的信息量还要多然后,是的,他就开始含糊其辞,利用人们无法理解那种数学微妙之处的弱点。我当面指出过他,最后我甚至在一次会议上当着面指出,我就站起来问,嘿,会议主办方,你们为什么让这个骗子在这个会议上演讲我记得当时甚至有些大区块派的人对我很生气。但你知道,最终他们确实把他清出去了,然后克雷格,嗯基本上克雷格·赖特被迫分裂出去,因为社区其余的人拒绝接受他想要的某项网络变更于是就有了 BCH 和 BSV。然后在比特币现金社区里又上演了一出戏,就是他们要不要加一个开发者基金把矿工收入的百分之十二点五转给开发者,而按照自由意志主义的非
便签引用
1:03:06
percent of the revenue from the miners to the devs and according to the libertarian not aggression principle is this technically theft um like his um understanding of the technical depths of cryptocurrency was lacking in a way that you uh satoshi nakamoto certainly would not yes exactly but the point is that even after craig wright got expunged the bitcoin cash community kept having these disagreements right and now after this uh development funds dispute there's there's a further split between bitcoin cash and abc um so you know the the the brand check three continues to extend right so so in that way it's disappointing to see those kinds of splitting there was never a result it is i would have definitely like wanted to see more of a kind of like v principled coin with a like tries to be bitcoin but but you know follows consistent big block values but yeah i know maybe i should just like stop expecting projects that i have no involvement and to uh care at all about what my values are and you know like maybe ethereum just
侵犯原则,这在技术上算不算盗窃。嗯,他对加密货币技术深度的理解欠缺到了一种中本聪绝对不可能有的程度。对,正是如此。但重点是,即便在克雷格·赖特被清除之后比特币现金社区还是不断出现这些分歧,对吧。现在在这场开发基金之争之后比特币现金和 ABC 之间又有了进一步的分裂。所以你看,这个分支链条还在不断延伸,对吧所以从这个角度看,看到这种分裂挺让人失望的,始终没有一个结果。是的,我当然会希望看到一个更有原则的币,努力做成比特币,但你知道,贯彻始终地坚持大区块的价值观不过话说回来,也许我该停止指望那些我完全没有参与的项目,去在意我的价值观是什么你知道,也许以太坊就……我觉得你的声音很有分量,你可以激励其他项目
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07分片:随机抽样与零知识证明
1:04:08
like is is never i think you have a powerful voice and you can inspire other projects to do to to to live up to their best possible cells okay so that's the level that's the layer one uh approach the other layer one within the ethereum is the idea of sharding yes what the heck is sharding okay what does the future of shining look like right so to summarize that big long tangent that we just uh once it's a beautiful tangent button it's tangent and i think like crypto is just uh one of the most underrated aspects of crypto is i think how you can like analyze the you know the sociology and the politics and the anthropology and yeah and i'm sure dan carl would have fun exploring the space at some point but like the core trade-off right is that if you scale blockchains the dumb way just by increasing the parameters then eventually you just make it harder and harder to participate as a node and you end up with a system where there's like 20 computers running the whole thing and it's just very centralized um so
去活出它们最好的样子。好,那这就是第一层的做法。以太坊里另一个第一层的东西就是分片(sharding)的想法。对。分片到底是什么?分片的未来会是什么样?好,先总结一下我们刚才那个超长的题外话——那是个很棒的题外话,我觉得加密货币最被低估的一个方面就是你可以借它来分析社会学、政治学、人类学之类的东西是啊,我相信丹·卡林哪天来探索这个领域会玩得很开心。不过核心的权衡在于如果你用笨办法给区块链扩容,只是把参数调大,那最终你只会让运行一个节点变得越来越难,最后你得到的系统就是大概 20 台电脑跑着整个网络非常中心化。所以分片的思路是,与其单纯调大参数,我们要做的是
便签引用
1:05:09
shorting basically says well instead of just increasing the parameters what we're going to do is we're going to change the blockchain architecture in such a way that each individual node in the blockchain only needs to store a small portion of the data and only needs to process a small portion of the transactions so you can think about it as being like inspired by bitsword right like on bittorrent there's no such thing as a bittorrent full node that has every movie right you know the work is like split up among a huge number of computers and like that makes sense that's uh you know the only sane way to scale a system like that um and if they actually tried making a version bit of bits or that required full nodes that store every movie then you know it would have like zero censorship resistance and it would just like you know be dead in an instant uh so the challenge with taking that model and applying it to blockchains right is that blockchains aren't just about like spreading data around they're about
改变区块链的架构,使得链上的每一个节点只需要存储一小部分数据,只需要处理一小部分交易。你可以把它理解成受 BitTorrent 启发,对吧。在 BitTorrent 上根本不存在所谓存有每一部电影的全节点对吧,工作被拆分到大量的电脑上,这很合理,这是扩展这类系统唯一理智的办法。如果他们真的做一个要求全节点存下每一部电影的 BitTorrent 版本,那它的抗审查性就是零,它会瞬间就死掉。那么把这个模型套到区块链上,挑战在于区块链不只是把数据分散出去,它还要就到底分发了什么数据达成一致
便签引用
1:06:05
agreeing on exactly what data was spread around and ensuring that everything that you agree on actually is correct and so you have this paradox where let's say you want to have a system that supports 10 000 transactions a second but each computer in the network can only personally verify 100 transactions a second so how can each computer get a guarantee about the other 900 without actually going and verifying them themselves yep and it turns out that there are some um like a bundle of different tricks that can do that right so like one of them is uh just random sampling so the idea behind random sampling is like let's say for simplicity this is a proof of stake chain and you have 10 000 validators validators like you know the stakers and like for simplicity we'll assume they all have the same number of coins right if someone has more coins we'll just kind of split them up and pretends they're tense takers then you you you do like some random shuffling and you basically say these random hundred validators are
并确保你们达成一致的东西确实是正确的。于是就出现了这么一个悖论:假设你想要一个每秒支持一万笔交易的系统,但网络中的每台电脑每秒只能亲自验证一百笔交易,那么每台电脑要怎样才能对另外九百笔获得保证,而不用自己去一一验证呢?是啊,事实证明有一些可以做到这一点的技巧组合,对吧。其中之一就是随机抽样。随机抽样背后的思路是为了简单起见,假设这是一条权益证明链,你有一万个验证者,验证者就是质押者,为了简单起见我们假设他们持有的币数都一样——如果某人币更多,我们就把他拆开,当作是十个质押者。然后你做一次随机洗牌,基本上就是说,这随机选出的一百个验证者
便签引用
1:07:08
assigned to validate this block these random hundred validators are assigned to validate this block these random hundred validators are assigned to validate this block and so each individual computer only gets assigned to validate like a small piece but then the way that the information about like what's evaluated gets passed around right is that when these hundred participants validate a block they all sign a message basically saying like yes we agree that this block is valid and then like they combine that signature into one and then they broadcast that signature and then everyone else instead of verifying the blocks directly just verifies that signature right and so if i see the signature i'm not directly convinced that that block is valid but what i am convinced of is that out of this committee of or this randomly selected group of 100 validators let's say at least 70 of them agree that this block is valid and so if i trust that you know the majority of these participants are all honest
被指派去验证这个区块,这随机选出的一百个验证者被指派去验证那个区块,这随机选出的一百个验证者被指派去验证另一个区块。于是每一台电脑只被指派去验证一小部分而关于验证结果的信息是怎么传播出去的呢?当这一百个参与者验证完一个区块,他们都会签署一条消息,基本上就是说,是的,我们一致认为这个区块是有效的,然后他们把这些签名合并成一个,再把这个签名广播出去。然后其他所有人,不用直接去验证区块只要验证那个签名就行了,对吧。所以如果我看到这个签名,我并不是直接确信那个区块有效,但我确信的是在这个委员会里,也就是这随机选出的一百个验证者里,比如说至少有七十个认为这个区块是有效的。所以如果我相信这些参与者中的大多数是诚实的,那么因为一切都是随机选出的
便签引用
1:08:04
then because it's all randomly selected you know the attacker can't just like force themselves into one committee and and so you know the attacker is going to be even at least evenly spread out too and so if you know the entire set of validators is mostly honest every committee is going to be mostly honest and so like bad blocks are not going to go through right so that's like one simple form of sharding there's also other more clever things that you can do so for example there's this concept of zk snarks right now called as your knowledge proofs so this is the idea that you can make a cryptographic proof that says i verified or i ran some complex computation on this piece of data and i got this answer and so if you make these kinds of proofs then like if you see a zika snark that says some block is valid then you're convinced that that block is valid and even if you know everyone in that committee is evil like they have no way of making a a valid proof for a bad block right like because the proof itself like
攻击者没法硬把自己塞进某一个委员会里,所以攻击者也会被均匀地摊开。因此如果整个验证者集合大体上是诚实的,那么每个委员会也会大体上是诚实的,于是坏区块就不会被通过,对吧。这就是分片的一种简单形式。还有一些更巧妙的做法。比如说有个概念叫 zk-SNARK,也就是零知识证明。它的思路是,你可以做出一个密码学证明,说我验证了、或者说我对这块数据跑了某个复杂的计算,得到了这个结果。所以如果你能做出这类证明,那么当你看到一个 zk-SNARK 说某个区块是有效的你就确信那个区块是有效的。而且哪怕那个委员会里所有人都是坏人,他们也没有办法为一个坏区块造出一个有效的证明,对吧,因为这个证明本身就是你确实做了那个
便签引用
1:09:01
it is a proof that you did the computation where that proof is much easier to verify than just running the computation yourself and you know the there's once again you know super awesome mathematical cryptographic magic behind making zk snarks work um so it gives you a little bit of a leg up over the 51 honest exact assumption so it's a little hack that improves upon the random sampling thing exactly and like there's other hacks right like there is another hack called data availability sampling that allows you to make sure that the data in the blocks was actually published but like basically like if you stack a couple of these tricks on top of each other you can create a system where like i as an individual participant can be convinced that everything that's going on in this distributed blockchain thing is correct without actually personally checking more than like a percent of it so that's charting that's starting but but the as i understand maybe correct me on this is uh in the space of ethereum
计算的证明,而验证这个证明比你自己把计算跑一遍要容易得多。当然,让 zk-SNARK跑起来的背后,又是一堆超级厉害的数学和密码学魔法。嗯,所以它让你比百分之五十一诚实这个假设多了一点余地。所以这是个在随机抽样之上做改进的小技巧。正是如此。而且还有其他的技巧对吧,比如另一个技巧叫数据可用性抽样,它让你能确认区块里的数据确实被发布出来了。基本上,如果你把这几个技巧叠加起来你就能造出这样一个系统:我作为一个个体参与者,可以确信这个分布式区块链上发生的一切都是正确的,而我亲自检查的部分还不到百分之一。这就是分片。这就是分片。但不过据我理解——如果说错了请纠正我——在以太坊的语境里,分片是发生在某个固定的
便签引用
1:10:01
the the sharding happens on some fixed number like th the split is on some fixed number i think it's 64. is the currently sort of proposed number so um how does that help scaling is it just to fix constant scaling by 64 and is that a way to achieve those crazy the crazy amount of scaling that seems to be required to use cryptocurrency for uh for purchasing so doing like competing with credit cards and visa and so on right so first i think like the 64 can be hard forked up over time um so we have uh set it so that like there's theoretically space in the data structure for 1024 shards it's just that 64 of them are turned on um like there are challenges with having more shards because like you have to have logic that just like checks and manages all of those shards and if there's too many of them then that becomes too expensive um but you know even still you can improve quite a bit and then the other thing that we're doing is if what we're getting maximum scalability by combining roll-ups and sharding right so this
数字,比如说分片数量固定在某个数上,我想是 64。这是目前提议的数字。那么这对扩容有什么帮助呢?它是不是只是把扩容能力固定地提升 64 倍?这种方式能不能实现那种疯狂的、看起来必须达到的扩容量级,好让加密货币能用于支付,也就是去跟信用卡、Visa 之类的竞争?好,首先我觉得这个 64 是可以随着时间通过硬分叉往上调的。我们已经做了这样的设定:数据结构里理论上有 1024 个分片的空间,只不过其中 64 个是开启的。分片更多是有挑战的,因为你得有一套逻辑去检查和管理所有这些分片,如果分片太多,那开销就太大了。不过即便如此,你还是可以提升不少。然后我们在做的另一件事是,我们是通过把 Rollup 和分片结合起来,来获得最大的可扩展性。所以现在也许正好可以聊聊
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08Rollup 与侧链的安全模型之别
1:11:06
might be a good time to talk about roll-ups what are roll-ups okay and now we're moving into layer two ideas yes so the idea behind a roll-up is basically that so instead of um just publishing transactions directly on chain and having everyone you know do all of the checking of those transactions and what you do is you create a system where users send their transactions to some part like central party called an aggregator and like well theoretically you can have a system where like the aggregator switches around or anyone can be an aggregator so you know it's still like permissionless to send things um then what the aggregator does is they strip out all of the transaction data that like is not relevant to helping people update the state so when i say the state this is like this is a very important kind of technical term for blockchains i mean like account balances code um like things that are like memory internal memory of smart contracts like basically everything the blockchain actually has to keep track of and
Rollup。Rollup 是什么?好的,现在我们要进入第二层(Layer 2)的概念了。是的,Rollup 背后的想法基本上是这样:与其直接把交易发布到链上,让所有人都去做这些交易的全部校验,你做的是建立一个系统,用户把交易发给某个类似中心方的角色,叫做聚合器(aggregator)。当然,理论上你可以设计成聚合器轮换,或者任何人都可以当聚合器,所以发送交易这件事仍然是无需许可的。然后聚合器所做的,是把所有那些对帮助大家更新状态没有用的交易数据剥离掉。我说的“状态”,这是区块链里一个非常重要的技术术语,我指的是账户余额、代码,以及像智能合约的内部存储这类东西。基本上就是区块链真正需要追踪和记住的所有东西,对吧。所以你就把这些交易全都拿过来,剥离
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1:12:13
remember right so you just put in you take all these transactions strip out all the data that's not relevant to telling people how to update the state and then you take the data that's needed to update the state and then you like really compress it right so like for example if we say you know i vitalik have an account that's 0x eight blah blah blah blah and it's 20 bytes well instead we can say well i have an account that is number one eight seven four two two four in the tree right and that goes down from 20 bytes to just like an index and a position which is three bytes right so you use all sorts of these fancy compression tracks then you basically just instead of publishing all these transactions you publish this like tiny compressed blob right so the amount of data that goes on chain goes down by maybe about a factor of ten right and then the second thing is that you don't do the computation on chin instead you do the computation off-chain and there's one of two ways to do this right
掉所有跟告诉大家如何更新状态无关的数据,然后你取出更新状态所需要的数据然后你再把它狠狠地压缩一下,对吧。比如说,如果我们说,你知道,我 Vitalik 有一个账户是 0x8 什么什么什么的,它有 20 个字节,那我们其实可以说,我有一个账户,编号是树里的第 187422 4 号,对吧,这样就从 20 个字节降到只剩一个索引和一个位置也就是 3 个字节,对吧。所以你用上各种这样花哨的压缩技巧,然后你基本上就不用发布所有这些交易了,你只发布这么一个小小的压缩数据块,对吧。所以上链的数据量大概能减少十倍左右,对吧。然后第二件事是,你不在链上做计算,而是把计算放到链下去做做这件事有两种方式,对吧。一种叫 ZK Rollup,就是你直接提供一个 ZK-SNARK,它
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1:13:11
one is called a zk roll up which is you just provide a zika snark that basically says hey look i did this computation and uh and i have this proof that here's the here's the you know some hash of the result and it's correct and then you stick it on chain and everyone verifies this one proof instead of verifying all these transactions and then the other approach is called an optimistic roll-up which is basically made of the scheme where like first someone says like hey this is what i think the result of the of applying these transactions is and then someone else can say i disagree the result is different and only if two people disagree do you actually do it on like do you actually just like publish all of the data and run the whole that whole blog on chain so if there's disagreements then you just like run everything on chain and whoever was wrong like loses a lot of money right so disagreements are very rare and they're very expensive and in a ck roll up you don't even rely on this like challenging
基本上是在说,嘿你看,我做了这个计算,而且我有这个证明,这里是,你知道,结果的某个哈希值而且它是正确的,然后你把它扔到链上,所有人只要验证这一个证明,而不用去验证所有这些交易。然后另一种方案叫 Optimistic Rollup,它基本上是这样一种机制:首先有人说,嘿,我认为把这些交易应用之后的结果是这样的,然后别人可以说,我不同意,结果不是这样。只有当两个人有分歧的时候,你才真的去做那件事,才真的把所有数据发布出来,在链上跑整个那个数据块。所以如果有分歧,你就把所有东西都放到链上跑一遍,谁错了的话就会损失很多钱,对吧?所以分歧非常少见,而且代价非常高昂。而在 ZK Rollup 里,你甚至完全不依赖这种挑战博弈机制,你只需要依赖一个证明。所以核心原则基本上就是:不再让所有人去验证每一笔交易和
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1:14:04
game at all you just rely on a proof so you know the core principle is basically that instead of lots of transactions and all the trends that everyone verifies every transaction it is you take the transactions you strip strip them down and compress them as much as possible then stick that on the blockchain you do need to stick something on the blockchain just so that everyone everyone else can like keep keep up to date with the states so they know you know what all the contracts are what all the balances are and all of this but it's a very small amount of data and then you use some one of these other off-chain games you know could be this optimistic game could be a zk-snark to just prove that somebody out there did the compensation and the result is correct right so you're pushing like 90 of the work off chain and then you know well 90 of the data ends 99 of the computation option and then you still have 10 of the data and 1 of the computation on chin and so you know your scalability goes up
所有这些交易流水,而是把这些交易拿过来,剥离精简、尽可能地压缩,然后把它放到区块链上。你确实需要往区块链上放一些东西,这样其他所有人才能跟上状态的更新,才能知道所有合约是什么、所有余额是多少等等,但这只是很小的一点数据量。然后你再用这些其他的链下博弈机制之一——可以是这种乐观博弈,也可以是 zk-SNARK——来证明确实有人在链下做了这个计算,而且结果是正确的。所以你把大概 90% 的工作推到了链下,也就是说 90% 的数据、99% 的计算被移走了,然后链上还留有 10% 的数据和 1% 的计算。所以你的可扩展性提升了
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1:14:57
by a factor of about a hundred so these systems are already alive for for some applications right so there's something called loopering which is just a zk roll up for payments right so you can have you know assets inside of us inside of the loopering system and you can go around and transfer them but uh what you um and you get like much lower transaction fees right like instead of five dollars you'd have to pay like less than five cents um but the only problem is that this only supports a couple of applications right now like making one that supports anything that you can do on ethereum just takes a bit more work but that's being done as well right so like within a few months i'm expecting you know fully ethereum um capable um roll ups to um be available as well so then so roll ups just summarizing you know do most of the work off chain put only a little bit on chain factor of 100 scaling sharding another factor of 100 scaling 100 times 100 factor of 10 000 you know hundreds of thousands of
大约一百倍。这些系统在某些应用上其实已经上线了,比如有个叫 Loopring 的东西,它就是一个用于支付的 ZK Rollup。你可以把资产放进 Loopring 系统里,然后在里面进行转账,而你会得到低得多的交易手续费,比如说原本要付五美元,现在只需要付不到五美分。但唯一的问题是,它目前只支持少数几种应用。要做一个能支持你在以太坊上所有操作的版本,还需要再多花一点功夫,不过这方面的工作也正在推进。所以我预计再过几个月,完全兼容以太坊的 Rollup 也会问世。那么,Rollup 总结一下就是知道吧,大部分工作放在链下做,只把一小部分放到链上,能带来100倍的扩容,而分片又是另一个100倍的扩容,100乘以100就是一万倍,你知道吧,每秒几十万笔交易,这样一来,可扩展性就有了
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1:16:01
transactions a second and like you know there's your scalability okay so you choose scalability you can do a large number of transactions very quickly and uh the cost of doing those transactions much lower you wrote that uh in the long term zka roll-ups are going to win in terms of layer 2 technology specifically you wrote in general my own view is that the in the short term optimistic roll ups as you were saying are likely to win out of general purpose evm computation and zk roll ups are likely to win out for simple payments uh exchange in other application specific use cases just as you were saying but in the medium to long term zk roll ups will win out in all use cases as zk snark technology improves why do you think uh zk roll ups are going to win the big picture battle over layer 2 technologies so i think zk roll ups like once you accept that the technology works are just like conceptually simpler and they have nicer properties the reason is that they do not have this concept of a challenge game right like
好,所以你选择了可扩展性,你可以非常快地处理大量交易,而且做这些交易的成本要低得多。你曾写道,从长期来看,ZK Rollup 会在二层技术的竞争中胜出具体来说你写的是,总体而言我个人的看法是,短期内乐观 Rollup(optimistic rollup),就像你刚说的很可能会在通用 EVM 计算方面胜出,而 ZK Rollup 很可能会在简单支付、交易以及其他特定应用场景中胜出,就像你说的那样。但从中期到长期来看,随着 ZK-SNARK 技术的进步,ZK Rollup 会在所有使用场景中胜出。你为什么认为 ZK Rollup 会在二层技术的这场大局之争中获胜我认为 ZK Rollup,一旦你接受这项技术是可行的,它在概念上就更简单,而且具有更好的特性。原因在于它们没有“挑战博弈”这个概念,对吧,就像我提到的
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1:17:09
as i mentioned in an optimistic roll-up the way that you ensure that the results are correct is that you let one person submit and like they just submit with no proof they just say here's what i think the result is and then if someone else disagrees they make their own submission and then if you have two disagreeing submissions then you actually publish it on chain and you see who's right but for this to work like you need to actually wait for someone to disagree right so like for example if i have an asset inside of an optimistic roll-up and i wants to withdraw it then i actually have to wait a week to withdraw it because like if the uh a block that contains my withdrawal turns out to be invalid then there needs to be space for someone to disagree with it right whereas with a ck roll up like you don't need time for disagreement because you just have a proof right as soon as the block is submitted there's a proof and you know it's correct so disagreements especially in the long term or sparse uh
在乐观 Rollup 里,你确保结果正确的方式是:让一个人提交,而他们提交时是不带证明的,他们只是说这就是我认为的结果,然后如果有别人不同意,他们就自己提交一份,接着如果你有两份相互矛盾的提交,你才真正把它放到链上执行,看谁是对的。但要让这套机制运作,你需要真的等着有人来提出异议,对吧。所以比如说,如果我在一个乐观 Rollup 里有一笔资产我想把它提取出来,那我实际上得等一个星期才能提出来,因为如果那个包含我的提现结果是无效的,那就得留出时间让别人去提出异议,对吧,而 ZK Rollup 就不一样了,你不需要留出争议期,因为你直接就有证明,区块一提交,证明就有了你就知道它是正确的,所以尤其是从长期看,或者争议很稀少的情况下,呃,那你就不会想用
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1:17:59
then uh then then you don't want to do the optimistic the the game theoretic thing you know you want to do the zk stock right the z case stuff is just like you can in a ck roll up you can withdraw immediately um you don't have to like worry about the economics of proving as much there's just like fewer issues um the reason why ck roll-ups are not winning everywhere today is because you know zeke's darks is still a crazy new technology right like this is something that 10 years ago you know it existed only in theory and there was none in practice um then you know eight years ago people were just getting excited about it in bitcoin conferences for the first time um like four years starting four years ago or three and a half years ago even that was the first time you were able to make any zika snark based anything on ethereum and then people started making them and zk technology has only really become efficient enough to do a lot of things within the past maybe one and a half years so it's
乐观的那套博弈论机制,你会想用 ZK 那一套,ZK 的好处就是,在 ZK Rollup 里你可以立刻提现,嗯,你也不用太去操心证明的经济学问题,总之问题少很多,嗯,ZK Rollup 今天还没有全面胜出的原因是,你知道,ZK-SNARK 仍然是一项非常新的疯狂技术,这东西在十年前还只存在于理论里,实践中根本没有,嗯,然后大概八年前,人们才第一次在比特币的会议上对它兴奋起来,嗯,大概是四年前,从四年前或者三年半前开始,那才是第一次有人能在以太坊上做出任何基于 ZK-SNARK 的东西然后人们开始做了,而 ZK 技术真正变得足够高效、能做很多事情也就是最近这一年半的事,所以它是新技术,是疯狂的技术,确实也是让人有点害怕的
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1:18:57
it's new technology it's crazy technology it's admittedly scary technology if you want to learn more i also have an article about this on vitality.ca it's actually really really good most of your writing uh it's it goes it's technical but it's accessible i highly highly recommend to check out vitalik's articles and blogs whatever whatever you call them yeah it's brilliant summary of the work actually uh ethereum documentation period is really good i think that's somewhat crowdsourced that documentation is really really accessible and brilliant uh but let me ask about sort of other approaches to layer two like side chains so the one popular one is polygon what are your thoughts about polygon which is a layer two network is it positive is it negative for ethereum is it both does it have a future which is its own chain but it's using a theory it's like based on ethereum essentially or maybe you can describe what it is um so i think there is a really big and important difference in security models
技术。如果你想了解更多,我在 vitalik.ca 上也有一篇讲这个的文章,写得真的非常非常好你大部分的文章都是,呃,虽然偏技术,但读得懂,我强烈强烈推荐大家去看 Vitalik 的文章和博客,随便你怎么称呼它们,是的,那真是对这些工作的绝妙总结,呃,以太坊的文档整体来说也非常好,我觉得那多少是众包出来的,那些文档真的非常易读、非常棒呃,不过我想问问二层的其他路线,比如侧链,其中很流行的一个是 Polygon你怎么看 Polygon?它算是一个二层网络,它对以太坊是正面的还是负面的,还是兼有?它有没有未来?它有自己的链,但用的是以太坊,本质上是基于以太坊的,或者你也可以先介绍一下它是什么,嗯我觉得 Rollup 和侧链在安全模型上有一个非常大也非常重要的区别,基本上就是 Rollup 继承了
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1:20:07
between roll-ups and side-chains which is basically that roll-ups inherit from the security of ethereum right so like if i have coins inside of bloopering or optimism or arbitrarium um or zk sync um then even if everyone else in the world who is participating in these ecosystems so like hates me and though and wants to steal my money i can still personally make sure that you know no matter what happens i get them i get my money out it might be a bit expensive for me to get my money out and i have to do transactions like on the main chain but i'll be able to do it whereas in polygon which is a side chain and so instead of being secured by ethereum it's also in part secured by its own um a proof of state consensus with its own token so if 70 of the whole or even 51 of the holders of polygon tokens wanted to take my money in polygon they can right so that's the pro and like to be fair like there aren't even like the the supply i don't think is even that widely distributed right so like potentially
以太坊的安全性,对吧,所以如果我的币放在 Loopring、Optimism 或者 Arbitrum,嗯,或者 zkSync 里嗯,那么哪怕世界上参与这些生态的所有其他人,都恨我,而且想偷我的钱,我个人依然可以确保,不管发生什么,我都能把我的钱取出来取出来可能对我来说会贵一点,我得在主链上做交易,但是我总归做得到。而 Polygon 是侧链,所以它不是由以太坊来保障安全,它的安全部分来自它自己的,嗯,带有自身代币的权益证明共识。所以如果 Polygon 代币持有者里的 70%,甚至只要 51% 想把我在 Polygon 上的钱拿走,他们是可以做到的,对吧,这就是那个……而且说句公道话,甚至连代币的分布,我觉得都没有那么分散,对吧,所以理论上你可以,51% 的
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1:21:09
you could you could this idea 51 of the token holders coming together and stealing everything like it's it's not impossible right uh where does the scaling of polygon come from like why is it able to process much more transactions than the ethereum main chain what's the idea there i think in part like i imagine i'm not sure exactly what its capacity level is but like i imagine it has a higher capacity because it's a bit more willing to take centralization trade-offs and then another thing is that like if the ethereum ecosystem like even if it did not do that right if you think about an ethereum ecosystem hypothetically scaling with side chains then you know you would have 100 copies of polygon and you know they would each have their own tokens they would each have their own chins and so even if each one of those chains was only as scalable as ethereum you know you know you could still like the total sum of them would still be 100 times more than ethereum okay um the now the thing that i want to
代币持有者联合起来把一切都偷走,这,这并非不可能,对吧。呃,Polygon 的扩容是从哪来的,比如说它为什么能处理比以太坊主链多得多的交易?背后的思路是什么?我觉得部分原因是,我也不确定它的容量水平具体是多少,但我猜它容量更高,是因为它更愿意接受中心化方面的取舍。还有一点是,就算以太坊生态并没有那样做,对吧,如果你设想一个以太坊生态假设靠侧链来扩容,那你就会有 100 个 Polygon 那样的副本,它们各自有自己的代币,各自有自己的链,所以即使其中每一条链的扩容能力只跟以太坊一样,你知道,它们加起来的总量还是会是以太坊的 100倍,好。嗯,那么现在我想说一些站在 Polygon 这边的话,为了对他们公平一点,我,我真的
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1:22:08
say in polygons favor just to be very fair to them like i i i really you know i i definitely really you know respect the work that they're doing so you know start with the um a bit with that word of uh not criticism caution right like it's um that they made this kind of deliberate trade-off for very pragmatic reasons which is that the ethereum ecosystem needs to scale now and there are applications that want to do something now and you know if there aren't ethereum friendly options for them then like they're not going to just wait peacefully and do nothing for 12 months you know they're going to go to you know either binance smart chain or you know one of some other system or potentially something that just has totally no alignment with ethereum values whatsoever um but whereas you know with paul with polygon like the best thing that you can say in polygons favor and against optimism is that you know optimism is not live and polygonal is life right like it just takes more work to create a system that has
我确实非常尊重他们正在做的工作,所以先把这句话放在前面,嗯,这算不上批评而是提醒,对吧,就是说,嗯,他们是出于非常务实的理由,刻意做了这种取舍,也就是以太坊生态现在就需要扩容,而且现在就有应用想做点事情,如果没有对以太坊友好的选择给他们,那他们不会乖乖等上 12 个月什么都不做,他们会跑去要么币安智能链,要么其他某个系统,或者可能是某个跟以太坊价值观完全不搭边的东西。嗯,而在 Polygon 这边,最能替Polygon 说话、也最不利于 Optimism 的一点就是,Optimism 还没上线,而 Polygon 已经上线了,对吧,就是说,要做出一个带有 Rollup 这些额外安全特性的系统,需要更多工作,所以 Polygon 就说,我们来做那个做务实
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1:23:09
these extra roll-ups uh security features and so polygon just said we're gonna be the system that makes the pragmatic tradeoff we're gonna go you know functionality first and then you know we can talk about adding back the security later so i've talked to them and like in principle i think they're very you know open to the idea of like adding more more security and at least becoming more uh becoming a roll up or at least you know adding a polygon chain let's say roll up at some point in the future which is definitely something i think they yeah you know absolutely should follow through one but like the fact that like they exist now and so you know applications can kind of bootstrap now on a chain that you know even though it's security isn't perfect at least it exists and people can go use it um and then over time you know the chain matures as the applications mature like units i think of a very reasonable strategy and i'm definitely really happy that they're part of the ecosystem yeah it's kind of interesting the
取舍的系统,我们先把功能做出来,然后安全性可以以后再谈怎么补回来我跟他们聊过,原则上我觉得他们非常,你知道,愿意接受增加更多安全性的想法,至少往那个方向走,呃,变成一个 Rollup,或者至少,你知道,在未来某个时候加上一条 Polygon 的Rollup 链,我觉得这绝对是他们,嗯,你知道,绝对应该落实的事情但关键是,他们现在就存在了,所以应用现在就可以在一条链上起步,虽然它的安全性并不完美,但至少它存在,人们可以去用,嗯,然后随着时间推移,这条链会成熟,就像应用也在成熟一样,我觉得这是一个非常合理的策略,我也确实很高兴他们是这个生态的一部分。是啊,挺有意思的,加密货币的历史里一直有这种张力:真正好的想法很难实现,所以要
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1:24:09
history of cryptocurrency has this um tension of really good ideas that are hard to implement so they take longer to implement and ideas that are not as good but are faster to implement this is like the story of like you have like javascript that basically took over the world because it was quick to implement within 10 days and then like later kept fixing itself i i don't know what to make of that sort of from an engineering perspective i'm more and more becoming comfortable and accepting the fact that our whole world will run a technology that's not as good as it could have been just because the crappy solution is faster to implement and it sticks what do you make of that tension i think the compromise that we've been taking within ethereum is like when we have to take the crappy solution we look for crappy solutions that are forward compatible with becoming good over time right like when you build the the quick and dirty thing like you you would still already have ideas in your head about
花更长时间才能落地,而不那么好的想法却能更快实现。这就像 JavaScript 的故事,它基本上靠着十天就能实现的速度占领了世界,然后后来一直在给自己打补丁。我,我不知道从工程角度该怎么看这件事。我越来越能坦然接受这样一个事实:我们整个世界将会运行在一种本可以更好、却并没有那么好的技术之上,仅仅因为那个糙一点的方案更快实现,然后就固化下来了你怎么看这种张力?我觉得我们在以太坊内部采取的折中是,当我们不得不选那个糙的方案时,我们会去找那种向前兼容、能随时间变好的糙方案,对吧,就是说当你做那个又快又脏的东西时,你脑子里其实已经有想法,知道那个更完整、
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1:25:13
you know what the the more complete thing with all the security features added on would look like right even if it requires a hard fork um yes like even so you know like for example we're sharding right like well yeah i think it's likely that the first version of chardonnay that comes out like is not going to have you know zk snarks and data availability sampling for example but we know what these technologies are we feel like we you know have wrapped our heads around them and so we know how to build a system where we can put all the pieces in place so that it becomes very easy to bolt those components on in the future uh so like if you do things that way right then at the beginning you can have your system that has the functionality but say has less security or like less sustainability or less of something else but then over time like it's designed in such a way that it has this easy on on-ramp to adding those things right and if you don't think explicitly about like being future compatible then
把所有安全特性都加上的版本会长什么样,对吧,哪怕那需要一次硬分叉。嗯,是的,就算这样,比如分片就是这样,对吧,嗯,是的,我觉得很可能第一版上线的分片并不是比如说 zk-SNARK 和数据可用性采样,但我们知道这些技术是什么我们觉得自己已经把它们想明白了,所以我们知道该怎么去构建一个系统,把所有部件都提前安排到位这样将来要把那些组件接上去就会非常容易,所以如果你是按这种方式来做事的话一开始你的系统可以具备这些功能,但可能安全性差一点,或者可持续性差一点,或者别的方面弱一点但随着时间推移,因为它的设计方式,它有一条很顺畅的路径可以把那些东西加进来。而如果你不明确地去考虑未来兼容性这件事,那你往往就会搞出一个又快又糙的方案,把自己逼进
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1:26:09
you do often end up with a a quick and dirty solution that backs you into a corner and then there are definitely cases where like i think the ethereum ecosystem has suffered from that and we have had to like expand pretty significant effort on for example removing features that we didn't realize that we actually can't sustain like one big example is just increasing the yeah the gas costs so like making some operations more expensive when they uh because they should be expensive because they actually take a lot of time in the process and um so that's you know making a thing some things more expensive kind of like taking some functionality away um so if you can like be cognizant of where you're likely going into the future and if you don't know like even be cognizant of both the most likely paths that you'll take in the future and coming like thinking about your road map and coming up with a road map where you know that like if you wants to do either of those things then you have a clean path toward it
死胡同。确实有一些情况,我觉得以太坊生态就吃过这个亏,我们不得不花相当大的力气,比如去移除那些我们当初没意识到其实撑不住的功能,一个很大的例子就是提高 gas 成本,也就是让某些操作变得更贵因为它们本来就该更贵,因为它们在处理过程中确实要花很多时间。所以这就是把一些东西变得更贵,某种程度上也相当于拿掉了一部分功能。所以如果你能清楚地意识到自己未来大概会走向哪里,而如果你不确定的话,那就把未来最可能走的几条路都考虑进去然后去思考你的路线图,制定出一个路线图,让你知道如果将来想做其中任何一件事,都有一条干净的路径可以走,这大概就是我们目前能做到的、兼顾两者的最实际的办法
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09合并:信标链吞并工作量证明
1:27:06
that's probably the best kind of practical way to get the best of both worlds that we have okay let's talk about this uh wonderful process of merging okay so there's the main net which is the ethereum 1.0 chain or the ch what should we say the chain that uses proof of work as a consensus mechanism and then there is uh what is it called the the beacon chain that uses the uh the proof of stake mechanism and i believe the beacon has been deployed successfully is is working so that was in december 2020 there's a bunch of questions around that that's fascinating as well but i think the most fascinating question is um it's about merging those two when do the two chains one that's proof of work one that's proof of stake merge and what are the most difficult parts of this process right so i guess you've said right the way that we if i set up this proof of stake transition is that at first the proof of stake chain just launches on its own right and this is the thing that happened in december and the proof of stake chain
好,我们来聊聊合并这个奇妙的过程。现在有主网,也就是以太坊 1.0 链,或者怎么说呢,就是用工作量证明作为共识机制的那条链,然后还有一条叫信标链,用的是权益证明机制。我记得信标链已经成功部署并且在正常运行了,那是在 2020 年 12 月。围绕这个有一堆问题,也都很有意思,但我觉得最有意思的问题是关于这两条链的合并:这两条链,一条��工作量证明一条是权益证明,什么时候会合并?这个过程中最困难的部分是什么?对,我想你说过,我们设计这次权益证明转型的方式是:一开始权益证明链先自己单独上线这就是 12 月发生的事,到现在权益证明链已经运行了将近六个月。我是说等大家看到
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1:28:23
has been running for close to six months uh now um i mean by the time people watch this it might actually be six months um and but it isn't actually coming to consensus on anything except for itself right so the idea behind that is to just give the proof of stake chain time to mature time for people to build the ecosystem around it time to make sure that there aren't any bugs um and just like prove to the community that you know proof of stake actually is real and it's and a full transition is realistic because you know the thing that you're transitioning to already exists and already works and then at some point in the future you have this event called the merge where you basically take the activity that's being done inside of the proof of work chain and you actually move it over into the proof of stake chain so you get rid of the proof of work side completely uh so the way that the merge will work is um and it's definitely gone through a few different iterations like the the earlier versions of this
这期节目的时候,可能真的就满六个月了。但它其实除了对自身之外,并没有对任何东西达成共识这么做的想法就是给权益证明链时间去成熟,给大家时间围绕它建生态有时间确认没有 bug,也算是向社区证明:权益证明是真实可行的,完整转型是现实的,因为你要转过去的那个东西已经存在、而且已经在运转了然后在未来某个时间点,会有一个叫“合并”的事件,基本上就是把工作量证明链里正在进行的活动,真正搬到权益证明链上去,从而彻底摆脱工作量证明那一侧。合并的运作方式嘛,它确实经历了好几个不同的版本早期的版本其实对用户和客户端来说工作量更大,更像是
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1:29:24
actually required more work for users and more work for clients it was much more like oh there's this new chain there's this old chain and then everyone has to like migrate from the old chain to the new chain and then at some point we'll forget about the old chin the new version is designed to be much more seamless for users right so basically what actually happens is that the old chain basically becomes embedded inside the new chain right so at starting from the merge transition block every proof of stake chain block is going to contain a block of the what what we consider now to what we consider to be the ethereum chain today but we'll call it the execution chain and then at the same time to create one of these blocks you're not going to need proof of work anymore right so basically at the same time you would both get rid of the proof of work requirements for one of these blocks to be valid but instead you require these blocks to be embedded inside of the proof of stake blocks right so
“有一条新链、有一条旧链,然后所有人都得从旧链迁移到新链,然后到某个时候我们就把旧链忘掉”。而新版本的设计对用户来说要无缝得多基本上实际发生的情况是,旧链会被嵌入到新链里面从合并转换区块开始,每一个权益证明链的区块,都会包含一个我们今天所认为的以太坊链的区块不过我们会把它叫做执行链。同时,要创建这样一个区块,你就不再需要工作量证明了。所以基本上在同一时刻,你既去掉了工作量证明这个让区块有效的条件,又要求这些区块必须嵌入在权益证明区块里面
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1:30:21
you basically have like a chain inside a chain and this is you know from an architecture perspective it's you know you might think it's a little bit sub-optimal but it actually has some nice properties and makes it easier to kind of think about the consensus and think about the what we call the execution layer like transactions and contracts kind of separately and upgrade them separately um and it also just means that the upgrade process is extremely seamless right because from the point of view of a client that's following the chain you basically have to up update nothing right you're still following the same chain and follows the same rules except instead of checking proof of work you'll switch to checking that these blocks are embedded inside of blocks of the proof statute so there'll be this merge block that will mark this transition and over time i guess the the new chain will contain the full record of all the transactions that's ever happened on the previous chain on the old chain so like maybe i'm
所以基本上就是链中有链。从架构角度看你可能觉得这有点不够优雅,但它其实有一些很好的特性,让人更容易把共识层和我们所说的执行层,也就是交易和合约,分开来思考并分别升级。而且这也意味着升级过程极其无缝,因为从一个跟随链的客户端的角度看,你基本上什么都不用改,你还是在跟着同一条链、遵循同样的规则,只不过不再检查工作量证明,而是改成检查这些区块是否嵌入在权益证明的区块里面。所以会有这么一个合并区块来标记这次转变。随着时间推移,我猜新链会包含此前那条旧链上发生过的所有交易的完整记录。也许我这个问题有点傻
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1:31:19
asking a dumb question here but in in this process is the new chain going to have all the information of the past transactions the new chain is not going to hold information from what happened in the ethereum chain before the merge right so like ethereum clients of the um that um people are going to use like around the time of the merchants soon after the merge they're probably just going to sync you know like and check the proof of work chain up to the merge and then they're going to check the proof of stake chain but at some point in the future i think people will just stop bothering checking the proof of work before the merge got it so that old history information is not important for the future or like if you're operating actively on the on the new chain that history is not important to you it's not impo let's see so it's not strictly important for um app for just like in any like smart contract or just like applications that run on the blockchain it can be important to users and it can
但在这个过程中,新链会拥有过去所有交易的全部信息吗新链不会保存合并之前以太坊链上发生的那些信息所以在合并前后那段时间大家会用的以太坊客户端很可能只是同步并检查工作量证明链直到合并那个点,然后再去检查权益证明链。但我觉得到了未来某个时候,大家干脆就不再费劲去检查合并之前的工作量证明部分了。明白了,所以那些旧的历史信息对未来不重要,或者说如果你是在新链上活跃地操作,那段历史对你不重要。也不是不重要……我想想,应该说它不是严格必需的,对于任何智能合约、或者跑在区块链上的应用来说它对用户可能是重要的,对某些应用也可能是重要的,但我们基本上是说
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1:32:22
be important for some applications but we're basically saying that like maintaining and serving that is not going to be simultaneously the responsibility of every ethereum node if you want that information there can be separate protocols for backing it up and like these other protocols actually exist right like there's something called the graph which is doing some history retrieval potentially you can just take that entire chain and stick it on bit torrent like there's lots of ways to like archive it and create kind of customized search protocols for it so what's your sense why so there's a python 2 in python 3 and it took 4 ever for people to switch what's your sense why this merge has been taking longer than perhaps was expected i think the biggest reason is just you know we've been underestimating the technical complexity there's a lot of technical complexity in making a successful proof of stake chain there's a lot of technical complexity in actually figuring out the transition process
维护和提供这些数据,不会同时成为每一个以太坊节点的责任。如果你想要那些信息,可以有专门的协议去做备份,而且这类协议其实已经存在了,比如有个东西叫 The Graph,它在做一些历史数据检索。你甚至可以把整条链拿去挂到 BitTorrent 上有很多办法可以归档它,并为它建立定制化的检索协议。那你觉得为什么……就像Python 2 和 Python 3,大家花了超级久才切换过去。你觉得为什么这次合并花的时间比可能预想的要长?我觉得最大的原因就是,我们一直低估了技术上的复杂度要做出一条成功的权益证明链有很多技术复杂性,而要真正想清楚整个转型过程也有很多技术复杂性。所以这比社会层面的复杂性更大?也就是说技术上的
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1:33:20
there's so that's bigger than social complexity so it's uh the technical complexity you would say is the bigger reason for the any delays than the social complexity i i actually think so i and i i think we've been very fortunate to not have too much social complexity around the merge so not much drama no um i think the the biggest part of the reason is just because we have been talking about proof of stake in charting as being part of the road map since um almost the very beginning of the project right like the very first proof-of-stake blog post does from january 2014 which was you know um two months after the project started and like maybe even a day after the announcement um so you know it was proof of stake was not something that we uh kind of put on any on anybody by surprise and then when the dow fork happened and you know the people on the edc side split off i think it also just happens that a lot of the people that were not willing to stomach the dow fork and then join the etc side
复杂性才是造成延期的更主要原因,而不是社会层面的复杂性?我确实这么认为我觉得我们挺幸运的,围绕合并并没有太多社会层面的复杂性。所以没什么狗血戏码?没有。我觉得最主要的原因是,我们从项目几乎最开始的时候,就一直在说权益证明和分片是路线图的一部分。比如第一篇关于权益证明的博客文章是 2014 年 1 月发的,那是项目启动后两个月,甚至可能就在公告发布后一天。所以权益证明并不是我们突然扔给谁的一个意外然后当 DAO 分叉发生、ETC 那边的人分出去的时候,我觉得也刚好是,很多不愿意接受 DAO 分叉、转而加入 ETC 那边的人,他们本来就更偏比特币派
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1:34:20
they were the more bitcoiny types and the more bitcoiny types do also tends to like like proof of work more and so like that also sort of ended up you know sort of like purifying the communities on both sides i guess so ethereum classic is not switching to proof of stake and you know they're happy with their setup and by the time that uh you know it came through the beacon chain launching ends and now i think the community is there's very strongly in favor of the proof of stake switch but let me ask the question that no engineer wants to hear which is uh the question of timeline when do you think the merge will happen do you have a sense it might happen this year dear sense it might be pushed towards next year 2022 um or uh or even beyond um i think early 2022 was like the most realistic there's i think there's definitely still like an optimistic case of it happening this year but like the realistic thing to count on is definitely the early part of very early part of next year is there specific things that stand out to you
而更偏比特币的人通常也更喜欢工作量证明,所以这某种程度上也算是把两边的社区都“提纯”了。所以以太坊经典不会转向权益证明他们对自己现在这套很满意。等到信标链上线之后到现在,我觉得社区非常强烈地支持转向权益证明。但我要问一个所有工程师都不想听的问题,就是时间表的问题:你觉得合并什么时候会发生?你觉得可能今年就发生吗?还是会推到明年 2022 年,甚至更晚?我觉得 2022 年初是最现实的。我认为乐观情况下今年发生仍然是有可能的,但真正现实、值得指望的肯定是明年很早的时候。有没有一些具体的事情,是你觉得
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1:35:33
that are like do they'll make you feel good about progress if you see it happening um so the thing that we had last month is that we had this online hackathon called rayonism where basically a bunch of uh the different uh client developers that are going to be part of the transition like hacks together some test nets of the post-merge ethereum chain so these were only test nets of what would happen after the merge they were not test nets of the transition itself so the thing that people are working on now actually is the transition um so having a full specification of both the transition and post transition i mean we have specifications now but like in a realistic way though probably needs to have a couple of changes and have things that continue to be ironed out and then have a yet test net that does both the transition and the post transition and then like once you have a test network then you just have to do a lot of testing and audit it um and then you know do some runs on not just a
看到它发生,你就会对进展感觉不错的?我们上个月搞了一个线上黑客松,叫 Rayonism,基本上就是一群将要参与这次转型的不同客户端开发者一起拼出了几个合并后以太坊链的测试网。所以这些只是“合并之后会是什么样”的测试网,并不是转型过程本身的测试网。所以大家现在真正在做的,其实就是转型这部分。所以要有转型过程和转型之后两方面的完整规范,我是说我们现在是有规范,但要真正落地的话可能还需要做一些改动,还有些东西要继续打磨。然后要有一个测试网,能同时跑通转型和转型之后的状态。一旦有了测试网,接下来就是做大量测试和审计。然后不只是在专门的测试网上跑,还要在比如 Ropsten、
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1:36:37
specialized test network but on say an existing test network like a rob center rinkeby that ethereum people already significantly use and if it works then you can deploy the transition on mainnet just as a quick comment because this is fascinating in august of last year there was this uh medalla i believe it's pronounced madasha it's a south american subway station i forget where but spell with two l's yeah yeah because that's you know that's how spanish works right like the two else have uh dasha yeah okay cool anyway but i read about it in uh middle of august august 14th there was an incident on that test net um what how does this process work like what do you learn from those kinds of incidents when stuff goes wrong in the test process um i think uh that incidence was that there was a consensus failure of some kindness i remember um basically just different clients interpreting things in different ways and then one of them getting kicked off the network and then it ended up taking a while to
Rinkeby 这种以太坊用户已经在大量使用的现有测试网上跑。如果能跑通,那就可以在主网上部署这次转型了顺便插一句,因为这事挺有意思:去年八月有个叫 Medalla 的,我猜发音是 Medalla,它是南美的一个地铁站,具体在哪儿我忘了,拼写里有两个 l。对对,因为西班牙语就是这样嘛,两个 l读成那个音。好,总之我读到过,八月中,8 月 14 日在那个测试网上出了一次事故。这个过程是怎么运作的?当测试过程中出问题时你们能从这类事故里学到什么?我记得那次事故好像是某种共识失败基本上就是不同客户端对同一件事的解释不一样,然后其中一个被踢出了网络结果花了挺长时间才让所有人重新上线。之所以花了好几周才解决
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1:37:42
actually like get everyone to get back online like a big part of the reason why it took weeks to resolve right is because it's on a test network like the coins are valueless and so there's not really this big push of any kind for people to actually you know going down with a new client so they can start participating again and so you know it definitely took a while until the chain started finalizing again um but and then also like there was i think another round of just not finalizing in october as i remember um that i mean there were definitely things that we learned like there were a lot of things especially that client developers just learned about like optimization and how to build their clients in a way that they can process things efficiently um there's a lot that we learned from just like seeing the full life cycle of what happens when more than a third of the validators go offline and then finalization stops and then that kind of weird unusual state of the chain continues for a while and then
很大一部分原因是那是在测试网上,币没有价值,所以并没有什么强烈的动力驱使大家赶紧换上新客户端、好重新参与进来。所以确实花了挺久,链才重新开始最终确定。而且我记得十月份好像还有过一轮无法最终确定的情况我们确实从中学到了一些东西,尤其是客户端开发者学到了很多关于优化、以及怎么把客户端做得能高效处理各种情况的经验。我们也从完整地看到“超过三分之一的验证者掉线然后最终确定停止,链进入那种奇怪的非正常状态并持续一段时间
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1:38:44
eventually everyone who is not participating just gets enough of their stake like we don't use the word swash we use the word weak for this but like basically also burned um until you know the people who are participating go back up to two thirds and then the chain goes back to finalizing so just seeing all of those edge cases play out live i think actually helped a lot and probably helped to really contribute to making us feel better about midnight i mean there's also an incident just recently in april 24th of 2021 where uh this was on beacon i guess there was a bug discovered in the software client prism that prevented roughly 70 percent of validators on the network from producing blocks i mean maybe you can comment on what happened but broadly like the big picture what kind of stuff are you worried about in terms of problems that might arise we're talking about small bugs i were talking about like emergent social unexpected social bugs you know what are the things that worry about the future of ethereum
接着所有没参与的人的质押被扣掉足够多——我们不用 slash 这个词,我们用的是 leak但基本上也是被销毁掉——直到还在参与的人重新占到三分之二链就恢复最终确定”这整个生命周期中学到了很多。亲眼看到所有这些边缘情况真实上演,我觉得帮助很大,也确实让我们对主网更有信心了。另外最近还有一次事故就在 2021 年 4 月 24 日,我想那是在信标链上,Prysm 这个客户端软件里发现了一个 bug导致网络上大约 70% 的验证者无法出块。也许你可以讲讲当时发生了什么,但更宏观地说,你担心可能出现哪类问题?我们说的是小 bug,还是说那种涌现出来的、意料之外的社会性 bug?有哪些事情是你对以太坊的未来感到担心的
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1:39:50
that you want to make sure you construct mechanisms that prevent those things from happening so one of the lucky things there was that this particular bug only prevented proposals of blocks it did not prevent attestations right so at the stations is just a mechanism for voting on blocks and it's the attestations that are actually responsible for the chain finalizing so like coming to this more permanent agreement on blocks right so the chain was actually quite stable all the way through um the i think the thing that we generally learned from these experience experiences is just how valuable it is to have the some multi-client network right so this is one of these areas where i think ethereum distinguishes itself from like bitcoin for example right that in ethereum we don't have one single client that that everyone um just runs right there's multiple implementations of the protocol and these multiple implementations they're they all process and verify the blocks that each other can you know verify right so they all speak
是你想确保设计出相应机制来防止它们发生的?那次比较走运的一点是这个特定的 bug 只影响了区块的提议,并没有影响证明(attestation)。证明只是一个对区块投票的机制,而真正让链最终确定的正是这些证明,也就是对区块达成更永久的一致。所以整个过程中链其实相当稳定。我觉得我们从这些经历中普遍学到的一点,就是拥有一个多客户端网络有多么有价值这正是我觉得以太坊区别于比特币这类项目的地方之一:在以太坊里,我们没有一个所有人都在跑的单一客户端,协议有多个实现,而这些不同的实现都能处理并验证彼此产出的区块,也就是说它们说的是
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1:40:53
the same language now sometimes when there's a bug they disagree right and when two clients disagree because of a bug we call this a consensus failure and consensus failures are pretty serious right and when you have um clients monoculture like bitcoin does then like it's more rare to have consensus failures do you still have them actually bitcoin had a consensus failure between two different versions of the same client back in 2013 um but they're less likely to happen but the interesting thing is that the multi-client architecture has actually i think saved ethereum much more than it's heard it so even in this most recent incidents right like prism was not producing blocks but all the other clients were still producing blocks um there's four others right yes it's a prism nimbus teku and the white house um and then also ethereum back in 2016 had this fun event that we call the shanghai dos attacks uh they're called that because uh the attacks started like right on the first day of a of our annual conference at defcon that
同一种语言。当然有时候出现 bug,它们就会产生分歧。当两个客户端因为 bug 而产生分歧我们把这叫做共识失败,而共识失败是相当严重的。当你像比特币那样是客户端单一文化的时候共识失败就比较罕见——不过还是会有,比特币其实也发生过一次共识2013 年同一个客户端的两个不同版本之间出过一次故障,嗯,但这类事情发生的概率比较低,不过有意思的是,多客户端架构其实——我认为——给以太坊带来的好处远远大于它造成的麻烦所以即便是在最近这次事故里,对吧,Prism 没能出块,但其他所有客户端都还在正常出块嗯,还有另外四个客户端对吧,对,有 Prism、Nimbus、Teku,还有 White House(Lighthouse),嗯,然后以太坊在 2016 年还遇到过一个很有意思的事件,我们叫它「上海 DoS 攻击」,之所以这么叫,是因为攻击正好是在我们年度大会开幕的第一天开始的,那年的 Devcon 刚好在上海举办,所以当时发生的事情基本上是这样:
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1:41:57
happens to be in shanghai that year so what happened like basically was that someone came up with a way to create blocks that were very slow for one clients to process but not the other client so at that time there were basically two ethereum clients there were they were called geth and parity um right now i think the top three ones are gath nethermind and baso um but what happened as a result of us having two clients is that the attacker was just not able to come up with blocks that both clients were like uh completely failing at processing and so like a lot of the miners and a lot of network participants they just kept on switching between the two implementations depending on which one worked and that actually really helped the the chain i kind of survived through that month of attacks as the attacker just like kept on hammering at our system and identifying all of the weaknesses and just like forcing our clients to do this you know rapid sprint of just like optimizing the hell out of everything and make sure
有人想出了一种方法,可以构造出让某一个客户端处理起来非常慢、而另一个客户端却没事的区块当时以太坊基本上只有两个客户端,叫做 Geth 和 Parity,嗯,现在我觉得排在前三的是 Geth、Nethermind 和 Besu,嗯,但因为我们有两个客户端,结果就是攻击者始终没办法构造出能让两个客户端同时彻底卡死的区块,于是很多矿工和很多网络参与者就在这两个实现之间来回切换,哪个能正常工作就用哪个,这其实真的帮了大忙,整条链算是熬过了那一个月的攻击,攻击者就一直在猛捶我们的系统,把所有弱点一个个找出来,等于是逼着我们的客户端来了一场急行军式的冲刺,把所有东西都优化到极致,并确保不再有那种所谓的「粉尘区块」
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1:42:57
there aren't any of those uh dust blocks or uh and dust bugs remaining um so that was another example and then like as a counterpoint as a counter example so like something that also shows the point from the other side um bitcoin had this bug in 2010 right the balance overflow bug basically someone created a transaction that had two outputs and those outputs had were both of a few billion bitcoin so like about two to the power of 63 satoshis and then if you add those numbers together you you go above to the power of 64.
或者说粉尘漏洞残留下来,嗯,所以这是另一个例子,然后再说一个反面的例子,也就是从另一个角度印证这个观点的例子,嗯,比特币在 2010 年出过一个 bug,对吧,就是余额溢出漏洞,基本上是有人构造了一笔有两个输出的交易,而这两个输出各自都是几十亿个比特币,差不多是 2 的63 次方聪,然后你把这两个数加起来,就会超过 2 的 64 次方
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1:43:31
and of course you know computers like once you go above to the power of 64 you wrap around and so the bitcoin nodes thought that there was enough money to pay for the transaction because it was asking for let's say like a billion satoshis or something but actually it was asking for to the power of 64 plus a billion and so you know the attacker just managed to create like billions of bitcoin out of thin air and this was not only discovered and fixed after something like 12 hours um but you know if there had been like if bitcoin had been a multiple implementation system then what would have almost certainly happened is like one of the clients would have bugged out but the other clients would have probably you know actually had a check for that right and so there would have been a consensus failure but at least that would have um like alerted everyone that there is a problem very quickly and it also would have given everyone just like obvious social permission to go and you know pick which whichever one of the
当然你知道,计算机一旦超过 2 的 64 次方就会回绕,于是比特币节点就以为有足够的钱来支付这笔交易,因为它看起来只是在要,比方说 10 亿聪之类的,但实际上它要的是 2 的 64 次方加上 10 亿,所以你知道,攻击者就这么凭空造出了几十亿个比特币,而这个问题一直到大概 12 个小时后才被发现并修复嗯,但你知道,如果当时——如果比特币是一个多实现的系统,那么几乎可以肯定会发生的情况是:其中一个客户端会出 bug,但另一些客户端很可能真的会对这一点做检查,对吧,那样确实会出现共识失败,但至少那会很快地提醒所有人出了问题,而且它也会给所有人一个明摆着的社会共识授权,让大家去挑出两条链里
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1:44:29
chains is correct and solve the problem um so like that's i think a big learning that we've had from multiple of our experiences in the ethereum ecosystem just like validating this multi-client model you know to be fair it's a model that we get criticized for a lot right like bitcoin people talk about you know the risk of consensus failures that this creates um vc types are like well you know isn't it expensive and wasteful to funds three software teams where you could just be making you know one quote focused effort you know they love the word focused and like you know ethereum is not that but it's amazing despite not being that yeah um the basically yes so that was interesting and and then you know there have definitely been other learnings as well just from like seeing the chain live and you know seeing what actually is the staking experience like what are the actual incentives for all the different participants um so i definitely feel like we're gaining a lot from this sort of one year of uh
哪一条是正确的,然后把问题解决掉,嗯,所以我认为这是我们从以太坊生态中多次经历里学到的一个重要教训,正好印证了这个多客户端模型,你知道,公平地说,这个模型也没少挨批评,对吧,比如比特币的人会说这会带来共识失败的风险,嗯,VC 那类人会说,同时资助三个软件团队不是既贵又浪费吗,你本来可以只做一个所谓「专注」的努力,你知道他们最爱这套“专注”这个词——你知道,以太坊并不是那样的,但尽管不是那样,它依然很了不起,是啊,嗯,基本上就是这样,所以那挺有意思的然后呢,你知道,确实还有其他一些收获,就是从看着这条链实际运行中得到的你知道,看看实际的质押体验是什么样的,各类参与者真正的激励是什么,嗯所以我确实觉得,在我们真正让整个以太坊都依赖它之前,先用大约一年时间试运行这条链,我们从中收获了很多
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10为何需要以太坊而非只有比特币
1:45:30
trial running the chain before we actually make all of ethereum depend on it let me ask uh perhaps a strange question but uh you know proponents of bitcoin will say uh things like bitcoin fixes everything so why do we need ethereum uh versus like bitcoin plus lightning network for scalability uh and then using bitcoin for with this proof of work for security so in this kind of um it is perhaps sort of a strange question but it's a high-level question why do we need another technology yes there's a bunch of nice features but like doesn't bitcoin fix everything already so and the thing that always attracted me about bitcoin is you know these values of you know decentralization creating these open provisional systems that anyone can participate in and that aren't just going to flop over and die if whoever created them gets bored and like no that are resistance to like whoever runs them breaking the rules and all of these things right and i think that pretty strongly that these principles are
让我问一个也许有点奇怪的问题,不过,你知道,比特币的支持者会说,比特币能解决一切问题,那我们为什么还需要以太坊呢?相比之下,为什么不用比特币加闪电网络来做扩容然后用比特币的工作量证明来提供安全性呢?所以在这个意义上,这也许算是个奇怪的问题但这是个高层次的问题:我们为什么需要另一种技术?确实它有一堆不错的特性,但比特币不是已经把一切都解决了吗所以,一直吸引我关注比特币的,是那些价值观,你知道,去中心化,创造出开放的、无需许可的系统,任何人都能参与,而且不会因为创造它的人厌倦了就直接垮掉、消亡而且,不会——它们能抵抗运营者破坏规则之类的所有这些情况,对吧我相当强烈地认为,这些原则是真正有效的,而且其重要性远远不止于货币这一件事,对吧,比如说
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1:46:39
like really valid in importance to much more things than just money right like bitcoin is uh the blockchain for money and ethereum is uh built from the start as a general purpose blockchain right it's you know there is ether the asset on ethereum but then you can also make you know decentralized financial things what we call d5 today um you know you can make like ens the decentralized domain name system um you can put make prediction markets on it you can make totally non-financial systems that just like keep track of whether or not some certificate was signed or whether or not some like cryptographic key got revoked there's this big long list of like just interesting things that you could use about blockchains to do right like basically they are sort of the missing piece that um where without them the kinds of things that a decentralized computer network can do is very limited and once you have them you know a lot of those limitations end up going away uh and so ethereum was like always from the
比特币是用于货币的区块链,而以太坊从一开始就是作为通用区块链来构建的,对吧,你知道以太坊上有以太这个资产,但你还可以做,你知道,去中心化的金融应用,也就是我们今天说的 DeFi嗯,你知道,你可以做像 ENS 这样的去中心化域名系统,嗯,你可以在上面搭建预测市场你可以做完全非金融性的系统,比如只是追踪某个证书是否被签名过,或者某个密码学密钥是否已被撤销,有一长串有意思的事情,你可以利用区块链来做,对吧,基本上它们算是那块缺失的拼图,嗯,没有它们的话一个去中心化的计算机网络所能做的事情就非常有限,而一旦你有了它们,你知道,很多这些限制就都消失了所以以太坊从一开始就是关于这个的,对吧,就是说,嘿,这不只是钱的事,如果你能直接
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1:47:41
beginning about that right it's about like hey this isn't just money this is there's so much more that you could do if you could just go ahead and make any infrastructure or you know digital institution or dao or whatever you want to call it where you the kind of the base layer of the logic is just executed in this open and transparent way where everyone can see what's going on or you know if you like your zero knowledge proofs at least everyone can see proofs that prove to you that what's going on follows the rules um and you don't need to like just constantly keep trusting centralized actors and hence the smart contracts exactly as being a sort of a core technology as part of ethereum yes exactly smart contracts the computer programs that are running on ethereum they are like the core of what makes ethereum general purpose yeah um so i think like i do think that you know there's a lot more that wrong with the world than just money right like i'm not one of these people who thinks that
去搭建任何基础设施,或者你知道,数字化的机构,或者 DAO或者随便你怎么称呼它,那你能做的事情要多得多,在这些系统里,逻辑的底层是以一种公开透明的方式执行的,每个人都能看到发生了什么,或者你知道,如果你喜欢零知识证明的话,至少每个人都能看到证明,这些证明向你证实正在发生的事情是符合规则的,嗯,而你不需要一直不断地去信任中心化的参与方,所以智能合约也就顺理成章,正是作为以太坊的一项核心技术是的,没错,智能合约,就是运行在以太坊上的计算机程序,它们可以说是让以太坊成为通用平台的核心,是啊,嗯,所以我确实认为,你知道,这个世界上出问题的地方远不止货币,对吧,我不属于那种认为,你知道,只要废除法定货币、换成加密货币
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1:48:39
you know if you get rid of fiat currency and you replace it with cryptocurrency then suddenly wars are going to go away right because like first of all um you know like senoraj revenue is only a small portion of government revenue right it's like what five ten percent something like that second of all like if you are the sort of um this is one of the things i don't even get about their philosophy like let's say you're the sort of person who is a like an extreme and very distrusting libertarian and you think that these governments are terrible right like we we know today that governments find a combination of you know things like welfare and things like you know the military that you know goes and like bombs people in afghanistan right and the so the question you have to ask is like okay you um with your new um you know magic newfangled cyber currency that takes over the world take away the government's ability to have seniors revenue and so you reduce the government's revenue by 10 if the government is that evil which
战争就会突然消失的人,对吧,因为,首先,嗯,你知道,铸币税收入只占政府财政收入的一小部分,对吧,大概就百分之五到十这样,其次,如果你是那种,嗯,这是其中之一他们那套哲学里有些东西我根本理解不了,比如说你是那种极端的、非常不信任政府的自由意志主义者,你觉得这些政府糟透了,对吧,我们今天都知道,政府的支出是各种东西的组合,比如福利这类东西,还有军队这类东西,就是那种跑去轰炸阿富汗人的东西,对吧,所以你必须问的问题是,好吧,你用你那个新的、你懂的、神奇新潮的网络货币,让它席卷全世界,剥夺了政府获取铸币税收入的能力,于是你把政府的收入减少了 10%,如果政府真有那么邪恶,它会从哪一部分开支里砍掉这 10% 呢?它会停止轰炸阿富汗人,
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1:49:39
portion of its um expenses is it going to take that 10 from is it gonna stop the bombing people in afghanistan or is it going to cut welfare if you think it's the first you have a very optimistic view of the government right so that's i guess my perspective on like why the whole um you know we're going to save the world and create and uh create peace by like denying governments the right to stealth taxation kind of perspective doesn't really make much sense for me and i do think that there is real value that comes from a decentralized and open currency like just the fact that there is a financial infrastructure that anyone in the world can you know go ahead and use right like it's and that's something that can easily be a big boon for people right there's a lot of places where the uh currency and is much less stable than the dollar and you know these people like they don't like well if they use bitcoin their only option is to get big ones right which you know are also pretty volatile um if they use ethereum then you know
还是会削减福利?如果你觉得是前者,那你对政府的看法可太乐观了,对吧,所以这大概就是我的看法,为什么那套「我们要拯救世界、创造并且通过剥夺政府隐性征税的权力来创造和平」的观点,在我看来真的说不太通,而我确实认为,一个去中心化、开放的货币能带来真正的价值,光是存在这样一个金融基础设施,世界上任何人都可以直接拿来用,对吧,这本身就很容易成为对人们的巨大福音,对吧,世界上有很多地方,当地货币远没有美元稳定,而这些人呢,他们不喜欢……好吧,如果他们用比特币,唯一的选择就是持有比特币,对吧,而比特币也相当波动;如果他们用以太坊,那他们可以持有以太币,但他们也可以持有稳定币,对吧,
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1:50:43
they can get ether but then they can also get stable coins right and you might think that you know oh you're not being ideologically pure now you're giving them stable coins which are mirroring dollars and obviously dollars are going to collapse too but the reality is that delvers are vastly more stable than the venezuelan bolivar so like there are really like meaningful and beneficial things that you can give to people by create having a global and open financial system but i think if you want to actually do that like you have to have much more than just a currency right and then if you want to go beyond financial things then you know you have to obviously have much more than a currency and then you know you also have to actually actually take scalability seriously because the non-financial applications like nobody's going to pay five dollars a transaction for them can we return to dogs sure no no no no no no no no the other one's categorically forbidden get categorical is there any cryptocurrency based on
你可能会想,哦,你这就不够意识形态纯粹了,你现在给他们的是锚定美元的稳定币,而美元显然也终将崩溃,但现实是,美元远比委内瑞拉的玻利瓦尔稳定得多,所以说,通过建立一个全球性的、开放的金融体系,你确实能给人们带来真正有意义、有益的东西,但我认为如果你真想做到这一点,你需要的远不止一种货币,对吧,而如果你想超越金融领域,那你显然需要的就更不只是一种货币了,而且你还必须真正认真对待可扩展性,因为那些非金融的应用,没人会为它们每笔交易付五美元。我们能回到狗的话题吗?当然可以,不不不不不不不不,另一个是绝对禁止的。绝对的。有没有基于猫的加密货币?其实我觉得是有的,比如
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1:51:44
cats actually i i think there are like was there was cat coin there was neon coin for some reason they just didn't catch on as much as the dog coins did okay so let's talk about dogecoin and elon musk elon said that quote ideally doge speeds up block time 10x increases block size 10x and drops fee 100x then it wins hands down end quote you said in the blog post partially responding to that that there are subtle technical reasons why this is not possible to this elon said that you quote fear the doge uh so let's talk about this what are the technical uh hurdles for dogecoin that prevent it from becoming one of the primary cryptocurrencies of the world and do you in fact fear the doge i definitely feel obligated to correct the record i definitely do not fear the dosh okay no i love the dosh um i actually visited the doge in japan a few years back it's uh she's an amazing dog he's still alive wait the original doge yeah oh wow um so you know we accept doge every every year for our annual def con
有过 cat coin,还有 nyan coin,但不知为什么它们就是没有狗币那么火。好,那我们来聊聊狗狗币和埃隆·马斯克。埃隆说,引用原话:理想情况下,狗狗币把出块时间加快 10 倍、区块大小提高 10 倍、把手续费降低 100 倍,那它就毫无悬念地赢了,引用结束。你在博客文章里部分回应了这一点,说有一些微妙的技术原因,使得这做不到。对此埃隆说你「畏惧狗狗币」。那我们来聊聊这个,狗狗币面临哪些技术障碍,让它无法成为世界上主要的加密货币之一?以及你是不是真的畏惧狗狗币?我真心觉得有必要澄清一下:我绝对不畏惧狗狗币。好的。不,我爱狗狗币,其实几年前我还去日本见过那只 Doge 本尊,她是只很棒的狗。它还活着?等等,就是那只原版 Doge?对,哇。所以你看,我们每年在我们的 Devcon 大会上都接受狗狗币支付,所以我绝对不认为以太坊跟狗币是对立的,我
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1:53:04
conferences um so and i definitely you know don't think ethereum is opposed to dot coins i mean like i kind of wants to feel like you know ethereum is at least a little bit in spirit itself a dog coin and then you know as i'm as i mentioned you know i love doge i bought i bought a bunch of doughs i still hold some a bunch of dosh the on the scalability question like the challenge basically is like the limits uh scalability as a and the trade-offs with centralization right like if you just increase the parameters without doing anything else then it just becomes more and more difficult for people to validate the chain and uh just becomes more likely that the chain becomes centralized and becomes vulnerable to all kinds of capture so does it need like some of the layer two technologies that we've been talking about um i mean i personally think that you know if doge wants to somehow bridge to ethereum and then people can trade doge thousands of times a second inside of loopering then you know that would be
是说,我某种程度上甚至觉得,以太坊在精神上自己至少也带点狗币的气质,然后就像我刚才说的,我爱狗狗币,我买过,我买过一堆狗狗币,现在还持有一些,挺多的。至于可扩展性的问题,挑战基本上在于可扩展性的极限,以及它跟中心化之间的权衡,对吧,就是说,如果你只是把参数调大,而不做别的任何事,那对人们来说验证这条链就会越来越难,链也越来越可能变得中心化,越来越容易受到各种攫取控制。那它是不是需要一些我们刚才聊到的二层技术?我是说,我个人觉得,如果狗狗币想以某种方式跨链桥接到以太坊,然后人们可以在 Loopring 之类的方案里每秒交易狗狗币几千次,那我觉得那会很棒。我是说,如果他们想直接采用 ZK Rollup 那样的技术,
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1:54:00
amazing i mean if they want to just like take zika roll up style technology and just have thousands of transactions a second on their own chain then that's um you know that would be a great outcome as well so what is there ways for ethereum and uh dogecoin to work together so okay so there's a power behind a person like elon musk pushing the development of a cryptocurrency is there ways to leverage that power and that momentum to improve ethereum to improve some of the sort of uh cryptocurrencies that are already technologically advanced and pushing forward that kind of technology i i definitely think there is room for you know that uh there's that meme of doge like taking over that's the door i've seen it is there a way to ride that uh that storm that wave of the doge has taken over i think if we could have a secure doshu ethereum bridge then you know that would be amazing and then when ethereum gets its scalability any scalability thing that works for ethereum assets you would be able to
在自己的链上实现每秒几千笔交易,那也会是个很好的结果,同样很棒。那以太坊和狗狗币有没有办法合作?好,是这样,埃隆·马斯克这样的人在背后推动一种加密货币的发展,是有力量的,有没有办法利用这种力量和这股势头,去改进以太坊,去改进那些在技术上已经比较先进、正在推动这类技术往前走的加密货币?我确实觉得那是有空间的,你看,有那个梗图,狗狗币要统治一切的那种,那就是……我见过。有没有办法乘上这股风浪,狗狗币席卷一切的这股浪潮?我觉得如果我们能有一座安全的狗狗币-以太坊跨链桥,那会很棒,然后等以太坊实现了可扩展性,任何对以太坊资产有效的扩容方案,你也同样可以用来
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1:55:08
also like trade wrapped doors with extremely low transaction fees and very high speed as well is there uh is there precedence for building secure bridges between cryptocurrencies is that i mean how difficult is this kind of task that's it's definitely something that's in its infancy infancy there definitely have been some cross-chain interaction things that have been done before um so one the earliest is probably the concept of merge mining right when a chain just makes its entire proof-of-work algorithm dependent on the proof-of-work algorithm of another chain and so i think famous doshcoin actually merged mines the litecoin which is i think in retrospect it's not looking like a very good choice because now deutsche coin is bigger than litecoin um but um you know if there's potentially some way for dogecoin to merge mine within ethereum proof of stake ins of some kinds then like that could be an interesting alternative um if so that's one type of like chain interaction as far as like bridges like one chain
交易封装后的狗狗币,手续费极低、速度极快。那有没有先例,在不同加密货币之间搭建安全的桥?我是说,这种任务有多难?这确实还处在非常早期的阶段,不过确实已经有过一些跨链交互的尝试被做出来过。最早的大概是合并挖矿的概念,对吧,就是一条链让自己整个工作量证明算法依赖于另一条链的工作量证明算法,我记得著名的狗狗币其实就是跟莱特币合并挖矿的,现在回头看,这似乎不是个特别好的选择,因为现在狗狗币比莱特币还大,不过呢,如果有某种办法让狗狗币在以太坊的权益证明里以某种形式合并挖矿,那可能会是个有意思的替代方案。那算是一种链间交互。至于跨链桥这种,一条链
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1:56:08
reading another chain early in ethereum's history there was this project called btc relay it's a smart contract on ethereum that just verifies bitcoin blocks i think people stopped really caring about and maintaining it because there just weren't enough applications that were actually interested in using it at the time and the transaction fees got too high to actually maintain it so i i think if we want to make a btc relay 2.0 and that becomes cheaper because you know it uses snarks or something like that then you probably could but and maybe now is the time when you actually like can do that sort of one-way verification but the one challenge though is that if he wants to have a bridge that allows you to move assets between chins then you don't just need one-way verification you need two-way verification right and ethereum can verify anything because ethereum smart contracts can just run arbitrary code but if you want bitcoin to be able to do things based on what happens in ethereum lands then like bitcoin would have to
读取另一条链,以太坊早期有个项目叫 BTC Relay,它是以太坊上的一个智能合约,专门用来验证比特币区块。我觉得人们后来不再关心也不再维护它了,因为当时真正有兴趣使用它的应用不够多,而且交易费涨得太高,维护不下去了,所以我觉得,如果我们想做一个 BTC Relay 2.0,而且因为用了 SNARK 之类的技术变得更便宜,那大概是可行的,也许现在正是可以做这种单向验证的时机,但有一个挑战在于,如果你想要一座能让你在链之间转移资产的桥,那你需要的就不只是单向的验证,你需要双向验证,对吧?以太坊可以验证任何东西,因为以太坊的智能合约可以直接运行任意代码。但如果你想让比特币能根据以太坊那边发生的事情做出反应,那比特币就得
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1:57:05
basically well they can do everything with soft forks because like you know that that's their religion but no they'll they'll do it that way and if doge wants to make a fork where that allow allows for like two-way transferability with the ethereum then you know they could i mean i i think that would be a lovely collaboration to make if there's interest i think there might actually even be some multi-sig funds that have some um some funding it's just a bounty for someone to make a bridge between the two yeah could you maybe try to psychoanalyze elon musk for a brief second so what are your thoughts about tesla and elon musk's journey through the cryptocurrency world so first with bitcoin and then with doshcoin so acquiring a large acquiring holding a large amount of bitcoin and i believe at least considering the acquiring and holding a large amount of doshcoin positives negatives what do you think the future for tesla and spacex in the cryptocurrency space looks like do you think they'll consider ethereum
基本上——好吧,他们什么都能靠软分叉来做,因为你知道那是他们的信仰嘛,不过没错,他们会用那种方式来做而如果狗狗币想做一个分叉,让它能和以太坊之间实现双向转移,那你知道他们是可以做到的。我是说,我觉得如果大家有兴趣,这会是一次很棒的合作。我觉得说不定甚至已经有一些多签基金里放着一些资金,就是悬赏给能在两者之间做出一座桥的人是啊,你能不能稍微分析一下埃隆·马斯克的心理?你怎么看特斯拉和埃隆·马斯克在加密货币世界里的这段历程?先是比特币,然后是狗狗币——大量买入并持有比特币而且我相信他至少在考虑买入并持有大量狗狗币。好的方面、坏的方面,你怎么看特斯拉和 SpaceX 在加密货币领域的未来?你觉得他们会考虑以太坊吗?嗯,我觉得如果他们
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1:58:11
um i'm i'm sure that if you know that they stay in the the cryptocurrency ecosystem at all then they have to at some point yeah you know bitcoin number one dogecoin number i mean you know come on it deserves to be number three and then or number two and then ethereum can be whatever that uh whatever that other number is um but um the if ethereum only becomes a dot coin somehow maybe change the logo to incorporate a dog of some sort almost like doors like uh sneaking behind oh that would be that would be fascinating before the emerge happened and i think like elon you definitely i think you would make a mistake if you were to kind of ascribe too much like sophisticated malevolent ins or or any intel like deep intentionality to the whole process i think like he's just a human being and he likes dogs just like i like dogs yeah right that is i think that is literally the reasoning behind the whole dose dogecoin thing there is some aspect to which i mean the guy helped launch a car into space
一直待在加密货币生态里,那早晚总会的。是啊,比特币第一狗狗币第几呢——我是说,拜托,它至少配得上第三,或者第二,然后以太坊可以是剩下的那个数字,随便哪个。不过嘛,如果以太坊哪天也变成一个「狗狗币」,也许得改改 logo,加进去某种狗的元素,差不多就像在后面偷偷探头那样。哦,那可太有意思了。在合并(the merge)发生之前。我觉得吧,说到埃隆,如果你给整件事赋予太多精心设计的、恶意的动机,或者什么深层的意图,那你肯定是搞错了。我觉得他就是个普通人,他喜欢狗,就像我也喜欢狗一样。是啊,我觉得这才是狗狗币这整件事背后真正的原因。当然也有另一面——我是说,这家伙帮着把一辆车送上了太空,对吧?你可以问
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1:59:23
right like you could you could ask like what is the purpose of that i think the purpose of that is uh fun there i think he truly is more and more especially lately embodying the whole idea that the most the most entertaining outcome is the most likely and he's fully embracing the most entertaining outcome and in many ways dogecoin is the most entertaining cryptocurrency as cryptocurrency becomes more and more impactful in the world people are getting more and more serious about it and so he's selecting the cryptocurrency that is the most the least serious and the most fun and there's something to that uh like coupling fun with uh technological sophistication um and somehow figuring out a way to do that absolutely you do that well you know i i i want the world to be fun i think the world being fun is great okay let me ask about a couple other technologies if it's okay sure what are your thoughts about chain link and hybrid smart contracts that utilize off-chain external data sources and i think it's definitely necessary
那么做的目的是什么?我觉得目的就是——好玩。我觉得他真的是越来越,尤其是最近,在践行那个理念:最有娱乐性的结果就是最可能发生的结果。他完全拥抱了最有娱乐性的那个结果。而在很多方面,狗狗币就是最有娱乐性的加密货币。随着加密货币在世界上影响力越来越大,人们对它也越来越严肃,于是他挑的正是那个最不严肃、最好玩的加密货币。这里面是有点东西的,就是把好玩和技术上的复杂精妙结合起来,然后想办法把这件事做成。完全同意,而且你也做得很好。你知道,我希望这个世界是好玩的,我觉得一个好玩的世界很棒。好,我能再问几个别的技术吗?当然。你怎么看 Chainlink以及那些利用链下外部数据源的混合智能合约?我觉得这绝对是必要的,
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2:00:31
for smart contracts so that you do a lot of things to use off chain data of some kind right like if you want to have a stable coin you need a price oracle so you know what price you're targeting um if he wants to have some fancy you know crop insurance gadget like i always you know i think ether risk has been doing a lot of uh good work with that in i think it was either kenya or sri lanka or both like they're they're making a lot of good progress and some in some of those places like you need some kind of oracle to tell you you know did it actually rain in this particular area um if he wants to have like assets that mirror other financial assets you need an oracle if you want to have a prediction market you need an oracle and so projects that provide oracles are definitely really important and there are definitely different kinds of use cases like augur is more about you know events and the auger oracle is designed like i think differently from chain link right like chain link emphasizes the whole you know like we
因为智能合约要做很多事情,都得用到某种链下数据,对吧?比如你想做一个稳定币,你就需要一个价格预言机,这样你才知道自己锚定的价格是多少。如果有人想做那种挺花哨的农作物保险产品——我一直觉得 Etherisc 在这方面做了很多不错的工作,好像是在肯尼亚还是斯里兰卡,或者两个地方都有。他们进展很不错。而在其中一些地方,你就需要某种预言机来告诉你,那个特定区域到底有没有下雨。如果你想做那种映射其他金融资产的资产,你就需要预言机;如果你想做预测市场,你也需要预言机。所以提供预言机的项目确实非常重要,而且确实有各种不同类型的使用场景。比如 Augur 更偏向于事件类,而 Augur 的预言机在设计上,我觉得和 Chainlink 很不一样。Chainlink 强调的是那种,你知道的,我们有一个快速、自动化的
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2:01:29
have a fast automated thing that just like gives you data quickly um whereas auger is more you know we don't give a crap about speed um and look we don't need to give a crap about speed because if you want to get your money out on a prediction market that where in reality it's resolved you can probably just sell your coins for 99 cents anyway um so i mean i i think i mean the chain link is definitely like taking a yeah good and the important part of the oracle design space and i'm definitely happy that there is like that project taking the task on and at the same time i do think that you know their their frog army on twitter can get a bit intense sometimes but like frog army is there is there a way to incorporate sort of oracle network type of ideas into ethereum i personally would prefer the ethereum base layer like stay away from trying to provide too much functionality because i think once you have the ethereum base layer making a claim about like say the us dollar to ethereum price like and
东西,能很快把数据喂给你;而 Augur 更像是,我们根本不在乎速度。而且说真的,我们也不需要在乎速度,因为如果你想从预测市场里把钱取出来,在现实中结果其实已经明朗的情况下,你大概直接按 99 美分把手上的份额卖掉就行了。所以我觉得 Chainlink确实占住了预言机设计空间里一个很好、很重要的部分,我也很高兴有这样一个项目在做这件事。同时我也确实觉得,他们在推特上的那支「青蛙大军」有时候会有点上头,不过嘛,青蛙大军就是这样。有没有办法把这种预言机网络的思路融进以太坊里?我个人更希望以太坊的基础层尽量别去提供太多功能,因为我觉得一旦以太坊基础层开始对比如说美元兑以太坊的价格下判断,那在某种意义上你其实就是在说,
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2:02:32
at some sense you're basically saying that like ethereum as a base platform starts making what could be geopolitical statements right right like for example you know imagine if there was some you know civil war in the us split up and you had two currencies that both claims to be the us dollar well you know ethereum would would have to pick one for the sake of everyone who's already using that oracle so you know does that mean that the blockchain would be like taking a position in this big megapolitical debate so i think like for the just those kinds of reasons i would personally like prefer um ethereum itself to be more of this sort of pure platform that just analyzes the transactions and just mathematically using uh deterministic consensus rules and then if you need the oracles that can be all your tears i think ethereum benefits from not trying to do everything at layer one and having this like very robust way or two ecosystem where you have all these projects doing interesting things
以太坊作为一个底层平台开始发表可能带有地缘政治意味的声明了。对,比如说,你知道想象一下美国发生了某种内战、分裂了,然后有两种货币都宣称自己是美元,那以太坊就得为了所有已经在用那个预言机的人挑一个,所以你知道,这是不是意味着区块链等于在这场巨大的「超级政治」争论里选边站?所以我觉得,正是出于这些原因,我个人更希望以太坊本身是那种纯粹的平台,只负责处理交易,只用数学、用确定性的共识规则来做;然后如果你需要预言机,那可以放在二层里做。我觉得以太坊的好处恰恰在于不试图在一层把所有事都做完,而是有这样一个非常健壮的二层生态,里面有各种项目在做有意思的事情。是啊,专注于基础技术,避开
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2:03:31
yeah focus on the basic technology avoid the politics gotcha let me ask a bit of a human question charles hoskinson someone you've worked with in the early days of ethereum there appears to my outsider view to have been a bit of a falling out is there a positive inspiring human story to be told about why you two parted ways i kind of wants to let the various books about ethereum speak for themselves um but you know you know if i feel like you know since that time i think you know charles has clearly progressed and then he matured in a lot of ways and i mean people who follow charles closely have definitely told me that you know like 2021 charles is very different from 2014 charles and i'm sure 2021 vitalik is much different from 2014 metallic as well i'm kind of interested how the 2030 and 2040 vitalik and charles look like as well oh interesting like the progression of the humans is this going to be one of those things where like everyone comes full circle and then 2030 vitalik and charles are
政治。明白了。我想问一个比较人性化的问题。查尔斯·霍斯金森(Charles Hoskinson),以太坊早期和你共事过的人,从我这个局外人的角度看,你们之间似乎有过一些不愉快。关于你们为什么分道扬镳,有没有什么正面的、鼓舞人心的人性故事可以讲?我还是倾向于让关于以太坊的那些书自己去说吧。不过你知道,我觉得从那之后,查尔斯明显有了成长,在很多方面也成熟了。我是说,那些很了解查尔斯的人都跟我说过,2021 年的查尔斯和 2014 年的查尔斯非常不一样。我也相信 2021 年的 Vitalik 和 2014 年的 Vitalik 差别也很大。我其实挺好奇 2030 年、2040 年的 Vitalik 和查尔斯会是什么样。哦,有意思,就是人的成长轨迹。这会不会是那种所有人最后都兜回原点的故事,到 2030 年 Vitalik 和查尔斯成了最好的朋友?是啊,我是说不一定是最好的朋友,
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2:04:42
best friends yeah i mean not necessarily best friends but some kind of uh um are able to reminisce in ways that is um that puts some of the tension of the past behind i think such things are possible um i think you know people definitely absolutely have a right to and uh and they should strive to just constantly change and reinvent themselves um is there something you could say about your thoughts about the cardano project that charles hoskinson leads they've worked on some interesting ideas that mirror some of the ideas in ethereum proof of stake working on smart contracts and all those kinds of things is there something again positive inspiring that you could say are they a competitor is it complementary technology it's uh and there's definitely interesting ideas in there i mean i do think cardano takes a bit of a different approach than ethereum and that you know they really emphasize having these big academic proofs for everything whereas ethereum tends to be more okay with heuristic arguments and in part because
但是某种程度上能够一起回忆往事,把过去的那些紧张和芥蒂放下。我觉得这样的事情是有可能的。我觉得人们当然绝对有权利,而且也应该努力去不断变化、不断重塑自己 嗯 关于卡尔达诺(Cardano)项目 你有什么想说的吗这个项目由 Charles Hoskinson 领导 他们在一些有趣的想法上做了工作 与以太坊的一些理念有相似之处权益证明、智能合约之类的东西 你有没有什么积极的、鼓舞人心的话可以说他们是竞争对手 还是互补的技术 呃 里面确实有一些有趣的想法 我是说 我确实觉得 Cardano 的做法跟以太坊有点不一样 就是说 他们真的很强调对每件事都要有大量的学术证明 而以太坊则更能接受启发式的论证 部分原因在于
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2:05:53
it's just trying to do more faster um but you know there's definitely very interesting things that come out of you know iohk research and so is there can you comment on that kind of idea i as sort of uh having a foot in research enjoy charles's kind of emphasis on papers and like deep academic rigor is there what's the role of deep research rigor in the world of cryptocurrency interesting i'm actually the sort of person who thinks deep rigor is overrated um the reason why i think deep rigor is overrated is because i think like the the in terms of like why protocols fail i think the number of failures or that are outside the model is even more important is like bigger and more important than the failures that are inside the model right so if you take selfish mining for example like the the that original discovery from 2013 that showed how um bitcoin does like even if it has a 50 uh fault tolerance assuming everyone's honest it only has a yeah you know zero to 33 percent fault tolerance depending on your network
它只是想更快地做更多事情 不过 你知道 IOHK 的研究确实产出了非常有意思的东西 那么你能评论一下这种理念吗 我算是半只脚踏在研究界 挺欣赏 Charles 那种对论文的重视以及那种深度的学术严谨性 深度研究的严谨性在加密货币世界里扮演什么角色 有意思 其实我是那种认为深度严谨被高估了的人 我之所以觉得深度严谨被高估 是因为我认为就协议为什么会失败而言 我觉得那些模型之外的失败数量 甚至更加重要 就是说 比模型之内的失败更多、更重要 对吧 所以如果你拿自私挖矿举例 就是 2013 年那个最初的发现 它表明 比特币 即使假设所有人都诚实时有 50% 的容错率那么 嗯 但实际上它只有 呃 你知道 0% 到 33% 的容错率 具体取决于你的网络
便签引用
2:07:02
model if you assume uh rational actors and like to me that wasn't that was a great example of like an outside the model failure right because traditional consensus research just up until or before the blockchain days did not think about like incentivization much right like there was a little bit of thought about incentivization there's like a couple of papers on the byzantine altruist rational model but it wasn't that deep it was mostly operating under the assumption that you know this we're going to make consensus between 15 participants and these are institutions and if something goes wrong then you know if it was we can figure out whether or not it was deliberate offline and if they did something evil we consume them whereas in the crypto world you can't do that right and so like that whole discovery basically arose just because like you know the model of uh traditional uh consensus research just like didn't cover those possibilities and then like once you go out of the model those other issues do exist
模型 如果你假设参与者是理性的 而在我看来 那是一个绝佳的例子 说明什么叫模型之外的失败 对吧 因为传统的共识研究 直到区块链时代之前 根本没有考虑过激励机制这类问题 对吧 当然也有一点点关于激励的思考 有那么几篇论文讨论拜占庭-利他-理性模型 但并不深入 它基本上是在这样的假设下运作的 就是 我们要在15 个参与者之间达成共识 而这些都是机构 如果出了什么问题 那么 你知道 我们可以在线下搞清楚那是不是故意的 如果他们做了坏事 我们就可以起诉他们 而在加密世界里 你没法这么做 对吧 所以说 整个那个发现之所以出现 基本上就是因为 你知道 传统共识研究的模型根本没有涵盖那些可能性 而一旦你走出模型之外 那些其他问题确实存在 对吧 嗯 但与此同时
便签引用
2:07:58
right um so but then at the same time like there definitely are um protocols that turn out to be insecu that do have failures inside the model like this reminds me of at the time when i think i found a bug in a proposed uh consensus implementation from either bitshares or eos this happened around the end of 2017. um so that was definitely inside the model because like they had a very clear idea of what they were trying to achieve they had a very clear description and like there's a very clear mathematical um argument for why the description doesn't lead to what they're trying to achieve but ultimately what you're trying to achieve can never be fully like described in formal language right like i think this is the big discovery of you know the ai safety people for example right like just having a a specification of what you want is an insanely hard problem and like the more powerful the optimizer that you're giving the instructions to the more you have to be careful and and so you know i think
确实也有一些 嗯 协议被证明是不安全的 它们确实存在模型之内的失败 这让我想起当时我想我在 BitShares 或者 EOS 提出的一个共识实现里发现了一个 bug 这大概发生在 2017 年底 嗯所以那绝对属于模型之内的 因为 他们对自己想要实现的目标有非常清晰的设想 他们有非常清晰的描述 而且有非常清晰的数学 嗯 论证 说明为什么那个描述并不能导向他们想要实现的目标 但归根结底 你想要实现的东西永远无法完全用形式化语言来 描述 对吧 就像我觉得这是 你知道 AI 安全那帮人的重大发现 比如说 对吧 光是要给出一份关于你想要什么的规范说明 就是个难到离谱的问题 而且 你给出指令的那个优化器越强大你就越得小心 所以 你知道 我觉得这里面存在这两个方面 然后另一件事是
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2:08:59
there are kind of these two sides and then the other thing is that a lot like a lot of the academic approach ends up like basically optimizing for other people inside of the academic system and it doesn't really optimize for like curious outsiders whereas like i personally met like totally optimized for curious outsiders or at least i feel like i strive to so i guess like that's my case for why i like tends to behave in ways that you know occasionally traditional academic types criticize as being reckless um but i you know on the other hand you know there's i mean there's definitely real benefits that come from like just taking us a rigorous approach especially when you know you know what the thing that ex like you know what the specification is of what you're trying to get and like you're trying to kind of improve your way or provide protocols that actually provide that like you know exactly what you're looking for i feel like realistically you probably wants to do both kinds of analysis
很多学术界的做法最后基本上都是在为学术体系内部的其他人做优化而它并没有真正为那些好奇的圈外人做优化,而我个人觉得我是完全为好奇的圈外人做优化的,或者至少我觉得我是在努力这么做的,所以我想这就是我为什么会这样做的理由,而这种做法有时候会被传统学术派批评为不够严谨、太冒进,不过另一方面,确实也有实实在在的好处是来自于采取严格、严谨的方法的,尤其是当你很清楚你要的东西是什么,也就是你知道规格说明到底是什么,而你想要改进你的方法,或者提供真正能达到目标的协议,也就是你非常明确自己在找什么。我觉得实际上你大概两种分析都想做有时候甚至想在不同阶段做这两种分析,对吧,就是你会想先做一些比较快糙的
便签引用
2:10:05
and like sometimes even want to do both kinds of analysis and stages right like you have you want to do more quick and dirty things and even want public feedback on the quick and dirty stuff and then later on you formalize it more and then you get more feedback um like in general i guess i feel like the norms of research in the future like the internet has just changed so much there's no way that it's not going and you know it's it's even changed like collaboration structures and like the patterns in which we work with each other there's no way that the correct structure for club collaborative research is the same as what it was 15 years ago but like what combination of these existing components and of new ideas it is like that's something that's you know totally legitimate to kind of fight it out and i think it's great that there's different ecosystems that have different attitudes to things like you know i think you know there's a big possibility that you know things that the ethereum
东西,甚至想针对这些快糙的东西收集公众反馈,然后之后再把它形式化,再获得更多反馈总体来说,我觉得未来研究的规范,互联网已经改变了太多东西,不可能不发生变化,而且它甚至改变了协作结构,以及我们彼此合作的模式,协作式研究的正确结构不可能和15年前一模一样但到底是这些现有要素和新想法的哪种组合,这个问题完全值得大家去争论,我觉得存在不同生态系统、对事情抱有不同态度,这是件好事比如我觉得很有可能,以太坊生态系统处理某些问题的方式
便签引用
2:11:01
ways that the ethereum ecosystem approaches some problems is totally wrong and if there's other ecosystems or different principles and they can do well that's something that we can learn from in the spirit of the depth first search can you comment on ai safety and some people are really worried about the existential risks of artificial intelligence is there something you could say that's uh hopeful about how we avoid in the same kind of line of uh reasoning about creating formal models versus kind of looking outside the model into what the real world actually is like is there some lessons from that we can take and map onto the ai safety world where the potentials of the technology whether it's in autonomous uh weapon systems or just the paperclip problem uh that we can avoid ai destroying the world so my impression is actually that like this is more of a kind of faraway impression and it could be wrong that it might even be that one of the challenges that ai is not formal enough like because ai does is very like
是完全错误的,如果有别的生态系统采用不同的原则并且做得很好,那就是我们可以学习的地方。本着深度优先搜索的精神,你能谈谈AI安全吗?有些人非常担心人工智能带来的生存性风险。关于我们如何避免这些风险,你有什么让人乐观的看法吗?沿着同样的思路,就是关于建立形式化模型,还是跳出模型去看现实世界究竟是什么样的——我们能不能从中吸取一些经验,映射到AI安全领域,无论这项技术的潜在风险是在自主武器系统方面,还是就是所谓的回形针问题,让我们能避免AI毁灭世界我的印象其实是——这更像是一种比较外行的印象,也可能是错的——甚至有可能其中一个挑战恰恰是AI不够形式化,因为AI非常偏实践导向,对吧,就是
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2:12:04
practitioner oriented right like it's all about like hey i found a couple of hacks and look i ran them and look you know they seem to improve classification accuracy from you know 0.684 to 0.773 uh so a lot of the time like there just isn't actual science behind like why this hack works and why this uh other hack doesn't work you just sort of like trial and error your way into it um but and i could see how that approach works but at the same time like that approach is not good for legibility for example it's not good for like understanding what the heck is actually going on like how these kinds of systems conceivably might fail like there's even you know a debate on like can you take gpt3 like things and just scale them up and their intelligence will continue to improve or is there just like some types of reasoning that they're fundamentally bad at and like yeah they're not gonna get good at it no matter how much you like scale this exact same approach and add more hardware to it so having like
完全是那种:嘿,我找到了几个技巧,你看我跑了一下,看起来它们把分类准确率从0.684提升到了0.773。所以很多时候,对于为什么这个技巧有效、为什么另一个技巧没用,背后并没有真正的科学解释,你就是靠不断试错摸索出来的不过我能理解这种做法为什么行得通,但同时,这种做法不利于可读性比如说,它不利于理解到底发生了什么,不利于理解这类系统可能会怎样失败,甚至还有人在争论:你能不能把GPT-3之类的东西直接扩大规模,它们的智能就会持续提升,还是说存在某些类型的推理是它们从根本上就不擅长的,而且不管你怎么扩大规模,它们都不会变好完全一样的方法,然后再往上堆更多硬件,所以要更明确地去思考里面到底发生了什么,我的理解是
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2:13:04
thinking about what's going on more explicitly i mean my understanding is that a big part of a ai safety research is trying to do that sort of stuff right and formalize yeah formalize try to improve just ai legibility like trying to understand you know if the ai makes some classification so we can actually see like what happens and what's going on in the middle right whereas with crypto or with traditional cryptography you know it's like very much not well okay i mean i shouldn't quite say that it's traditional cryptography is this interesting mix of being very formal and being very informal because it's very formal with given these security assumptions prove that the protocol works under these security assumptions the places where it's very informal is like well how do we even know that there isn't an efficient algorithm for factoring numbers yeah we kind of tried it for 40 years and then you know so far no one's found anything better than the gen general number field sieve and like okay fine we'll just
AI 安全研究很大一部分就是在做这类事情,对吧,把它形式化,是的,形式化,试着提升 AI 的可读性比如试着去理解,你知道,如果 AI 做出了某个分类,我们能真正看到中间到底发生了什么、在进行什么对吧,而在加密货币或者传统密码学里,情况就很不……好吧,我是说我不该这么讲,传统密码学其实是一种很有意思的混合体,既非常形式化,又非常不形式化因为它很形式化的部分是:给定这些安全性假设,证明协议在这些安全性假设下是成立的而它很不形式化的地方在于,我们凭什么知道不存在一个高效的算法能够分解大整数?是啊,我们大概试了四十年,然后你知道,到目前为止没人找到比一般数域筛法更好的东西,那好吧,我们就假设它没问题,你怎么知道你没法找到两个椭圆曲线点之间的离散对数?
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2:14:02
assume it's fine you know how do we know you can't i'm gonna find uh the the discrete log between two elliptic curve points like no did it a couple of decades no one's found anything faster than like baby step giant step stuff uh so that's and like there's there's a there's definitely uh ways in which that approach really makes sense right because at least you can concentrate your analysis on a small number of building blocks and like you know you do have some intuitive reasoning about those building blocks but like at least there's a small number of building blocks and lots of people are looking at them and then everything else just sort of gets formally built on top and you actually can like mathematically reduce the security of big thanks to building blocks right like you can have mathematical proofs that say you know if you make a zk snark of a yes statement when in reality that statement is false then you can use that to like extract information out of elliptic curves that you know it completely
就是说,搞了几十年了,没人找到比小步大步算法之类的更快的方法所以这……而且确实有一些方面让这种做法非常合理,对吧,因为至少你可以把你的分析集中在少数几个基础构件上,你知道,你对这些构件确实有一些直觉上的推理但至少构件的数量很少,很多人都在盯着它们看,然后其他所有东西都是以形式化的方式搭建在它们之上,你确实可以在数学上把大系统的安全性归约到这些构件上,对吧比如你可以有数学证明说,如果你为一个「是」的陈述做了一个 zk-SNARK,而实际上那个陈述是假的,那么你就能用它从椭圆曲线里提取信息,你知道,那就等于彻底攻破了这个难题之类的
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2:15:01
breaks the problem or something like that uh so so zika is an example where formalism is is beneficial absolutely yeah and so maybe you can have the same kind of stuff in the ai safety within within ai systems that you can get get a hold of some kind of aspect of the systems that you can control right provably and then in blockchains and cryptocurrency i think the one area where consensus like mechanisms is still more an art than a science is that these aren't just like technological systems they're crypto economic systems right and they make assumptions about people and which assumptions you can make about people is not something that you can prove with math right the even just the basic 51 percent exact people are honest can you trust the 51 percent um if you can't trust the 51 can you trust the other 49 to be able to coordinate on like making their own fork what will happen to coin prices like how do people as human beings react to these events like there's all of these assumptions yeah but you know at the same time look
所以 ZK 就是一个形式化非常有益的例子,绝对是,是的,所以也许你可以在 AI 安全里有同样的东西,在 AI 系统内部,你能抓住系统的某些方面并加以控制,可证明地控制,对吧。然后在区块链和加密货币里,我觉得共识机制仍然更像一门艺术而非科学的那个领域在于,这些不只是技术系统,它们是加密经济系统,对吧,而它们会做出关于人的假设,而你能对人做出哪些假设,这不是你能用数学证明的东西对吧,哪怕只是最基本的 51%,没错,人是诚实的,你能信任这 51% 吗?如果你不能信任这 51%,你能不能信任另外 49% 有能力协调起来去搞自己的分叉?币价会发生什么?人作为人类会怎么对这些事件作出反应?这些全都是假设。是啊,但同时你看
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11NFT、骗局边界与社区心理
2:16:03
if you can write down the assumptions then you can like do formal things with them i almost forgot to ask you about one of the most exciting aspects of ethereum i mean it's non-technical i think it's a it's a societal it's social which is nfts so what do you think what do you think about the explosion of nfts in the recent months especially in the art world and beyond and what does the future look like so this is maybe the social impact on the world on on the individual creators of all kinds like is that something you've actually expected to see and ft's having this kind of impact and beyond what do you think will happen in the uh in the digital space with nfts in virtual reality and gaming all those kinds of things i was definitely surprised by like nfts in particular like i even actually i think might be on record somewhere on some tech conference panel like they were asking you know um it was one of those overrated or underrated sections and asked about nfts and i thought and i said like hey i think nfts are
如果你能把这些假设写下来,那你就可以对它们做一些形式化的工作。我差点忘了问你关于以太坊最令人兴奋的一个方面它其实是非技术性的,我觉得它是社会层面的、社交层面的,就是 NFT。所以你怎么看你怎么看最近几个月 NFT 的爆发,尤其是在艺术圈以及其他领域,未来会是什么样子?所以这也许是对世界、对各种各样的个体创作者的社会影响,这是你真的预料到的吗?NFT 会有这样的影响,以及再往后,你觉得在数字空间里 NFT 会发生什么在虚拟现实和游戏里,诸如此类。我确实对 NFT 特别感到意外,我甚至可能还有记录留在某个科技大会的圆桌上,他们在问,你知道,就是那种「高估还是低估」的环节,问到 NFT,我想了想就说,嘿,我觉得 NFT 被高估了。是啊,现在
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2:17:10
overrated yeah and you know in retrospect that turned out to be quite wrong i might think like i guess i just personally can't really relate to this concept of like spending a lot of money on a thing like there's nothing you know there's no queer kind of understanding of why that thing would uh maintain its value right um uniqueness of a thing having value right exactly like that's like i definitely am like cannot really understand you know the psychology behind like buying you know paying two hundred thousand dollars for original art painting i'd be like you know if i had a mansion just like give me photocopies of everything you can hang three photocopies of the the mona lisa section well i would even have the mona lisa i think i'd probably just like have some nyan cats or something that's one thing where mathematics or theoretical computer science cannot formalize why the heck nfts are valuable exactly but the thing that uh that makes me very happy about the space now that it has happened is that
回头看,那个判断相当错误。我想我个人就是没法对这种概念产生共鸣,就是花一大笔钱买一样东西,你知道,没有那种清晰的理解说明那个东西为什么会保值,对吧。一件东西的独一无二本身具有价值,对,没错,我确实完全没法理解那背后的心理,比如花二十万美元去买一幅原作油画,我会想,你知道,如果我有一栋豪宅,就给我复印件好了,你可以挂三张蒙娜丽莎的复印件。嗯,我甚至都不会挂蒙娜丽莎,我大概会挂几张彩虹猫之类的这就是数学或者理论计算机科学没法形式化的东西——NFT 到底凭什么有价值没错。但现在它已经发生了,让我特别开心的一点是,这又回到了
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2:18:09
i mean this gets back to the conversation that we had at the beginning right like i'm interested in this concept of decentralized public goods funding right like i want things that are good and valuable to as much as possible also be things that can't you know economically sustain the people who produce them right because if you don't have that then either the public goods just don't get produced at all or people make like centralized versions that have some of the properties and try to be substitutes but actually just like concentrate control in a very small group right and you know both of those things are not very nice uh so the nice thing about nfts would be well if you're an artist and you can just mint nfts and this is a source of revenue it's like great that's another stream of revenue for you know creative work that often does still get get underfunded and that's amazing okay let me ask you a weird question we talk about craig wright a little bit but a lot of people write to me one of two
我们一开始聊的那个话题,对吧,我对去中心化的公共物品资助这个概念很感兴趣我希望那些美好而有价值的东西,能尽可能同时也是在经济上能养活其生产者的东西,对吧,因为如果没有这个,那要么公共物品干脆就没人生产,要么有人做出中心化的版本,具备其中一部分特性,试图充当替代品,但实际上只是把控制权集中到极小的一群人手里,对吧,这两种情况都不太好。所以 NFT 的好处在于如果你是个艺术家,你可以直接铸造 NFT,这就是一个收入来源,那太棒了,对那些往往仍然资金不足的创作工作来说,这是多一条收入流,这非常了不起。好,让我问你一个奇怪的问题,我们稍微聊到了克雷格·怀特,但很多人给我写邮件,基本是两类,一类是把比特币之外的任何币都称为
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2:19:06
emails one email uh is uh calling any coin outside of bitcoin a uh a scam and then the other email is saying my my favorite coin is the best coin it's going to save the world whatever that coin is uh and so i sit back and i look at i have no idea i i trust i tried to figure out like the humans that i trust in this space just but basic human qualities but do you think some coins are scams uh do you think some coins maybe another way to ask it are scammier than other coins how are people that are looking outside of the space where there's all these cryptocurrencies supposed to figure out what is a scam and not or how to use the right kind of language when talking about them because there's the harshness of the language from the bitcoin maximalist that doesn't just say everything is a scam including ethereum uh but they use terms like coin that says it's not only a scam it's like a waste of time i mean every word you can use they say that that's very harsh and then some people are just apply the
骗局,另一类是说,我最喜欢的币是最好的币,它将拯救世界,不管那是什么币。所以我就坐在那儿看着,完全没有头绪,我只能试着去找这个领域里我信任的人就凭最基本的人品。但你觉得有些币是骗局吗?或者换个方式问,你觉得有些币比另一些币更像骗局吗?那些身处这个领域之外、面对这么多加密货币的人,该怎么分辨什么是骗局、什么不是?或者在谈论它们时该用什么样的措辞?因为一方面有比特币极端主义者那种非常刻薄的语言,他们不只是说一切都是骗局——包括以太坊——他们还会用「垃圾币」这类词意思是它不只是骗局,还是浪费时间,我是说各种难听的词他们都用上了,那非常刻薄另一方面有些人用「骗局」这个词要保守得多,只把那些确实在试图
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2:20:20
word scam a lit much much more conservatively and just refer to coins that legitimately are trying to scam people out of their money as scams so what do we do with this word scam should it ever be applied to coins and uh is it a a binary thing or is it the gray area hmm it's i think it's definitely a gray area like there's definitely things that are really in actual scams like i mean bit connects would be one example of uh something that's away on the scam spectrum did you see their 2017 promotional video by the way big connect yeah hey what's up what's up what's up piconic this is it was this three minute 48 second video that was just of this guy making this totally crazy rant and it was at some conference in vietnam where they were of course like trying to convince a whole bunch of people to buy this coin and they had this claims about how it would go to go up in value yeah that was definitely like the peak of these pure completely scammy coins and you know that was definitely really terrible and
骗走别人钱的币称为骗局。所以我们该拿「骗局」这个词怎么办?它到底该不该用在币上而且这是非黑即白的事,还是有灰色地带?嗯,我觉得肯定是有灰色地带的,确实有些东西是真正的骗局,我是说 BitConnect 就是一个例子,那是骗局光谱上很极端的一端。顺便问一下,你看过他们 2017 年的宣传视频吗?BitConnect,是的,哈哈那是一段三分四十八秒的视频,就是一个人在那儿完全疯狂地咆哮,那是在越南的某个大会上,他们当然是在试图说服一大帮人去买这个币,他们还宣称它会怎么怎么涨。是啊,那绝对是这类纯粹彻头彻尾骗局币的巅峰,那确实非常糟糕。而且我感觉,尽管
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2:21:27
i actually i feel like we have less despite cryptocurrency as a whole being bigger we actually have quite a bit less of that now but then of course you know there's this bit this spectrum of things that are not completely scams um and then things that are not scams and that are technically totally fine projects but where the their community is just incredibly sketchy and then all the way to you know things that are where the community is nice but maybe the project is just fundamentally incapable of achieving what it's trying to do or in the community doesn't realize and then you know a really good project right so like if you want to go a step like well if that's 100 scam then like you know what would i call like say 80 scam well like bitcoin sv is one example this is a craig wright's fork of bitcoin like theoretically it's a blockchain right it's a fork of bitcoin it has some you know 500 12 megabyte blocks if you really wanted to you could use the blockchain you know it's uh it satisfies the property is that you
加密货币整体规模变大了,我们现在这类东西其实少了不少。但当然,还存在一个光谱,上面有一些不算彻底骗局的东西,还有一些完全不是骗局、技术上完全没问题的项目,但它们的社区极其不靠谱,然后一直到那种社区很好、但项目本身可能根本没能力实现它想做的事,而社区自己没意识到的情况,再到那种真正优秀的项目,对吧。所以如果你要一步步来说如果那是 100% 的骗局,那我会把什么叫做 80% 的骗局呢?比如 Bitcoin SV 就是一个例子,这是克雷格·怀特的比特币分叉,理论上它是条区块链,对吧,它是比特币的一个分叉,它有那种五百一十二兆字节的区块,如果你真想用,你是可以用这条链的,你知道,它确实满足那些属性,就是
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2:22:24
know you can send transactions onto it you can probably um you know use it as as a backup to store your files if you really wanted to just because it has it has so much space you know it might fail but like it's the but at the same time like you know as they basically said like craig wright is a scammer and like half the you know community is just totally bad insane so the humans the humans of a particular cryptocurrency is what makes for a scam and not like the humans at the top that have a voice right guiding the community yeah like i think you know in the case of bsv like the humans they yeah make just completely wrong and just obviously wrong claims about like what bsv is capable of accomplishing and like what it concealed we could accomplish and like there's just a lot of aspects of it that make it feel like a money grab so that's one example and then you know you gotta go a bit further and then you know you have like the trons of the world and like you know that's a platform you know you can use it you can do
你可以往上面发交易,你大概也可以把它当成备份来存文件,如果你真想这么干的话,就因为它空间特别大,你知道,它可能会出问题,但……不过与此同时你知道,基本上就像大家说的,克雷格·怀特是个骗子,而且大概有一半的社区完全是……疯的所以是人,某个加密货币背后的人,决定了它是不是骗局,尤其是最上面那些有话语权、引导社区的人,对吧。是的,我觉得就 BSV 而言,那些人做出的关于 BSV 能实现什么、以及它能达成什么的说法,完全是错的,而且是明显错的还有它的很多方面都让人觉得像是在圈钱,所以那是一个例子然后再往前走一点,你就会碰到波场(Tron)这类东西,你知道,那是个平台你可以用它,你可以在上面做些事情,但与此同时,你知道,他们确实抄袭了 IPFS 的白皮书
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2:23:26
you can do stuff on it but at the same time like you know they did plagiarize the ipfs white paper and then you know they had so the scammy qualities yeah see the thing that throws me off a lot this makes it very difficult for me is that most coins but the ones that make me feel like are scammy have a large community of people that are super positive about it like and they'll write to me now that said sort of on the flip side of that bitcoin people are also very positive there's some sense and the the reason i was having like squinty eyes looking at bitcoin for quite a while is like why is everyone so positive i was getting total cult vibes like like the ideas are not grounded in truth but are grounded in an obsession of like when you can artificially conjure up a truth which is why i was a little bit like worried about bitcoin i think i've learned a lot since then to where like um i i learned to separate the community from the ideas and i think bitcoin is a revolutionary idea on on many fronts
然后你知道,他们还有……所以是那些骗局式的特质。是啊,你看,让我很困惑、让我觉得特别难办的一点是,大多数币——尤其是那些让我觉得很像骗局的币——都有一大群人对它超级正面,他们还会写信给我。话说回来,反过来讲,比特币的人也非常正面从某种意义上说,我有相当长一段时间对比特币眯着眼睛打量,就是因为:为什么所有人都这么正面?我感受到的完全是邪教氛围,就好像那些想法不是扎根于真相,而是扎根于一种执念就是你可以人为地造出一个「真相」,所以我当时对比特币有点担心我觉得从那以后我学到了很多,学会了把社区和想法分开看,我认为比特币在很多方面都是一个革命性的想法,但一个对某样东西抱着教条式狂热的社区——不管那东西是什么——都会让我保持怀疑
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2:24:43
but still a community that's like dogmatically excited about something whatever that is makes me skeptical maybe it's just like my upbringing but when everybody's really excited about something it makes me um it makes me skeptical and it make but it also makes me difficult to decide what is this cam or not because some of the most exciting ideas in this world have a community of people who are excited about it right because it's um i don't know i think space exploration is super exciting and uh and there's people i know a lot of them that are exceptionally excited about space exploration does that mean it's a scam no no uh so i don't know what to do with that and so mostly i just try to stay away i suppose but it's it's unfortunate because i'm sure there's a lot of exciting technologies in that space i mean like in the case of bitcoin like i would definitely not call bitcoin as cam right right i would not i would i would also not call litecoin a scam there's people who call litecoin scam
也许这只是我的成长环境造成的,但当所有人都对某样东西特别狂热时,这会让我产生怀疑但这也让我很难判断某个东西到底是不是骗局,因为这世界上一些最激动人心的想法也都有一群为之兴奋的人,对吧,因为……我不知道,我觉得太空探索超级令人兴奋,而且我认识很多人对太空探索格外狂热那这意味着它是骗局吗?不,不是。所以我不知道该怎么办,结果我大多时候就是尽量远离,我想是这样,但这挺可惜的因为我相信那个领域里肯定有很多令人兴奋的技术。我是说,就比特币而言,我绝对不会把比特币叫做骗局,对,我不会,我也不会把莱特币叫做骗局。有些人说莱特币是骗局
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2:25:45
because they just like say oh look you know it has no fundamental use case and the concept of being silver to bitcoin bitcoin's gold is just like stupid and you know it's a bit like millie bitcoin is the silver to bitcoin's gold um but the at the same time like if you have these people who are just you know they do seem to earnestly believe this and uh like they are trying to just like make like one be a litecoin as as best as they can then like that's to me that's enough for it to not be a scam yeah um that's and then so yeah i think the the biggest gray area is definitely between like projects that are earnest and but you know they have just all sorts of these like different combinations of flawed qualities to them yeah yeah i mean the the ones that legitimately is a scam is when the key people that are at the head of the project are intentionally lying and i think as long as their the intent is to try to do good in the world even if the your actual implementation of that is flawed i think that's not a scam
因为他们会说,你看,它没有根本性的用例,什么「比特币是金、它是银」的说法简直很蠢,你知道,那有点像 mBTC 才是比特币的白银。但与此同时,如果这些人是真心诚意地相信这件事,而且他们只是在尽自己所能把莱特币做好,那对我来说,这就足以让它不算骗局了。是的。然后,是的,我觉得最大的灰色地带肯定是在那些真心实意、但身上有各种各样不同缺陷组合的项目之间。是啊是啊我是说,真正算得上骗局的,是当项目最上层的关键人物在有意撒谎的时候我觉得只要他们的意图是想为这世界做点好事,哪怕你实际的实现方式是有缺陷的,我认为那就不是骗局,可能是有缺陷的想法,可能是错误的想法,但不是骗局。我还在学着在这个领域里摸索
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2:26:53
it could be flawed ideas it could be wrong ideas but it's not a scam i'm learning to navigate this space yeah it's definitely a very challenging space to navigate i mean you know it's uh in some ways a reflection of the world at large yeah and as we've said maybe offline that the fact that money is evolved makes it a little bit more complicated that um you know lives can be ruined by um by by the choice of technologies that are taking on so it makes it more real more painful more like elevated the impact of this like imagine like mac versus pc wars if everyone who bought a macbook had 10 apple shares inside of it and everyone who had a pc had 10 microsoft shares inside of it and then you had you know the the elites who bought their macs back in 1983 and that they spent 500 dead and now they have 40 million dollars and they just think that they're these gurus who understands the future of finance and geopolitics and they make theories about why you know apple is the one that's going to bring
这个领域确实非常难摸索,我是说,某种程度上它是整个世界的一个缩影。是啊,而且正如我们也许在私下聊过的,牵扯到钱这件事让它变得更复杂一些因为你知道,人的一生可能会被所选择的技术给毁掉,所以这让一切更真实、更痛苦、更被放大了。就像,想象一下 Mac 对 PC 的论战,如果每个买 MacBook 的人里面都附带 10 股苹果股票每个买 PC 的人里面都附带 10 股微软股票,然后那些 1983 年就买了 Mac 的精英们,他们当年花了 500 块,现在手里有 4000 万美元,他们就觉得自己是懂得金融和地缘政治未来的大师,然后他们编出各种理论,说为什么苹果才是那个会给世界带来自由的公司
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12长寿、意识上传与意义之问
2:27:59
freedom to the world and uh window is like you know secretly allied with the access of evil oh that's brilliant so yes this is so brilliant so i think the right way to think about this is we map the some of the cryptocurrency battles into the space of like emacs versus vim or apple versus pc if there was some stock that came along with each each implementation of the you know uh each pc each mac that's fascinating this is 100 correct 100 correct because then that really energizes the armies of people debating over this in a way that something without money does not okay let me ask you about something really fascinating that you are also excited about which is longevity anti-aging you have donated money to the sense foundation so you have an interest in this whole space of lifespan research what's your vision here or what do you hope to see in anti-aging and longevity research i think i hope to see the concept of what of us seeing your parents and grandparents die just slowly disappear from the public consciousness as an
而 Windows 呢,你知道,是暗中跟邪恶轴心结盟的。哦这太妙了,是的,这太妙了,所以我觉得正确的思考方式是,把加密货币的一些论战映射到 Emacs 对 Vim、或者苹果对 PC 的空间里,如果每一台 PC、每一台 Mac 都附带某种股票的话。这太有意思了这百分之百正确,百分之百正确,因为那才会真正点燃那些为此争论的大军,以一种不牵涉金钱的东西做不到的方式。好,让我问你一件你同样非常感兴趣的、特别迷人的事情,就是长寿和抗衰老。你向 SENS 基金会捐过钱,所以你对整个寿命研究领域是有兴趣的你在这方面的愿景是什么?或者说你希望在抗衰老和长寿研究中看到什么?我想我希望看到我们眼睁睁看着父母和祖父母去世这种概念,慢慢地从公众意识中消失,不再是会发生的经历
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2:29:09
experience that happens over the course of uh half a century the same way that getting lost in a city slowly disappeared over the public consciousness over the last 50 now that we have smartphones the thing you have from nick bostrom the essay uh pinned in your twitter is argues that essentially that you know death is almost unethical like the fact that we don't do something about this thing that um this in the essays is a dragon that keeps like murdering everybody around us including our parents and grandparents is uh like the fact that we don't try to do something aggressively about that dragon is uh doesn't make any sense um so you think this is a battle worth fighting a battle for immortality or at least longevity i'd say absolutely and i'd say it's a battle where we're really have started over the last five years in particular to see the first cracks of uh no humanities and me starting to make things that look like they'll turn into victories do you uh do you think humans can eventually live forever
在半个世纪的时间里,就像在城市里迷路这件事,在过去五十年里慢慢从公众意识中消失了一样现在我们有了智能手机。你在推特上置顶的那篇尼克·博斯特罗姆的文章,它论证的是本质上就是说,死亡几乎是不道德的,就是说我们对这个东西什么都不做这件事嗯,在那篇文章里,它是一条不断杀死我们身边所有人的巨龙,包括我们的父母和祖父母就是说,我们不去积极地对那条龙做点什么,这件事根本说不通所以你觉得这是一场值得打的仗吗?一场为了永生、或者至少为了长寿的仗?我会说绝对值得,而且我会说这是一场尤其是在过去五年里,我们真的开始看到人类在这上面出现第一道裂缝的仗我们开始做出一些看起来会变成胜利的东西。你觉得人类最终能永生吗?
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2:30:22
and maybe as a side comment to that what technology do you think will enable that is a genetic modification is it cloning is it uploading your mind define forever like are we talking a thousand years a million 10 to the 14 10 to the 45 well let's start as i tweeted today eventually everything uh the universe will be filled with supermassive black holes so that that forever maybe like backtracking to work we'll have we'll have 10 the 16 years to figure it out yes uh yeah maybe travel between um between the multiverse between the different universes the multiverse i mean but forever meaning like you know uh millennia um um i guess i definitely think that we can get there i definitely think that it's the sort of thing that's going to take an insanely huge amount of work and i definitely think it's the sort of thing where you know once we figure out the first crop of problems and like people start living to 150 we'll just realize that there's like 10 other problems that kill you half a slowly and
另外顺带问一句,你觉得什么技术能实现这一点?是基因改造、克隆,还是把意识上传?先定义一下“永生”吧,我们说的是一千年、一百万年、10的14次方还是10的45次方?那我们从我今天发的推开始说吧最终,整个宇宙会被超大质量黑洞填满,所以那个“永远”可能就是回过头来说,我们大概有10的16次方年的时间去想办法。是的,嗯,也许可以在多重宇宙之间旅行,在不同的宇宙之间,我是说多重宇宙。不过“永远”的意思,你知道,就是几千年吧我觉得我确实认为我们能做到,我也确实认为这是那种需要付出极其巨大工作量的事而且我确实觉得,一旦我们解决了第一批问题比如人们开始活到150岁,我们就会发现还有另外十个问题在慢慢地把你弄死
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2:31:30
will have to do more work but you know the good news is that this this is you know aubry's longevity escape velocity argument that if you get everyone to lift 250 now then you know you have half a century to fix all those other problems as well so yeah i'm optimistic for that reason i think um it you definitely do not want to underestimate uh human ingenuity especially over the long term but just to look at what happens to computers between you know the eniac in 1950 and where we are in 2020 right like that's a span of 70 years um so like you know both of us i think with uh you know even just present-day technology and we have at least 70 more years to left so just like imagine what kind of sea change will happen in biomedicine during that time and the other thing that made me optimistic is that i actually think covet has been this kind of event that's really a kind of pushed um biomedicine and especially like activist approaches to biomedicine really into the public consciousness right like it basically
那就得做更多的工作。但好消息是,这就是奥布里那个“长寿逃逸速度”的论点如果你现在能让所有人活到150岁,那你就有半个世纪的时间去解决其他那些问题,所以我因此挺乐观的。我觉得你绝对不该低估人类的创造力,尤其是在长期来看。你只要看看计算机从1950年的ENIAC到我们2020年的样子,对吧,那也就是70年的跨度。所以我觉得我们俩,就算只用现在的技术至少还有70年可活,所以想象一下这段时间里生物医学会发生多大的翻天覆地的变化。另外一件让我乐观的事是,我其实觉得新冠是那种真正把生物医学,尤其是那种积极行动式的生物医学,推进公众意识里的事件,对吧,它基本上
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2:32:33
it's put people into this mindset that you know wait but like you know it's not just like you know the bits and tweets that are going to save the world you know the bio is actually like super important and huge and um you know ultimately what's uh ending the ending covid basically you know is that the vaccines and the vaccines have just been you know amazing and uh if you can take that energy and start and also like this uh i think philosophical attitude that i've noticed like i think the way that i would describe the philosophical attitude here this is going more depth first is that i think the way that i kind of interpret part of what i would call late 20th century ideology is that there is this mentality that you know nature is good and disruptions from nature are bad and generally you want to minimize disruptions from nature and like this exists everywhere in the political spectrum right so there's nature as in literal nature and my view is that like the right wing version of that is market sas nature
让人们进入了这样一种心态:等等,能拯救世界的不只是那些比特和推文生物这块其实超级重要、超级庞大。而且最终结束新冠的,基本上就是疫苗,而疫苗真的表现得非常惊人。如果你能把那股劲头拿过来再加上我注意到的这种哲学态度——我想我会这样描述这里的哲学态度,这算是往深里说了——我觉得我对我称之为二十世纪后期意识形态的一部分的理解是,存在这样一种心态:自然是好的,对自然的干扰是坏的,一般来说你要尽量减少对自然的干扰。而这种想法在整个政治光谱里到处都是,对吧。所以有字面意义上的“自然”,而我的看法是,右翼版本的那个就是“市场即自然”
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2:33:36
right um markets as nature yeah like you know they the way that that like that kind of philosophy talks about you know markets and like the goal of not interfering with them like you know it's it is very kind of like nature styled and then of course you know the the conservative one which is like traditional culture that existed before the activists started controlling everything as also being a kind of nature um but the 21st century attitude and like really covet you know has flipped a lot of minds because with kovid what's happened is that well no like it's not nature is not safe right the default is like you know untold and misery and suffering and tens of millions of people dying the only way out for us is through like basically um human ingenuity and that frame of mind is one that's like much more friendly to one uh the this other um change of minds that i want to see which is like basically treating aging as an engineering problem right like the default is all 7.8 billion human beings that are currently
对,嗯,市场即自然。是的,那种哲学谈论市场、谈论不去干预市场这个目标的方式,真的非常像在谈自然然后当然还有保守派的那个版本,就是在活动家们开始控制一切之前存在的传统文化也被当成某种“自然”。但二十一世纪的态度,尤其是新冠改变了很多人的想法。因为新冠发生之后,人们意识到,不对,自然并不安全,默认状态是难以言说的苦难和痛苦,是几千万人死去。我们唯一的出路,基本上就是人类的创造力。而这种思维框架,对我想看到的另一个观念转变要友好得多,那就是基本上把衰老当作一个工程问题来对待。对吧,默认情况是,现在地球上的78亿人都会死,而且他们生命的最后十年都会在
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2:34:43
on this earth are going to die and they're going to live their last decade of life in a debilitating pain and the only way to stop that is human ingenuity and you know we don't we don't have that solution yet but you know if we work hard we will and more and more people on the biology side computational biology are basically converting the mess of the the human biology into an engineering problem and once that conversion is happening looking at the the genetical the proteins all those kinds of things once that conversion happens you can now apply the tools that we know how to solve engineering problems to solving it that way and then there's also the other version which is you know why do we romanticize this meat vehicle that ultimately is just the thing that carries the brain maybe we can more and more convert ourselves into the digital realm this is where like neural link yeah i have the brain computer interfaces and then achieve immortality in the space of information in the digital space versus the
折磨人的痛苦中度过。阻止这一切的唯一办法就是人类的创造力。我们现在还没有那个解决方案,但只要我们努力,我们就会有。而且生物这边、计算生物学那边越来越多的人,基本上是在把人类生物学那一团乱麻转化成一个工程问题。一旦这种转化开始发生,去看基因、蛋白质这些东西,一旦这种转化发生,你就可以把我们已经知道怎么解决工程问题的那套工具用上来解决它。然后还有另一个版本,就是我们为什么要浪漫化这个肉身载具,它说到底只是承载大脑的东西。也许我们可以越来越多地把自己转移到数字领域,这就是Neuralink那类脑机接口的用武之地,然后在信息的空间里实现永生在数字空间而不是生物空间里。那些东西也挺有意思的,我同意。我还是觉得我们有足够的资源
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2:35:40
biology space that stuff's interesting too i agree again i think you know we we have enough resources and we should just try all the parallel tracks you know it's great that we have people just trying to make our bodies work it's great that we have people trying to upload like or improve brain scanning it's also great that we have just like people improving cryonics so like we could just like you know go to sleep in the freezer and um eventually hopefully sometime in the future you know healthy is going to be able to wake up um all of this uh um you know you know anyone who gets chronically frozen today will be able to wake up but you know that's all that's a bad right that's the last resort and then the other interesting thing about um the like extreme uploading approach right is um like we're excited about space and one of the points that uh a lot of science or like hard science fiction types make is that you know if you want to explore space that's a lot easier if you're not a human right like one example of this is that
应该把所有这些并行路线都试一遍。有人在努力让我们的身体正常运转,这很好;有人在尝试意识上传,或者改进脑部扫描,这也很好;还有有人在改进人体冷冻技术,这同样很好。这样我们就可以在冷冻舱里睡过去希望在未来某个时候能健健康康地醒来。当然,我不是说今天被冷冻的人一定能醒过来,但那是最后的退路,是万不得已的选择。然后关于那种极端上传路线,另一件有意思的事是,我们都对太空很兴奋,而很多科学界、或者说硬科幻类型的人会提出的一个观点是,如果你想探索太空,不是人类会容易得多,对吧。举个例子,在人类的语境下我们在谈
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2:36:40
you know in the context of humans we're talking about like oh we're going to be able to go to the moon oh we're going to be able to go to mars but there's this project called starshot i believe right that's basically trying to send spacecraft to mini spacecrafts to alpha centauri and they literally believe that they're going to be able to get spacecraft over to alpha centauri like four light years away by like the 2060s no i mean by traveling close to the speed of light yeah exactly like so based the way it works is you know you have these light sails like you basically take the as a spacecraft and you shine a laser at it and the laser is insanely strong and quickly accelerated at 100 g's no i think it was 10 000 gs um until it gets to 20 the speed of light and then you know it goes on your merry way right so if you wants to be in um like personally explore the alpha centauri system within like two centuries or once or one century then you know being a robot is like by far the most practical way to do it
哦我们能去月球了,哦我们能去火星了。但有一个项目叫“突破摄星”(Starshot)我记得是这样,它基本上是想把微型航天器送到半人马座阿尔法星,而他们真的相信自己能在2060年代把航天器送到四光年外的半人马座阿尔法星。是的,我是说通过接近光速的速度飞行。对,没错。它的原理是用光帆,你基本上就是拿一个航天器,用激光照射它,那激光强得不可思议,把它迅速加速到100个g——不,我记得是一万个g,直到它达到光速的20%,然后它就一路飞下去了。所以如果你想在两个世纪、或者一个世纪之内亲自去探索半人马座阿尔法星系那当个机器人绝对是最实际的办法,因为人类
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2:37:39
because there's no way that a human being can survive 10 000 years so it's it's definitely interesting long term but at the same time like there's definitely a lot of like psychological hang-ups and a lot of like deep philosophy that we'll just have to grapple with well i think to get there i think what it hangs on the topic of whether we can convert consciousness into an engineering problem so like is consciousness tied to our biology because the moment we can convert consciousness into a digital form then we can send it with that light sale to office centauri until then a robot is not carrying anything except maybe some basic knowledge like wikipedia it's not carrying the flame of human consciousness i have high hopes for converting consciousness into engineering problem in fact i think it's not as difficult as people think i'm i agree with that i'm definitely in the camp that consciousness is a property of the algorithm and not a property of brain structure um the other fun like the kinds of
根本不可能活一万年。所以从长远看这确实很有意思,但同时也确实有很多心理上的障碍,还有很多深层的哲学问题我们必须去面对。我觉得要走到那一步,关键在于我们能不能把意识转化成一个工程问题。也就是说,意识是不是绑定在我们的生物结构上因为一旦我们能把意识转成数字形式,我们就能用那个光帆把它送到半人马座阿尔法星。在那之前,机器人什么都没带过去,顶多带点基础知识,比如维基百科,它没有带上人类意识的火种。我对把意识变成工程问题抱有很大希望,事实上我觉得它没有大家想的那么难。我同意这点,我绝对属于“意识是算法的属性,而不是大脑结构的属性”那一派。另外一类有趣的、我们必须面对的哲学问题是
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2:38:40
philosophical things we'd have to grab with grapple with is like once you upload yourself like you can hit control c you know like it would be wouldn't be lovely to have like 10 copies of fellow experience like we could just interview everyone so this is i mean this is i i have to ask this question it's a difficult one which i don't think he'll be wonderful first of all um sure so in the following way and this has to do with immortality as well there's something about scarcity that creates value or um there's a bunch of philosophers victor franco bernard williams ernest becker they argue that death or the scarcity of life creates meaning and the reason we life is beautiful the reason so many moments of experience of of love or delicious food all those things are made delicious because they're finite because they end and because we don't have that many of them and there's a kind of worry that if we extend the human lifespan if we achieve immortality or if we god forbid clone me multiple times then you lose the
一旦你把自己上传了,你就可以按Ctrl+C。有十个莱克斯的副本不是挺好的吗我们可以挨个采访。所以这个,我是说,我得问这个问题,它挺难的我觉得那不会很美妙。首先,嗯,好的,是这么个意思,这也跟永生有关稀缺性本身会创造价值。有一批哲学家,维克多·弗兰克尔、伯纳德·威廉姆斯、欧内斯特·贝克尔,他们认为死亡、或者说生命的稀缺性创造了意义。生命之所以美好,那么多体验的瞬间——爱、美食——之所以让人陶醉,是因为它们是有限的,因为它们会结束,因为我们拥有的并不多。所以有一种担忧是,如果我们延长人类寿命,如果我们实现永生,或者天哪如果把我把克隆很多份,你就会失去“拥有这段人生、拥有这段体验”的那种丰厚感
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2:39:52
richness of what it means to have this life to have this experience does that worry you at all do you think there's some aspect to which death does in fact give meaning to life i guess like the one historical parallel and like this might be a bit unfair is that you know there have been philosophers that said that have said things like you know war gives like meaning to human collectives and the struggle for supremacy between you know nations and races as this like big driver of progress that like that ensures that ever that everyone strives to be their best and um you know of course uh this viewpoint got into the head of a crazy austrian guy and 20 years later his soldiers were shooting at my grandparents um so you know these days we don't really have that but yet life still feels meaningful there's we've still found other ways to uh or them like they're still uh striving for technological progress there's still um you know uh striving for self-improvement in general and it turns out that you know you don't
这会让你担心吗?你觉得死亡在某种意义上确实赋予了生命意义吗?我想有一个历史上的类比,可能有点不公平,就是历史上有些哲学家说过说过类似这样的话:战争赋予人类集体以意义,民族之间、种族之间争夺霸权的斗争是推动进步的巨大动力,它确保每个人都竭尽全力然后当然,这种观点进了一个疯狂的奥地利人的脑子,二十年后他的士兵就在朝我的祖父母开枪。所以,现在我们其实没有那种东西了,但生活依然让人觉得有意义,我们还是找到了其他的方式——人们依然在追求技术进步,依然在追求自我提升。结果证明,你其实并不需要有那种生死存亡的冲突,才能
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2:40:54
actually need to have existential conflicts in order to in order to have that now maybe you need conflict but we have other kinds of conflicts right look we have you know competition between businesses competition between political ideologies competition between projects and so you know these are like whatever what whatever the psychological needs are like they're just our substitutes for it so i guess like yeah so if we uh i'm trying to say i i feel like once we start living to to the age of uh 200 then like i'm just intuitively expecting that we'll see some like substitutes emerge in the same way yeah that will will create conflicts of other sorts that lead to less human suffering than wars do like we'll just start playing diablo four five six and because you die in video games so maybe we'll get some of the inkling of scarcity through the activities we partake in as opposed to our own body dying i mean i feel shitty when i uh like you can i remember in diablo three you can play in hardcore mode
获得那种意义。也许你需要冲突,但我们有其他种类的冲突,对吧,我们有企业之间的竞争、政治意识形态之间的竞争、项目之间的竞争。所以不管那种心理需求是什么,我们都有替代品。所以我想说我想说的是,我感觉一旦我们开始活到200岁,我只是凭直觉预期我们同样会看到某些替代品出现。是的,那会带来其他形式的冲突,而这些冲突造成的人类苦难比战争少。比如我们就开始玩《暗黑破坏神》四代、五代、六代,因为你在电子游戏里会死,所以也许我们能通过我们参与的活动获得一点点稀缺感,而不是靠自己的身体死去。我是说,我确实会很难受,比如我记得在《暗黑破坏神3》里你可以玩硬核模式,角色一死就永久死亡。也许你能
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2:42:00
where if you die in the game your character is dead maybe you will get the the richness of like what that we currently get from life by having like little artificial versions of ourselves that die interestingly enough as i've just like personally spent more time in this world i've started realizing that you know there is a concept of like real fight finiteness that still like exists and it might even still be a thing that provides meaning that doesn't require anyone to actually die like for example like how many people from middle school or even high school or yours like do you still talk to regularly i'm happy to be close friends with like four or five of them okay well like in my case the answer is zero for middle school and two for high school you're right right it dropped exactly it dropped right and so like there's a lot of these just like relationships that end up being very finite um a person changes their i feel like a person changes enough of their worldview after 25 years wasn't there even a study
通过拥有一个个会死的、小小的人造版本的自己,来获得我们现在从生命中获得的那种丰厚感挺有意思的是,我个人在这个圈子里待久了以后,开始意识到其实存在一种“真实的有限性”的概念,它依然存在,而且它可能仍然是提供意义的东西,却并不需要任何人真的死去。比如说,你初中、甚至高中的同学里,还有多少人是你还在经常联系的?我很幸运还和其中四五个人是好朋友。好吧,我的情况是,初中的答案是零高中是两个。对吧,数量骤降了。没错,骤降了。所以有很多关系最后其实都是很有限的。一个人会改变,我觉得一个人在25年后,世界观会变得足够多是不是还有研究说过这个,说一个人和25年后的自己,差别大概就像
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2:42:59
about this something like a person and themselves 25 years later about as different as like two different people or something like this um so you know like i mean just like you can have conflict without bloodshed i think um you know you can you can have finiteness and even you know the the necessary sorrows of uh finiteness that give meaning without like literally any anyone having to end their life and hopefully if we do extend our life we'll figure out ways to extend the period of time where there's newer neuroplasticity yes to where we could change our world views continually throughout that time so have some of these different phases of life uh i thought it would be fun to hear you speak a little russian
两个不同的人一样?所以你看,就像你可以有不流血的冲突一样我觉得,你也可以有有限性,甚至有限性所必然带来的那些哀伤,而这些能带来意义,却不需要任何人真的结束生命。而且希望如果我们真的延长了寿命,我们也能找到办法延长神经可塑性的那段时期。是的,让我们能在那段时间里持续地改变自己的世界观,也就是拥有人生的这些不同阶段。我觉得听你说点俄语会挺有意思的
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2:44:14
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2:44:32
do you think there's uh so for people who don't speak russian that uh vitalik said that there is um that there is something to the spirit of the people that are russian that are working in the cryptocurrency world that uh is a little bit different and it and it's something that uh that connects to some kind of aspect of your own self some kind of roots there it it it's it's kind of interesting do you think that there's um does it make you sad that there's these two different worlds that are uh sort of in part disconnected by language and i'm sure the same could be the case with china and other parts of the world or the language slows the transmission of the beauty of the culture in a certain kind of way where you can't truly collaborate like you can all speak english you're collaborating on maybe a technical level but you're not collaborating on the level of like some deep human connection do you see that being able to speak both languages there's definitely benefits i think to be able to like
你觉得——为那些不懂俄语的人说一下——维塔利克刚才说的是,在加密货币世界里工作的俄罗斯人身上有某种精神气质,是有点不一样的,而且那是某种和你自身的某个部分、某种根源相连的东西。这挺有意思的。你觉得这让你难过吗?就是存在这样两个世界,它们在某种程度上被语言隔开了。我相信中国和世界其他地方也是一样的情况。语言在某种程度上减慢了文化之美的传递让你没法真正地协作。比如大家都能说英语,你们可以在技术层面上协作,但你们没有在那种深层的人与人的联结层面上协作。作为一个会两种语言的人你有这种感受吗?会说多种语言肯定是有好处的,而且一旦
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2:45:37
speak multiple languages and like once you can right like you it you discover that like even your mindset changes while you're in speaking in one language versus the other like people have told me this like when i speak russian i sound more like i guess like to the point in pragmatic when i speak chinese i sound more cute when i speak english i'm something else um i guess there's definitely like a richness that you're missing if you're only like in one of these language bubbles but you know i guess the arguments on the other side would be that you know if everyone spoke the same language then like there would just be one bubble right this is the challenge i think like there are actually benefits to having cultural diversity and you definitely don't want the entire world to be too conformist yeah and well one of the interesting things about crypto is that it's just a culture that actually like manages to like somehow you know have its uniqueness and brazil and even preserve its independence from
你能做到,你就会发现,你在说某一种语言的时候,连思维方式都会变跟另一种语言比起来——有人跟我说过,我讲俄语的时候听起来更像是,我猜,更直截了当、更务实我讲中文的时候听起来更可爱一些,讲英语的时候又是另一种感觉。嗯,我觉得确实有一种丰富性如果你只待在其中一个语言的圈子里,你就体会不到。不过我想,反方的观点会是,如果所有人都说同一种语言,那就只剩一个圈子了,对吧。我觉得这就是难点所在文化多样性其实是有好处的,你肯定不希望整个世界都太过趋同。是啊。加密领域有意思的一点是,它本身就是一种文化,而且居然能够不知怎么地保有自己的独特性,甚至在巴西这样的地方也能保持独立于周围所有这些
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2:46:40
all of all of these surrounding countries despite being embedded in all of them so it uh spans outside the geographical boundaries and language in some ways does as well and then in the way these cultures these bubbles are created i mean they overlap in interesting ways it's almost like a hierarchy and the same is the case with the crypto world there's uh you know there's communities associated with these cryptocurrencies there's communities within those communities and it's yeah i mean i think like you know it's definitely sad whenever these groups are are fighting each other um and like it's definitely good for them to like if people can cooperate more um but you know at the same time like just having like groups of people that have you know different kinds of life experiences like there's definitely something benefit from that so let me ask one last question i don't think i asked you last time the ridiculous question about the meaning of life uh you know dostoevsky said beauty will save the world
国家,尽管它就嵌在这些国家里面。所以它跨越了地理边界,而语言在某种程度上也是如此而且这些文化、这些圈子形成的方式,它们之间会以很有意思的方式重叠,几乎像是一种层级结构。加密世界也是一样,你知道,围绕这些加密货币会有各自的社区这些社区里面又有更小的社区。嗯,是啊,我觉得每当这些群体之间互相攻击的时候,确实挺让人难过的。如果大家能多一些合作,那当然更好但与此同时,有一群群拥有不同人生经历的人这本身肯定也是有好处的。那我问最后一个问题吧,我想上次我没问过你这个关于人生意义的荒唐问题。你知道,陀思妥耶夫斯基说过「美将拯救世界」,有些人认为金钱是幸福的
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2:47:43
some people believe money is a big part of happiness and you've turned first of all you've made a lot of money you turned away a lot of money he turned away a lot of power so you're a fascinating person to ask what do you think is meaning to life the thing that i've realized with money as i uh have experienced both having a little of it and i'm having a lot of it is that um the benefit of like you can get the most out of um money if you think of it not as something that like lets you do and have more things but as something that lets you worry about fewer things right like you know if you have you know if the your savings are just you know non-zero at all then you don't have to worry as much about losing your job and you know if you feel like you're you have a job that just like really conflicts with your values then like if you have even six months saved up that just makes it easier for you to say bye-bye i'm going to do something else if you have more money then you can [Music] you know not worry about like even what
重要组成部分。而你——首先,你赚了很多钱,你也推开过很多钱,你还推开过很多权力。所以你是一个特别值得问这个问题的人:你觉得人生的意义是什么?关于金钱,我意识到的一点是我既体验过手里只有一点点钱,也体验过有很多钱。我发现,要想最大化地利用金钱,你不该把它看成是让你能做更多事、拥有更多东西的东西,而应该看成是让你可以少操心一些事情的东西,对吧。比如说,如果你的存款不是零,哪怕只有一点你就不用那么担心丢掉工作。再比如,如果你觉得自己的工作跟你的价值观严重冲突,那么只要你有哪怕六个月的积蓄,你就更容易说声「拜拜,我去做别的事情了」。如果你钱更多一些,你就可以〔音乐〕完全不用担心自己做的事情需不需要盈利。等
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2:48:50
you're doing the am needing to be profitable at all um once you get more money then like you can you know choose transportation options and food options that just like have less hassle in your life and allow you to be lazier uh so if you like this aspect of just like reducing troubles and like opening up room for um other things i think is a big part of it like if you just if you instead think of money as being like this positive or this thing that like gives you stuff and you try to derive meaning from the stuff i think that's uh much more likely to be like a road to like basically squandering that opportunity so yeah and i guess my philosophy is on that is definitely more subtractive than added over there but once you have enough money that you don't have to worry about the money you're burdened with another question which is of meaning and do you think there's meaning to it all or it seems like your own life you're trying to build cool stuff that alleviates some level of suffering in
你钱更多了,你就可以选择那些能让生活少些麻烦的出行方式和饮食方式,让你能更懒一点。所以我觉得,这种减少烦恼、为其他事情腾出空间的层面,才是金钱意义的很大一部分。反过来,如果你把钱看成是正向的、是给你带来各种东西的东西然后试图从这些东西里找到意义,我觉得那更可能是一条路,最终基本上就是浪费了这个机会。是啊,所以我的哲学在这件事上更偏「做减法」而不是「做加法」。但是一旦你的钱足够多,不用再为钱操心了,你就会背上另一个问题,也就是意义的问题。你觉得这一切有意义吗还是说——看你自己的人生,你似乎是在努力造一些很酷的东西,来缓解这个世界上某种程度的苦难
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2:49:58
the world well i mean one way to think about it is like think of think back to like how you thought about life when you were in school right well in school this is interesting to think about right because in a lot of ways like it's just totally outside of bounds of you know the kinds of systems that are like social systems that we live in as um as adults or maybe not like maybe things like academia are intended to replicate parts of school like first of all school is very totalitarian right like you know you have to follow the teacher the the teacher's instructions the bulk of your schedule is like forced to be in particular areas and you know you can control um and they're real for you from you know leaving the grounds during this period this period of time um you know assign a lot of homework but at the same time also you know school is a bit of a bit of a post-scarcity utopia in that you just don't have to worry about getting resources for yourself and you know we've both like lived through 12 years of that
嗯,我觉得一种思考的方式是,回想一下你在上学的时候是怎么看待人生的。学校这件事挺值得琢磨的,因为在很多方面,它完全处在我们成年后所生活的那些社会系统之外。或者也不完全是,也许像学术界这样的地方,本来就是想复刻学校的某些部分。首先,学校是非常极权式的,对吧你得听老师的,得按老师的指示做,你日程表的大部分时间都被强制安排在特定的地方,而且你没什么自主权,这段时间里你也不被允许离开校园还会布置很多作业。但与此同时,学校又有点像一个「后稀缺乌托邦」,因为你完全不用操心怎么给自己搞到资源。而我们俩都经历过十二年这样的生活
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2:50:57
right so you know like what does that say about us and i think like in one thing of aspect obviously is that in it does like there's definitely like an easiness to living life if all of your decisions are made for you and one of the challenges of adulthood i guess is moving to this uh world where like all your choices are much more self-directed and you just have to like learn to live and deal with that um yeah dealing with the burden of freedom in some sense actually interesting and because uh i in some ways i feel like even my first like five years of doing ethereum things uh yeah my life was not even all that self-directed because for a lot of it was just you know responding to obligations right like someone said oh you know come to speak at this event in korea okay you know come to speak of this thing in taiwan okay um oh like we need up for ethereum to launch we need um you know this particular piece to be done and tested okay work on that right we know we need some uh um a proof of stake algorithm work on that
对吧。那这说明了我们什么呢?我觉得,显然有一个方面是,如果所有决定都替你做好了那生活起来确实挺轻松的。而成年的挑战之一,我想就是要过渡到这样一个世界:你所有的选择都要靠自己做主,你得学会在这种状态下生活、应对这一切是啊,某种意义上就是要承受自由带来的负担。其实挺有意思的,因为在某些方面我觉得即便是我做以太坊的头五年,我的生活其实也算不上多么自主,因为很多时候我只是在回应各种义务,对吧。比如有人说,来韩国这个活动演讲吧,好;来台湾这个活动讲一下吧,好;或者说,为了让以太坊上线,我们需要把某个特定的部分做完、测好,好,那就去做;我们知道我们需要一个权益证明算法,那就去做。而疫情期间的那一年
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2:52:05
and the last year of uh coved life um like basically i was like holed up in singapore for much of it right and it gave me a lot more alone time you know i had much less travel and that was definitely a very new and interesting experience for me would you characterize it by sadness melancholy hope uh dreaming like innovative period like how would you characterize that alone time sum of all five um definitely some self-discovery um i definitely did like take this uh make this very deliberate decision that like okay i have this time and i'm going to like actually make something meaningful out of it um so like one example of the things i did is i just like actually started really listening to our um audiobooks and podcasts much more like just this year i basically kind of discovered that the podcast space is real for the first time i guess like before that you know there would be things that i would get interviewed for but yeah i was not really kind of like mentally incorporated i did not mentally incorporate this um
嗯,基本上我大部分时间都窝在新加坡,对吧。那让我有了多得多的独处时间,出差少了很多那对我来说确实是一段很新鲜、很有意思的体验。你会用什么来形容它呢?悲伤、忧郁、希望做梦,还是说是个充满创造力的时期?你会怎么形容那段独处的时光?五种都有一点吧。嗯,肯定有一些自我探索的成分。我当时确实很有意识地做了一个决定:好,我有这段时间我要真正做出点有意义的东西来。举个例子,我做的事情之一就是开始真正大量地听有声书和播客。差不多就是今年,我才算真正发现播客这个领域是真实存在的。在那之前,会有一些节目来采访我但我并没有真正在心里建立起——我并没有把「播客是你可以主动去听的东西」
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2:53:12
idea that like podcasts are a thing that you can go listen to and this year i did okay you know my friend uh um carl lafourche one of the the optimism people uh recommended hardcore history to me and so i went ahead and just listens to all the hardcore histories uh but then after that like yeah listen to like 10 lux speedmans and then a bunch of others says and after that i also got into um audiobooks um oh i listened to the entire um the rise and fall of the third reich the whole thing 45 hours that that was fascinating so what else did you ask about because dana's gonna love hearing this i'm gonna tell you do you have uh do you have a period of history whether it's dan or in general that you draw for your own life like kind of thinking about the world about human nature that you go to is it world war ii is it uh wrath of the cons the injengus is it some other more ancient history is it world war one is there something that kind of echoes with you in the voice of dan or or anyone else that you connect to
这个概念内化。今年我内化了。我朋友 Karl Floersch,Optimism 那边的人他给我推荐了《Hardcore History》,然后我就去把所有的《Hardcore History》都听完了。之后我又听了大概十期 Lex Fridman 的节目,还有其他一堆。再之后我又迷上了有声书嗯,我把《第三帝国的兴亡》整本听完了,整整四十五个小时,特别精彩。你刚才还问了什么来着(笑)因为 Dan 听到这个肯定会很高兴,我会转告他的。你有没有——你有没有哪一段历史,不管是 Dan 讲的还是别的,是你会拿来对照自己的人生,去思考这个世界、思考人性的?是二战吗?是《Wrath of the Khans》里讲的成吉思汗吗?还是更古老一些的历史?是一战吗?有没有什么在 Dan 的声音里,或者别人的讲述里,特别能引起你共鸣、让你产生连接的?我觉得三十年代和四十年代特别引人入胜,因为它们逼着你去认真面对
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2:54:17
i feel like the 1930s and 40s are fascinating because they force you to like really grapple with uh the question of like you know where does evil come from right like the sort of mental puzzle that i've always had in my head is like on the one hand um you know things like the holocaust happened but on the other hand if you just go and like have a coffee with with uh people then like a hundred times out of a hundred everyone just seems so nice yeah yeah so yeah exactly yeah like how do you kind of reconcile the macro in the micro there right and that's the sort of thing that's very difficult if you don't have um a lot of i guess the right kind of personal experience like especially if your personal experience starts off being sheltered like it was for me right like i you know this i know the stereotype is that the nerds get bullied in school but like actually for me in my school experience was just being treated with kindness by everyone yeah and so that definitely made it harder to understand things
一个问题:邪恶究竟从何而来。我脑子里一直有这么一个思维上的难题一方面,像大屠杀这样的事情真的发生了;但另一方面,如果你只是去跟人喝杯咖啡,一百次里有一百次,每个人看起来都那么友善。是啊,就是这样,那么你要怎么把宏观和微观这两件事调和起来呢?而这种事,如果你没有足够多的、合适的亲身经历,是很难想明白的。尤其是如果你的人生经历一开始是被保护得很好的,就像我那样。你知道,刻板印象里书呆子在学校会被霸凌,但实际上对我来说,我的学校经历就是所有人都对我很友善。所以那确实让我更难理解这些事情。我记得我刚开始做以太坊的时候还挺措手不及的,因为不到六个月就开始有人
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2:55:17
i remember actually being pretty blindsided when i started ethereum and then within six months there started being fights over like who would get more shares if ethereum turned out to be a company and then i suggested we should just make it be a non-profit and somehow that ended up upsetting people um so so the fascinating thing for me is that like i've been you know obviously reading and listening to the history and then at the same time just like observing things happening in the crypto space and so one of my interesting um like mental intuitions that i've gotten is that i think like most evil doesn't come out of greed it comes out of fear and like one example of this in ethereum lands right is um like i think the part of ethereum history where i thought that the ethereum community was at its lowest and even when i personally was at my lowest and if you go back to the dow fork in 2016 right so you know the dow hack happens and then we made this controversial decision to change the ethereum protocol
争吵:如果以太坊最后变成一家公司,谁能拿到更多股份。然后我提议我们干脆做成非营利组织,结果这反而惹恼了一些人。所以对我来说有意思的地方在于,我一边在读历史、听历史,一边又在观察加密领域里正在发生的事情。所以我得出的一个挺有意思的心理直觉是,我觉得大多数的恶并不是源于贪婪而是源于恐惧。在以太坊这边的一个例子是,我觉得以太坊历史上有一段时期,是我认为整个以太坊社区处在最低谷的时候,也是我个人处在最低谷的时候如果你回到 2016 年的 The DAO 分叉,你知道,The DAO 被黑了,然后我们做了那个有争议的决定去修改以太坊协议。然后就有了以太坊经典(ETC)的分裂。而那次分裂一
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2:56:21
uh and we um you know then there was that ethereum classic split and as soon as that ethereum classic split um happened you know there was like a lot of anger everywhere and there started there started especially being anger when the price of etc started like taking up right so this was the time when ether started off being 13 dollars and then ethereum classic started at zero but then suddenly there was this one day when like eath dropped to 12.5 etc went up to 0.5 and then they dropped more and people were saying things like um you know oh this whole thing ethereum classic is just as like a psyop by you know the bitcoin community and just the wealthy bitcoiners trying to destroy ethereum and like in the back of my mind i knew that that wasn't entirely true like there were definitely were bitcoiners but at the same time like i think blaming political like internal disa or blaming disagreements on foreign interference right like this is the sort of thing that you know like countries governments do all the time
发生,到处都是愤怒的情绪。尤其是当ETC 的价格开始往上走的时候,愤怒就更强烈了。当时 ETH 一开始是十三美元,而 ETC 从零开始但突然有那么一天,ETH 跌到了十二块五,ETC 涨到了零点五,然后 ETH 继续跌。于是有人开始说这样的话:哦,以太坊经典整件事就是比特币社区搞的一场心理战,就是那些有钱的比特币持有者想要毁掉以太坊。但我心里其实知道,这并不完全属实里面确实有比特币阵营的人,但与此同时,我觉得把内部分歧归咎于外国势力干预——你知道,这是各个国家、各国政府一直在做的事情
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2:57:25
like it's a very convenient excuse right because it allows you to just like blame these things that are happening on the foreigners and avoid like actually grappling with the facts that like well no actually you have people in your very own community who just disagree with you and have a different belief and i think you know i feel like the ethereum community like during that time did not do a very good job of grappling with that and i feel like like i during that time did not do a very good job of grappling with that and so there was a lot of like blaming the bitcoiners there were also even a lot of people calling for us to use trademark one like basically sue exchanges and like try to prevent them from listing ethereum classic and like to me that was very unethical right like this uh using like basically using the government as a weapon to uh try to attack the other cryptocurrency and like destroy it as like goes completely against them you know the ideals of freedom and you know like things that at least
这是一个非常方便的借口,对吧,因为它让你可以把正在发生的这些事情统统怪到外人头上,从而回避真正去面对这个事实:不,其实是你自己社区里就有人跟你意见不同、信念不同。我觉得以太坊社区在那段时间在面对这件事上做得不太好,我也觉得我自己在那段时间做得不太好。所以当时有大量把责任推给比特币阵营的声音,甚至还有很多人呼吁我们动用商标权,基本上就是去起诉交易所,阻止它们上线以太坊经典。在我看来那是非常不道德的对吧,这等于是把政府当成武器,去攻击另一种加密货币、去毁掉它,这完全违背了自由的理想,违背了我们至少在理论上应该坚守的那些东西
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2:58:23
in theory were supposed to stand for um but you know like in that particular time like basically what was happening was that you know the etc price was rising and at the same time the th price was dropping in lockstep and it really and there are a lot of bitcoin people basically saying this is the end of ethereum and i think a lot of people really were afraid that ethereum would be just like completely destroyed as a result of this and so like that's where the anger came from exactly that's yeah exactly it came from the fear and like that's what i like allowed people to rationalize like in abandonment of principles that i think they would not have um accepted in other circumstances and i i definitely like to to some extent played along with this myself right and i do definitely regret that to some extent uh well and i i definitely regret like the the excesses completely um but so that and then obviously you know bitcoin block size war similar sort of stuff happened uh so like that that insight
但在那个特定的时期,实际发生的情况是,ETC 的价格在涨,与此同时ETH 的价格在同步下跌。而且有很多比特币圈的人在说,这就是以太坊的终结。我觉得当时很多人是真的害怕以太坊会因此被彻底摧毁所以那些愤怒就是从这儿来的。没错,对,就是这样,它源于恐惧。而正是这一点让人们能够为自己背弃原则找到正当理由——我觉得换了别的情况,他们是不会接受这种做法的而我自己在某种程度上确实也随波逐流了,对此我确实有些后悔。嗯,而且我对其中那些过头的做法是完全后悔的。然后显然,比特币的区块大小之争也发生了类似的事情。所以那个洞见挺有意思的,因为在心理上它非常说得通
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2:59:25
was interesting um because like it does mentally make a lot of sense right like when you're actually afraid that you know unless you act in some way that you know your entire world is going to collapse like it's much easier to just rationalize you know forgetting your principles and doing whatever you have to to just save the specific thing that you care about it feels like the right thing to do the the brave thing to do is in the face of fear to still have compassion to still have love as opposed to hate so the the darkest moments the the toughest moments of human history are those where fear is everywhere and despite that like the way to get out of that is uh is through love not giving into the fear and again that's the lesson that you draw from all those moments of history yeah well i i like you have in terms of those coffee and the kindness that people have it does seem that everybody has the capacity for evil and everybody has the capacity for love and you just have to create mechanisms
对吧,当你真的害怕,觉得如果自己不采取某种行动,你的整个世界就要崩塌,那你就很容易为自己开脱——忘掉原则,做任何你必须做的事只为了保住你在乎的那个东西。感觉正确的做法、勇敢的做法,是在面对恐惧的时候,依然保有同情、依然保有爱,而不是仇恨。所以人类历史上最黑暗的时刻、最艰难的时刻,就是恐惧无处不在的时刻。而尽管如此,走出来的方式是通过爱,是不向恐惧屈服。这也正是你从历史上那些时刻里得出的教训吧。是啊,就像你说的喝咖啡时人们展现出的那种善意——看起来每个人都有作恶的能力,也每个人都有爱的能力,你要做的就是设计出机制和激励,让后者压过前者
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3:00:33
and incentives that uh prioritize the latter over the former vitalik you're one of the most interesting people i've gotten a chance to talk to um thank you so much for talking i i hope we get a chance to talk again i hope but i can at least be at some small part this would be awesome on a podcast with you and dan carlin that would be an awesome conversation uh like thank you so much for doing so much incredible technical innovation that inspires the computer scientists uh the economist inspires the world and what technology can do and now with longevity i do hope we live a a very long time and play diablo to make that long time fun thank you so much for talking today thank you to alex this was great thanks for listening to this conversation with vitalik buterin and thank you to athletic greens magic spoon indeed four sigmatic and better help check them out in the description to support this podcast and now let me leave you with some words from nelson mandela when a man is denied the right to live
Vitalik,你是我有机会交谈过的最有意思的人之一。非常感谢你来聊希望我们还有机会再聊。我希望我至少能出点小力,促成你和 Dan Carlin 一起上播客那会是一场很棒的对话。非常感谢你做出了这么多了不起的技术创新它激励着计算机科学家、经济学家,也激励着整个世界去思考技术能做什么。现在还有长寿这件事我真心希望我们能活得很久很久,并且一起打暗黑破坏神,让这漫长的时间变得有趣。非常感谢你今天来聊,也谢谢 Alex,这次真的很棒。感谢收听这期与 Vitalik Buterin 的对话,也感谢 Athletic Greens、Magic Spoon、IndeedFour Sigmatic 和 BetterHelp。请到简介里看看他们,以此支持本播客。最后,我想用纳尔逊·曼德拉的一句话作为结束:当一个人被剥夺了按自己信念生活的权利时,他除了成为一个不法之徒别无选择
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3:01:42
the life he believes in he has no choice but to become an outlaw thank you for listening and hope to see you next time
感谢收听,希望下次再见
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视频总结 · 一句话概括与核心要点

一句话概括

Vitalik Buterin 在这期播客中回顾了自己处理 Shiba Inu 巨额空投(销毁 90%、捐赠约 12 亿美元)的全过程,并系统讲解了以太坊向权益证明、分片与 Rollup 演进的技术路线,同时延伸到区块链治理、加密社区的政治社会学、长寿研究与"恶源于恐惧"的历史反思。

核心要点

  • 被动接收 Shib 的处置是一场技术与心理的双重马拉松。 项目方把半数代币空投到他的冷钱包——一台留在加拿大的离线笔记本,私钥被拆成两个数字写在两张纸上分置两地。因疫情旅行限制无法取回,他最终让家人电话念出纸上数字,在新买的笔记本上相加还原私钥,同时花两天搭建多签钱包转移 32.5 万枚 ETH,还自己审计了代码、手写 JavaScript 做确认(Gnosis Safe 与 Status 钱包不兼容)。实际处置是捐赠 20%、销毁 80%。
  • 他把此举定位为"去中心化公共品融资"的实验,而非单纯慈善。 早在 2014 年他就在《比特币杂志》撰文设想"代表某种事业的代币"。其核心命题是:把公共品的重要性与"必须有一个中心化组织定义什么是善"解绑——因为最重要的公共品往往来自与所有人意见相左的疯狂个体。同类机制还包括 Gitcoin 的二次方融资和 Uniswap DAO 的巨额金库。
  • 对加密监管的判断是"边缘化"而非"禁绝"。 政府无法阻止区块链存在,但完全有能力禁掉所有交易所、切断法币通道、禁止雇主用加密货币支付,从而把它变成影响力很小的亚文化。他同时指出一个被忽视的事实:支付处理商限制的行为范围远大于非法行为的范围(性工作者、部分完全合法的迷幻药相关活动都被"影子信用卡政府"排除),减少中间层本身就有价值。
  • PoS 的经济账比环保账更关键。 工作量证明约一半成本来自硬件而非电力;由于参与共识不再需要巨额能耗支出,发行量可从当前每年约 470 万 ETH(总量约 1.15 亿)降至 50 万~100 万。安全性上,攻击需凑齐与网络等量的质押——当时约 500 万 ETH、约 150 亿美元,他认为高于攻击比特币网络的成本;且 PoS 能通过自动罚没(slashing)精确销毁作恶者的币,而 PoW 要么动不了矿工,要么换算法把所有矿工一起清除。
  • MEV 的解法不是消除中心化,而是"防火墙隔离"。 区块提议者可通过抢跑、套利(如 Uniswap 上吃掉 2700→2680 的挂单区间)获取远超手续费的收益,其风险在于规模经济:钱多→算法更好→算力/质押更多→机会更多,导致验证者中心化。Flashbots 路线是把市场拆成两半:searcher 做复杂的交易捆绑,矿工/验证者只做"接受最高出价"这件蠢事,从而把中心化挡在核心共识之外。
  • 他在区块大小之争中是"中块派",且认为硬分叉比软分叉更不具强制性。 他的框架是"写入易用性"与"读取易用性"的平衡:链太贵读不起会导致少数人代读并悄悄改规则;写入太贵则所有人涌向高度中心化的二层。他指出比特币 1MB 限制原本是中本聪 2010 年从 32MB(P2P 消息上限的意外产物)临时下调的安全措施。关于分叉:软分叉让不同意者"默认被裹挟",而硬分叉强迫每个人显式做出接受与否的选择。
  • 扩容的乘法公式是 Rollup × 分片 ≈ 100 × 100。 Rollup 把约 99% 的计算和 90% 的数据移出链(如把 20 字节地址压缩成 3 字节的树索引),只在链上留压缩数据加一个证明。分片则让每个节点只验证一小部分——靠随机抽样(如 1 万验证者随机分 100 人委员会、聚合签名)、ZK-SNARK(无需信任委员会诚实)和数据可用性抽样叠加。长期看 ZK Rollup 会全面胜出,因为它无需挑战期(Optimistic Rollup 提现要等一周),只是 ZK 技术直到近一年半才够高效。
  • 多客户端架构是以太坊被批评最多、却多次救命的设计。 2016 年上海 DoS 攻击中,攻击者无法同时卡死 Geth 和 Parity,矿工在两者间切换撑过了整月攻击;2021 年 4 月 Prysm 的 bug 只影响出块不影响投票,链始终稳定。反例是比特币 2010 年的余额溢出漏洞——两笔各数十亿 BTC 的输出相加溢出 2^64,凭空造出数十亿币,花了约 12 小时才被发现;若是多客户端,共识失败会立刻报警。
  • 合并被推迟主要是技术复杂度,而非社会分歧。 新设计让旧链"嵌套"进 PoS 链内部(每个信标链区块内含一个执行层区块,去掉 PoW 要求),用户几乎无感。他当时给的现实时间点是 2022 年初。社会阻力小的原因是 PoS 从 2014 年 1 月(项目启动两个月后)就写在路线图上,且 DAO 分叉时更偏爱 PoW 的"比特币派"已经分流到 ETC。
  • 对"严格学术论证"的价值持保留态度。 他认为协议失败更多来自"模型之外"而非模型之内——自私挖矿之所以是重大发现,正因为传统共识研究几乎不考虑激励(默认参与者是 15 家机构,作恶可线下追责)。他把自己的写作定位为"为好奇的外部人优化",而非为学术体系内的同行优化。

结论与值得注意的细节

  • 关于 Craig Wright: 他以"技术上说错话"为据判定其为骗子——Wright 混淆了"256 位"和"2^256 位"(前者是极小的信息量,后者超过宇宙的信息总量),并据此论证比特币椭圆曲线对配对友好。Vitalik 曾在某次会议上当场起立质问主办方为何让此人演讲。他把 Wright 类比为特朗普式人物:不靠智识,而靠说出人们心中已有的怨恨来聚集听众。
  • 关于 Polygon 的公允评价: 侧链与 Rollup 有本质安全模型差异——在 Rollup 中即使全世界都想抢你的钱,你也能自己从主链提走;在 Polygon 中 51% 代币持有者联合就能拿走你的资产,而其代币分布并不够分散。但他明确表态支持其存在:以太坊生态"现在"就需要扩容,没有友好选项应用就会流向币安智能链或毫无价值对齐的系统。工程哲学上,他主张"妥协方案要设计成向前兼容",否则会被逼进死角(以太坊就曾不得不通过上调 gas 成本来移除维持不起的功能)。
  • NFT 的自我修正: 他曾在某次科技会议上公开把 NFT 评为"被高估",事后承认判断错误。他至今无法在心理上理解为何有人花大钱买唯一性("给我影印件就行"),但真心高兴它成为创作者被长期低估的创作劳动的又一条收入流。
  • 他对 Musk 的解读是"别赋予太多深意": 认为狗狗币纯粹源于"他喜欢狗",并纠正"Vitalik 惧怕 Doge"的说法——他自己持有 Doge,还去日本见过那只原版柴犬,以太坊 DevCon 每年都接受 Doge 付款。他认为最好的结局是 Doge 通过安全的双向桥接入以太坊。技术障碍在于:以太坊能验证任何链(智能合约可运行任意代码),但反向需要 Doge 那边也具备验证以太坊的能力。
  • 最深的一条个人反思是"恶源于恐惧而非贪婪"。 他以 2016 年 DAO 分叉后的至暗时刻为例:ETC 价格上涨、ETH 同步下跌,社区把内部分歧归咎于"比特币富豪的心理战"(他心知这不全是真的),甚至有人主张用商标权起诉交易所、阻止其上架 ETC——用政府作武器攻击另一种加密货币,完全背离了自由理念。他承认自己当时也在某种程度上随波逐流,并对此有所后悔。
  • 金钱观与长寿观: 他的原则是"减法而非加法"——钱的价值在于让你少操心(存款非零就不必怕失业,存够六个月就能离开与价值观冲突的工作),若把意义寄托在钱能买到的东西上,反而是浪费了这个机会。关于死亡赋予生命意义的哲学反驳,他类比历史上"战争赋予集体意义"的论调——那套说法钻进一个疯狂奥地利人的脑子,二十年后他的士兵在朝他的祖父母开枪;如今没有生存竞争,生活依然有意义。他还观察到有限性未必需要死亡:中学同学他如今一个都不联系,高中只剩两个——人在 25 年后与自己已如同两个人,这种关系的有限性同样提供意义。
核心句型 · 8
1. The reason why … is because …
“The reason why I think deep rigor is overrated is because I think … the number of failures that are outside the model is even more important”
先复述论点再给理由的正式句式,比直接用 because 更能把「被解释项」摆到句首。适合陈述观点后立刻交代依据,写作中常用于段落首句。
2. Instead of …, what we're going to do is …
“Instead of just increasing the parameters what we're going to do is we're going to change the blockchain architecture”
先否定通行做法、再宣布自己的做法,天然带对比张力。what … is 的分裂句把新方案推到句末重音位置,适合提案与技术说明。
3. X isn't just …, it's also …
“Crypto … isn't just an opportunity to give people slightly better ways to save value … it's also an opportunity to basically create these new digital institutions”
用来扩大一个概念的边界:先承认常见理解,再补上更大的一层。仿写时后半句要给出真正的新信息,否则沦为空话。
4. The difference between A and B is that …
“The difference between proof of stake and proof of work is that in a proof-of-stake system like you can identify specific participants”
对比两个技术方案时最省力的骨架。注意 that 后要给一句完整陈述,而不是名词短语,这样对比点才落得实。
5. …, but at the same time, …
“I'm happy to admit that like these are fairly untested mechanisms but like at the same time they're also untested mechanisms in proof of work”
Vitalik 全场高频使用的让步句式:先承认对方成立的部分,再引出反向事实。比 however 更口语,适合辩论中保持公允姿态。
6. It turns out that …
“It turns out that there are some like a bundle of different tricks that can do that”
用来引出「结果出乎意料」的事实,暗示前面提出的难题有解。比 in fact 更有叙事感,适合讲解一个反直觉的技术发现。
7. In retrospect, that turned out to be …
“In retrospect that turned out to be quite wrong”
回看往事并承认判断失误的标准说法。turn out to be 强调「事后显露」,比 was 更有时间层次,适合复盘与自省。
8. … not as X, but as Y
“You can get the most out of money if you think of it not as something that … lets you do and have more things but as something that lets you worry about fewer things”
重新定义一个概念的经典结构:否定通俗理解,换上自己的框架。两支必须同类同域(此处都是 something that …),仿写时要保持平行。
词汇精讲 · 113 · 按出现顺序
locus /ˈloʊkəs/ n. 1:06
中心、集中点(此处指权力的聚集处)
market capitalization phr. 1:06
市值(流通量乘以单价)
knockoff /ˈnɑːkɔːf/ n. 2:37
山寨货、仿冒品
shot up phr. 2:37
(价格)暴涨、飙升
proceeds /ˈproʊsiːdz/ n. 3:38
变卖所得、收益款(恒用复数)
gimmick /ˈɡɪmɪk/ n. 4:38
噱头、招徕人的花招
dumped /dʌmpt/ v. 4:38
倾倒;此处指大量抛售或塞入
air gap phr. 5:36
物理隔离(设备完全不接网络)
power through phr. 6:33
硬撑着把难事做完
signatories /ˈsɪɡnətɔːriz/ n. 7:30
签署方、签字人
luck of the draw phr. 10:31
全凭运气、听天由命
lifeblood /ˈlaɪfblʌd/ n. 14:47
命脉、赖以维系的根本
decouple /ˌdiːˈkʌpl/ v. 14:47
解耦、使两者脱钩
baggage /ˈbæɡɪdʒ/ n. 15:54
(观念上的)包袱、附带成见
conformism /kənˈfɔːrmɪzəm/ n. 15:54
趋同、随大流
synthesis /ˈsɪnθəsɪs/ n. 15:54
综合、把对立面整合为一
quadratic funding phr. 16:58
二次方融资,按捐赠人数而非金额加权的配捐机制
priced out phr. 19:23
因价格过高而被挤出(市场)
moral panic phr. 20:26
道德恐慌(社会对某现象的过度惊惧)
marginalize /ˈmɑːrdʒɪnəlaɪz/ v. 21:29
边缘化、使无足轻重
meat space phr. 22:34
肉身空间,赛博朋克用语,指线下现实世界
with impunity phr. 23:44
不受惩罚地、肆无忌惮地
confines /ˈkɑːnfaɪnz/ n. 23:44
界限、范围(常用复数)
sovereignty /ˈsɑːvrənti/ n. 23:44
主权、自主权
psychedelics /ˌsaɪkəˈdelɪks/ n. 25:56
迷幻类药物
intermediaries /ˌɪntərˈmiːdieriz/ n. 27:01
中介方、中间环节
incremental /ˌɪnkrəˈmentl/ adj. 28:00
渐进的、一步步累加的
sybil's /ˈsɪbəlz/ n. 30:09
女巫攻击,指一人伪造大量身份操纵投票
cranking out phr. 31:06
不停地大批量产出
taking a huge cut phr. 32:08
抽走很大一份利润
rationale /ˌræʃəˈnæl/ n. 33:02
理据、根本理由
outbidding /ˌaʊtˈbɪdɪŋ/ v. 34:02
出价压过(他人)
slashing /ˈslæʃɪŋ/ n. 36:05
罚没,销毁作恶验证者的质押币
emergent /ɪˈmɜːrdʒənt/ adj. 37:52
涌现的、自下而上形成的
gobble up phr. 41:48
一口吞掉、大举吃进
front running phr. 41:48
抢先交易、抢跑(在他人订单前插队)
arbitrage /ˈɑːrbɪtrɑːʒ/ n. 42:54
套利,利用价差获利
mitigate /ˈmɪtɪɡeɪt/ v. 42:54
缓解、减轻(负面影响)
economies of scale phr. 42:54
规模经济、规模效应
firewall it phr. 43:49
把某物隔离在防火墙之外,不让它污染核心
paradigm /ˈpærədaɪm/ n. 46:52
范式、根本思路框架
coming out of the woodworks phr. 49:47
(人或说法)纷纷冒出来,常含贬义
coercive /koʊˈɜːrsɪv/ adj. 50:51
强制性的、带胁迫意味的
devious /ˈdiːviəs/ adj. 51:51
迂回狡黠的、拐弯抹角的
suck it up phr. 54:56
忍气吞声、硬扛下来
putting on your historian hat phr. 55:56
换上历史学家的视角来看(hat 表示切换角色)
grievances /ˈɡriːvənsɪz/ n. 57:02
不满、值得申诉的委屈
disenchanted /ˌdɪsɪnˈtʃæntɪd/ adj. 59:06
幻灭的、不再抱有幻想的
clique /kliːk/ n. 59:06
小圈子、排外的小集团
in the wake of phr. 59:06
在……之后、作为其余波
latch on phr. 1:00:01
紧抓不放、死死依附于某人某说法
salience /ˈseɪliəns/ n. 1:00:01
显著性、引人注目的程度
talking points phr. 1:00:01
反复使用的宣传说辞、口径
equivocated /ɪˈkwɪvəkeɪtɪd/ v. 1:02:07
含糊其辞、故意模棱两可
preyed on phr. 1:02:07
利用(他人的弱点或无知)
called him out phr. 1:02:07
公开点名指出其错误
expunged /ɪkˈspʌndʒd/ v. 1:03:06
彻底清除、抹去
leg up phr. 1:09:01
优势、助你一把的有利条件
aggregator /ˈæɡrɪɡeɪtər/ n. 1:11:06
聚合器,负责把众多交易打包处理的角色
permissionless /pərˈmɪʃənləs/ adj. 1:11:06
无需许可的,任何人都可参与
sparse /spɑːrs/ adj. 1:17:09
稀疏的、出现频率很低的
pragmatic /præɡˈmætɪk/ adj. 1:22:08
务实的、以可行性为先的
bootstrap /ˈbuːtstræp/ v. 1:23:09
白手起步、靠自身条件把项目带起来
bolt those components on phr. 1:25:13
把那些部件后期加装上去(bolt on 指外挂式拼接)
cognizant /ˈkɑːɡnɪzənt/ adj. 1:26:09
意识到的、知悉的(常接 of)
stomach /ˈstʌmək/ v. 1:33:20
忍受、接受(令人不快之事)
attestations /ˌætəˈsteɪʃənz/ n. 1:39:50
证明、见证;此处指验证者对区块的投票
monoculture /ˈmɑːnoʊkʌltʃər/ n. 1:40:53
单一化生态(原指单一作物种植)
out of thin air phr. 1:43:31
凭空地、无中生有地
revoked /rɪˈvoʊkt/ v. 1:46:39
撤销、吊销(证书或密钥)
libertarian /ˌlɪbərˈteriən/ n. / adj. 1:48:39
自由意志主义者(的),主张政府干预最小化
stealth taxation phr. 1:49:39
隐性征税(如通过通胀变相收税)
boon /buːn/ n. 1:49:39
恩惠、莫大的好处
in its infancy phr. 1:55:08
尚处起步阶段、还很不成熟
bounty /ˈbaʊnti/ n. 1:57:05
悬赏金
oracle /ˈɔːrəkl/ n. 2:00:31
预言机,向链上智能合约提供外部数据的机制
give a crap about phr. 2:01:29
(口语,略粗)在乎、放在心上
falling out phr. 2:03:31
闹翻、决裂
reminisce /ˌreməˈnɪs/ v. 2:04:42
追忆往事(常接 about)
heuristic /hjʊˈrɪstɪk/ adj. 2:04:42
启发式的,靠经验直觉而非严格证明
rigor /ˈrɪɡər/ n. 2:05:53
严谨、严密(学术意义上)
reckless /ˈrekləs/ adj. 2:08:59
鲁莽的、不计后果的
legibility /ˌledʒəˈbɪləti/ n. 2:12:04
可读性、可被人理解辨识的程度
general number field sieve /siːv/ phr. 2:13:04
一般数域筛法,目前已知最快的大整数分解算法
mint /mɪnt/ v. 2:18:09
铸造(货币或 NFT)
rant /rænt/ n. 2:20:20
激动的长篇大论、慷慨陈词
sketchy /ˈsketʃi/ adj. 2:21:27
可疑的、不靠谱的
money grab phr. 2:22:24
圈钱行为、捞一笔就走
plagiarize /ˈpleɪdʒəraɪz/ v. 2:23:26
剽窃、抄袭
dogmatically /dɔːɡˈmætɪkli/ adv. 2:24:43
教条地、不容置疑地
earnestly /ˈɜːrnɪstli/ adv. 2:25:45
真诚地、郑重其事地
gurus /ˈɡʊruːz/ n. 2:26:53
大师、权威人物(此处带反讽)
longevity /lɔːnˈdʒevəti/ n. 2:27:59
长寿、寿命长度
immortality /ˌɪmɔːrˈtæləti/ n. 2:29:09
永生、不朽
ingenuity /ˌɪndʒəˈnuːəti/ n. 2:31:30
创造力、巧思
untold /ˌʌnˈtoʊld/ adj. 2:33:36
难以估量的、说不尽的(多修饰苦难)
debilitating /dɪˈbɪlɪteɪtɪŋ/ adj. 2:34:43
使人日渐衰弱的
romanticize /roʊˈmæntɪsaɪz/ v. 2:34:43
浪漫化、美化
cryonics /kraɪˈɑːnɪks/ n. 2:35:40
人体冷冻技术
hang-ups /ˈhæŋʌps/ n. 2:37:39
心理障碍、过不去的心结
grapple with phr. 2:37:39
费力应对、苦苦琢磨(难题)
scarcity /ˈskersəti/ n. 2:38:40
稀缺性、匮乏
supremacy /suːˈpreməsi/ n. 2:39:52
至高地位、霸权
finiteness /ˈfaɪnaɪtnəs/ n. 2:42:00
有限性、终将结束这一性质
neuroplasticity /ˌnʊroʊplæˈstɪsəti/ n. 2:42:59
神经可塑性,大脑改变连接方式的能力
squandering /ˈskwɑːndərɪŋ/ v. 2:48:50
挥霍、白白浪费(机会或钱财)
holed up phr. 2:52:05
窝在某处不出门
melancholy /ˈmelənkɑːli/ n. 2:52:05
忧郁、淡淡的哀愁
blindsided /ˈblaɪndsaɪdɪd/ v. 2:54:17
从盲区袭来,打个措手不及
reconcile /ˈrekənsaɪl/ v. 2:54:17
调和、使两个矛盾的事实相容
psyop /ˈsaɪɑːp/ n. 2:56:21
心理战行动(psychological operation 的缩写)
in lockstep phr. 2:58:23
步调完全一致地、同步地
outlaw /ˈaʊtlɔː/ n. 3:00:33
不法之徒、被法律排除在外的人
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