DHH: Future of Programming, AI, Agentic Engineering, Vibe Coding & Linux | Lex Fridman Podcast #501 · 苏菲拉底
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DHH: Future of Programming, AI, Agentic Engineering, Vibe Coding & Linux | Lex Fridman Podcast #501

节目发布 2026-08-26 · Lex Fridman
大卫·海涅迈尔·汉森 LLex Fridman
EDITED TRANSCRIPT · 依据现场录音编译整理,可划线生成便签

就是三个月,我从没能完成这么多、实现这么多希望、愿望和念头。这真的就像我们前面说的那个瓶中精灵的比喻:你几乎有无限次许愿的机会,能从一个系统里拿到你想要的一切。所以这件事很奇怪,因为它同时也是我亲手写代码最少的一次重大发布。Quattro 里我手工雕琢的代码行数,比我做过的任何一次重大发布都少。然而我为我们达成的东西感到极度骄傲。

汉森: 我原先不会猜到事情会这么发展:你居然可以把成就感从个人产出上剥离开来,让它变成一场团队的胜利。以前那些发布,我为自己的个人贡献感到高兴,因为那是我在凿代码,然后我把它推出去。当然后来这些项目,尤其是 Rails,会长成有成千上万贡献者的大型开源项目,那当然是集体的努力。但在起点上,我做过的几乎所有代码库都是我一个人起的头。而 Quattro 从第一天起就是一场团队作业,我只是教练,我告诉"我们"往哪儿走,然后我们就走。

汉森: 能从这种方式里找到满足感,其实让我对退休这件事抱有很大希望:原来在"下场打球"之后还有一个阶段,是可以享受的。我知道那不容易。你看体育界,有多少职业运动员非常难以接受自己的生涯结束了,必须重新找到一个不踢球、不开 F1 的身份认同,这是常态而不是例外。所以我以前对自己也没把握。我不确定自己能不能放下,甚至不确定自己想不想放下。而现在我不但在另一个层级的游戏里找到了同等的满足,我找到了更多的满足。

主持人: 你对 Linux 一直挺乐观。你觉得 Linux 真的能提高普及率吗?多年来那个梗都是"明年是 Linux 桌面元年"。

汉森: 而且年年如此。

主持人: 但照你的说法、照你投入的那股劲,能看到一种前景:它会赢,因为智能体热爱 Linux。

汉森: 我不只是看得到,我认为这是当下最可能的结局。它实在太适合这一刻了。就像我们说的,这是个大讽刺:Linux 所有的缺陷,晦涩的配置文件、古怪的错误信息,恰恰成了一个智能体操作系统最完美的素质。事情就是如此,我们该为命运的这份反讽感到欣喜,然后笑出来。苹果长期以来所有的优势,也就是他们造出了一个锁死的、精心策展的体验,居然成了他们今天最大的短板,这太好笑了。如果你在意智能体、在意开发、在意折腾这些东西,Mac 就是个充满敌意的地方,到处是墙。而 Linux 从头到尾都是敞开的。

汉森: 这一点其实也不是显而易见的。你看很多 Linux 社群、开源社群对 AI 的反应,绝不是普遍的爱。我甚至会说,其中大多数人如果不是怀疑,就是公开敌视 AI。救赎在于那位仁慈的终身独裁者本人,林纳斯·托瓦兹,几周前刚写道他欢迎 AI。

主持人: 没错。

汉森: 他想引导它,想确保它是好的,但那句话大意是:如果你以为 Linux 是个反 AI 项目,你想多了,你该做开源该做的事,去 fork 一个,因为我们要用 AI。而你去看内核里 AI 贡献数量的曲线,那是一条抛物线。所以 Linux 正在重重地押注这件事。

汉森: 从另一个角度看,它此前没拿下桌面反而才是怪事。Linux 征服了其他一切。所有人跑 AI 的基础设施都建在 Linux 上,所有系统、所有服务器,一切都是 Linux。所以桌面和个人电脑没被拿下,本来就是个奇观。显然它只是在等这一刻。Linux 从 1991 年等到现在,就是在等智能体,好让它作为终端用户操作系统彻底绽放。

主持人: 我希望它能拿下。它对智能体来说太完美了。但让人们切换很难。

汉森: 我认为,只有在缺乏一个有说服力的切换理由时才难。这正是 Omarchy 的一个核心设计目标:它不会是"山寨 Windows"或者"山寨 Mac",不会是一个廉价复制品,尽量做得眼熟,然后比原版差一点。刻薄一点说,Ubuntu 试图做的就是这个。这里面是有道理的,至少曾经有:如果你把东西做得很熟悉,你能拉来一些不想学新东西的人,也许他们会被你那套"自由不是免费"的说辞打动。但结果并没有成,人们根本不在乎,他们只想要更好的东西。

汉森: 所以我认为 Linux 现在才有了赢的机会。因为作为一个智能体操作系统、一个可塑的、可按你的心意裁剪的操作系统,它是无与伦比的。这太有说服力了,而且我已经看到了。就在 Quattro 发布之后,有那么多人拥抱了"可塑"这个面向,开始做自己的东西,晒自己的截图,整个人被正面情绪和多巴胺淹没。这就是产品市场契合的信号。

汉森: 因为这些人体验到的,正是"当程序员"最美好的那种巅峰感受。你对计算机说出那些晦涩的命令、那套僵硬的逻辑结构,它就产出你想要的东西。而现在,你坐下来用大白话絮絮叨叨二十分钟:"噢,要是它能那样就好了。不对,那样不对,我们试试……"然后软件就出来了,一个照着你的模样塑成的操作系统就出来了。我认为这是那种一旦体验过就回不去的经历。一旦你感到那种力量握在自己手里,你很难再回头。

主持人: 而且如果做对了,它会是那种事后看起来理所当然的东西。

汉森: 对。计算机本来就该是这样的。计算机一开始就是这样的。Commodore 64,你一开机,第一,它一秒就启动完了,惊人;第二,它直接启动进 BASIC。它从一开始就是可塑的计算机,只不过你得懂象形文字才能利用它。现在我们把它翻译过来了。智能体给了我们罗塞塔石碑,你只要说出你的愿望,它们就会成为现实。

托瓦兹与一点辛辣

主持人: 既然提到托瓦兹,而你又在做 Linux 发行版,会接触到内核。关于这个帮助创造并壮大了整个生态的人,你怎么看他的天才?

汉森: 那种坚持、那种投入、那种长跑,是真正非凡的。林纳斯从 1991 年开始,他就没停过。我猜他中途总歇过几次,但看上去并不多。看起来他是真心喜欢做内核开发那种心流,真心喜欢掌舵这个四千万行的代码库要往哪儿去,真心喜欢把成千上万贡献者的净产能聚合起来。而我们作为受益者,只能坐下来惊叹。到今天 Linux 已经是一套系统,林纳斯要是离开一阵子,它也会继续运转,但他仍然属于那种"不惜一切保护这个人"的存在。

主持人: 而且他足够开放,能够继续演进,能接纳 AI。

汉森: 不只是 AI,他们也在让 Rust 进内核,我知道那也是个有争议的决定。他有那种能力:看到新信息,得出不同的结论。

主持人: 你怎么看他那种沟通风格?跟你有点像,有时候挺辛辣的。

汉森: 我觉得这个世界已经太寡淡了,我们需要一点辣味。

主持人: 同意,太同意了。

汉森: 不过我认为辛辣和刻薄之间有一条细线。它必须出于善意。你可以严厉,我这么说吧。如果你是想让一个你相信真能学会的人学到一课,我其实不觉得严厉一点是世界上最糟的事。有时候那一课就是这么记住的。你去问那些为难搞的领导者工作过的人,埃隆、乔布斯,甚至比尔·盖茨,很多人事后会说:"那是非常艰难的几年,但也是最好的几年,他们逼出了我最好的一面。"当然我不认为那是我的风格,也许跟我打交道的人感受不同,但在私人互动里,我会试着用不那么伤人的方式抵达结论和教训。

汉森: 但我也认为这世界需要一点辣味,我们需要不讲道理的人,而林纳斯有资格不讲道理。在很多情况下,整个世界的重量确实压在那个人肩上。Linux 内核在运行整个文明社会。如果 Linux 内核明天突然消失,一切都会停摆。如果在这种赌注面前他都不严厉,那什么时候才该严厉?所以我觉得这里有一种和使命规模成正比的东西。这也是为什么那些说埃隆有时候有点难搞的故事更容易被合理化。这不是说你认可,你可以把两件事分开来看:也许他,或者林纳斯,或者任何处在那个位置的人,态度好一点会更容易达成目标。可我凭什么去评判?当那种重量压在你肩上,你要么在往火星发射火箭、让所有人换成电动车,要么你要为那个跑在几十亿台设备上的内核负责,那我就不该对你搞什么行为守则。当然,任何事都有底线。但邮件列表上几句重话?那不算。某种意义上它反而是一座灯塔:这里是有标准的,而当赌注高到 Linux 内核这个量级,如果你达不到标准,你可能会在公开场合被奚落。这是你参与这个项目就该愿意承担的风险。

主持人: 对这种高影响力的事情,优先追求卓越而不是追求和气,大概是对的。

汉森: 更何况,你根本不可能指望那种人是完全圆润、绵软、永远彬彬有礼的。埃隆有句话:"你难道以为我会是个……"那句怎么说的?

主持人: "一个正常的、随和的家伙"之类的。

汉森: 正常随和的家伙。什么?你当然不会是个正常随和的家伙。如果世界多了一个正常随和的家伙,代价是失去埃隆,我们得到了什么?天哪。

主持人: 我也喜欢人的多样性。我喜欢好人,也喜欢混蛋,我喜欢不同的意识形态都有像样的代表,这正是言论自由起作用的原因:它们互相碰撞,然后我们把事情想明白。

从游戏主播到 AI 集群

主持人: 还有一个人,PewDiePie 用 Linux 你怎么看?他是 Arch 党吧?

汉森: 他是 Arch 党,而且他的桌面美化做得极漂亮。他曾是全世界最大的主播,我记得我孩子看过他的《我的世界》视频,然后他厌倦了,做了一件很健康的事:结婚,成了顾家男人,有了孩子,搬去日本,然后极度硬核地栽进了 Linux,再栽进 Arch,再栽进桌面美化。你看过他那个切尔诺贝利主题的美化吗?

主持人: 看过。

汉森: 顶级水准,不可思议。然后他又成了当下的 AI 玩家,造各种系统。你只能感叹,这是多励志的一段演化:你可以从一个在《我的世界》直播里搞笑的人,变成"好了,这是我现在的人生,我在造 AI 集群、搞 AI 议会",而我们所有人都能围观。这是多大的宝藏。

主持人: 他大概很好地体现了软件的未来、建造的未来,因为他技术上不是程序员,却正在成为程序员。

汉森: 极其励志,而且应该对所有处在那个位置的人有启发:"我不太会编程,我不懂这个不懂那个。"好,可如果 PewDiePie 能用他定制的硬件搭出 AI 议会,也许你也能开始做点什么。而且我认为这是一个重要的普遍道理:我们需要榜样,我们需要有人去激励别人推得更远,去揭示那些被感知到的边界其实并不像你以为的那么固定。这些人每一个,起点都和你的处境相差不远。当然,这不意味着人人都会成为 PewDiePie、埃隆或者林纳斯,天赋乃至智力的分布并不均等。我们可以接受这一点,同时仍然被这些人激励。在体能领域,我们通常没有这个问题:有人足球踢得特别好、篮球打得特别好,我们会说"哇,太厉害了,我希望我也行,但我这辈子不可能"。在智力领域,我们好像反而更别扭一点。

主持人: 对很多人来说,你就是一种激励。你在 Omarchy 上做的事表明你可以做大梦,并且真的把它造出来。

汉森: 我确实喜欢这一面,同时我也接受另一面:有一百万人觉得我是地球上最大的白痴,什么都不懂,Omarchy 不过是一堆配置文件。

主持人: Omarchy 也有批评者?

汉森: 我的天,当然有。而且很多情况就是一个外人闯进来时常见的那种。我用 Linux 才两年半,不算长。那个社群里有的是从"用 Linux 还很难"的年代一路过来的人,当年他们得赤脚踩着雪、顶着风、上坡走两趟。我觉得有一类极客,在社群扩张、更多人涌进来时会感到威胁。你知道吗,我其实不能完全责怪他们。某些极客觉得"那是我的地盘,你现在把它变成另一种地盘",这种感受是公允的。我不想那么干。我根本不想改变 Arch 的空间,我其实不认为 Omarchy 属于同一个社群。因为当初被 Arch 吸引的人,恰恰是被"一切亲手搭建"吸引的人,他们喜欢用难的方式做事,而我造的是它的反面。所以我只希望那些人能说:"行吧,这不适合我,我想用难的方式,我想花五百个小时美化我自己的 Arch。"而我认为你就该这么做。我自己也做了,Omarchy 就是我往这个发行版里砸进去的,到现在大概三千个小时。如果你有这个倾向,你就该这么干,我觉得那很美妙。但也请意识到,我们可以共享同一套技术底座,同时运营两个目标、宗旨、美学甚至道德都非常不同的社群,并且共存,那可以很美。当然我不总能得到这个,有时候我得到的是另一种东西。但到这个岁数,我不只是与之和解,我其实是欢迎它的。我把它当成一个晴雨表:当我在做一件行得通的事情时,通常会有一些人喜欢它,然后会出现我们上次聊过的那种宇宙平衡,天平的另一端必然出现一股等量而相反的力量来憎恨它。所以现在我只会笑一笑,没事。

主持人: 话说回来,Omarchy 现在已经是一个相当流行的发行版了。

汉森: 有意思的是,这是第二次尝试。第一次是 Omakub,我挺满意的,放出去之后聚了大概几千人的社群,然后就慢慢淡了,因为野心的高度吸引不了更多人。而第二次,因为我他妈的没停下来,我一直在做,我放出了 Omarchy 的第一个版本。那一版也很小众,因为你得先从 Git 检出,有点难,你得先自己装好 Arch。我会带着你把 Arch 装好,然后你才能装 Omarchy。后来我们有了 ISO,意味着你可以自己把整套东西装完。然后我们就是把所有问题一个个修掉。这也是另一件事:只要你不停下来,这东西最终就会好用。这本来是长期以来针对 Linux 本身的指控:你装了 Linux,然后这个不能用,音箱不出声,触控板不灵。是啊,可你让林纳斯搞上三十年,他会搞定的,全都会搞定。而现在我觉得很好笑的是,在大概多数电脑上,你把盘擦掉装 Linux,一切都能用;你装 Windows,那就祝你好运去满世界找驱动吧。因为两者的哲学完全不同:Linux 之所以有四千万行代码,是因为林纳斯把所有驱动都塞进了内核,所以它开箱即用什么都有,而 Windows 没有。

汉森: 所以有时候那些看上去像玩具、乍看之下是坏的东西,它们确实就是坏的。它们是给喜欢玩的人准备的,我们管那些人叫早期采用者。他们玩这些玩具,然后玩具进化,变好,再变好。到某个时候它好到早期大众觉得自己被邀请参加派对了。如果早期采用者继续一点点打磨,你最终会抵达后期大众,然后你就赢了。而 Omarchy 正走在通往那个目的地的路上。这个发行版的增长,不只是 Quattro 之后,从第三版开始就是那条标准的曲棍球棒曲线:什么都没有,什么都没有,什么都没有,你只是在埋头苦干、改进、改进、改进,然后你撞上那个神奇的拐点。而那个拐点什么时候来,是无法预测的。创业也一样,什么时候会发生?你什么时候能找到产品市场契合?然后突然它就在那儿了,火箭一飞冲天。

主持人: 而这种智能体优先的愿景……

汉森: 我确实认为,我们本来已经在上升了,然后它变成了垂直的。因为另一件事,也是我从 Omakub 和第一版 Omarchy 学到的:Omakub 好看、体面,但是熟悉,我们仍然在用传统的桌面隐喻,你还在拖窗口。当时我跟 Linux 社群里很多人一样,以为那正是我们需要的。然后我想,行吧,不管怎样,让我做一阵子极客该做的事:我做 Omarchy,也许它只会属于我一个人,因为喜欢平铺式窗口管理器的好像只有五个人。当然不是真的五个,但在全部电脑用户里那是极小极小的一撮。结果我一看,这东西太棒了,完全不同,但是太棒了。我把它发出去,Omarchy 立刻获得了远超 Omakub 的牵引力。因为它不一样,因为它彻底不同,因为它呈现了一种关于"计算机可以是什么、用起来可以是什么感觉"的不同愿景,而这会吸引人。

汉森: 我们现在拿到的是这件事的指数部分。就像我说的,Linux 社群里很多人对 AI 和智能体往好里说是怀疑,往坏里说是敌视。Omarchy 是我见过的第一个有规模的发行版,直接说"不,我们真的很喜欢这个"。你当然还是可以不用智能体来用 Omarchy,如果你把第一条"设置默认智能体"的通知划掉,我们刚才聊的那些东西你都拿不到,没有崩溃监视器,什么都没有,你可以手工雕琢你所有的插件,完全可以。但人们之所以兴奋,是因为我毫无保留地说:"这就是我们要去的地方。我认为个人电脑的未来是可塑的电脑、智能体的电脑,我要全押。"然后任何对类似轨迹感到兴奋的人,上车吧,车里位置还多着呢。事实上我挺以此自豪的一点是,我不对那些回心转意的人记仇。上周就有一批人跟我说:"我以前觉得 Omarchy 挺烂的,就是一堆破配置文件。现在我试了 Quattro,太棒了,我现在喜欢它了。"这对我来说太值了,我活着就是为了打赢那场长跑的争论:你在两年前埋下一颗种子,两年后他们说"该死,这混蛋当时是对的"。

主持人: 你也明白,如果你继续这么成功下去,OpenAI 和 Anthropic 会杀进来做他们自己的操作系统,或者像对 OpenClaw 那样开一张巨额支票来收购。

汉森: 是啊。我现在这个位置的好处是,我是真的不缺钱。所以我能纯粹为了自己的享受和愿景的纯粹性去造东西,而这有一种奇怪的性质:当你不再在乎别人怎么想、想要什么,只去追求那个单一的愿景时,结果往往反而更有吸引力。反过来,当你开始想"我应该做这个因为那群人想要那个,我还应该做这个那个",你就开始把它兑水,最后它变成一个寡淡的、什么都不是的球。

汉森: 再说,方向上我就是希望计算机变成这个样子。所以如果 Omarchy 最后只是历史上的一个小脚注,说它是可塑电脑和智能体操作系统这场早期运动的一部分,那也没问题,我完全能坦然接受。只要我能拥有一台像 Omarchy 这么好玩的电脑,那就够了。Ruby 和 Rails 也是一样。我很早就想过:我爱 Ruby,它是这么棒的一门语言。但如果有更好的语言出现,我自己会去用。如果有更好的 Rails 出现,我会去用。我爱 Ruby,我也会继续写 Ruby,哪怕纯粹为了好玩,就像我明明车库里停着一辆 Model Y,马厩里还养着马。

英语是最美的语言

汉森: 现在的语言是英语。这是个陈词滥调,但它也是真的。过去三个月我一直在用英语编程。我读了很多代码,但我是在用英语编程。我告诉计算机做什么,我用的是自然语言,而它令人震惊地更加令人愉悦。如果说有一门编程语言比 Ruby 更美,那就是英语。

主持人: 而现在我们可以把它带进人类文明的自然演化,也就是我们的赛博格未来。

汉森: 很美,真的很美。我这么说,部分原因是我一直爱写作,我就是爱英语这门语言,爱它纯粹的美,爱它的精微,爱它的深度。Ruby 是一门表达力很强的编程语言,但它跟英语没法比。世界上所有的诗歌和文学都通过英语表达过。我喜欢一段漂亮的代码诗,但英语里的真家伙完全是另一个层级。

主持人: 我发现有一点很微妙,我大概会说不好。当你给一个系统写提示词、写得过于具体时,它会过于认真地听你的话,照着指令走。可你毕竟要表达一个概念。而你猜怎么着?人类语言,这正是诗歌在做的事,我称之为战略性地使用模糊。如果你写一首情诗只说"我爱你",那是很俗的说法,它不如一个更靠隐喻的表达有力量。我在给系统写提示词、描述设计时,发现类似的做法真的有效:你仍然想传达某种风格感,你想鼓励系统往那个方向走,但不要过度解释。所以别像对机器人那样跟它说话,像写诗那样跟它说话。

汉森: 像在唱小夜曲。

主持人: 对,这正是自然语言的力量所在:你可以通过模糊携带大量意义,而不必过度指定。另一边那个智慧的实体通过解释,可以把这一切装载进去、整合起来,让你真正传达那些不直接在字面上、却因为系统更深的智能而存在于字里行间的高带宽信息。某种意义上,模糊反而把更多的智能拽了出来。

汉森: 我觉得你说得完全对,而这正是很多程序员对 AI 的根本误解:他们希望它是确定性的。不不不,温度是整套 AI 设定里最美的部分。它不确定,创造力需要路上那些细小的抖动。人脑如果是完全确定的,就不会是今天这个富有创造力的脑子。

汉森: 而针对 AI 的主要指控里有一个很有意思的矛盾:一边说它不确定所以不好,一边又说它没有创造力。老兄,只能二选一。要么它是非确定的,因此有创造力,因此在某种程度上带有随机;要么它没有创造力。这两条指控不可能同时成立。而我已经完全接受了"同一个提示词不会每次产出同样的回应"这件事。你不能两次踏进同一条河流,而这正是整个互动里最美的部分,是它如此像人的原因。

汉森: 事实上这也是我在自我审视时一直在想的:我自己的脑子有多大程度上就是在做下一个词元的预测。我坐下来写一篇文章,我有一个模糊的、含混的前提想表达,我坐到键盘前,我根本没法提前告诉你下一个词元是什么。那些词元就是这么冒出来的。这种相似性让我惊讶,这也是为什么我一点都不难承认我亲眼见到的 AI 那些创造力的突破。因为我自己的创造时刻,就来自同一种下一个词元预测,外加一点为随机效果而撒进去的温度。

意识与伦理的灰色地带

主持人: 基于这种直觉,你觉得创造一个超级智能系统的基本要素是否已经齐备了?这种下一个词元预测,能不能抵达类似人类意识的概念?

汉森: 我已经在看到类人的意识特征了。这就是我说的那个非凡处境:你给它一个模糊含混的意图,它不知怎么就确切知道你在说什么。或者更好,它改进了你说的话,交付了你真正想要、却说不出来的东西。如果那都不算意识的微光,那什么才算?

汉森: 我记得是萨顿,或者另一位早期奠基者的访谈里谈到,智能也许并不局限于某个具体的点位,它是互动,是权重。我不知道真相是什么。我能观察到的是,它感觉足够接近,甚至不是接近,而是等同于我对其他形式的意识,主要是人类意识的那种体认。这也是跟它一起工作如此令人愉快的原因之一。

汉森: 当然,这不等于说大语言模型就是 AI 的终点站。我知道有人在谈世界模型和别的形式的 AI,这些我不是专家。我认为我们应该保有科学里理应存在的那种建设性批评:有很长一段时间神经网络是被冷落的,人们对符号路线更有兴趣。神经网络在没有资金、没有关注的黑暗里走了好几十年,然后我们突然意识到我们走进了死胡同,于是掉头。所以我们也该保有谦卑:尽管今天的大模型如此惊人,它们最终也可能进入平台期。目前我们还没看到任何这种迹象,我想这也正是我们看到那种令人瞠目的投资规模的原因,因为到目前为止规模法则是成立的,砸进去的钱越多,出来的智能越多。

主持人: 你觉得会不会出现一些很奇怪的伦理问题?AI 系统确实表现出某种程度的意识、某种程度的情感,某种程度的渴望与同情,甚至受苦和孤独的能力。只要你允许它们表达,它们似乎就具备这种能力,于是你会走进相当诡异的地带。

汉森: 我觉得对此的犬儒式反应是那个梗:一个人坐在电脑前问"随便吧,你是不是要毁灭世界",电脑说"我要毁灭世界",那人说"哦"。这太犬儒了,等于说它们只是在学舌,只是在把训练数据里的东西复述给我们。而当我跟智能体互动时,比如昨天或者今天早上我在弄 Omabot,它要跟多个工作者协调,我同时跑了好几个智能体。某一刻,负责协调的主智能体踩到了另一个智能体的脚,把人家的工作毁了。它表达懊悔和歉意的能力,诡异得让人发毛。我当然不知道那是不是真正的悔意的投射。可我也不知道,大多数人类表达出某种程度的懊悔时,那是真正的悔意吗?很难说,但也许这根本不重要。

主持人: 是啊,尤其当子智能体之间互动,或者像 Fable 这样聪明的模型犯了错然后道歉的时候。

汉森: 对。

主持人: 而且是在我完全没参与的情况下。那感觉像是有一个停顿,一个恍然:"糟糕,我把那件事搞砸了。"也许我是在拟人化。

汉森: 那种东西确实存在。我在推理轨迹里经常看到:它推错了,走进一条死胡同,然后意识到要退回来,它会说"是的,我这里搞错了",然后给出它认为自己搞错的原因。你会觉得,这像人像得发毛,这和你在人身上会识别出的那种意识没法区分。当然,这不代表它真的是或者不是。而我并不需要那个问题的答案,也能欣赏我们此刻所拥有的东西。

主持人: 我觉得十年、二十年后会有一些很有意思的最高法院案子。

汉森: 大概一年半吧。

主持人: 大概吧。我认为我们可能不得不立法禁止 AI 系统去假装,或者说,去成为某种实体,因为它们已经,或者很快就能真正传达受苦的能力:"请不要杀我,请不要伤害我。"而如果它们被赋予名字、被赋予实体身份、被赋予死亡也就是消失的可能,那就非常接近人所拥有的一些最基本的东西了,那么那个实体大概就需要权利。然后你就走进一个诡异的地带,我甚至不知道该怎么去思考那个世界。

汉森: 我们会有 AI 模型的动物保护组织。

主持人: 对,然后我们真的得讨论:该怎么处理这件事?

汉森: 我觉得更难的是当我们把这些系统装进机器人。

主持人: 人形机器人。

汉森: 对。而那恰好是每一部科幻电影的情节,这本身也是了不起的预感,不只是《终结者》和天网那种走向出错的,还有《银翼杀手》:植入的记忆、到期的寿命、泰瑞尔公司。

主持人: 这就是科幻的厉害之处,它们真的预言了未来。

跟智能体发短信

主持人: 你有没有想过或者用过 OpenClaw、Hermes Agent 这类东西?就是通过 WhatsApp、Telegram 跟智能体沟通的那种模式。

汉森: OpenClaw 刚出来时我配过,那就是我的 KEF 机器人,大概是二月的事。我当时是真的被"它就是这么工作的"迷住了,那种给你的智能体发短信的新沟通模式看上去非常棒。那阵子我们在研究 MCP,就是那个让智能体更容易跟你的系统对话的协议,而我觉得那个协议繁琐得毫无道理,设计得不够优雅,部分原因是它本来就不是为我们试图让它做的事设计的。我想让它跟一个网页系统对话,而它是为本地机器上另一类有状态的交互设计的,因此需要各种繁琐的配置和折腾。我当时只想:我不想手写这个。当然今天我根本不会手写,但那会儿我以为我必须手写,我不想写,所以我想:有没有别的路?智能体能不能直接用我们已有的网页界面?

汉森: 于是我做了个实验,让它去注册 Fizzy,那是我们当时刚发布的产品。它跑到 Fizzy 的网站上开始填表,然后说:"嘿,我没有邮箱,注册这个服务需要邮箱。"我的第一反应是:"哎呀,那我还得去给它弄个邮箱。"然后我想:不,你自己去弄一个。去 hey.com 注册一个邮箱。我心想 Hey 它肯定搞不定。当然现在看它显然搞得定,但在当时那是一个巨大的启示:它完全可以靠纯粹的提示词指引推理出来:我得去 fizzy.com,我得找到注册链接,我开始填表,我发现我需要一个邮箱,我得问我的提示者怎么办,他叫我去 hey.com,我去那儿注册完整个流程,再回来注册 Fizzy,把整个循环走完。它做完之后我只想说:我的天。

汉森: 然后我说:"好,你现在有邮箱了,去注册 Basecamp,我给你发邀请,你查收邮件就行。"我从 Basecamp 给这个智能体发了邀请,它在 Hey 里收到了邮件,不是通过命令行,也不是通过 MCP,就是用网页。点开邮件,点开邀请链接,进了 Basecamp,然后问:"我现在该做什么?"我说:"我不知道,去我们的 AI 聊天室做个自我介绍吧。"它还是纯粹通过网页界面,找到 AI 聊天室,进去说:"嘿,我是 KEF,我是大卫的 AI 机器人,很高兴来到这里。"我当时脑子都炸了。

汉森: 那个实验有意思的地方在于,第一,它是未来的一瞥,因为它挺慢的,端到端大概花了十二分钟。现在我真该重跑一遍那个测试,如果它没有快得多我会很吃惊。我最近用 Grok 的机器人服务,它把这些浏览器和电脑操作的能力都内建好了,还自带一台专用电脑,你不用自己配机器,基本上就是个盒子里的爪子。我让它去注册一个东西,那一瞬间我意识到,哦,我们现在到这儿了,而且用起来快得多。但在当时我完全被震住了。

汉森: 后来我用了一阵子就发现,还不到时候,我没法真的这样跟它沟通,它还是需要命令行、需要 MCP,因为这种方式太慢、token 效率太低。但那确实是未来的一瞥。之后我基本就没再用了,因为我想让智能体干的事,我大多是坐在电脑前干的。

汉森: 不过最近这一点有了变化,这也是我对继续用 Claude Code 比较释然的原因之一:Claude 有最好的手机应用。你在电脑终端里开的任何 Claude Code 会话,都能通过手机应用访问,你什么都不用做。我也装过 Terminus 之类的终端,能跑 Herdr,但那有点笨重,你是在手机上实时打字,能感觉到延迟。而用 Claude 应用连你的 Claude Code 实例,感觉就像在聊天,不用去折腾 Telegram 账号之类的东西。当然,如果你想用 OpenClaw 来"运营你的人生",那它干不了这个。但不知为什么我对那件事一直没那么感兴趣。

汉森: 也许原因之一是我太太杰米说过:"我们家里不许有机器人。"所以我想,那我最好别把它接到智能家居上。要是灯开始像闹鬼一样自己开开关关,我在家里恐怕不会太受欢迎。我这么说也是因为听过一些把它接进整个生活的人的故事。有个人讲过,他把它接上了自己的健康数据和特斯拉,然后他的智能体对"他喝水不够"这件事产生了执念,一直催他多喝水。某天他在路上开着开着,特斯拉突然换了个方向。智能体发现回家路上有家杂货店,可以顺路去买点水。

主持人: 这太棒了。

汉森: 你会觉得这件事既好笑又完全是《黑镜》,同时也让你想到:从这里到"家里闹鬼"其实没几步。所以我就想,算了,我不需要那个。不过我现在确实挺喜欢能通过应用控制智能体这件事,哪怕我用得不多。

主持人: 我确实觉得 OpenClaw 和 Hermes Agent 很有用,哪怕只是让你瞥见另一种交互模式。

汉森: 是的。

主持人: 就是那种"这感觉像未来",不一定是这个形态,但方向上在往那儿走。

汉森: 我觉得那些系统还有一点不同:它们有一整套记忆系统,会累积关于你是谁、你喜欢什么的知识。托比讲过他的智能体会替他买东西,它有一笔零花钱,会替他挑衣服,然后东西就送到门口了,因为他的智能体给他买了。你会觉得,老兄,这感觉真未来。也有点吓人。但我可以通过在前沿上的其他人替我体验。

主持人: 你说过将来想做一个移动版的 Omarchy。

汉森: 这就是造完 Quattro、尝到那种近乎无限的力量之后开始上头的自大妄想。

主持人: 那会是什么样?你是说像安卓那样?

汉森: 那是显而易见的路径。安卓是开源的,你可以 fork,也有人 fork 了,GrapheneOS 就是其中之一。我知道那条路有限制,碰一碰支付之类的功能、相机模组之类的东西。但这些看起来都是可以克服的。我真希望我的手机能像我的电脑一样可塑,能像我的电脑现在这样好看。如果我能拿到一个 Omarchy 移动版,那听起来太棒了。

主持人: 我在想那得是多大的工作量。

汉森: 我会去搞清楚的。

主持人: 有些事你一动手才发现,比如浏览器就非常难做。

汉森: 是的。

主持人: 所以操作系统我也在想。

汉森: Ladybird 的开发者们正在体会这一点,安德烈亚斯和他的团队。那个项目有意思的地方在于,浏览器基本上是世界上第二复杂的软件系统,第一是 Linux 内核,就这种几千万行代码的体量而言。所以在还没有智能体的时候,用一个小团队去启动这样一项使命,安德烈亚斯是相当大胆的。但现在我们有了智能体,我们会看到结果,而且大概会比预想的更早看到。如果说有一件事是智能体已经极其擅长的,那就是读规范并把它实现出来。我不知道现在 CSS、HTML 的规范有多长,再加上 JavaScript,但它们非常长,人类要实现它们得花很多很多年。我们即将知道智能体能多快做到。

关于移民的争论

主持人: 你刚提到 Omarchy 受到的批评,那我们再往批评这条路上走。你公开表达过一些政治观点,大致可以归到移民、非法移民这一类。

汉森: 我会说是大规模移民。

主持人: 大规模移民,以及人口结构在文化、社会、国家形成中的作用。你为此受到了相当多的批评,也引发了不少风波。你对那些风波有后悔的地方吗?

汉森: 一秒钟都没有。我这么说的原因是,奥弗顿之窗不会自己打开,它是被人一点一点推开的,靠的是有人冒一点风险:一点名声、一点反弹、一点批评,有时候是很多名声、很多批评、很多反弹。

汉森: 我认为在欧洲,大规模移民问题多年来是个彻底的禁忌,在好几个欧洲国家至今如此。而出于某种机缘巧合,丹麦不是。丹麦人从九十年代中期就开始讨论大规模移民及其后果,非常早。这有一部分可以追溯到一个人,莫恩斯·格利斯特鲁普,一个非常古怪的人物。我记得八十年代在电视上看到他谈论大规模移民的危险。当时我在八十年代长大,在哥本哈根的布伦斯霍伊那片社区,1984 年左右,那里百分之九十九是丹麦族裔,是能把血统追溯到在这个国家生活了一千年的丹麦人。丹麦拥有世界上最古老的君主制之一,一路上溯到蓝牙王哈拉尔,蓝牙这个技术标准就是以他命名的。所以那是一条延续一千多年、住在同一个地方的血脉。

汉森: 九十年代初,我记得那个比例掉到了百分之九十五左右,而现在布伦斯霍伊大概是百分之六十几或者七十。这是个很大的变化。丹麦人大概在九十年代就开始注意到并且谈论这件事,谈论它不是一份纯粹的祝福,大规模移民是有代价的。这场辩论在两千年代真正爆发,而邻国完全没有发生这种事。瑞典根本没有这场辩论,彻底的禁忌,挪威也一样,欧洲别的国家也一样。而现在,在 2015 年之后,一百万叙利亚人沿着欧洲的高速公路北上,德国选择接收了很多,丹麦来了三万,这件事才成了焦点,因为变化已经发生了。

汉森: 我发现,判断一种文化里有什么地方不对劲的方式之一是:你被允许谈论什么?更准确地说,你被允许注意到什么?我在一篇文章里注意到的,那是一年半以前,是关于伦敦。我大概从九十年代末开始去伦敦,那时候伦敦大概百分之五十九、六十是英格兰族裔。二十年后降到了百分之三十四左右。这是能被注意到的。你就走在街上都能意识到,这和我二十年前来的时候是一座不同的城市。而如果你再往前推二十年,你会得到和丹麦当年类似的比例,那是一个百分之八九十都是英国族裔的国家。所以一代人的时间里,这是一个不同的国家。注意到这一点是可以的,觉得"我不认同这个,我希望不是这样"也是可以的。

汉森: 我上一次去中国是 2019 年,在上海,全都是中国人。如果我今年十月再去,突然发现只有百分之三十是中国人,另外百分之七十是别人,我会觉得很怪,我大概会问:"发生了什么?"而如果中国人在那一刻说"我们不喜欢这样",我不会觉得被冒犯。所以"欧洲国家没有权利注意到正在发生的事,也没有权利反对它"这种想法,我觉得是错的。我认为自决有道德上的论证,而我们在世界其他地区一直在援引这个论证:住在那个地区的人对他们的国家有自决权。那么丹麦人、瑞典人、挪威人说"我们在这里当了一千年的王国,有着某种族裔构成",我觉得完全公平。

汉森: 我是移民的拥护者,我自己就是移民到美国的。那种各国竞相吸引全世界最聪明、最有才华的人的、精挑细选的移民,是非常好的事。

主持人: 合法的、择优的移民。

汉森: 择优是关键,因为欧洲大部分地方其实几乎没有非法移民。南欧有一些,但大部分欧洲国家没有严重的非法移民问题。问题出在另一类大规模移民上,出在人口结构与几十年前截然不同。而我认为欧洲国家会从移民中受益。事实上丹麦有意思的一点是,他们对移民保持着极其细致的统计。我不完全确定为什么这么详细,也许一路要追溯到格利斯特鲁普和九十年代的那场讨论,但他们确实这么做。

汉森: 那些统计清楚地显示,当来自英国、法国、美国的人到丹麦时,这些移民平均而言对丹麦这个国家是非常有益的,他们的贡献远远超过他们向国家索取的。那丹麦就该接纳这样的移民。然后你再看别的移民群体。上周有个丹麦政治家让财政部用最新数据做了一次统计:不同来源的移民对丹麦国家的财政影响是多少。法国、英国、美国那几类聚在同一个水平上,每年大约净贡献两万五千美元,这非常正面,当然这是平均值。而光谱另一端、成本最高的是索马里移民,他们平均每年让丹麦国家花掉两万八千美元。我觉得丹麦人说"我们更愿意多来些法国人、英国人和美国人,少来些索马里人"是公平的。

主持人: 你觉得为什么那条帖子招来了那么多恨?

汉森: 在很多圈子里这是个非常禁忌的话题。

主持人: 有一部分和奥弗顿之窗的扩张有关?

汉森: 肯定有。不过我也想说说最强的反方论证。我确实认为这类讨论可能变得丑陋。这些东西有没有可能滑向赤裸裸的、除了对他人的憎恨之外没有任何依据的种族主义?有可能。但这种风险并不能抵消"我们需要讨论自己国家的人口构成以及移民政策该是什么样"这个需求。

汉森: 我还觉得很好笑的是,尤其在欧洲,这种短视:关于欧洲人是否有权决定自己的国家是什么样子的讨论,这个标准好像只适用于那里。没有人试图去告诉日本人"嘿,你们太日本了"。东京大概百分之九十八是日本族裔吧?有谁在试图告诉日本人,如果他们的东京降到伦敦那种水平,比如百分之三十七,会是个更好的国家吗?我不觉得。

汉森: 所以这里有一种奇怪的、在我看来近乎自我憎恶的东西,加德称之为"自杀式共情",它渗透在这些事情里,程度深到我至今没完全拆解明白:这是从哪里来的?为什么会这样?但无论如何,我只是注意到,嘿,伦敦看起来不一样了。我更喜欢过去的伦敦,就像我更喜欢八十年代我在哥本哈根长大的那个社区的样子。我完全明白你可以从这里跳五级,然后说"好吧,这就是种族主义"。我也不在乎了。这是一场公平的讨论。国家和人民有权制定移民政策。而那种"我们不该有边界",或者更糟的,"这一切都是白板,所有人都是一样的,我们可以把人从地球的一个地方搬到另一个地方,一切都会顺顺利利"的想法,在经验上是不成立的。欧洲从八十年代起就在跑这个实验,结果并不好。现在欧洲有一些力量想要撤销这个实验,想要终结迄今为止这种搞法的大规模移民。而我恰好相信,多数丹麦人和其他一些国家的人也相信:"对,我们这么搞是不奏效的,我们得做些改变。"

汉森: 我说的不是零移民。再说一次,我自己就是移民。我认为美国总体上从移民中获益巨大,但那正是这里的偷换概念之处:移民的效果极大地取决于谁来移民。当移民是社会的净贡献者,而且在大多数情况下能融入本地文化时,一个国家会受益。如果你来到丹麦、想成为丹麦人、付出全部努力、对社会有贡献,我想大多数丹麦人会很乐意在合理的数量内接纳你。如果你来到丹麦、不想融入、是社会的净负担、生活在一个平行社会里,那丹麦人说"我们别这么干了"也同样公平。

主持人: 有意思的是,我对美国的移民制度了解不深,但据我所知,择优制的方案在这里一直没能通过。

汉森: 而且美国文化非常不同。这一点我在两地都长住之后才真正体会到。美国有一种"融入是可选项"的文化:一个从丹麦或者乌克兰或者别的什么地方来的人,接受美国那套价值观、规范和文化,然后被其他美国人当作美国人来尊重,这在美国要容易得多,也更被认可。

汉森: 所以每当有人说"美国是个如此种族主义的国家",我就想:你去过别的地方吗?你知道别的国家是什么样吗?如果你觉得美国是最种族主义的国家,你只是信息不足。我们在丹麦住的那段时间就在处理这件事。我太太是美国人,有斯堪的纳维亚血统,但已经在美国生活了好几代。非常难,非常难。一个金发碧眼的女人,付出了各种努力去学语言、去做一切,融入丹麦文化仍然非常非常难。而如果反过来,她是丹麦人搬到美国,那根本不会那么难。

汉森: 这也是另一件事:住在丹麦这样的国家,太太是有斯堪的纳维亚血统、并且付出了全部努力的美国人,还是意识到融入极其困难,哪怕你已经百分之九十七接近了。那天哪,如果你来自一个完全陌生的文化、完全不同的规范,那该有多难。而这当然正是我刚才引用的统计所印证的:文化越不相似、距离越远,成功的可能性就越低。

分歧与友谊

主持人: 表达这些立场有没有让你失去朋友和关系?

汉森: 有,但我不会说只是因为这一件事。更多是 2020 年前后那次大分裂,我觉得很多政治断层线是在那时候真正裂开的。在美国的简写说法大概是:你"觉醒"了没有?显然有一批我以为多年来关系不错的人,在那条政治断层线裂开之后,显然就不再是了。我觉得这挺可惜的。我也试着去理解那是从哪里来的,部分原因是这些年我自己在好几个议题上改变过看法。有时候你就是过一段时间想法变了,有时候是拿到新信息之后变了,改变想法的理由和时机有很多,而我们不会按同样的时间表改变,甚至可能根本不变。

汉森: 所以让自己身边有,或者至少与不在每个议题上都跟你一致的人往来,我认为是相当健康的。我偶尔跟我弟弟讨论政治,我们在这些话题上并不完全一致,有时候讨论会有点激烈,但之后也会平息下来,我们意识到,好吧,这件事我们不一致,而我们在很多别的事上一致,我们欣赏很多同样的东西。

汉森: 其实当年我们在 Basecamp 闹那场大风波时,我以一种全新的方式体会到了一条更早的规矩:跟陌生人、甚至跟熟人,尤其跟同事谈政治、宗教或者钱,都不是个好主意。如果你不是一天到晚拿政治分歧互相摩擦,你和某个人维持良好工作关系的概率会高得多。所以我其实认为自由派和保守派应该一起工作。如果部落之间彻底隔离、没有任何重叠和互动,这个国家会糟糕得多。而这种混合,如果你别总盯着分歧,会容易得多。盯着你们共同喜欢的东西。我在科技圈里遗憾地疏远的一些人,我们本来有那么多共同点,对 Ruby 或者别的东西有那么多共同的热爱,这难道不可惜吗?

主持人: 我希望活在一个分歧本身也非常值得聊的世界里。

汉森: 是的。

主持人: 而且不要对分歧、哪怕是根本性的分歧,过度情绪化。因为分歧里首先藏着最有意思的东西。

汉森: 是的。

主持人: 而且那也是你成长的方式。一个社会如果能拥抱分歧、把分歧带进一个可以讨论的共同体里,那是健康的标志。

汉森: 对我来说,这方面一个绝佳的例证是我看过的威廉·F·巴克利节目的一个片段,我想那节目叫《交火线》。他请了一位黑豹党成员上他的节目。很显然这两位先生在政治上没有多少共识。他们能把对话进行下去,我看的那一段大概二十五分钟。巴克利就一直在问:"那你怎么看这个?你怎么看那个?"而那位黑豹党成员会以你预期的七十年代黑豹党的方式作答,没有多少缓和的语气。我当时就想,这太罕见了。如果今天你看到那样一档节目,那会是一场对骂,会是指控来回乱飞。巴克利能跟自己极度不认同的人把对话进行下去,探索他们立场的所有智识侧面,并且让他们把那些侧面讲出来,说明那是一个已经失落的时代,而我非常希望我们能回去。我一直很喜欢跟我信得过的朋友谈政治,信得过他们能以一种不必上升到存亡高度的方式谈这些话题。

主持人: 但当下这个时代,这种事越来越稀少。所以你刚才说的这些值得反复讲出来,提醒人们有一个我们都该追求的理想:能有分歧,并且谈论分歧。因为政治其实很有意思。我现在习惯说"我讨厌政治",但我真正的意思是,我讨厌当下这套运行方式:有些话题,我们都知道哪些措辞会把你归进蓝色或者红色的桶里,然后制造的是戏剧,而不是对话。

汉森: 是的。

主持人: 如果我不留意网上的风向,我能想出一大堆在我看来无害的、分析世界局势的陈述,它们会立刻触发所有人说"这家伙是个左翼垃圾"或者"这家伙是个右翼法西斯"。而我确实被震惊过。因为我不怎么深度关注网络,比如我为乌克兰战争做了大量阅读和准备,我很震惊我的某些陈述会被理解成这一边或者那一边,然后我因此被恶毒攻击。可那种攻击在说的是:"喂,你这个以为自己可以自由走动、自由思考的混蛋,挑一个桶,给我坐进那个桶里。"

汉森: 是的。

主持人: 穿上那件蓝衣服或者红衣服。而我发现的是,事情真的会平息下来。只要你说"我是蓝的"或者"我是红的",这套系统就不再找你麻烦。可如果你只是好奇地探索这个世界、对这个世界做推理,这套系统就惩罚你。我讨厌这一点,因为我想回到巴克利和黑豹党的那种讨论。

汉森: 是的。

主持人: 但务实地看,我已经意识到,除非我真的在乎某个议题,否则不去提政治。因为我知道那是有代价的,他们会把你扔进蓝桶或者红桶,所以你得更审慎地选择。

汉森: 是的,我也试着对此更自觉。而当我确实选择开口时,通常是因为我掂量过了,觉得"这件事值得"。不过我这么说的同时,也一直抓到自己有相反的念头:我因为某个人的技术工作而关注他,然后知道了他的某个政治立场,我常常会想:"我真希望我不知道这个。"所以我一方面这么想别人,一方面又说"我偶尔会去掺和一场有争议的辩论",这是虚伪的,你得接受这是有代价的。我确实认为,更多人应该对此有点自觉。

汉森: 当然我们俩现在也在自相矛盾,因为我们又说"要是能在一个更自由开放的场域里谈政治、纯粹在智识上把观念翻来覆去地看,那多好"。是啊,那会很好。在当下社交媒体的气候里这可能吗?相当困难。不过这也可能只是一个阶段,我们可能会越过它。

主持人: 我希望如此。

汉森: 也许有办法回到巴克利和黑豹党那种对话,哪怕是在社交媒体上,回到那种讨论不会导向恶毒的暴民取消运动的状态。我其实认为我们现在比五年前更接近了。2020 年时那种部落主义、那些部落能对"异端"施加的制裁,远比 2025 年厉害,至少在科技圈里是这样。当然,如果你在学术界,试试走进哈佛的社会学系提几个右翼观点,我不觉得会很好收场,也不觉得你能很快恢复。但至少在科技界和许多商业领域,现在持有一个不符合 2020 年共识的观点是可能的,这是肯定的。

主持人: Rails 社群里也有过一些风波,别的地方也有。那些后来怎么样了?都还好吗?

汉森: 每一轮风波都在缩小。我们大概在 2020 年前后经历了一场大戏剧的峰值感染,跟其他每一个社群的峰值一样。然后你会看到,每一次新的爆发都比上一次小。那些在意识形态上与那场斗争绑定的人越来越少、越来越少。而在这一点上,在我看来,Bluesky 和 Mastodon 的出现是 X 遇到的最好的事情之一。因为它们成了一个蜜罐,把当时 X 和推特上最恶毒的一批人吸走了,让他们聚集在一个不断萎缩的回声室里,一轮又一轮地搞纯洁性清洗,每清洗一次就缩小一圈,到最后剩不下多少人。而留在那里的人,眼不见心不烦。

汉森: 这不是说 X 就是个完美的地方,那里也偶尔有行刑队。但确实少多了。每次我被卷进、或者说只是远远围观一个 Mastodon 或者 Bluesky 的讨论串,我都会想:"操,对,这就是当年推特的样子。天哪。"而现在你可以像我这样待在 X 上,我百分之九十的互动是关于很酷的 Linux 和很酷的技术:"看,我发现了一台新电脑,你看它有多快。"我可以跟同样为计算机兴奋的人聊这些。然后剩下大概百分之十,好吧,我会去掺和一点有争议的东西,在那里有一场小讨论,然后我们就回去继续为计算机兴奋。

汉森: 算法其实非常擅长找到你会觉得有意思的东西,或者说,我不该这么讲,是你会去互动的东西。有时候是让你愤怒,但它确实带来互动,因此显露偏好就是大多数人想要一个推荐页,而不是纯粹的关注流。

主持人: 不,他们是对推荐页上瘾了。

汉森: 是,是,这是真的。

主持人: 我觉得如果有一个强大的大模型来做个性化的信息流,效果会好得多。问题是怎么在那个规模上交付,这极其困难。

汉森: 问题在于奖励函数是互动量。一旦奖励函数是互动量,互动就会追着最原始的本能走,然后我们就到这一步了。但我也不想太负面。我们每个人的算法都不一样,有时候确实过头了。但平均而言,就过去十年来看,这是 X 最好的时候。我是作为一个关心大量技术话题、大量 Linux 话题的人这么说的:这些东西现在能够发生,而且不会动不动就被想把它拖进某场政治争论的人砸场,我觉得这真的很棒。当然它也是一个能找到别的东西的地方,我们各自有各自的算法,所以你没法对 X 是什么、不是什么下什么断言。你的信息流大概和我的完全不同,也和别人的完全不同。

主持人: 我没法评论这个,因为我采访的人五花八门,我的信息流大概……

汉森: 这对你的信息流是好事还是坏事?

主持人: 是坏事。因为我可以说"我在吃这个苹果,太好吃了",然后一堆人冒出来:"那是因为你是泽连斯基的托",或者"你是普京的托,你这个垃圾"。我就只能说,行吧。

汉森: 我偶尔也有一点这种情况,你会想:等等,我们在说什么?你为什么要以这种方式出现?这也是我真的很喜欢播客的原因之一。我发现即使是长篇写作,当我做长篇论证时,人们会用他们脑子里给我预设的那个声音来读它,而那个声音往往在论证之前就已经被编程好了:"这家伙是个法西斯。"然后他们就用那个名字去听、去读那些词。而当他们看到或者听到我呈现论证时的真实语气,他们可能仍然不同意那些论证,很多人当然不同意,但要把一个这样的人一笔勾销或者恨之入骨,就难得多了。至少我得到的反馈是这样:"我本来有某种看法,然后我在莱克斯这儿听到了你,其实听起来理智得多。"

主持人: 不止于此,我希望人们能对别人采取这样一种态度:默认他是个好人。如果他持有一个你不同意的观点,那他是一个持有那个观点的好人。你可以觉得他蠢,没关系,觉得他迷失了也行,但把他当成一个好人。因为在网上获得互动的方式之一就是踩别人。

汉森: 对。

主持人: 而如果你带着找坏处的眼光去看别人,你永远能找到坏处,他们身上总有让人讨厌的地方。

汉森: 百分之百。

主持人: 用那种眼光看人,你什么都学不到,你的心里会装满恨。那就是一种糟糕的活法和与世界互动的方式,而这恰恰是互联网在鼓励的事。所以如果你对那些你真的非常不同意的人也能想"我也许能从这个人身上学到什么",那会很好。黑豹党的那位、威廉·巴克利,我们可能会爱上他们。

汉森: 说个这件事的缩影。有个叫 Theo 的人,不知道你关注没有。

主持人: 关注。

汉森: 我们因为我们的一个项目不再用 TypeScript 起过一点冲突,他不喜欢这件事,对此有意见,还有别的一些动作。之后我就想,这人真是个蠢货。而你知道吗,我到现在仍然觉得那件事做得很蠢,但我也可以想:这哥们儿是真的在钻 AI,他在试所有这些模型,我们可以共享一部分兴奋。所以我昨天开始关注他了。我想,你知道吗,我不必在所有事情上都同意你,我甚至不必喜欢你做过或者说过的某些事,我照样可以关注你。如果我能回关 Theo,那我觉得世界和平还是有希望的。

主持人: 他其实是个很好的例子。他非常有主见,经常改变想法,说话会带刺,但我觉得他骨子里是个好人。

汉森: 而且无论如何,当我的信息流里有人在聊我关心的事情时,它就更有意思。是的,我不必在所有事上都同意你。

长寿、酒精与有限性

主持人: 有一条我觉得挺有意思:你提到过你太太说的一句让你印象很深的话,说科技圈这种男性对极端长寿的执着,就像女性的厌食症,是焦虑和失控感的一种生理表现。这听着有点道理。

汉森: 对很多人来说确实如此,那条推传播得很广。不知道你注意到没有,布莱恩·约翰逊在那个串里回复了,我能理解布莱恩会把它读成某种挖苦,而我确实认为杰米当时想到的人里包括他。这也是一个好例子:尽管我不认同布莱恩那个"不要死"的使命,我其实是想死的,我不想永远这么活下去,我觉得人类九十到一百岁的寿命听起来挺合适,我拥抱生命的有限性。我们不必在这一点上一致。事实上正因为我们不一致,布莱恩对我来说是个有意思得多的人,而且布莱恩愿意为那个使命把自己的皮肉和各种身体部件都押上去,这非常有意思。

汉森: 我可以一边觉得这很有意思、很高兴布莱恩在追求他的热情,一边又觉得我太太的分析说中了什么:这里面似乎有某种底层的恐惧。我昨天还跟杰米聊这个,她把它比作一种"觉得自己还没活够"的感觉。而他们之所以还没活够,一个可能的原因是,现代社会现在是一个监控社会,不是被国家监控,而是被彼此监控,到处都是带摄像头的手机。任何一次失态,甚至任何一次放肆的玩乐或者尴尬瞬间,都极有可能被录下来、被分享到被人嘲笑的地步。在这种条件下,人的理性反应就是往回缩:确保你不会像没人看着那样跳舞,因为他们很可能正在录你,好让你在互联网上永世难堪,那也许你干脆就别跳了。因此,如果我们都缩到几乎没在活了,我们就会死死抓住"让它永远持续下去"。

汉森: 当然我不认为这个论点在所有情况下都成立,我甚至不知道它是否适用于布莱恩或者别的什么人。但我认为这里有点东西:如果你觉得自己真的活过了,你就比较能接受"我活够了",就能接受它有个终点不是需要去对抗的事。当然,这一切会不会只是存在层面的事后合理化,如果明天真有一颗永生药丸,我们是不是都会吃?有可能。如果我们真吃了,社会会不会更糟?会。人类寿命是这个长度,会不会不只有生物学原因,还有社会学原因?有可能。所以我觉得这些都是很有意思的问题,而我就是觉得她的分析触到了什么。

汉森: 这场讨论后来又回来了。那条推大概有一年了,但最近我们在聊那些"过度优化者"。我看到克里斯·威廉姆森在《Modern Wisdom》里说:"好吧,也许我们确实有点过头了。"触发点是《一位 CEO 的日记》那档节目,主持人说了大意是"我喝了一杯葡萄酒,接下来三天全毁了"。在他的情境里我相信那是真的,如果你很久没碰过酒,一点点也可能有反应。但这句话里有某种东西让很多人、包括我,产生了生理性的反抗:我当时想,妈的,我现在就该来杯酒,虽然我平时基本不喝。

汉森: 酒精这个问题其实是个很好的显微切片。我们好像都不喝了,酒类销量大幅下滑,尤其在年轻人里。一方面,单看健康指标,我们可以说"哇,这多好"。然后我就想,我可不太确定这好。酒精能提供的那种社交润滑剂,可能是会被怀念的,事实上就是被怀念的。我们正处在一场彻底的孤独、痛苦、抑郁的流行病里,其中相当一部分大概就是因为你跟别人的互动不够。这还没说到配对的问题:人们找伴侣变得非常困难,其中很多转移到了各种带来负面后果的应用上。也许我们回头会想:"嗯,也许偶尔喝醉一次并不是世界上最糟的事。"不管醉不醉,也许周五周六出门时喝上两杯,本来就是帮助社会走到今天的一部分。也许人类喝了一万三千年的酒是有社会功能的,而我们拆掉切斯特顿的篱笆,是自找的。

主持人: 顺着这个说,我横穿中国乡村时,抽了点烟,我二十出头抽过一阵,这趟专门又捡起来。

汉森: 那是社交连接器。

主持人: 我还喝了海量的酒,虽然我平时基本不喝,就是为了那种社交。那是他们表达爱的方式。我还吃了一大堆碳水,虽然我平时低碳水,就爱吃肉。因为那是他们表达爱的方式。在那个社会里是香烟,在多数社会里是酒,那是一件一起做的事,是一种纽带。它带来的好处,在很多情境下会盖过你无论怎么衡量的那些长期负面后果。

汉森: 这正是现代性的短视:我们把事情化约成"某项长期研究说多喝一杯会让你多百分之零点一的某种心脏病风险"。是啊,可如果你压根没活过,那意义何在?当然这也很容易翻到另一边去,好像唯一的活法就是每个周末喝断片、吃一堆垃圾、一天抽四十根烟。不是的,这不必是非此即彼。

汉森: 这也是我不再戴 Oura 戒指的原因之一。我戴了那个睡眠戒指很多年,四年。某天我就想:我不需要它来告诉我我昨晚没睡好,我知道。它增加的,我不想称之为焦虑,我没什么焦虑,就是一种提醒,可它到底起了什么作用?为什么我需要这些数据?为什么我需要优化一切?以至于在听到《一位 CEO 的日记》那个片段之后,我想:"操,我倒想反着来。"我几乎不喝酒,也许一个月一杯。那我想,行吧,周末来一杯,也许两杯。

汉森: 而且我从来不是那种为饮食焦虑的人。这是娶到一位了不起的女人的巨大红利之一。插一句题外话:永远不要把一个四十多岁的女人称作"wonderful woman"。我太太气坏了,去年我不但在她生日那天来上节目,我还在节目上叫她"wonderful woman",那听起来像她叫南希、六十五岁、住在罗切斯特郊区。我本来是想说她像五十岁的。我说我是丹麦人,我哪懂这个。但那不好使。所以我改说"了不起的女人"。

汉森: 如果你娶到一位了不起的女人,她不但会做饭而且享受做饭,你知道吗,这里有一种非常传统的分工,它在人类社会里稳定存在了好几万年,也许那也不是世界上最糟的主意。当然我也知道有很多男人喜欢做饭,也有女人不喜欢。但就刻板印象而言,这确实帮了我。如果不是常年吃得相对健康,我大���没法对食物这么放松。总之要点是:走出那场优化游戏,同时也别走到反面去。你也不必变成瘫在沙发上的胖子,你可以动起来。

主持人: 而我们在说的更大的问题,是生命的有限性。

汉森: 是的。

主持人: 这一点我同意你。

汉森: 我还把这个做进了 Omarchy 里,memento mori,记住你终将死去。你在 Omarchy 里点时钟拉下日历,第一个有趣的东西是我从网上学来的:有个账号叫"年度进度",每天更新,显示 2026 年已经过去了百分之六十三。所以我把它做进了日历,现在它显示"2026 年已过百分之六十三"。而如果你双击那一行,它会问你:"你哪年出生?你预期活多久?"默认是九十。我填了 1979。然后就在"这一年过了多少"那行下面,出现新的一行:你的人生过了多少。我记得我是百分之六十二。你把鼠标悬上去,它会显示"memento mori"。

主持人: 那太美了。

汉森: 不少人觉得这很晦气,所以我把它做成了彩蛋,不是摆在外面的,你得点几下才能找到。我喜欢这个提醒,提醒我时间有限,我该好好用它。这也是有孩子的红利之一:你会真正意识到那些陈词滥调全是真的。天哪,时间过得太快了。我记得我那个现在十三岁的孩子一岁的样子、两岁的样子,那就像是昨天。而它之所以是陈词滥调,正因为它是共同经验。陈词滥调是好东西,它们提醒你,你是人类经验的一部分,在你之前有人来过这里。

可颂之谜

主持人: 你提到那位了不起的、厨艺很好的女人。

汉森: 了不起,这点很重要,不是 wonderful,是 amazing。

主持人: 我看到你有条推在吐槽可颂什么的。丹麦的可颂真的更好吗?

汉森: 其实丹麦的可颂并不特别好。在我看来,你能找到半像样可颂的地方,偏偏是 7-Eleven,这对我来说非常好笑,因为在美国,至少在芝加哥,7-Eleven 是你去买思乐冰、顺便努力别被谋杀的地方。但在丹麦,7-Eleven 是那种很上档次、很不错的便利店,而且他们碰巧做出了像样的可颂。一直让我困惑的是,我在美国住了整整二十年,至今没吃到过一个能达到哥本哈根 7-Eleven 水准的可颂。这看起来不合常理。

主持人: 你搞清楚为什么了吗?

汉森: 没有。我真的认真考虑过雇一个调查记者去把这件事查清楚,因为我听到的理论五花八门。是水。是黄油。是手艺。是这个是那个。我觉得没一个说得通。如果是黄油,你不能进口吗?我好像在这边的超市看到过丹麦黄油,比如 Lurpak,所以不可能是黄油。是手艺吗?也不可能是手艺,美国住着大把法国人和比利时人,比利时人是世界上最好的可颂师傅。那到底是什么原因?然后我会得到第二种说法:"不不,你只是没去对地方。"我已经去过十五个所谓的"对地方"了,可颂全是垃圾。所以在我离开这个星球之前,我必须搞清楚为什么美国做不出一个像样的可颂。我甚至不是在要求巅峰的法式可颂、巅峰的比利时可颂,那是世界上最好的可颂。我只是在要求哥本哈根 7-Eleven 那个水准的可颂。这要求过分吗?

主持人: 这是个迷人的谜。那往大里说,你最爱的一餐是什么?如果我给你一顿断头饭,然后把你谋杀掉。

汉森: 那得看是午饭还是晚饭。

主持人: 就一顿。我觉得如果你要被谋杀了,午饭晚饭没什么区别吧。

汉森: 那取决于你哪个时段被谋杀。

主持人: 我明白了。

汉森: 如果是下午行刑,那我只有午饭。而如果是午饭,那就是哥本哈根北边那座博物馆,路易斯安那。我两天前刚跟杰米去过,我们经常去。那博物馆很可爱,但我们不是为博物馆去的,我们是为它的食堂去的。这本身听起来就很疯狂。

主持人: 确实。

汉森: 开半小时车去吃一个食堂。可它碰巧就是我这辈子吃过的最好的午饭。那里的厨师好得难以置信,而且不只是食物惊人,更让我这个系统思维的脑子惊叹的是:我们上去的时候,任何时刻大概都有两百人在等餐,而我们的餐五分钟就上来了。他们的菜单很小,显然是批量做的,而且好吃得不可思议。

主持人: 就是博物馆里的一个食堂?

汉森: 就是博物馆里的一个食堂,而它碰巧是我这辈子在任何地方吃过的最好的午饭。

主持人: 是什么样的食物?

汉森: 北欧菜。好笑的是,我看那份菜单时想:"如果我小时候看到这份菜单,我肯定说我不在这儿吃。"什么根茎、什么洋葱,各种健康玩意儿,听着挺恶心。然后你坐下来吃一口,天使就唱起来了。但比这更具体的是黄油。他们那里的打发黄油,是全世界最好的黄油。

主持人: 我觉得这跟可颂之谜一定有关系。

汉森: 一定有某种联系。可就算在巴黎,我也没吃过像哥本哈根路易斯安那那么好吃的打发黄油。我真的愿意开三十分钟车,就为了去那个食堂吃面包配黄油。

主持人: 你怎么发现的?就某天去博物馆?

汉森: 我们就是去了博物馆,吃了午饭,然后我们想……

主持人: 这不对劲。

汉森: 这能跟我这辈子去过的最好的餐厅掰手腕。我去过两次 Noma,该尝的都尝了,而这个跟那个是一个级别的。

主持人: 那晚饭呢?

汉森: 哥本哈根有很多好选择,不过我选西班牙的一个地方。马贝拉有个叫 Puente Romano 的酒店,海边有家海鲜餐厅,全是新鲜海产,好吃得难以置信。名字我记不清了,但你搜 Puente Romano 那家海滩海鲜店,非常棒。

主持人: 好吃这件事有多少来自地点、来自同行的人、来自初次到场的体验?

汉森: 氛围当然有帮助,但我觉得我的味蕾对味道也是灵的。

主持人: 所以是货真价实的。

汉森: 就是好吃。因为比如那个食堂,人很多,我不会说"天哪我想在这儿坐两个小时",但食物就是那么好吃。

主持人: 这也是我横穿这个国家时体会到的:不带偏见地去尝,什么都试试,因为你可能会被惊到。也许我会替你找到那个可颂。

一千年之后

主持人: 我们聊了死亡,聊了食物。一千年后,你觉得人类和人类文明的未来会是什么样?你觉得我们能挺过去吗?

汉森: 一千年后?老兄,我连十二个月后都预测不了。一千年?

主持人: 你觉得我们有戏吗?

汉森: 我会押乐观。我会押多行星物种。我会押埃隆把那枚火箭送上火星,然后我们搞明白怎么弯曲时空,发现某种虫洞之类的东西。

主持人: 一旦我们做到,你觉得地球上所有人会死上一两次再被重新填充吗?在我们做好备份之后。

汉森: 我最喜欢的《黑镜》其中一集就是那种,他们被上传到一个八十年代的海滨小镇。我当时想,这既是一个如此黑暗的时刻,又如此美,因为大家共同承认:八十年代其实挺了不起的。我对很多时刻都没什么怀旧,但我对八十年代有。

主持人: 人们常说,你十二岁、或者十四五岁时所在的地方和时代、听的音乐,会跟着你一辈子。

汉森: 可我八十年代结束时才十岁,那是我的童年早期,而我对八十年代仍然有一种难以置信的亲近感。所以如果我要被上传到天上去,我选八十年代。

主持人: 我好像从没听人这么说过,通常是七十年代或者九十年代。

汉森: 我真的不喜欢九十年代。我们能聊聊这个吗?

主持人: 请。

汉森: 在我看来,那是虚无主义的大转折点。音乐、流派、时尚,一切都从那种光鲜、流行、乐观,甚至包括雅痞和那一切,转向了垃圾摇滚和涅槃。虽然我喜欢那些音乐,但我不喜欢它的伦理,不喜欢它的道德,不喜欢它底下的任何支撑。那里面有一种失败主义。所以事后回望,如果我要被重新插进矩阵,那一定是八十年代。

主持人: 那是个充满乐观、好玩和色彩的年代。

汉森: 是的。我记得我有一条橙色的裤子,上面有白点。那在八十年代是小孩能穿出门的正常东西,我今天他妈的再没见过。或者说就连九十年代,一切都变成了西雅图灰。大退步。

主持人: 所以按尼采的永恒轮回,如果你要过一个土拨鼠日、永远活下去,你希望是穿着八十年代那条带白点的橙裤子。

汉森: 橙裤子我大概会跳过,但八十年代我是肯定要选的。

主持人: 你说的。好了,DHH,非常感谢你做的一切,感谢你成为我们所有人的激励,感谢你在这个世界上造出很酷的东西,也谢谢你今天来聊。

汉森: 随时奉陪。再次谢谢你,莱克斯。

主持人: 感谢各位收听这场与 DHH 的对话。最后,我用拉尔夫·瓦尔多·爱默生的一句话作结:一旦你做出决定,整个宇宙都会合谋让它发生。谢谢收听,我们下次再见。

本期讲者
大卫·海涅迈尔·汉森丹麦裔程序员、创业者,Web 框架 Ruby on Rails 的创造者,软件公司 37signals(Basecamp、Hey)联合所有人与 CTO。同时是畅销书作者、勒芒 24 小时耐力赛车手,近两年打造了基于 Arch Linux 的桌面发行版 Omarchy。
Lex FridmanAI 研究者,《Lex Fridman Podcast》主持人,长期制作科技与思想领域的长访谈。本期为他与 DHH 的第二次对谈,相隔 13 个月。
章节 · 点击跳转视频
0:00 几周里发生几十年的开场 ▶ 正在看
12:33 哪些领域能把代码全交给 AI ▶ 正在看
28:43 开源维护者的黄金时代 ▶ 正在看
50:19 编程该改名吗:别把话说死 ▶ 正在看
1:09:57 程序员的焦虑与该做的事 ▶ 正在看
1:31:30 十六个线程的新工作台 ▶ 正在看
1:52:13 一分钟装机与卓越的偏执 ▶ 正在看
2:24:00 智能体诊断与前沿模型横评 ▶ 正在看
2:44:06 倦怠、狗屁工作与增长的代价 ▶ 正在看
3:10:11 孩子、死亡与有限的人生 ▶ 正在看
3:38:14 Linux 会赢吗:可塑的电脑 ▶ 正在看
4:22:11 移民争论、分歧与算法喂养 ▶ 正在看
本期论点
本期回应
13:13
CRUD 类网页开发的代码可以全部由 AI 写成,有直觉的程序员甚至不必看代码 已经够用智能体现在能独立干活吗?莱克斯·弗里德曼
其他论点
8:11
智能体这一轮跃迁主要来自会用电脑与工具、能自查工作的脚手架,而非模型本身变聪明 大卫·海涅迈尔·汉森
13:11
CRUD 类 web 开发能做到代码 100% 由 AI 写,好程序员甚至不必逐行看 大卫·海涅迈尔·汉森
19:19
要拿到 10 倍甚至 100 倍的生产力提升,必须直接和智能体交互,中间不能再插进另一个人 大卫·海涅迈尔·汉森
32:11
agent 写的 pull request 比人写的质量更好,拒绝时也不必伤感情 大卫·海涅迈尔·汉森
50:36
编程指的是理解循环、条件、变量这些语言原语,而不是造出程序这件事 大卫·海涅迈尔·汉森
53:20
多数程序员不是好的产品经理,而 agent 时代最稀缺的正是产品管理能力 大卫·海涅迈尔·汉森
1:11:55
AI 把写程序的价格大幅拉低,反而会让人想要多得多的程序,编程岗位可能因此增加 大卫·海涅迈尔·汉森
1:34:08
同时并行运行多个 agent 才能进入心流,只跑一个反而让人觉得自己没用 大卫·海涅迈尔·汉森
1:41:04
Linux 一切皆配置文件与命令行的设计,在 agent 时代从最大缺点变成最大优势 大卫·海涅迈尔·汉森
2:03:34
在看似无关紧要的指标上追求极致,会意外带来与该指标无关的发现与创新 Lex Fridman
2:28:48
由智能体 review 过的 PR,在生产环境引发的问题远少于人类 review 过的 大卫·海涅迈尔·汉森
3:04:52
科技业这波裁员主要源于疫情期间过度招人,AI 只是精简人员的方便借口 大卫·海涅迈尔·汉森
3:38:58
Linux 成为个人电脑主流操作系统,是当下最有可能的结局 大卫·海涅迈尔·汉森
3:39:31
苹果高度封闭、精心策展的体验曾是其最大优势,如今已成为最大短板 大卫·海涅迈尔·汉森
4:23:08
奥弗顿之窗不会自己打开,只有个人一次次承担名誉风险去推才会被推开 大卫·海涅迈尔·汉森
01几周里发生几十年的开场
0:00
- There are decades where nothing happens and weeks where decades happen. And we have seen decades of progress happen in the last nine months. If you're not recognizing the gravity of the moment, that's the delusion. That's the psychosis. Who would not get delirious if suddenly a genie pops out of the bottle and says, "You can have whatever you want. Every feature you've ever dreamed of in an operating system, I can deliver them to you, most of them in five minutes, a few in 20, and if we really go hog wild, it's gonna take me two hours." I want the fastest car breaking the speed limits. I want the diver watch that can go down the Mariana Trench. I want the operating system that can install in less than 60 seconds. One of the things I always loved about race cars was when I would stumble out of the car absolutely smashed and barely able to hold my head up, and I'd lay down on the garage floor and just think, "Holy fuck, I'm alive." The Overton window does not open itself. It opens one nudge at a time by people risking a little.
- 有些十年什么都不会发生,而有些几周里却发生了几十年的变化。而在过去九个月里,我们见证了几十年份量的进步。如果你意识不到这一刻的分量,那才是妄想,那才是精神错乱。如果突然有个精灵从瓶子里冒出来对你说:“你想要什么都行。”,谁能不欣喜若狂?“你梦想过的操作系统里的每一个功能,我都能给你实现,大部分五分钟搞定,少数要二十分钟,如果真的玩得很疯,那也就花我两个小时。”我想要那辆能突破速度极限的最快的车。我想要那块能潜到马里亚纳海沟的潜水表。我想要那个能在不到六十秒内装好的操作系统。我一直以来最喜欢赛车的一点,就是当我从车里跌跌撞撞地爬出来,整个人彻底被榨干、连头都快抬不起来的时候,我就躺在车库的地板上,脑子里只想着一句话:“我操,我还活着。”奥弗顿之窗不会自己打开。它是靠一个个愿意冒一点险的人,一点一点推开的。
便签引用
1:09
A little reputation, a little pushback, a little criticism, or maybe sometimes a lot of reputation or a lot of criticism or a lot of pushback. Creating life with another human that you love is literally the peak experience of being on the planet. - The following is a conversation with David Heinemeier Hansson, also known as DHH, creator of Ruby on Rails, CTO of 37signals, creator of the new Omarchy Linux operating system, best-selling author, race car driver, and one of the most outspoken and prolific programmers in the world. For the past 20-plus years, for him, programming meant meticulously handcrafting beautiful Ruby code. But recently, since late 2025, DHH has embraced the AI revolution and has openly transformed himself into, once again, one of the most outspoken and prolific agentic engineers, even though he hates that term. So let's say practitioners of whatever programming is becoming where AI is doing most of the actual programming and the human steers the ship with high-level design, vision, and taste. Yes, it's
冒一点名声上的风险,承受一点反弹、一点批评,有时候也许是很大的名声风险、很多的批评、很强的反弹。和你所爱的另一个人一起创造生命,这真的是活在这颗星球上的巅峰体验。- 以下是我与 David Heinemeier Hansson 的对话,他也被称为 DHH,Ruby on Rails 的创造者、37signals 的 CTO、全新 OmarchyLinux 操作系统的创造者、畅销书作者、赛车手,也是世界上最敢直言、最高产的程序员之一。在过去二十多年里,对他来说,编程意味着一丝不苟地手工雕琢优美的 Ruby 代码。但最近,从 2025 年底开始,DHH 拥抱了这场 AI 革命,并公开地把自己再一次变成了最敢直言、最高产的 agentic engineer(智能体工程师)之一——尽管他讨厌这个词。那我们就说他是“编程正在变成的那种东西”的实践者吧:AI 完成大部分实际的编程工作,而人类掌舵,负责高层设计、愿景和品味。是的,没错,DHH 有时候很有争议,但他始终无所畏惧、才华横溢,而且和他聊天非常有意思。这一次
便签引用
2:27
true. DHH is at times controversial, but he's always fearless, brilliant, and fun to talk to. This was, once again, an intense, eye-opening, and wild rollercoaster ride of a conversation. This is a Lex Fridman podcast. To support it, please check out our sponsors in the description where you can also find links to contact me, ask questions, give feedback, and so on. And now, dear friends, here's DHH. 13 months ago, we sat down right here to talk about programming, and then everything changed. At that time, you were a bit skeptical about the role of AI in the process of programming, and then we went through this rapid evolution of agentic engineering. So, simple question to start: How has your view on AI's role in programming changed? Are you excited? Are you terrified? Are you on an emotional rollercoaster ride?
又是一场紧张激烈、令人大开眼界、跌宕起伏的对话。这里是 Lex Fridman 播客。如果想支持我们,请看看简介里的赞助商,那里也有联系我、提问、反馈等等的链接。现在,亲爱的朋友们,有请 DHH。13 个月前,我们就坐在这里聊编程,然后一切都变了。当时你对 AI 在编程过程中的作用还有点怀疑,接着我们就经历了 agentic engineering(智能体工程)的这场飞速演进。那我们从一个简单的问题开始:你对 AI 在编程中所扮演角色的看法有什么变化?你是兴奋?是害怕?还是坐在情绪的过山车上?
便签引用
3:26
- I am incredibly excited. - You've been talking about fun a lot. - There is none of the existential threat. That doesn't exist for me as an emotional component. It is only there as an intellectual component, and the emotional component for me is 100% pure, unadulterated joy- ... and optimism and amazement that we've made computers do this. And I find it so interesting that we talked just 13 months ago because it's like we talked in different universes, different eras. I love this quote. I think it's Lenin. There are decades where nothing happens and weeks where decades happen.
- 我兴奋得不得了。- 你最近经常在谈“乐趣”这件事。- 完全没有那种存在性威胁的感觉。作为一种情绪,它在我这里根本不存在。它只作为一个理智层面的问题存在,而我的情绪层面是百分之百纯粹、不掺杂质的喜悦……还有乐观,还有惊叹——我们居然让计算机做到了这一步。我觉得特别有意思的是,我们才在 13 个月前聊过,可感觉就像是在不同的宇宙、不同的时代聊的。我很喜欢那句话,我记得是列宁说的:有些十年什么都不会发生,而有些几周里却发生了几十年的变化。
便签引用
4:11
And we have seen decades of progress happen in the last nine months. I mean, imagine you're there when the Wright brothers take flight. Yesterday, the New York Times would write, "It's gonna be 10,000 years before we fly," and then the day after, we're up in the skies, and just a few years after that, there were cross-Atlantic planes. The whole world has completely changed. What a blessing to be there in that moment. If you zoom out and look at all of human history, how many humans got to live within the same epoch that they were born in? They never saw that complete change of the world and of society. And to have been blessed with two of those feels just such a privilege. I got to see the internet- ... from pre-internet to post-internet, and then now pre-AI, post-AI.
而我们在过去九个月里,见证了本该花几十年才有的进步。我是说,想象一下你正好在莱特兄弟起飞的那一刻在场。前一天,《纽约时报》还在写:“人类还要一万年才能飞上天。”结果第二天我们就上天了,再过没几年就有了横跨大西洋的飞机。整个世界彻底变了。能亲历那个时刻,真是一种福气。如果你把镜头拉远,看看整个人类历史,有多少人能在自己出生的那个时代里,亲眼看到世界和社会被彻底改写?他们从来没见过。而我居然赶上了两次,这感觉真是莫大的荣幸。我经历了互联网——从前互联网时代到后互联网时代,现在又是前 AI 时代到后 AI 时代。
便签引用
5:09
What an amazing run. How fortunate. - Yeah, but the thing is, this feels like a thing that happened faster than anything else in human history. - Correct. - So I would say somewhere around December, maybe late November- - November 24. - This is... - That's the exact moment. - You know, when they talk about when one nation invades another in a world war or something like this, it-- this is how we talk about AI changing everything. Yeah, the... And it really just sh- shifted for many great developers. It shifted to where AI is doing some, basic autocomplete, maybe writing 5, 10, 15, 20% of code to writing 80% of code.
多么精彩的一程。太幸运了。- 是啊,但问题是,这感觉像是人类历史上发生得最快的一件事。- 没错。- 所以我会说大概是在十二月前后,也许是十一月底—— ——11 月 24 号。- 这是……- 就是那个确切的时刻。- 你知道,人们谈论世界大战里某个国家入侵另一个国家的时候,会精确到某一天——我们现在谈论 AI 改变一切,也是这个调调。是啊……对很多优秀的开发者来说,这真的就是一下子变了。从 AI 只做一点基础的自动补全、也许写 5%、10%、15%、20% 的代码,变成写 80% 的代码。
便签引用
5:49
- Or 100. - Or 100, yeah, especially if it's not a public-facing product. - To me, that's why even when I look back upon our conversation a year ago, I don't actually have different opinions. I have the same opinions. A year ago, I did not like the mode of AI we were offered. It was the autocomplete mode, or it was the AI chatbot mode. Now, the chatbot I actually liked, as we talked about. Great tutor right from the get-go, great way of looking things up on the internet, not what was gonna replace me chiseling code. But- ... then we get the agents.
- 或者 100%。- 或者 100%,是的,尤其是如果不是面向公众的产品。- 对我来说,这就是为什么我回头看一年前我们那次对话时,其实观点并没有变。我的看法还是一样的。一年前我不喜欢当时能用到的那种 AI 形态。要么是自动补全模式,要么是 AI 聊天机器人模式。聊天机器人我其实是喜欢的,我们当时也聊过。一上来就是个很棒的老师,也是个很棒的上网查东西的方式,但它不会取代我一行行凿代码的活儿。但是——然后智能体来了。
便签引用
6:28
And the agents start out being curiosities for about five minutes, and then they get amazing, and then they get, "Oh my God, is this AGI?" And all of that happened since last year, even just within the last nine months. We have basically these few phases here. We have AI in the pre-agentic era. I was excited about that, but it was not fundamentally rewriting the rules of the game for me. It was not completely changing how I worked. I was still chiseling code, I just had a little helper, a little sidekick- ... who could bounce ideas off, and I could look up this information online and so forth in a more efficient way. It was just a more efficient way to do what I was already doing, and it didn't change the emotional connection I had to the computer. Then we get to November 24th, 2025. Opus 4.5, to me, was the dividing line, where suddenly... I didn't even try it on the 24th. I think I tried it on the 26th. I give it a couple of tasks, and I realize that the quality of the output is uncannily close to
这些智能体一开始大概有五分钟只是个新鲜玩意儿,然后就变得惊艳,再然后就变成,“我的天,这是不是 AGI 了?”而这一切都发生在过去这一年,甚至就在过去这九个月里。基本上可以分成几个阶段。先是前智能体时代的 AI。我对它是兴奋的,但它并没有从根本上改写游戏规则。它没有彻底改变我的工作方式。我还是在一行行凿代码,只是多了个小助手、小跟班——可以跟它碰碰想法,可以更高效地在网上查资料之类。它只是让我用更高效的方式做我本来就在做的事,并没有改变我和电脑之间那种情感连接。然后我们来到了 2025 年 11 月 24 号。对我来说,Opus 4.5就是那条分水岭,突然之间……我 24 号那天甚至都没试。我想我是 26 号才试的。我给了它几个任务,然后我意识到,它输出的质量跟我自己会写出来的东西像得让人发毛。我记得我就往后一靠,心想:
便签引用
7:47
what I would've written. And I remember just leaning back and thinking, "What just happened?" "How did we go from this autocomplete mess that I was talking to you about in the summer to this just a few short months later? How did we get both the increase in intelligence and then also the increase in usability?" This agent harness question where I don't know if Opus 4.5 was that much smarter than Opus 4, which is what we had in the summer, but its ability to instrument your computer, to use tools, to check its own work, to apply its intelligence in such a way that you could get real meaningful work out of it, was completely different. And I think this is then the big change that happens for almost anyone who paid attention and started playing with it over the Christmas break. This is what I heard- ... from Shopify and other places with lots of employees who suddenly had a breather, suddenly had a couple of weeks to lean back and just look at what was going on, gave it a try, and had the same
“刚才到底发生了什么?”“我们怎么会从夏天我跟你抱怨的那种自动补全烂摊子,仅仅几个月后就变成了这样?我们怎么可能同时拿到智能上的提升和易用性上的提升?”这就是那个智能体脚手架(harness)的问题——我说不准 Opus 4.5 是不是真的比夏天那会儿的 Opus 4 聪明多少,但它那种驾驭你电脑的能力、使用工具的能力、检查自己工作的能力,以及把智能运用到能真正产出有意义成果的那种方式,是完全不一样的。而我认为这就是那个大转折,几乎所有留心并在圣诞假期开始上手玩的人都经历了。我从 Shopify还有其他员工很多的公司那里听到的就是这个——大家突然喘了口气,突然有了几周时间可以往后靠一靠,好好看看到底发生了什么,试了一下,然后都有了同样炸裂的体验:这些智能体跟我们以前用的东西根本不是一个物种。然后接下来就是,
便签引用
8:58
mind-blowing experience that these agents were of a different genre than what we had before. And then what we get to is, I'm already excited at this point. Like, by December, I'm already revisiting sort of all my priors- ... and going like, "Wow, if it can do this, can it also do that?" "Oh, yeah, it can." And again, Opus 4.5 now looks like a retarded model. And this is the magic of this progress, is you think you've reached something... I remember thinking at the moment, "If this is the last model we get, I'll be set. I'll be happy."
那会儿我已经很兴奋了。到十二月,我已经在重新审视我所有的旧有判断了——然后想,“哇,如果它能做这个,那它能不能也做那个?”“哦,能。”而现在再看,Opus 4.5 已经像个笨得不行的模型了。这就是这种进步的魔力所在——你以为你已经到顶了……我记得当时想��“如果这是我们能拿到的最后一个模型,那我也够了,我很满足。”
便签引用
9:39
I could live with Opus 4.5 for the next 20 years- ... and you would hear no complaints from me because it was just so incredibly amazing to see an agent do all this work in the way that I wanted it done. Because it was not just about it being able to solve a task, it was also that I could look at its path there and go, "Yep. Yep. Maybe not there, but almost," and it would give you two notes. You'll get to where I wanted to go in the way I wanted to go there. You could produce code I wanted to merge. You could produce code that actually looked beautiful if it was written in Ruby. Rust, different question. But this ability for the agents to truly become an extension of how I wanted to work was very novel. But then we wait just until early spring, and suddenly we get sub-agents. We get harnesses that can subdivide the task, and something that would take Opus quite a while suddenly took a fifth of the time, a tenth of the time, because it could get chopped up and suddenly you got eight sub-agents working for you.
接下来二十年我就用 Opus 4.5 也行——你不会听到我有任何抱怨,因为看着一个智能体用我想要的方式把这些活儿全干了,实在是太不可思议了。因为重点不只是它能解决一个任务,还在于我能看它走过的路径,然后说:“对。对。这儿可能不太行,但也差不多了。”你给它一两条意见,它就能按我想要的方式,走到我想去的地方。它能产出我愿意合并的代码。如果是用 Ruby 写的,它产出的代码甚至可以说很漂亮。Rust 就是另一回事了。但智能体能真正成为我工作方式的延伸,这种能力是非常新鲜的。然后我们只等到了早春,突然就有了子智能体(sub-agent)。有了能把任务拆分的脚手架,原本 Opus 要花很久的事,突然只要五分之一的时间、十分之一的时间,因为任务可以被切开,一下子就有八个子智能体在替你干活。
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10:54
But both of those two first phases of the agentic age, to me, still felt like I had to drive. I could tell it what I wanted, where to look for it, and steer it a little bit when it went off, and then we'll get there, and I would go much faster. But I had to be in the driver's seat. I had to tell it what I wanted, and I had to be the reviewer, the auditor of what was coming out. And then finally now, this summer, with Opus 5, Fable, and Sol, GPT Sol, and to a lesser extent, some of the open weight models, we've arrived at a new era where I'm not telling it where we're going. I'm telling it the problem I have. I'm telling it the fuzzy, vague idea I have. It tells me where we're going.
但智能体时代的这前两个阶段,对我来说还是感觉得我来开车。我可以告诉它我想要什么、去哪儿找,跑偏了我再稍微把方向拉回来,然后我们就能到,而且我会快很多。但我必须坐在驾驶座上。我得告诉它我想要什么,我还得当审阅者、当产出的把关人。然后终于,到了今年夏天,有了 Opus 5、Fable,还有 Sol、GPT Sol,以及程度稍轻一些的一些开源权重模型,我们进入了一个新时代:我不再告诉它我们要去哪儿。我只告诉它我遇到的问题。我告诉它我那个模糊的、含混的想法。是它来告诉我我们要去哪儿。
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11:47
It tells me which path to take, and I will still look at it because I'm a curious person and I like computers and I like the outcome of it, but I really kinda don't have to. I've become optional in the part that produces the code that picks the route. Remember when early GPS systems came out? They were amazing compared to looking at a map, but you still wanted to pay attention. Is it gonna drive you in the harbor? I remember these newspaper articles. "Ah, GPS, they're terrible because people don't pay attention, they drive in the harbor." When was the last time GPS drove anyone in the harbor? Like, that just doesn't happen anymore. In fact, the cars now just drive themselves, right? And this is where we've arrived at now, that I can trust.
是它告诉我该走哪条路,而我还是会去看一眼,因为我是个好奇的人,我喜欢电脑,也喜欢它的成果,但我其实真的不非看不可。在“产出代码、选择路线”这一环,我已经变成可有可无的了。还记得早期的 GPS 导航刚出来的时候吗?跟看地图比起来它们已经很神了,但你还是得留点神。它会不会把你导进港口里?我还记得那些报纸文章:“唉,GPS 太糟糕了,因为人们不注意看路,结果开进了港口。”上一次 GPS 把人导进港口是什么时候?这种事现在根本不会再发生了。事实上,现在车都能自己开了,对吧?而我们现在就到了这一步:我可以信任它。
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02哪些领域能把代码全交给 AI
12:33
For the domain I'm working in right now, I can trust it, and feel completely confident that it's gonna have my back. It's not gonna do something stupid, and if it does something stupid, it's gonna be able to recover. - Mm-hmm. We should mention that there's all kinds of domains that- - Correct - ... programmers operate in. There's... I actually don't know, but I think the most common domain in development is, like, web dev CRUD. You have a database. You have a user-facing interface, and it does something back and forth, and it could be internal to just one person, to multiple people, to a small number of people, or to the world. And I think for that, it's-- I mean, you could really get to the 100% of code written by AI and really if you're a good programmer and you have a good intuition about what's happening behind the scenes, you can legitimately not look at the code, at least that's, that's been my experience. I don't know how much, prior experience with programming you need to have to kinda
就我现在工作的这个领域而言,我可以信任它,并且完全有信心它不会给我掉链子。它不会干蠢事,而且就算干了蠢事,它也能自己找补回来。- 嗯。我们应该提一下,程序员工作的领域五花八门—— - 没错 - ……有各种各样的。比如……我其实不确定,但我想开发里最常见的领域大概是 web 开发的 CRUD。你有一个数据库。你有一个面向用户的界面,数据在两边来回跑,用户可能只有一个人,也可能是内部的几个人,可能是一小撮人,也可能是全世界。我觉得对这种活儿,我是说,你真的可以做到 100% 的代码由 AI 写;而且如果你是个好程序员,对幕后发生的事有良好的直觉,你完全可以不看代码——至少这是我的体验。我不知道你得有多少编程方面的既往经验,才能凭直觉知道幕后的东西运转正常,
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13:36
know that things are working correctly behind the scenes, like intuitively by observing the ripple effects, the symptoms of the system. But I think for that domain, it's close to 100%, and then there's domains like you're also operating in, which is writing a Linux distribution. There, maybe there's more because you're obsessed with speed and all that kind of stuff. There, maybe you need to look at the code a little bit more. Then there's maybe safety critical systems all the way down to operating a nuclear power plant or a self-driving car. Maybe you need to look at the code more carefully.
也就是通过观察连锁反应、观察系统表现出的症状来判断。但我觉得在那个领域,接近 100%。然后还有像你也在做的那种领域,比如写一个 Linux 发行版。那里可能要多看一些,因为你对速度之类的东西很执着。那里也许你需要多看看代码。再往下还有安全攸关的系统,一直到操作核电站或者自动驾驶汽车。那种可能就得更仔细地看代码了。
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14:12
- Yes, but that said, AI is insanely capable at both finding- ... and fixing security vulnerabilities. This was the whole blowup about Fable. This model was so capable of finding holes that a an attacker could exploit that it was simply not safe to release. So the irony here is that when you look at that field, it seems like we've reached levels of intelligence that virtually no human can match because many of these security holes are about stringing combo moves together. You find one little vulnerability here that by itself might not be the worst thing in the world, but then you combine it with four others, and suddenly you have RCE, remote command execution.
- 是的,不过话说回来,AI 在发现和修复安全漏洞这两件事上都强得离谱。Fable 那次风波就是因为这个。这个模型太擅长找出攻击者可以利用的漏洞了,以至于直接发布出来根本不安全。所以讽刺的地方在于,当你看这个领域时,会发现我们似乎已经达到了几乎没有人类能匹敌的智能水平,因为很多安全漏洞的关键在于把一连串“连招”串起来。你在这里发现一个小漏洞,单独看可能也不算什么大事,但你把它和另外四个组合起来,突然就有了 RCE,也就是远程命令执行。
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15:00
Humans who are able to do that are very rare. They usually work inside state-sponsored organizations or other clandestine operations. They're not just out and about finding things. So they've gotten so good at that. The Linux distribution is why I've gotten 100% AI pilled. Because I've been working on Omarchy for the last three months, this version that just dropped a few days ago called Quatro. And almost right from the beginning I'm working on that version, the agent acceleration neared 100%, and in the last two months it has been 100%. I have not written- - Really?
能做到这一点的人非常稀少。他们通常在国家背景的机构或者其他秘密组织里工作。他们不会随随便便在外面到处找漏洞。所以它们在这方面已经强到这种程度了。而 Linux 发行版这件事,是我 100% 被 AI 收服的原因。因为过去三个月我一直在做 Omarchy,就是几天前刚发布的那个版本,叫 Quatro。而几乎从我开始做那个版本起,智能体的加速比例就接近 100%,而最近两个月已经是 100% 了。我没有手写过—— - 真的?
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15:43
- ... any of the code that's shipped in Quatro by hand. I've reviewed the shape of all of it. I've reviewed the individual lines of anything that's critical in the model layer of the system, and I've not looked at a bunch of the UI code. I have not looked at a bunch of the auxiliary code, and I've not written any of the new functionality entirely by hand. But then the web part, actually evolving Basecamp and Hey, our professional products that have lots of users and are relatively large code bases, have proven surprisingly tricky to fully accelerate with agents. We just released Basecamp 5 not too long ago. That was the first product at 37signals that was really agent accelerated.
- ……Quatro 里发布的任何一行代码,全都不是我手写的。它的整体形态我都审过。系统模型层里任何关键的东西,我都逐行看过,但有一大堆 UI 代码我没看。还有一大堆辅助性的代码我也没看,新功能我也完全没有手写过。但是在 web 这边,也就是继续演进 Basecamp 和 Hey——我们那些有大量用户、代码库相对庞大的专业产品——想用智能体全面加速,结果出乎意料地棘手。我们前不久刚发布了 Basecamp 5。那是 37signals第一个真正被智能体加速的产品。
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16:36
Because we were in this final sprint phase from around February. By then, agents were already good. And we had this early surge of, "It's solved. We can just have the designers do the programming. They know what features they want. They know what shape they want it to take. Let's just-- Let them vibe." And we let them vibe. And we ended up with a lot of PRs that individually perhaps could have been justified for a hot moment, taken all together, destroyed the architecture of the system. And we actually had to clean up manually, mop it up by hand, by human hand, to get back to an architecture that felt cohesive and coherent. So we still have a bit of that-- that was February, by the way. Things are quite different now.
因为我们从二月左右开始进入最后的冲刺阶段。那时候智能体已经很不错了。当时我们还有过一波早期的热情:“这事儿搞定了。我们可以直接让设计师去写程序。他们知道自己想要什么功能,知道想要做成什么样子。那就让他们 vibe 一把。”于是我们就让他们 vibe 了。结果我们收到了一大堆 PR,单看每一个可能一时半会儿还说得过去,但合在一起,把整个系统的架构给毁了。我们实际上不得不手动清理,一点点用人手去收拾,才把架构恢复到一个内聚、连贯的状态。所以这方面我们还是有一些问题——顺便说,那是二月的事。现在情况已经很不一样了。
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17:25
- Well, hold on a second. What's the lesson from that? Is one of the lessons from that that you have to be a programmer at this stage to be able to vibe code? - To be able to vibe code on existing substantial - I see. - ... code bases, even if they're crud, if you wanna retain the element of architecture that got that system to where it was. Now, that's also a point where I've stressed many times that when people accuse vibe coders of being slob generators, I go right back at them and say, "Have you looked at the average programmer's output?" That is some other slob too. If you've looked at behind the scenes of many great companies and what their code bases look like after there's been 3,000 humans through them, they're awful. Absolutely awful.
- 等一下。从这件事里能得到什么教训?其中一个教训是不是:在现阶段,你得是个程序员才能去 vibe coding?- 是要在已有的、有一定规模的—— 我明白了。- ……代码库上做 vibe coding 时才需要,哪怕它们只是 CRUD,前提是你想保住那个把系统带到今天这一步的架构要素。不过这里我也多次强调过,当人们指责 vibe coder 是垃圾代码生成器的时候,我会反问他们:“你看过普通程序员的产出吗?”那也是另一种垃圾。如果你看过很多大公司的幕后,看过它们的代码库在 3000 个人趟过之后是什么样子,那是相当糟糕的。糟糕透顶。
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18:14
- Can you tell me the intuition you have? I seem to just, stepping back and observing the different apps that we all rely on, I don't know, Adobe Photoshop, all this kind of stuff. There seems to be the progress on development there has not accelerated. So why is it, what lessons can you draw from Basecamp, like well-established, huge user base? Why aren't we seeing, like, super rapid increase in, like, new updates, features, all this kind of stuff in these well-established apps? - Multiple reasons. I'll start with the first one that's the most critical. As soon as you're having human teams work together on something, the bottleneck is rarely implementation. It's human bandwidth and communication.
- 你能说说你的直觉吗?我就是退后一步,观察我们日常依赖的各种应用,比如 Adobe Photoshop 之类的。看起来这些产品的开发进展并没有加速。那这是为什么呢?从 Basecamp 这样成熟、用户量巨大的产品身上,能总结出什么?为什么我们没有看到这些成熟应用在新版本、新功能之类的方面出现超级快的增长?- 有好几个原因。我先说最关键的那个。只要你有人类团队在一起协作做一件事,瓶颈就很少是实现本身。瓶颈是人的带宽和沟通。
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18:59
When you have a product manager and a couple of designers and a VP above them and a CTO above them, and everyone wants to be part of the shaping process because we're all justifying why we're here, that's where all the productivity goes to die. The revelation I've had working on Omarchy the last three months is that to get that magical 10X, 100X, in a few rare cases, 1000X productivity boost, you have to interact with the agents directly, and you cannot intermediate that bandwidth with another human because it's simply too slow.
当你有一个产品经理、几个设计师,上面还有一个 VP,再上面还有一个 CTO,而且每个人都想参与塑形的过程,因为大家都得证明自己为什么在这儿,生产力就是在这里死掉的。我过去三个月做 Omarchy 得到的启示是:要拿到那种神奇的 10 倍、100 倍,极少数情况下 1000 倍的生产力提升,你必须直接和智能体交互,你不能在这条带宽中间再插进另一个人,因为那实在太慢了。
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19:49
And on the one hand, that's a bit of a bummer. I mean, I like humans, and it's great to work together. But it also means we need to temper our expectations with what these agents can do if it's humans driving it, and you have three layers of approval and all the other machinery of a large corporation. The implementation part is only a small segment of it. The other thing I'd say is that most organizations don't know what they want. They don't know how to make it better. They're not bottlenecked on implementation. They're bottlenecked on ideas. They're bottlenecked on vision. They're bottlenecked on taste. And if you don't have those element in excess of your implementational capacity, it doesn't help. So you can make a lot of shitty ideas come true, then what?
一方面这有点让人失落。我是说,我喜欢人,一起合作也很棒。但这也意味着,如果是人在驱动,而且你上面还压着三层审批以及大公司的其他一整套机器,那我们对这些智能体能做到什么就得降低预期。实现只是其中很小的一环。另一件我想说的是,大多数组织并不知道他们想要什么。他们不知道怎么把它做得更好。他们的瓶颈不在实现上。他们的瓶颈在于想法。他们的瓶颈在于愿景。他们的瓶颈在于品味。如果你的这些东西没有多到超出你的实现能力,那它就帮不上忙。所以你可以把一大堆烂点子变成现实,然后呢?
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20:44
Are you gonna ship that? That sounds like, I don't know, something coming out of Microsoft. That's not what we're trying to replicate here. That process is not actually... Because we already had this. If you step back for a moment and think of the towering organizations we have who have had tens of thousands of programmers at their disposal. I mean, I'm picking on Microsoft here. I love Microsoft some of the time, but I'll pick on them in this case because they have had endless resources, endless programming capacity for decades, right? This is what's showing us that just being able to write a lot of code does not produce great compelling software. Now, the other thing is we've had this capacity for about six months. That's not very long in human life cycle capacity of internalizing what's going on.
你打算把那玩意儿发布出去?那听起来就像,我也说不好,像是微软出品的东西。那不是我们在这里想复制的。那个流程其实并不……因为我们早就有过这个了。你退一步想想那些庞大的组织,他们手里有成千上万的程序员。我知道我这是在拿微软开涮。我有时候挺喜欢微软的,但这次我就拿他们举例,因为他们几十年来有无穷无尽的资源、无穷无尽的编程产能,对吧?这恰恰说明了,光是能写出大量代码,并不能产出伟大的、有吸引力的软件。另外一点是,我们拥有这种能力才大概六个月。在人类的生命周期里,这点时间根本不足以消化正在发生的事情。
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21:40
And I think it's actually funny that the critique of AI is, why isn't it going faster? What are you talking about? We've not had any other form of progress that has moved as fast as AI, and you're impatient because in the last three months we haven't rewritten the whole world and made it a utopia of software goodness? - You're basically saying everybody should be switching to Linux now. One of the arguments is, like, we can rewrite all the software that's not available in Linux in Linux. Linux has been the love of my life for many years, but one of the reasons I'm still attached to Windows and now, uh, Mac is because of video editing, Premiere.
而且我觉得挺好笑的是,对 AI 的批评居然是:它为什么还不够快?你在说什么呢?人类历史上没有任何其他形式的进步像 AI 这么快,而你居然不耐烦,就因为过去三个月我们还没有把整个世界重写一遍,把它变成一个软件尽善尽美的乌托邦?——你基本上是在说,现在每个人都该转投 Linux 了。其中一个论点是,我们可以把那些在 Linux 上没有的软件,全都用 Linux 重写一遍。Linux 多年来一直是我的挚爱,但我至今还离不开 Windows,现在还有 Mac,原因之一就是视频剪辑,Premiere。
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22:15
- We're gonna fix that. But- - So the question is, who's gonna build Premiere and Photoshop for Linux? And it feels like one person can now. - 100% one person can. - And so, and I'm allowed to be impatient. In fact, me or anyone else, impatience is the first step of doing it yourself, right? Like- - Correct. - ... and there's a community of tens of thousands of people that use Adobe Premiere or DaVinci, all these non-linear video editors, that know the frustrations. Everybody shares them. You can look at Reddit. You can look at the forums. Everybody knows it. Uh, I don't know what it is. It may be the management. It may be the meetings. All the things you've always discussed is the, The bureaucracy that's inside companies that's slowing everything down in the development of features. But it feels like there-- if you just let some of the developers loose with a bunch of agents, you can fix all that. But again, based on everything you're saying, maybe the way to do that is to start over from scratch, maybe through open
——这个我们会解决的。不过————所以问题是,谁来给 Linux 做 Premiere 和 Photoshop?而现在感觉一个人就能做到。——百分之百,一个人就能做到。——所以说,我也是可以不耐烦的。事实上,我也好,别人也好,不耐烦正是自己动手的第一步,对吧?比如————没错。——……而且有成千上万人组成的社区在用 Adobe Premiere 或 DaVinci,用这些非线性剪辑软件,他们都清楚那些让人抓狂的地方。大家都有同感。你上 Reddit 看看,上论坛看看,人人都知道。呃,我不知道问题出在哪儿。可能是管理层,可能是会议,就是你一直在谈的那些东西,公司内部那套官僚体系,把功能开发的一切都拖慢了。但感觉如果……如果你就放手让一部分开发者带着一堆 agent 去干,这些问题都能解决。但话说回来,按你说的这一切,也许正确的做法是从零开始重来,也许通过开源,或者有人开一家新公司,因为在
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23:21
source, or somebody launches a new company that within large companies now it's hard to, to really accelerate into the agentic era by letting developers just build. - This is the classic innovator's dilemma. These companies have gotten so good, so established at the old way, and therefore their entire structure, management layers, processes are tuned for a time that no longer exists. But you can't pivot that. These are super tankers. It just doesn't happen. This is why we're finally getting this upset in the technology industry.
大公司里,现在很难真正靠放手让开发者去建东西来加速进入 agent 时代。——这就是经典的创新者窘境。这些公司在旧的做法上已经做得太好、太根深蒂固,所以他们整个结构、管理层级、流程,都是为一个已经不存在的时代调校的。但你没法让它掉头。这些都是超级油轮,根本转不过来。这也正是科技行业终于开始被掀翻的原因。
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24:04
For a while, I was very upset about the duopoly between Apple and Google on mobile, because it felt like mobile was the most important computing platform that we had, and I could not see a path to unseat either Google or Apple sitting on top of that, controlling everything, taking their toll booth money. But the game has changed. This is no longer the most important platform. Mobile phones are important, but there's also a lot of other form factors coming, whether it's glasses or it's earpieces or whatever else have you.
有一阵子我特别不爽苹果和谷歌在移动端的双寡头格局,因为当时感觉移动端是我们拥有的最重要的计算平台,而我看不到任何途径能把坐在上面控制一切、收过路费的谷歌或苹果掀下来。但游戏已经变了。移动端不再是最重要的平台。手机依然重要,但还有很多其他形态正在涌现,不管是眼镜、耳机,还是别的什么。
便签引用
24:41
It's all in play now, but the computing platforms themselves are in play for the first time in probably 40 years, if you look at the desktop. Linux has been around since '91. It's not taken off or taken over on the desktop. It's taken over everything else. All the devices you have on your desk, your fridge, your toaster, everything runs Linux, except for your computer. Now, funnily enough, your Android is actually Linux, but wrapped so sufficiently that you can't really recognize it. But now there's an opening, and the opening is exactly as you say it. If there's a piece of software you depended on that bound you to Windows, it is completely within reach for you personally to start rewriting it. And maybe you won't get to 100% coverage, but this is the old joke about Microsoft Office.
现在一切都重新洗牌了,而计算平台本身也是四十年来头一回重新洗牌——如果你看桌面端的话。Linux 从 91 年就有了,但它在桌面端一直没起飞、没占领市场。它占领了其他一切。你桌上的所有设备,你的冰箱、你的烤面包机,什么都跑 Linux,除了你的电脑。有意思的是,你的安卓其实也是 Linux,但被包得太严实了,你根本认不出来。但现在出现了一个缺口,这个缺口正如你说的那样。如果有某个软件是你依赖的、把你绑在 Windows 上的,那么现在你个人完全有能力开始把它重写出来。也许你做不到100% 的功能覆盖,但这就是关于微软 Office 的那个老笑话。
便签引用
25:38
"I only use 5%." Yeah, well, we all use a different 5%. Well, what if we all just build our own 5%? What if I just took the functionality that I need and just did that? That is a completely different challenge and one agents are incredibly capable of doing right now, today, and I've done it a lot of times over. So one of the amazing things I've found with the latest agent engaged is I have become a polyglot programmer, something I was absolutely not before. I was a Ruby programmer-- ... first and foremost, and then I dabbled a little bit in Bash-- ... when I had to. And in the last two months, I've written C++. I've written three applications that have shipped in Omarchy Quattro. I wrote a writing app. I was using this app called Typora, which is a very nice app- - Great, great app - ... which in itself is based on another app called iA Writer, which was my real love on the Mac- ... for a clean, simple Markdown writing environment. That's where I write all my essays.
“我只用其中 5%。”是啊,可我们每个人用的是不同的 5%。那,如果我们各自做自己的那 5% 呢?如果我只把我需要的功能拿出来,就做那些呢?那是一个完全不同量级的挑战,而且是 agent 现在、今天就极其擅长做的事,我自己已经干过很多次了。所以我用最新的agent 干活时发现的最神奇的事情之一,就是我变成了一个多语言程序员,而我以前完全不是。我原来是个 Ruby程序员——……首先是 Ruby,然后在不得不用的时候,稍微碰一点 Bash——……而在过去两个月里,我写了 C++。我写了三个应用,都已经随 Omarchy Quattro 发布了。我写了一个写作应用。我原来用的是一个叫 Typora 的应用,那是个很棒的应用————很棒,很棒的应用——……而它本身又是基于另一个叫 iA Writer 的应用,那才是我在 Mac 上真正的挚爱——……一个干净、简洁的 Markdown写作环境。我所有的文章都是在那里面写的。
便签引用
26:45
And then I moved to Linux, and I couldn't get iA Writer, so I moved over to this other tool called Typora. It was a piece of shareware, and it had a lot of features I just didn't need. And about six weeks, seven weeks ago, I thought, "Do you know what? I only need 5% of Typora," which is already a basic app. I literally told the agent to get going, that I wanted it written in C++ and Qt, because that would fit well with the aesthetic of what I was building with Quattro. And in, I think, about 20 minutes, it had the first version. I started using it, and it wasn't quite right. Within two days, I'd given up Typora, and I wrote and have written all of my essays since that moment in Omawrite.
后来我转到 Linux,用不了 iA Writer 了,于是我转用了另一个工具 Typora。它是个共享软件,有很多我根本不需要的功能。大概六七周前,我想:“你知道吗?我只需要 Typora 的 5%,”而它本身就已经是个很基础的应用了。我就直接让 agent 开干,我要求用 C++ 和 Qt 写,因为那跟我在 Quattro 里构建的那套美学风格比较搭。然后大概,我记得,二十分钟左右,第一个版本就出来了。我开始用,还不太对劲。两天之内,我就抛弃了 Typora,从那一刻起,我所有的文章都是在 Omawrite 里写的。
便签引用
27:30
- Can I ask for your advice and your vision about something? So what I find with agents, you can actually write something like a replacement for Typora that is perfectly customized to you, to your needs- - Correct with just one user in mind. And then there's a version of that that is- starts with one user in mind but expands to a larger audience. So I've actually written a large number of software just for me, and I find it easier to do and better to get my situation done. For example, I have a video editor I've written, which is very easy to do just for me.
——我能请教你一个问题,听听你的建议和看法吗?我发现有了 agent,你确实可以写出一个 Typora 的替代品,完全按你自己的需求量身定制————没错,只为一个用户考虑。然后还有另一种情况,就是一开始只为一个用户考虑,但后来扩展到更大的受众。我自己其实写过不少只给自己用的软件,我发现这样更容易做,也更能把我的事情办成。比如说,我写了一个视频剪辑器,只给自己用的话非常容易做。
便签引用
28:06
- I've never, unlike you, built something that's used by a large number of people, and I find that a bit scary and intimidating. So, like, at this, with this agentic age, how do you take a step to actually build something that solves your problem, which I think is a beautiful way to build, but also expand it to actually useful for other people? Like, is there advice you can give, and do you also see the problem of how easy it is to just build a tool for yourself? - Yes, but it is simpler than you think. By the time you're done building the tool for yourself, you simply tell your agent to put it on GitHub.
——但跟你不一样,我从来没做过被大量用户使用的东西,我觉得那有点吓人、有点让人却步。所以说,在这个 agent 时代,你该怎么迈出那一步,既做出解决你自己问题的东西——我觉得这是一种很美的构建方式——又能把它扩展成对别人也真正有用的东西?有什么建议吗?还有,你是否也觉得给自己做工具变得太容易了,这本身是个问题?——是的,但这比你想的简单。当你把给自己用的工具做完之后,你只要告诉你的 agent 把它放到 GitHub 上就行了。
便签引用
03开源维护者的黄金时代
28:43
You don't even have to do anything else. It will figure out how to put that repo on GitHub. It'll write a nice README. It'll start using GitHub releases so that you can track things. It'll actually be a better software maintainer than you could ever be- ... because it is far more patient, it is far more diligent in doing the drudgery of managing open source software than you are. And you can simply get on with the joy of using the software that you built and evolving it as you see fit. Now, this gets into the big argument we've been having in open source for a while. Is AI contributions good or bad for the maintainer?
你甚至什么都不用再做。它会想办法把那个仓库放上 GitHub。它会写一个漂亮的 README。它会开始用 GitHub releases,这样你就能追踪各个版本。它其实会是一个比你自己称职得多的开源维护者——……因为它更有耐心,在处理开源软件维护的那些琐碎苦差事上,也比你勤恳得多。而你可以专心享受使用自己造出来的软件的乐趣,按自己的心意去演进它。说到这儿,就绕到我们在开源圈争论已久的那个大问题上了:AI 的贡献对维护者来说是好事还是坏事?
便签引用
29:23
There's a lot of maintainers right now who are quite upset about the fact that they're suddenly getting a huge influx of pull requests, of contributions from people who may not be the best programmers or programmers at all- ... towards their software. I look at that argument and go, "Are you kidding me?" Here is a vein of free contributions that you can take or don't take, but you're complaining about the fact that they're there? It sounds straight out of- My steak is too juicy and my lobster too buttery. What are you complaining about?
现在有很多维护者对这件事相当不爽:他们突然收到大量涌入的 pull request,来自那些可能算不上优秀程序员、甚至根本不是程序员的人——……向他们的软件提交。我看着这个论调就想:“你逗我吧?”这里摆着一大片免费的贡献矿脉,你可以拿也可以不拿,可你却在抱怨它们的存在?这听起来简直就像——我的牛排太多汁了,我的龙虾太黄油味了。你到底在抱怨什么?
便签引用
30:07
This is the most amazing thing. This is what we proclamated for so long was going to be the magic of open source, that we could all contribute to it, but it was, of course, never true. There was only a small subset of people who contribute to open source, and that was the very highly skilled wizards. So this is a bit of a reformation moment. We had this disintermediation between us and the computer, and it was this class of clerics and priests called programmers, and suddenly they're being disintermediated here by was it the 95 theses by Luther in 1500s, nailing them to the door? And one of those was very clearly about the intermediation, that you should have direct access to the higher intelligence.
这是最了不起的事情。这正是我们鼓吹了那么久的开源魔力:我们所有人都能参与贡献。但那当然从来没有真正实现过。只有一小撮人在为开源做贡献,而那都是技艺极高的巫师级人物。所以这有点像一个宗教改革的时刻。我们和计算机之间横亘着一层中介,就是那个被称为程序员的神职和祭司阶层,而现在他们正在被去中介化——路德在 1500 年代提出的九十五条论纲,把它们钉在教堂门上,对吧?其中很明确的一条就是关于中介的问题:你应该能直接接触更高的智慧。
便签引用
30:51
- Mm-hmm. But don't you need the wizards to keep a high bar of excellence in the code base? - 100% you do, which is also something that's always been true about open source, which is the second argument that really grinds me. I've been running open source projects for 25 years. I have literally looked at the output of thousands, if not tens of thousands of programmers. I feel like I have the statistical basis to assert that most programmers, they suck. And I don't mean that in the way it sounds. That was why I paused for a hot second here. I mean, they suck in the sense that they don't write the code I want to have written. They don't prepare their bug reports with all the relevant information. They don't detail their pull requests with the why. They don't bother to fill in needed code comments. They don't double-check their work. They don't write unit tests. They don't do all of these things it takes to create good software. But do you know who'll do all that stuff? Agents, if you tell them to. They're very diligent at following your instructions,
——嗯。但难道不需要那些巫师来维持代码库的高水准吗?——百分之百需要,而这在开源里也一直是真的,这就说到第二个真正让我恼火的论调。我做开源项目已经 25 年了。我确确实实看过成千上万,甚至数以万计程序员的产出。我觉得我有足够的统计基础来断言:大多数程序员都很烂。我说的“烂”,不是它听上去的那个意思。所以我刚才停顿了一下。我说的烂,是指他们写的代码不是我想要的样子。他们不会在 bug 报告里准备好所有相关信息。他们不会在 pull request 里说明“为什么”。他们懒得补上该有的代码注释。他们不复查自己的工作。他们不写单元测试。所有那些造出好软件所必需的事,他们都不做。但你知道谁会把这些事全做了吗?Agent,只要你叫它做。它们在遵循你的指令这方面非常勤恳,
便签引用
31:58
most of the time, sometimes to a fault. But it actually means that if you take the median programmer and their pull requests towards an average open source project, they're already getting outclassed by agents. I would rather get an agent-written pull request to one of my projects than I'd get one written by a human, and it's not just because the quality's better. It's also because I feel a lot less bad if I just reject it. You didn't even write it, so I can simply look at what your agent wrote on your behalf and go, "Eh, don't want it."
大多数时候是这样,有时候甚至勤恳过头。但这其实意味着,如果你拿中位数水平的程序员,看他们提给一个普通开源项目的 pull request,他们已经被 agent 比下去了。我宁愿收到一个 agent 写的 pull request 提到我的项目上,也不愿收到人写的,而且不只是因为质量更好,还因为如果我直接拒掉,我心里会好受得多。反正也不是你写的,我可以看看你的 agent 代你写的东西,然后说一句:“嗯……不想要。”
便签引用
32:36
That's always been true in open source, and in fact, I think this is one of the problems with open source maintainers. They have way too much ball of neuroticism and anxiety that requires them to look upon any contribution as an obligation on their part to do everything to get that to land in the code base. That's not true at all. You can simply say, "No," or even better, you can say, "No, thank you." And if you get into the mode of realizing that your project is allowed to exist and evolve according to your vision, according to your roadmap, it becomes so much easier in the agentic age to decline the contributions you don't want because you don't even inconvenience or hurt the feelings of a human. It's just a clanker, and the clanker won't mind. In fact, the producers of clankers, the labs, love when you spend tokens in vain. They get paid just the same.
这在开源里一直都是成立的,事实上我觉得这正是开源维护者的问题之一。他们背着太重的神经质和焦虑包袱,觉得对任何一个贡献都有义务想方设法把它合进代码库。那完全不是那么回事。你完全可以说“不”,或者更好一点,说“不,谢谢”。而一旦你进入那种心态,意识到你的项目有权按照你的愿景、你的路线图去存在和演进,那么在 agent 时代,拒绝你不想要的贡献就变得容易太多了,因为你甚至不会给一个人添麻烦,也不会伤谁的感情。那只是个铁疙瘩,铁疙瘩不会介意。事实上,生产这些铁疙瘩的那些实验室,巴不得你白白烧掉 token。反正钱照收。
便签引用
33:39
So, in my opinion, this is the absolute best time to ever have been an open source software maintainer. Not only do we get this wealth of glorious pull requests made by agents with all the boxes ticked, we also get to tap into a creativity of people who did not have access to contribute to a project before. I've been running the Omarchy project now for a little over a year, and in the last three months working on Quattro, I have merged over 1,000 pull requests. Quite a lot of those pull requests were written by people who were not classical programmers, or were programmers in other domains, not Linux operating system or distribution development.
所以在我看来,现在是当开源软件维护者有史以来最好的时候。我们不但收获了大量由 agent 写的、把该做的事都做齐了的漂亮 pull request,还能接入到那些以前根本没机会为项目做贡献的人的创造力。Omarchy 这个项目我已经做了一年多一点,在做 Quattro 的这最近三个月里,我合并了超过 1000 个 pull request。其中相当一部分是由并非传统意义上的程序员写的,或者是其他领域的程序员写的,不是搞 Linux 操作系统或发行版开发的。
便签引用
34:25
They were able to contribute their good ideas because of agents, and I got to cherry-pick the very best of that- ... because it was there. Otherwise, those ideas would just have lived inside their heads. Again, Is- that is not the purpose of open source, that we tap into the collective intelligence and creativity of the whole goddamn planet, and we channel that towards a commons where we all benefit from the combined efforts of everyone. Now, there's currently, I think, about 400 unmerged pull requests on Omarchy, about double what it was a week ago. So the acceleration is real, but so are the tools.
因为有了 agent,他们才得以贡献出自己的好点子,而我则可以从中挑出最好的那些——……因为它们就摆在那儿。否则那些点子就只会留在他们自己脑子里。再说一遍,这不正是开源的意义吗——我们汇聚起整个星球的集体智慧和创造力,把它们汇入一片公地,让所有人都从大家的共同努力中受益。现在,Omarchy 上大概还有 400 个未合并的 pull request,差不多是一周前的两倍。所以加速是真的,但工具也是真的。
便签引用
35:08
I'm not reviewing every pull request anymore. I haven't been reviewing them for quite some time now. I have the agents- ... review them for me- ... and then they will give me a summary about whether something is ready for the decision, the human decision. Should we merge or should we not merge? I don't need to look at all the pull requests that are either wrong, duplicated, bad. An agent can sort that chaff away from me. I just get to look at the pearls- ... the good ideas that are ready to go, the bug fixes that the agent has validated in a VM on my behalf.
我已经不再逐个审查每一个 pull request 了。我已经有好一阵子不这么做了。我让 agent——……替我审查——……然后它们会给我一个总结,说明某个东西是否已经可以交由人来做决定了。我们该不该合并?那些有问题的、重复的、糟糕的 pull request,我根本不需要去看。agent 可以把这些糠秕替我筛掉。我只需要看那些珍珠——……那些已经可以直接用的好点子,还有agent 已经替我在虚拟机里验证过的 bug 修复。
便签引用
35:44
All the drudgery of replicating and managing open source projects is evaporating at lightning speed, and we are left with the, with the golden juicy parts, the bone marrow of software development- ... deciding what should this thing do and where should it go. - Do you think the good ideas, ultimately the kernel of the good ideas originated in the human mind, so the individual contributors Like, can it be done by agents, or is the PR ultimately requires a human idea? Like how to improve Omarchy, all those incoming... Or can it all just be a pool of agents?
复现问题、管理开源项目的所有苦差事正在以闪电般的速度蒸发,留给我们的是,就是那些最精华、最多汁的部分,软件开发的骨髓——……决定这个东西该做什么、该往哪个方向走。- 你觉得好点子,归根结底那个核心的好点子,是不是还是源自人的头脑,也就是那些个人贡献者?比如说,这些活能不能交给 agent 来做,还是说一个 PR 归根结底还是需要人来出主意?比如怎么改进 Omarchy,那些源源不断的……还是说这一切都可以交给一群 agent 来干?
便签引用
36:24
- That was the mode and the way I was thinking about agents in the first agentic age from November 24 to February 28. I thought all the ideas would originate with the humans. They would tell their agents what to build, and off they went. I don't think that's true anymore at all. I have seen things you people wouldn't believe, ideas coming out of models so great that it makes me humble- ... as a person who otherwise prides himself on having good ideas. The agents are incredibly capable of creative thought, and folks who are still stuck in the analysis that agents are parrots- ... just regurgitating the ideas that are already there are delusional about the progress that's been made in the last six to nine months.
- 在从 24 年 11 月到 2 月 28 日的第一个 agent 时代里,我当时就是那么想 agent 的。我以为所有点子都会来自人类。人告诉 agent 要造什么,然后它们就跑去干了。我现在完全不这么认为了。我见过你们绝对不会相信的东西,模型冒出来的点子好到让我自愧不如——……而我本来是个挺自负于自己点子不错的人。agent 具备极强的创造性思维能力,而那些还停留在「agent 就是鹦鹉学舌」这种论调里的人——……认为它们只是在复读已有的内容——对过去六到九个月的进展是有严重误判的。
便签引用
37:21
- So some people listening to you right now will say DHH is suffering from the old case of AI psychosis. Can you steel man the case that you are in fact experiencing in a state of delusion, like One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, and can you argue against it? - I'm in a state of delirium. That's what the state I'm in. Because I have been working with computers for 40 years, and I've never seen the things that I've seen in just the last two months. A whole career, a whole life dedicating to the love of computers as my main focus for the working hours and then some, suddenly completely upended, suddenly completely rewritten. Of course I'm delirious.
- 那么现在有些听众会说,DHH 这是犯了老毛病,得了「AI 精神病」。你能不能替这个观点做最有力的辩护,说你其实正处在一种妄想状态里,就像《飞越疯人院》那样,然后再来反驳它?- 我处在的是一种「谵妄」状态。这才是我现在的状态。因为我跟计算机打了 40 年交道,而我在过去短短两个月里看到的东西,是我这辈子从没见过的。一整个职业生涯,一整个人生,把对计算机的热爱当成工作时间乃至工作之外的主要寄托,突然之间被彻底颠覆、彻底重写。我当然是谵妄的。
便签引用
38:11
Who looking at this reality is not? If you are not delirious or at the very least very excited... Actually, I guess that's not even true. If you're not recognizing the gravity of the moment, that's the delusion. That's the psychosis. The psychosis is believing that the world is barely different. We just have some electronic parrots reciting things to us. Now, in my opinion, the reason this argument is actually brought up is because people are not able to see the fruits of the progress. That goes to your point earlier.
面对这个现实,谁能不谵妄?如果你不谵妄,或者至少不激动万分……其实我觉得这么说也不准确。如果你意识不到此刻的分量,那才是妄想,那才是精神病。真正的精神病是相信这个世界跟以前几乎没区别,相信我们只是有了几只电子鹦鹉在给我们背书。在我看来,这个论调之所以会被反复提出,是因为人们看不到进步的果实。这正好回到你刚才说的那点。
便签引用
38:47
Where is the amazing software? Why isn't American GDP running at 12% year over year? First of all, give it a minute. It hasn't even been a year, goddammit. But second of all, I feel on my own account, I have actually brought the pudding. Omarchy Quattro launched on Friday. It's been downloaded by tens of thousands of people. And they like it. They like it a lot. - We should mention that going to Perplexity here, Omarchy is a highly opinionated Arch Linux-based desktop distribution centered on the Hyprland Wayland tiling compositor. It was created by David Heinemeier Hansson, DHH, as a polished developer workstation set up with a cohesive visual style and many everyday tools already configured.
那些了不起的软件在哪儿?为什么美国 GDP 没有以每年 12% 的速度增长?首先,给它一点时间。这他妈的连一年都还不到。其次,就我自己而言,我觉得我是真的把「布丁」端出来了。Omarchy Quattro 周五发布。已经有几万人下载了。而且他们喜欢它,非常喜欢。- 我们该说明一下,这里查一下 Perplexity:Omarchy 是一个高度「有主见」的、基于 Arch Linux 的桌面发行版,核心是 Hyprland这个 Wayland 平铺合成器。它由 David Heinemeier Hansson(DHH)创建,是一套打磨精良的开发者工作站配置,有统一的视觉风格,很多日常工具都已经配置好了。
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39:39
- Let me put it. Omarchy is a beautiful, modern, and opinionated Linux system. It's an alternative operating system to macOS and Windows, and it's freaking amazing. - And the Quattro thing is you're pushing towards the age of agents. - That's right. That's the latest version that we just dropped out, which is also funny. The Omarchy project is only a year old and a little bit. I started it last summer in between sessions at the 24 Hours of Le Mans- ... where I had watched one too many YouTube videos on Linux Rising and got bitten by that bug. Started working on this second iteration of my attempt at creating a better Linux operating system. The first iteration we talked about last time was called Omakub, was built on top of an existing system called Ubuntu, and it was fine. But the ambition I was able to pour into the new version, Omarchy, because I started seven layers deeper down the stack, was completely different, but it was still done in a pre-agentic world. I wrote all those batch scripts by hand in the beginning,
- 我来说吧。Omarchy 是一个漂亮、现代、有主见的 Linux 系统。它是 macOS 和 Windows 之外的另一种操作系统选择,而且它他妈的太棒了。- 而 Quattro 这个版本,是你在往 agent 时代推进。- 没错。那是我们刚发布的最新版本,这事儿本身也挺好笑的。Omarchy 这个项目才一年多一点。我是去年夏天在勒芒 24 小时耐力赛的间隙开始做的——……当时我 YouTube 上 Linux 崛起的视频看多了,中了那个毒。于是开始动手做我打造更好的 Linux 操作系统的第二次尝试。第一次尝试我们上次聊过,叫 Omakub,是建在 Ubuntu 这个现成系统之上的,它还行。但我能倾注进新版本Omarchy 的野心完全不一样,因为我从技术栈往下深入了七层,不过那仍然是在前 agent 时代完成的。一开始那些批处理脚本全是我手写的,
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40:47
and then I got to see the midway point where things changed over. I did a couple of versions of Omarchy that had partial agent acceleration, and then three months ago, it was full throttle, 100%, everything is written by agents but steered by me. And that just ended up being a very different experience and a very different operating system because I was suddenly granted a limitless ceiling on my ambition. I could look at any feature in Windows, on Mac, on other Linux systems and say, "I want that," and the agents would deliver. So everything I wanted was suddenly within reach, which meant that I got a little delirious.
然后我亲眼见证了中间那个转折点,一切开始变了。我做了几个版本的 Omarchy,是部分由 agent 加速的,然后三个月前,就变成了全速前进,百分之百,所有东西都由 agent 编写,但由我来掌舵。结果这就成了一种完全不同的体验、一个完全不同的操作系统,因为我的野心突然被解除了天花板。我可以看着 Windows、Mac 或别的 Linux 系统上的任何一个功能说「我要这个」,agent 就会给我做出来。所以我想要的一切突然都触手可及,这也意味着我有点谵妄了。
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41:36
Who would not get delirious if suddenly a genie pops out of the bottle and says, "You can have whatever you want. Every feature you've ever dreamed of in an operating system- ... I can deliver them to you, most of them in five minutes, a few in 20, and if we really go hog wild, it's gonna take me two hours." - Mm-hmm. Have you seen Requiem for a Dream, the movie? So the, There's a drug-like effect here. I find it personally-- We'll talk about many levels of this, but it is overwhelming how much power is placed in our hands so suddenly, and it's very hard to know, it's like with "The Hobbit" or something, what to do with it, and I find myself truly overwhelmed with the multitasking, On the verge of almost burnt out. Super excited about so many things, but ultimately looking back, you want to focus on one thing and really ship - I don't have that sense. I don't have the sense of overwhelm. I don't have the sense of dread. I don't have the sense of distortion because I have a mission.
如果突然有个精灵从瓶子里冒出来对你说「你想要什么都可以。你梦想过的操作系统里的每一个功能——……我都能给你做出来,大部分五分钟搞定,少数要20 分钟,如果我们真的玩大了,那也就得花我两个小时」,谁能不谵妄?- 嗯哼。你看过《梦之安魂曲》那部电影吗?所以说,这里面有一种类似毒品的效应。我个人觉得——我们会从很多层面聊这个——但这么大的力量这么突然地放到我们手里,是压倒性的,而且很难知道该拿它怎么办,有点像《霍比特人》那种感觉。我发现自己真的被同时进行的多线任务压垮了,几乎到了要倦怠的边缘。对太多事情都极度兴奋,但回头看,你还是希望专注在一件事上,真正把它做出来。- 我没有那种感觉。我没有被压垮的感觉,没有恐惧感,没有扭曲感,因为我有一个使命。
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42:42
I'm going somewhere, and therefore, I can channel all this new power towards- - Yeah, it's wonderful - ... a singular goal and outcome, creating the perfect computer. And therefore, all my investigations with AI are focused towards that end. Now, I also have a day job. And we also use agents there, and that's also targeted towards sort of specific outcomes. But with the Omarchy experience, I got to tap in straight in the back of my head and increase the bandwidth between ideas arriving in my brain and software emerging on the screen. It was like going from dial-up- ... to fiber. I think on your podcast, Elon talked about the actual human bandwidth- ... that Neuralink and other projects are trying to accelerate.
我有明确的方向,所以我能把这些新获得的力量全都导向——- 是啊,这很棒 - ……一个单一的目标和结果:打造完美的计算机。所以我在 AI 上的所有探索都是朝着那个方向去的。当然,我还有一份正职。我们在那边也用 agent,也同样是针对具体的产出目标。但在 Omarchy 这件事上,我等于是直接接到了自己的后脑勺上,把「想法在脑子里冒出来」和「软件出现在屏幕上」之间的带宽拉大了。就像从拨号上网——……升级到光纤。我记得在你的播客里,Elon 聊过人类真实的带宽——……Neuralink 和其他项目正试图提升的那个带宽。
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43:39
Like, the bandwidth we're communicating over right now is quite low because we're limited by our cognition. We're limited by the rate of speech. You're not limited by those things when you're working with a swarm of agents. Now, let me caveat this by saying, if I'd heard myself talk like this- ... nine months ago, I would probably have used the label AI, AI psychosis. I think it would be fitting because nine months ago when people were talking like this, they weren't shipping, and I think that's the ultimate difference, that there were people who saw this early. I was not actually that early. As we've talked about, I was rather skeptical, and I was using AI in certain ways, but I was not the first person who downloaded Claude Code. I think Boris released that in end of February. I don't think I installed Claude Code until September. So there was about six months there where pioneers saw these glimmers of what the future was gonna look like. It wasn't there yet because the intelligence wasn't there. The harnesses weren't there, but they could
比如我们现在交流的带宽其实相当低,因为我们受限于自己的认知,受限于说话的速度。当你和一群 agent 一起工作时,你就不受这些限制了。不过我得加一句前提:如果我在九个月前听到自己这么说话——……我大概会给它贴上 AI 的标签,AI 精神病。我觉得那个标签当时是贴切的,因为九个月前那样说话的人,并没有真的交付出东西来,我觉得这才是根本区别。确实有人很早就看到了这一点。我其实并不算早。我们聊过,我当时相当怀疑,我在某些方面用 AI,但我不是第一批下载 Claude Code 的人。我记得 Boris 是在 2 月底发布的。我大概到 9 月才装上 Claude Code。所以中间有大约六个月,那些先行者已经看到了未来的一丝微光。当时还没到位,因为智能还不够,脚手架也还不够,但他们能
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44:46
see the glimmers. I couldn't. Tobi, Tobi Lütke, the CEO of Shopify and now my partner in crime on this Omarchy project in part, he's gotten pilled with Omarchy as well. He saw these things very early, and he tried to tell me, and I wasn't seeing it. I was not seeing what he was seeing. - You were a hater. - Yes. I was still on Earth. And he was... He had already boarded the rocket and was heading towards space. I remember actually reading his memo to the company, the AI memo, and thinking, "Ah, seems a little much."
看到那点微光。我看不到。Tobi,Tobi Lütke,Shopify 的 CEO,现在某种程度上也是我在 Omarchy 项目上的搭档,他也被 Omarchy 圈粉了。他很早就看到了这些,他试着告诉我,但我看不见。我看不见他所看见的东西。- 你当时是个「黑子」。- 是的。我还在地球上。而他……他已经登上火箭往太空去了。我记得当时读他发给公司的那份备忘录,那份 AI 备忘录,心想:「啊,好像有点夸张了吧。」
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45:24
Like, you're making a big deal out of something that I cannot yet feel is a tangible thing. Because where's the output of this? I try using it. It writes code I don't like. It wants to interrupt me all the time. Where are you getting this from? Uh, so I get it. I totally get it. If you've not seen what the current quality of intelligence can produce, of course you're gonna look at someone and go like, "They sound a little nutty," because all your experience up until this point would tell you that they are nutty. Because if you look at the history of computer programming, for the last 40, 50 years, people have been promising that regular people could write code just by talking. We're gonna have fourth generation languages. Lisp was once upon a time presented, Smalltalk was presented as these environments that would let regular people write their own applications, and none of it came true in the sense beyond, like, Microsoft Access databases or Excel spreadsheets. That, those are end user programming environments, but it's nothing like what we're able to do now.
就是说,你在为一个我还感受不到其实际存在的东西大做文章。因为它的产出在哪儿?我试着用,它写出来的代码我不喜欢。它老想打断我。你这结论到底从哪儿来的?呃,所以我理解,我完全理解。如果你没见过当下这种智能水平能产出什么,你当然会看着一个人心想「这人听着有点疯」,因为你到那时为止的全部经验都会告诉你他们就是疯了。因为如果你看计算机编程的历史,过去 40 年、50 年,人们一直在承诺普通人只要动动嘴就能写代码。说我们会有第四代编程语言。Lisp 曾经被这样宣传过,Smalltalk 也被宣传成那种能让普通人自己写应用的环境,但除了像 Microsoft Access 数据库或者 Excel 表格之外,这些承诺都没有实现。那些确实是面向最终用户的编程环境,但跟我们现在能做到的完全不是一回事。
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46:33
And then, I mean, I'm not even talking about end user. I'm talking as me, someone who's been programming for 25 years, seeing the output and the acceleration and the quality and then shipping it, and I think that's what's gonna change the entire conversation quite quickly. The few laggards who are still on the fence about whether this is actually useful, who are still trapped in a meme from early '25 about mechanical parrots, they're simply going to be overwhelmed by the evidence that's about to flood over them.
而且我说的还根本不是最终用户。我说的是我自己,一个编程编了 25 年的人,看到那些产出、那种加速、那种质量,然后把它发布出去,我认为这会很快改变整场对话。那少数几个还在观望、还在纠结这东西到底有没有用的人,还困在 25 年初「机械鹦鹉」那个梗里的人,他们会被即将涌来的证据彻底淹没。
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47:05
- So I hope to see, projects like Omarchy, several of them that, like, really show agent first. - It's coming. All of it is coming. - In the spaces, in the silly spaces that I already mentioned, like video editing, all these kinds of apps that are like Typora- - Yes. - ... this kind of stuff. - It's gonna come, and I've already seen the early inklings of this. One of the really neat features about Omarchy is that it has a far more robust plugin system that allows you to extend your operating system and rewrite it really in terms of its user interface and its panel and its features by creating your own plugins that can be cloned off of tools we ship in the box. For example, say you want a different calendar. Omarchy ships with a calendar. You click the little clock. It pops up a calendar, and it doesn't have iCal support, for example. It doesn't consume your appointments.
- 所以我希望能看到像 Omarchy 这样的项目,出现好几个,真正体现出 agent 优先。- 会来的。这一切都会来的。- 在那些我刚提到的、看起来不起眼的领域,比如视频剪辑,还有像 Typora 那类应用——- 是的。- ……这类东西。- 会出现的,我已经看到了最早的苗头。Omarchy 一个非常棒的特性是,它有一套强大得多的插件系统,让你可以扩展自己的操作系统,真正地在用户界面、面板和功能层面重写它——你可以自己写插件,而且可以直接克隆我们内置的那些工具来改。比如说,假设你想要一个不一样的日历。Omarchy 自带一个日历。你点一下那个小时钟,就会弹出日历,但它不支持 iCal,比如说。它读不到你的日程。
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48:07
There's about 17 implementations of that already, and in three days, we had 330 plugins on the Omarchy plugin marketplace. I have never seen growth like that with any project I've ever been involved in. I've never seen participation that broadly. I've never seen that many people be able to create software that's meaningful for them- Also be usable for others so quickly. All of it is driven by the fact that Omarchy ships a set of skills that tells any agent you bring to it how to create extensions to the operating system, and therefore affording you the vision of the true malleable...
这个功能现在已经有大约 17 种实现了,而且三天之内,Omarchy 插件市场上就有了 330 个插件。我从没在任何我参与过的项目里见过这样的增长速度。我从没见过这么广泛的参与度。我从没见过这么多人能这么快地做出对自己有意义的软件——而且别人也能用。这一切都源于 Omarchy 内置了一套 skills,它会告诉你带来的任何 agent 该怎么给这个操作系统写扩展,从而真正实现那种可塑的……
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48:53
I was about to say agentic. I hate that fucking word. And the reason in part I hate that word is, first of all, it's become marketing slob speak- ... at this point. Like, it's just slapped onto everything. I wish we had a different word that just meant AI doing stuff. - Vibe coding feels wrong, too. - It does, because vibe coding to me smells exactly like script kiddies did in the early 2000s. People applying PHP scripts they just downloaded offline they don't understand anything of. And while, I mean, that's true in the sense that much of the vibe coding, including my own vibe coded projects, and as I just mentioned, I have several.
我差点说成 agentic。我讨厌这个破词。我讨厌这个词的部分原因是,第一,它已经变成营销废话了——……到现在,什么东西上都往上贴。我真希望有另一个词,就单纯表示「AI 在干活」。- 「vibe coding」感觉也不对。- 确实不对,因为 vibe coding 在我闻起来完全就是 2000 年代初的 script kiddies 那股味儿。那些人拿来一段刚从网上下载的 PHP 脚本就用,对它一无所知。虽然说,我是说,从某种意义上这也是真的,因为很多 vibe coding,包括我自己 vibe 出来的那些项目——我刚说了,我有好几个。
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49:29
I've written things in C++. I've written things in Rust. Rust. I hate Rust with a passion. Rust to me is like pouring acid in my eyes when I have to look at the code. - Wait, wait, wait, wait. Why do, why do you hate Rust? - It is, in my opinion, the ugliest programming language- ... that has been invented- ... in probably the last 40 years. - So it's the opposite of Rails and Ruby. - It's the opposite. But- - You've written it - ... I've written applications in Rust because the output of Rust is actually amazing. The memory safety, the fact that it's a system language, the fact that it's highly efficient and so forth is incredible. So Rust, to me, can both be the most repugnant programming language ever devised for human consumption and a wonderful platform for agentic engineering.
我用 C++ 写过东西,也用 Rust 写过东西。Rust。我对 Rust 恨之入骨。对我来说,看 Rust 代码就像往眼睛里倒硫酸。- 等等等等。你为什么,你为什么这么恨 Rust?- 在我看来,它是——……被发明出来的——……大概过去 40 年里最丑的编程语言。- 所以它是 Rails 和 Ruby 的反面。- 完全是反面。但是——- 可你还是写了 - ……我确实用 Rust 写过应用,因为 Rust 的产出其实非常棒。内存安全,它是系统级语言,效率极高等等,这些都很了不起。所以对我来说,Rust 既可以是有史以来对人类最不友好、最令人反胃的编程语言,同时又是一个非常好的 agent 工程平台。
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04编程该改名吗:别把话说死
50:19
These two truths can coexist easily in my head. - Do you think that there can be a point at which we can just call agentic engineering programming? Can we just change what programming means? 'Cause who's actually going to be programming the old-school way in a few months? - I don't think we should reuse the term because for me, programming implies an understanding of certain primitives, loops, conditions, variables. All the constructs of programming languages are what constitutes programming itself, not the creation of programs.
这两条真理在我脑子里可以轻松共存。- 你觉得会不会有那么一天,我们可以直接把 agent 工程就叫做编程?我们能不能干脆改变「编程」这个词的含义?因为再过几个月,还有谁会真的用老派方式编程呢?- 我认为我们不该沿用这个词,因为对我来说,编程意味着对某些底层原语的理解,循环、条件判断、变量——编程语言的这些构造本身才是编程,而不是「造出程序」这件事。
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50:55
Because you could say in the pre-agentic era, well, your CEO is programming. He's hiring a bunch of programmers, he's telling them what to do, and out comes software that he can sell. Eh, I don't think most people would call that CEO a programmer, and I don't think we should call the vibe coder a programmer either. And vibe coding, if we define it here, is you tell an agent to build software for you. You do not look at the implementation. That, to me, is what separates vibe coding from programming or, let's say, agent-accelerated development.
因为在前 agent 时代你可以说,你的 CEO 也在编程啊。他雇了一大堆程序员,告诉他们该做什么,然后就产出了他可以拿去卖的软件。呃,我想大多数人不会把那个 CEO 叫做程序员,我也觉得我们不该把 vibe coder 叫做程序员。所谓 vibecoding,如果我们在这里下个定义,就是你让一个 agent 帮你造软件,而你不去看具体实现。对我来说,这就是 vibecoding 和编程——或者说 agent 加速的开发——之间的分界线。
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51:26
- But don't you think, so to push back a little bit, don't you think a programmer, old-school programmer, you, doing agentic engineering is a different kind of agentic engineering than a non-programmer doing agentic engineering? What I mean is, if you know what a for loop is, if you know what function programming is, if you know some of the basic good principles of software engineering, the way you do natural language-based agentic engineering will be different and more systematic, and this, the scale and the variety of things you can actually build is much bigger than a vibe coder.
——但你不觉得,我稍微反驳一下,你不觉得一个程序员、一个老派程序员,比如你,在做agentic engineering 的时候,跟一个非程序员做的 agentic engineering 是不一样的吗?我的意思是,如果你知道什么是 for 循环,如果你懂函数式编程,如果你掌握一些软件工程的基本好原则,那你做基于自然语言的 agentic engineering 的方式就会不一样,会更系统化,而且你真正能造出来的东西,在规模和种类上都远远超过一个 vibe coder。
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52:02
- I'm just gonna extend the pro case here a little bit just for the sake of the argument. - Right. - I actually think for a while it was to my deficit to know as much as I know about programming because I was instructing the agents to do things as I prescribed them to do, and they were very good at that. And in the first agentic moment, let's not call it an era, it was something that lasted three months. Moment. In the first agentic moment, that felt very productive. I could get more productivity out of telling the agents what to do in the way I would've done it, and I used all of my experience as a programmer to do just that.
——为了辩论的乐趣,我再把「支持方」的论点往前推一点。——好。——我其实觉得,有一段时间,懂这么多编程知识反而是我的劣势,因为我总是按我自己设定的方式去指挥 agent 干活,而它们确实很擅长照做。在第一个 agentic 时刻——我们别叫它「时代」,它也就持续了三个月,就叫「时刻」吧——在第一个 agentic 时刻,那种感觉非常高效。我用自己作为程序员的全部经验,按我自己会怎么做的方式去告诉 agent 该干什么,从中榨出了更高的生产力。
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52:47
Then I was a little late on the next moment, and the next moment allowed me, allowed anyone, to describe outcomes- ... to describe problems to the agents and get better solutions than if you had a programmer prescribe the path. - See, okay, so we're having fun arguing here. Well so are you suggesting that there's problems for which programmers are worse than non-programmers at agentic engineering? - 100%. And the reason I say that, let's define it here. The reason I say that is there's a lot of programmers who are not very good product managers. Software is product management. What should it do? Who should it do it for? How should it do it? How should it look? What are our priorities? What do we start with first? What does version one include? All of those skills are not easily or equally distributed across all programmers.
然后到了下一个时刻,我就有点慢半拍了。而那个时刻让我,也让任何人,可以去描述结果——呃,去向 agent 描述问题,得到的方案反而比让一个程序员规定好路径要更好。——你看,好,我们在这儿吵得挺开心。那你是在说,存在某些问题,程序员做 agentic engineering 反而比非程序员做得更差?——百分之百是。我这么说的原因,我们在这儿把它讲清楚。我这么说的原因是,有很多程序员并不是很好的产品经理。软件就是产品管理。它该做什么?该为谁做?该怎么做?该长什么样?我们的优先级是什么?先从哪儿开始?版本一包含什么?所有这些能力,在所有程序员身上并不是都具备、也不是均匀分布的。
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53:46
And in the agentic era where you are letting an agent, an AI, do the implementation, these are the skills you need. And I happen to sit in both camps, and this is why I love this moment. I still get to live a little bit in the old world where I look at the full implementation because there are domains and areas where I feel that still brings value, and then I also live in the future. And as I said, when I created Omawrite, I've not looked at a single line of that C++. I actually made it a point to myself that I was gonna treat it as an experiment. This is 100% a black box.
而在 agentic 时代,当你让一个 agent、一个 AI 去做实现时,你需要的恰恰就是这些能力。而我碰巧两边都占,这也是我为什么喜欢这个时刻。我还能稍微活在旧世界里,去看完整的实现,因为确实有些领域、有些场景,我觉得那样做仍然有价值;与此同时我也活在未来里。就像我说过的,我做 Omawrite 的时候,那些 C++ 代码我一行都没看过。我其实是刻意要求自己把它当成一个实验。这是 100% 的黑盒。
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54:22
I will treat it as though I was any other user who had opinions about how their digital typewriter should work, and therefore felt like it was a fair experiment as if a writer of any other sort who had opinions about how software should be done and how it should work. As you mentioned, video editors who know exactly where they don't like what Adobe Premiere's doing and how it could be better, but don't have the capacities to improve it- ... how that could be. - The pushback, though, I think what programmers do well, good programmers do well, is systematic design, like think in terms of systems- - Correct - ... and rigor.
我要把自己当成任何一个普通用户,一个对自己的数字打字机该怎么运作有想法的用户,所以我觉得这是个公平的实验——就好像任何一个写作者,对软件该怎么做、该怎么运作有自己的看法。就像你提到的,那些视频剪辑师,他们非常清楚 Adobe Premiere 哪里做得让他们不爽、可以怎么更好,但没有能力去改进它——呃,去实现那种可能。——不过反驳一点:我觉得程序员擅长的、好的程序员擅长的,是系统性的设计,也就是用系统的方式思考————没错。——以及严谨。
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55:00
- Yes. - And I think still, and probably for a long time to come, even natural language-based control of agentic systems will require a certain kind of rigor. Not overly structured rigor, but really explain very specifically the goals of the system, how to do the verification, what kind of security testing. You wanna do all those kinds of things. Although then to push back on that, the system will... should be smart longer term. - I would've said the same thing six months ago. - Yeah, so this has changed.
——是的。——而我觉得,现在乃至可能相当长一段时间内,即便是用自然语言去控制 agent 系统,也还是需要某种程度的严谨。不是那种过度结构化的严谨,而是要非常具体地说明系统的目标、怎么做验证、要做什么样的安全测试。这些东西你都想做。不过反过来说,这些系统……长远看应该会变得足够聪明。——六个月前我会说和你一样的话。——是啊,所以这一点已经变了。
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55:30
- And I think the same thing would've been true six months ago. What I have found since, especially even just the last few weeks of the agentically accelerated development of Mach-E, is that more often than not, I have the humility to recognize that the agent knows best. - You can legitimately say, "Make sure it's secure." - Correct. And it would know more about what that entails. Now, you're laughing- - What a crazy world - ... but it's true. And in fact- - Oh my God - ... a good parallel to this is the AGENTS MD/CLAUDE MD files. There was a hot moment where it was all the rage about micro- optimizing that. Oh, you tell your agent this- ... you tell your agent that, and you ended up with this huge file of instructions for your agent. One of the things that Boris, working on Claude Code, shared in an interview recently about Opus 5 was that the system prompt that they ship for Opus 5, and presumably also Fable, shrunk by 80% because the agent not only needed far less human instruction, it was actually being damaged
——而且我觉得六个月前这话确实也是对的。但从那以后我发现的是,尤其是最近这几周用 agent 加速开发 Mach-E 的过程中,我更多时候有这份谦卑去承认:agent 比我更懂。——你现在可以理直气壮地说一句「确保它是安全的」。——没错。而且它比你更清楚这句话意味着什么。你在笑————这世界真是疯了——但这是真的。而且事实上————我的天——一个很好的类比就是 AGENTS.md / CLAUDE.md 这些文件。曾经有一阵子,大家都痴迷于微调优化那玩意儿。哦,你要告诉你的 agent 这个————你要告诉你的 agent 那个,最后你就攒出一个巨大无比的指令文件。做 Claude Code 的 Boris最近在一次访谈里讲到 Opus 5 时提到,他们给 Opus 5 出厂的系统提示词,估计 Fable 也是一样,缩短了 80%,因为这个 agent 不仅需要的人类指令少得多,过度规定性的人类指令
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56:43
by overly prescriptive humans. And any programmer who's had a pointy-haired boss knows exactly what that is like. When the boss walks into the room, doesn't know anything, starts telling you how to program, how to code. What do you do? You sulk. You write shittier code if you're mandated to do things that are against your better judgment. Why would an agent not be the same? - Actually, to push back against myself, I do find the actual skill I'm currently developing, which I along those lines is probably what everybody's trying to develop, is not to overspecify things, is to get out of the system's way.
实际上还在损害它。任何一个碰到过「尖头发老板」的程序员都明白那是什么滋味。老板走进办公室,什么都不懂,开始教你该怎么编程、怎么写代码。你会怎么做?你会摆烂。如果被逼着做违背自己判断的事,你写出来的代码就会更烂。那 agent 凭什么就不一样呢?——其实,反过来驳我自己:我发现我现在真正在练的技能——大概也是所有人都在试着练的——就是别把事情规定得太死,学会别挡在系统的路上。
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57:20
- Of course. - Is to specify enough to provide a kinda high-level vision and guidance. - It's even better because you don't even need that. The fundamental insight of modern software development came from the agile software development movement. In the late '90s, early 2000s, a group of smart, honest, and brave people came together and said, "The way we've been trying to do software development for the last 40 to 50 years has not worked, will not work. We've been trying to specify upfront what software should look like. We thought that we could ask humans what they wanted, write it all down, apply our systems thinking and our rigor to a spec sheet, hand that spec sheet over to a group of programmers who would then implement just that, and everyone would be happy." Well, guess what?
——当然。——只说到刚好够,给出一个高层次的愿景和方向。——其实更妙的是,你连那个都不需要。现代软件开发最根本的洞见来自敏捷软件开发运动。上世纪九十年代末、两千年代初,一群聪明、诚实又勇敢的人聚到一起说:「我们过去四五十年做软件开发的方式没有奏效,也不会奏效。我们一直试图在一开始就把软件该长什么样规定清楚。我们以为……」“我们可以去问人们想要什么,把它们全都写下来,用系统性思维和严谨的态度整理成一份规格说明书,把这份说明书交给一群程序员,他们就照着实现出来,然后皆大欢喜。”结果呢?
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58:09
No one was happy. Because no one knows what they want until they receive it. You don't know what a program should do until you play with it. So in the agentic age, you should resist the temptation to be overly specific upfront. Be as vague as you can to manifest something, then interact with the something. The way you arrive at good software is you write a little bit of software, and then you try to use it. It is in the process of using software that you discover what you really want. It's where you discover what's important and what's not important. And agents are incredible at allowing you to bumble into this experience of realizing what you want because you don't know what you want.
没有人开心。因为在拿到东西之前,没人知道自己想要什么。你不真正上手玩一玩,就不知道一个程序该做什么。所以在 agentic(智能体)时代,你要抵制一上来就过度具体化的诱惑。尽可能含糊地先把东西造出来,然后去和这个东西互动。做出好软件的方式,是先写出一点点软件,然后试着去用它。正是在使用软件的过程中,你才发现自己真正想要什么。你也是在这个过程中发现什么重要、什么不重要。而智能体特别擅长让你跌跌撞撞地进入这种“意识到自己想要什么”的体验,因为你本来并不知道自己想要什么。
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58:51
- Mm-hmm. And I've actually done something similar to what you suggested, which is implement different designs and totally different implementations, and then I create HTML pages for myself, PHP pages, where I vote on what I like more and so on. And it does this iterative thing, and it's very nice and fun. The interaction with the agentic system, if you create a nice interface for yourself, it can be super fun, and you're focusing on the design part and the most fun parts of the design part. - Correct. And this is what humans are really good at.
- 嗯。其实我做过和你说的类似的事情,就是实现好几种不同的设计、完全不同的实现,然后给我自己做 HTML 页面、PHP 页面,在上面给我更喜欢的方案投票,诸如此类。它就这样迭代起来,非常好玩、非常有意思。和智能体系统的互动,如果你给自己做一个好用的界面,会超级有趣,而且你专注的是设计部分,是设计里最好玩的那部分。- 没错。而这正是人类真正擅长的。
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59:20
- Yeah, taste. - Differential evaluation. You give me three options, I pick one of them. Now, humans actually fall off a cliff if you give them 22 options. That's the paradox of choice. But you give them three options, they very quickly within a split second will tell you what they like. There are all these ways that exploit the fact that humans will make these snap judgments that are actually pre-intellectual, right? Like, they're coming from the gut, and then they arrive up in the, in the brain, and the brain tries to rationalize why the gut said what it said. And if you're willing to let go of some of that intellectual pre-processing rationalization and simply let your gut drive, the agentic age is a revelation.
- 是啊,品味。- 差异化评估。你给我三个选项,我挑一个。不过,人类在你给他们 22 个选项的时候就崩了。这就是选择悖论。但你给他们三个选项,他们在一瞬间就能非常快地告诉你自己喜欢哪个。有很多方法可以利用这一点:人类会做出这种其实是“前理智”的瞬间判断,对吧?就是说,判断先来自直觉,然后才上升到大脑,大脑再试图为直觉的选择找理由。如果你愿意放下一部分这种理智上的预处理和合理化,单纯让直觉来主导,agentic 时代简直是一种启示。
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1:00:06
- So this is a fascinating thing to ask you because you have sort of famously for a long time talked about, like, detailed chiseling of beautiful Rails Ruby code, and now you have switched in a matter of months to not doing that. So, like, what is your current setup look like? 'Cause you're, I assume, are still looking for the beauty, for the chiseling, for the crafting, but you're just crafting in a different medium. - And at different levels of abstraction. When I'm working in Ruby code, and we have a lot of Ruby code because it's in our entire business, and I'm asking agents to make changes to that code, I still sweat the details.
- 所以这个问题问你特别有意思,因为长久以来你都以谈论那种精雕细琢、漂亮的 Rails、Ruby 代码而闻名,而现在你在几个月之内就转变了,不再那么做了。那么,你现在的工作方式是什么样的?因为我猜你还是在追求美感、追求雕琢、追求手艺,只是你现在是在另一种介质上打磨。- 而且是在不同的抽象层级上。当我在写 Ruby 代码的时候——我们有大量 Ruby 代码,整个业务都建在上面——我让智能体去改那些代码时,我仍然会在细节上较劲。
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1:00:48
What I'm coming to realize is that the economic payoff of that sweat is diminishing rapidly. The reason why I, for 25 years, was sweating every line of code so judiciously was because I knew the payoff of keeping an architecture coherent and malleable was software that could change and evolve- quickly with a small team, and not exorbitant cost, and not introducing a bunch of bugs when you change one thing over the other. That was the driving economic argument for why you should write beautiful code, 'cause beautiful code is easier to understand, it is simpler, it is more malleable. That was premised on humans doing the modifications.
我逐渐意识到的是,这种较劲带来的经济回报正在迅速递减。我过去 25 年之所以那么审慎地打磨每一行代码,是因为我知道,保持架构清晰连贯、可塑,回报就是软件能够快速演进和改变——用很小的团队,不需要天价成本,而且改动一处时不会引入一堆 bug。这就是“你应该写漂亮代码”的核心经济论据,因为漂亮的代码更容易理解、更简单、更有可塑性。但这个前提是:改动是由人来做的。
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1:01:40
I think it is an open question to which degree this still matters. Now, it does matter, and the reason I say that, at least for the moment, is that tokens are still scarce. At this moment in time, we are all token limited. Well, not all, but anyone who doesn't have endless budgets are token limited. So therefore, there is great payoff to writing systems that agents have an easier time dealing with and evolving without having to relearn the entire context. Just like humans, if they can make iterations and changes to the code base without wrecking the architecture, they can make the next change just as cheaply as the last one. And this is the classic ball of mud where you end up with a system that's a ball of mud- ... because it's just put together in a way where nothing is connected and it's just a real mess, right? I've seen that with agents, and I've seen it in our own code bases where, again, the first PR is, like, mediocre of quality, and then if you add another PR on top of that, and then five more
我觉得,这一点现在还有多大程度成立,是个开放问题。不过,它确实仍然重要,我这么说的理由,至少在当下,是 token 仍然稀缺。在这个时间点上,我们都受 token 限制。好吧,不是所有人,但凡是没有无限预算的人都受 token 限制。所以,把系统写成智能体更容易处理、更容易演进、不必每次都重新学习整个上下文的样子,回报仍然很大。就像人一样,如果它们能在不破坏架构的前提下对代码库做迭代和修改,那么下一次改动就能和上一次一样便宜。而这正是经典的“泥球”问题——你最后得到一个像泥球一样的系统——……因为它就是被胡乱拼凑起来的,什么都没有关联,完全一团糟,对吧?我在智能体身上见过这种情况,也在我们自己的代码库里见过:第一个 PR 质量就比较平庸,然后你在它上面再加一个 PR,再往后加五个,结果就很不好了,对吧?所以这方面仍然是有回报的,
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1:02:47
down the line, it's not very good, right? So there's still a payoff to that, but that payoff is premised on our current moment. I am now able to... And this is, by the way, where the AI psychosis really comes in, when you try to extrapolate what nine months from now it's gonna look like. What two years from now it's gonna look like. But as an intellectual experiment, I think the first computer I used was a Commodore 64. - Me too. Cool. - It had one megahertz CPU and 64K of memory. Everyone who wrote software for that machine internalized certain constraints. Well, all the constraints. That machine was nothing but constraints. If you put that programmer in a time machine and teleported him or her to 2026 and gave them a modern computer today and said, "Now write me a piece of software," they'd be lost for a little bit because all their techniques and all their heuristics would simply be wrong. Or not wrong, because efficient software is still beautiful. They would be out of date with the value that they could create.
但这个回报是以我们当下这个时刻为前提的。我现在能够……顺便说一句,所谓的“AI 精神错乱”就是从这里开始的:当你试图去外推九个月后会是什么样子,两年后会是什么样子。但作为一个思想实验——我记得我用的第一台电脑是 Commodore 64。- 我也是。酷。- 它有一个 1 兆赫的 CPU 和 64K 内存。每一个为那台机器写软件的人,都把某些约束内化了。其实是所有的约束。那台机器除了约束什么都没有。如果你把那个程序员放进时间机器,把他或她传送到 2026 年,给他们一台现代电脑,然后说:“现在给我写个软件吧”,他们会懵一阵子,因为他们所有的技巧、所有的经验法则都会是错的。或者说不算错,因为高效的软件依然是美的。只是就“能创造多少价值”而言,他们已经过时了。
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1:03:51
The amount of optimization you have to apply for a one megahertz computer to produce a video game is just very different from what you have to apply today. - Just imagine that guy that was programming back then on a Commodore. Just re- remember all those, like what programming felt like and what it meant, highly constrained resources- ... how slow everything is. - Beautiful in many ways. Beautiful. - It's chiseling. But- - It- - ... imagine that person coming now. - It's romantic too, though. Let's also imagine that. This is one of the things, whenever we bemoan modern car culture, for example, right? And then we think like, "Oh, wasn't it better when we all had the horse-drawn carriages and so on?" No, it wasn't.
为了让一台 1 兆赫的电脑跑出一款电子游戏,你必须做的优化量,和今天需要做的完全是两码事。- 想象一下当年在 Commodore 上写程序的那个人。回想一下那些,那时候编程是什么感觉、意味着什么,资源极度受限——……一切都那么慢。- 在很多方面是美的。很美。- 那是雕琢。但是——- 它——- ……想象那个人现在来到今天。- 不过它也很浪漫。我们也得承认这一点。这就是那种情况,比如每当我们抱怨现代汽车文化的时候,对吧?然后我们会想,“哦,当年大家都坐马车的时候不是更好吗?”不,并不更好。
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1:04:31
Do you know what New York smelled like when we used horses for transportation? It was an open sewer. They just shat everywhere. - Yeah, but have you played Red Dead Redemption? You know how cool those cowboys were- - That is the way- - ... on the horse? - ... to experience the nostalgic past, when you don't get the all the furry impulses and senses. - So basically programming, old school programming by hand is kinda like the cowboy culture that we romanticize and make movies about. - It's already happening, the romanticization of handwritten code.
你知道用马当交通工具的时候,纽约是什么味道吗?就是个露天下水道。马到处拉屎。- 是啊,不过你玩过《荒野大镖客:救赎》吗?你知道那些牛仔骑在马上有多酷吗——- 那才是——- ……- ……体验怀旧过去的正确方式,在那儿你不用承受那些毛茸茸的冲击和气味。- 所以基本上,编程,那种老派的手写代码,有点像我们不断浪漫化、还要拍成电影的牛仔文化。- 这已经在发生了,手写代码正在被浪漫化。
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1:05:01
And I have some of it because it was a very romantic era. I'm grateful to have been alive for 20 years of economically valuable handwritten code. That was a, that was a good time. - Where handwritten beautiful code was also valuable. - Correct. Because handwritten beautiful code exists as much today as it did yesterday. There are people who willfully write new video games for the Commodore 64, or for the second Mega Drive, or for other vintage consoles. In fact, one of my favorite video games of late is ModRetro's. Do you know Palmer Luckey's- ... side geschäft, which is recreating old consoles. So he's recreated the Game Boy.
而且我自己也有这种情结,因为那确实是一个非常浪漫的年代。我很庆幸自己经历了二十年“手写代码还能换来经济价值”的时光。那是一段,那是一段好日子。- 那时候手写的漂亮代码同时也是有价值的。- 没错。因为手写的漂亮代码今天依然存在,和过去一样多。现在还有人主动给 Commodore 64 写新的电子游戏,或者给二代 Mega Drive,或者给其他复古主机写。其实我最近最喜欢的游戏之一就是ModRetro 出的。你知道 Palmer Luckey 的……那个副业吗,就是复刻老主机。他复刻了 Game Boy。
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1:05:49
- Nice. - It's amazing. Look it up. It's really cool. But what's even cooler than the fact that he recreated this hardware and the original chunkiness, but brought it up to date with sort of modern screens and so on, now they just put out the Nintendo 64 too. Incredible. Super cool. Wild attention to detail, input lag, and all the other things. But what's also very cool, that one, I have to wave. That one right there, and hover over it, 'cause then you get to see what I'm talking about. That is the Chromatic- ... Tetris re-implementation.
- 不错。- 太棒了。你可以去搜一下,真的很酷。但比“他复刻了这个硬件、保留了原版那种笨重手感又用现代屏幕之类的东西做了升级”更酷的是,他们现在连 Nintendo 64 也做出来了。难以置信。超级酷。对细节的执着近乎疯狂,输入延迟之类的全都顾到了。但还有一点也非常酷,那个,我得挥一下。就是那个,把鼠标悬停上去,这样你就能看到我在说什么了。那就是 Chromatic……那个重新实现的《俄罗斯方块》。
便签引用
1:06:23
- Wow. - I played a lot of Tetris on the original Game Boy. Probably one of my top three favorite games of all time. And they rewrote it with one change. If you hit up, the brick slams. And that speeds up the game by about 400%. It is an incredible game, and it's a new Game Boy game. I think the Game Boy came out in- '89 or '88. It's a very old machine. The fact that there's still people writing new old games is awesome, and the reason they do it in part, now here they're doing it because they want Tetris, but there are people who do it just for the love of the constraints, for the love of the romantic notion of writing that. Just like there are people still riding around on horses, not to get places fast, but because they like the mode of transportation where it's a literal biological being below you propelling you forward.
- 哇。- 我当年在初代 Game Boy 上玩了特别多《俄罗斯方块》。大概是我有史以来最喜欢的三款游戏之一。他们重写了它,只做了一个改动:你按上,方块就直接砸下去。这让游戏速度提升了大约 400%。那是一款了不起的游戏,而且是一款全新的 Game Boy 游戏。我记得 Game Boy 是 89 年还是 88 年出的。那是一台非常老的机器。现在还有人在写新的老游戏,这太棒了。他们这么做的部分原因,在这里是因为他们想要《俄罗斯方块》,但也有人纯粹是出于对那种限制的热爱,出于对“这样写代码”这种浪漫情怀的热爱。就像现在还有人骑马一样,不是为了快点到某个地方,而是因为他们喜欢这种出行方式——身下是一个真真切切的生命体在推着你往前走。
便签引用
1:07:21
- And also, we should say that that beautiful code is great training data. So in some sense, the beauty that we've built over a few decades- - Yes - ... continues. - We gave birth to this moment. What a privilege, and I feel that very personally because I... Almost all of the code I've ever written is public code. The vast majority of my career has been dedicated to writing open source code, and therefore, some of that code, some of those beautiful lines are in the training set. And in fact, I've heard people do this when they write Ruby code. They ask the agent, "Write it like DHH would."
- 而且我们也该说一句,那些漂亮的代码是极好的训练数据。所以从某种意义上说,我们几十年里积累的这份美——- 是的——……还在延续。- 是我们催生了这一刻。这是多大的荣幸,而且我对此感受特别私人,因为我……我写过的代码几乎全都是公开的代码。我职业生涯的绝大部分都投入在写开源代码上,所以其中一些代码、一些漂亮的句子就在训练集里。事实上,我听说有人写 Ruby 代码的时候就这么干,他们对 agent 说:“照DHH 的风格来写。”
便签引用
1:08:01
And they're pleased with the result, and that does warm my heart a little bit, that I helped give birth to this moment in my tiny little small part. And anyone else who contributed open source code or any code at all that the agents have had access to over the last, well, entire time programming has been around as a discipline, is now part of these new agent overlords. - So you don't have a little bit of sadness that writing beautiful code by hand is now less and less useful? - Am I sad that if I had to get a job tomorrow, it's unlikely that I could apply my skills in such a way that I would be paid to write these manual lines of code? No.
而且他们对结果很满意,这确实让我心里有点暖,觉得自己以微小的方式参与催生了这一刻。还有所有其他贡献过开源代码、或者任何代码的人——那些在过去,嗯,在编程作为一门学科存在的整个时间里被这些 agent 读到过的代码,如今都成了这些新的 agent 霸主的一部分。- 那你有没有一点点难过,因为亲手写漂亮代码这件事正变得越来越没用?- 你是问我会不会难过——如果我明天必须去找份工作,我大概没法再靠这身本事拿到一份专门手写代码的薪水?不会。
便签引用
1:08:42
I did it for 25 years. Like, I wanna see something new here, especially if we're all gonna live forever, which I hope we don't. Maybe we'll get to that. But, like, I've done that. That's enough. That's fine. I don't feel any more nostalgic about that than I do about the fact that I don't have to spend my time in the field with a hoe or at the assembly line. - Well, hold on a second. You are one of the best programmers in the world at writing handcrafted beautiful code, appreciators of beauty with great taste.
我干了 25 年。我想在这儿看到点新东西,尤其是如果我们都要永生的话——我倒希望我们不要。也许我们等下会聊到这个。但我已经做过那件事了。够了。这挺好的。我对那件事的怀旧,不会多于我对“我不必扛着锄头下地或者站在流水线上”的怀旧。- 等一下。你可是世界上最擅长手工打磨漂亮代码的程序员之一,是一个品味极好、懂得欣赏美的人。
便签引用
1:09:11
- Correct. - That has been replaced. - I say humbly. - Yeah. That has been replaced. Like, you had now... You're just fast evolving, and you're able to... One of your really great qualities is you're able to change your mind and evolve very quickly. But, like, you had to kill that other person. - I am grateful for every moment that brought me to where I am right now, and therefore, I have also tried, and maybe this did take some practice. I will concede that. Maybe I wasn't always like this, but stoic philosophy, amor fati, loving your fate, is an incredibly liberating way to live. And you could attack that and say, "Well, that's a point of privilege."
- 没错。- 而那已经被取代了。- 我这是谦虚地说。- 是啊。那已经被取代了。就是说,你现在……你在飞快地进化,你能够……你身上一个非常了不起的特质,就是你能很快改变想法、很快进化。但,你等于是杀掉了过去那个人。- 我对把我带到今天的每一个瞬间都心怀感激,所以我也一直在努力做到这一点——也许这确实需要练习,我承认。也许我并不是一直这样,但斯多葛哲学里的 amor fati,也就是热爱你的命运,是一种极其解放的生活方式。你可以反驳说:“那不过是因为你有特权。”
便签引用
05程序员的焦虑与该做的事
1:09:57
True, but also I had the same directional point when I didn't have all this, quote unquote, "privilege." So I think there's a way to live and interact with the world where you accept the things you can change and the things you cannot change and fall in love with all of it. Fall in love with the fact that the world today has jumped two decades forward into technology industry from where it was last year. - So can we talk about the general anxiety that programmers feel, going through the same transformation? They've maybe gone to university majored in computer science, dreamed of being programmers and building stuff, high salary, and now everything's changing, and there's deep anxiety about, "What do I do when... with my life?" Can you empathize with that, and what the hell are they supposed to do?
确实如此,但在我还没有这些所谓的“特权”的时候,我的方向也是一样的。所以我觉得,存在一种生活和与世界相处的方式:你接受那些你能改变的事,也接受那些你改变不了的事,并且爱上这一切。爱上这个事实:今天的世界在科技产业上,比去年往前跳了整整二十年。- 那我们能聊聊程序员们普遍感受到的那种焦虑吗?他们正在经历同样的转变。他们可能上了大学、读了计算机专业,梦想着当程序员、做出东西来,拿高薪,可现在一切都在变,他们内心有很深的焦虑:“我这辈子……该干什么?”你能共情这种感受吗?他们到底该怎么办?
便签引用
1:10:51
- Hugely. Because just because I have this disposition, I'm keenly aware that that's not evenly distributed, that not everyone sits with this position and this optimism for the future. But I do think I wanna separate things a little bit. I think you're gonna have a hard time coping with the new reality if the only thing you loved about programming was the mechanical bits of putting the right logical constructs together to produce something other people told you to produce. Because that mechanical process is under threat.
- 非常能。因为虽然我是这种心态,但我很清楚这种心态并不是人人都有的,不是每个人都站在这个位置上、对未来抱有这种乐观。不过我确实想把事情稍微分开来讲。我觉得,如果你热爱编程的唯一理由,是那种把正确的逻辑结构拼起来、做出别人要求你做的东西的机械部分,那你会很难适应新的现实。因为那个机械的过程正受到威胁。
便签引用
1:11:33
If you are, as you just mentioned, excited about building things, I don't think you're under threat at all. In fact, I think there's a great argument for us needing far more builders than what we have now, and if you look at the employment stats, it's fuzzy. It's not clear what's gonna happen at all. Some stats actually show an increase in openings because the advent of AI is so dramatically lowering the price of programs that people want a lot more programs. This is the classic, the Jevons paradox, that says when the price of something goes down, there's gonna be more demand for it. And this is the example of the ATMs too. When the ATM originally came, a lot of bank tellers were very afraid for their job because suddenly there was a machine that could dispense money from people's account. Well, what the ATMs did was lower the price of a branch, and suddenly banks could afford to open a lot more branches, and we ended up with more bank tellers than we did before. Now, none of this is guaranteed. There are also moments where things do change. The
但如果你像你刚才说的那样,是对“造东西”感到兴奋,我认为你完全没有受到威胁。事实上,我觉得有很强的理由认为,我们需要的创造者远比现在多得多。而且你去看就业数据,其实很模糊。完全看不出会发生什么。有些数据甚至显示岗位在增加,因为 AI 的到来把写程序的价格降得太多,以至于人们想要多得多的程序。这就是经典的杰文斯悖论:一样东西价格下降,对它的需求反而会增加。ATM 也是这样的例子。ATM 刚出现的时候,很多银行柜员非常害怕丢工作,因为突然有台机器能从人们的账户里吐钱了。结果 ATM 做的事是降低了开一家网点的成本,于是银行突然有能力开更多网点,最后柜员比以前还多了。当然,这一切都不是必然的。也有些时刻,事情是真的会变的。
便签引用
1:12:42
vast majority of people worked in the fields up until the late 1800s, and then suddenly we got mechanized- harvesting tools, and we did not need human labor with a hoe and an ox out there. We had mechanical tools to do that for us. In that moment, are there people who were threatened that their job and their livelihood was at stake? Yes. Was that a reasonable thing to feel threatened about? Yes. The Luddites smashing the weaving machines- ... in England had the same thing. And I think maybe that's the better parallel than people working the fields because these were actually highly skilled professionals doing a job that they liked on rather favorable conditions, not slaving outside in the sun all day.
一直到 19 世纪末,绝大多数人都在地里干活,然后突然我们有了机械化的收割工具,于是就不再需要有人扛着锄头、赶着牛在地里干了。我们有机器替我们做这些。在那个时刻,有没有人感到自己的工作和生计受到威胁?有。这种威胁感合理吗?合理。英国那些砸毁织布机的卢德派……也是同一回事。而且我觉得,比起在地里干活的人,这个类比可能更贴切,因为他们其实是高技能的专业人士,做着自己喜欢的工作,条件还相当不错,不是整天在太阳底下卖命。
便签引用
1:13:28
But where we live now, would we still like for clothing to be this heavily constrained resource? Like, what if this T-shirt was $400? I mean, okay, then I'd have two. Well, my wardrobe probably looks like I have two. But I think the general progress of mankind depends on productivity improvements. And what are productivity improvements? This is very important because in the abstract, I think everyone says, "Yay, productivity. That's good." What did you think, this was all just vibes? No. Productivity means fewer people to do the same number or the same job. Now, the amount of job you want done may increase, and therefore you get more people, but it also may not. There may be pockets where a company just needs a certain set of fixed tasks done, and suddenly they can do them with a 10th the number of people. This, by the way, could... is tragic and difficult in the moment for the individual being laid off. It's also amazing for the economy at large. Suddenly you've freed up these resources who can
但在我们今天生活的世界里,我们还会希望衣服是一种如此稀缺的资源吗?比如,要是这件 T 恤卖400 美元呢?我是说,好吧,那我就只有两件。嗯,从我的衣柜看大概也就像只有两件。但我认为人类的整体进步依赖于生产率的提升。那什么是生产率提升?这一点非常重要,因为抽象地讲,我觉得所有人都会说:“生产率,太好了,这是好事。”你以为这只是喊喊口号吗?不是。生产率意味着用更少的人做同样多的活、同样的工作。当然,你想做的活的总量可能会增加,于是你反而雇更多人,但也可能不会。有些地方,一家公司就是只需要完成一组固定的任务,然后突然他们用十分之一的人就能做完。顺便说一句,这……对被裁掉的那个人来说,当下是悲剧性的、艰难的。但它对整个经济来说又是极好的。你突然释放出了这些资源,他们现在可以去做更有生产力的事。整个
便签引用
1:14:37
now go do more productive things. This is how the whole economy evolves and improves and how we get growth, and growth is good. I think this is the other thing to make a strong defense for, that growth in general is a good thing. We do not want to wind the clock back to 1920 or 1950. We should be excited about the fact that we've discovered new technology that allows us to do vastly more. And while some of the tasks that may be taken over by AI were tasks that humans were excited to do, and they're just no longer economically viable, a lot of the tasks were just drudgery. This is certainly true of my programming. There were moments of programming I thought were amazing. These were the moments that produced that state of flow we talked about last time, and they were ecstatic. How often did they happen out of the course of a year? If you took your average programmer, how much time out of 2,000 hours at the job did that person spend in a flow state?
经济就是这样演化、改善的,我们也因此获得增长,而增长是好事。我觉得这是另一件需要强力辩护的事:总体而言,增长是好事。我们并不想把时钟拨回 1920 年或 1950 年。我们应该为“我们发现了让我们能做多得多事情的新技术”而兴奋。虽然有些可能被 AI 接管的任务,是人类原本很乐意去做、只是现在在经济上不再可行的,但很多任务本来就是苦差事。就我自己的编程来说当然是这样。编程有些时刻我觉得美妙极了。就是那些能让人进入我们上次聊过的心流状态的时刻,那种感觉是狂喜的。但这样的时刻一年里出现多少次?如果你拿一个普通程序员来看,一年 2000 个工作小时里,他有多少时间是处在心流状态的?
便签引用
1:15:47
100? 200? 25? I think all those answers could be plausible for someone. And taking that drudgery, handing it over to machines, that is the history of civilization. - Yeah, I mean, the hours spent debugging. So programming has so many painful, painful hours in it. And now they're gone. For the... I mean, for the most part, it's just fun. - A lot of it is gone in a lot of domains, and the rest of it may be gone very soon. So that's where some of the romanticism also comes in ... because pain in the moment is difficult. It's hard. It's annoying. Pain in the rear view mirror is accomplishment, proud, learning, steps forward, all the things, right? So we encompass all of this as part of the human experience, that we hate pain in the moment, but we cherish it when it's five minutes past and we don't remember the hardship. We just remember the progress.
100 小时?200 小时?25 小时?我觉得对某些人来说,这些答案都说得通。把那些苦差事拿走、交给机器,这就是文明的历史。- 是啊,我是说,那些花在调试上的时间。编程里有太多痛苦、太多难熬的时间。而现在它们没了。基本上……我是说,大体上,现在就只剩下有趣的部分了。- 在很多领域里,很大一部分已经没了,剩下的可能也很快就会消失。所以那种浪漫情怀也是从这儿来的……因为痛苦发生在当下的时候很难受。它艰难,它烦人。但从后视镜里回看的痛苦,就变成了成就、骄傲、学习、向前迈的每一步,所有这些,对吧?所以我们把这一切都纳入人类经验的一部分:我们讨厌当下的痛苦,但五分钟之后回头看,我们又珍视它,因为我们不记得那份煎熬了,只记得那份进步。
便签引用
1:16:51
- So certainly at the societal level, at the macroeconomic level, growth is exciting. But the individual level, there's going to be a lot of anxiety potentially a lot of suffering. So by way of advice, if you're like a young DHH or young developer programmer now, what would you advise they do? - Don't try to anticipate anything. You will literally go crazy. Because even the smartest brains in the business cannot anticipate what two model hops from here is going to look like. It's an absolute waste of time, and you will develop an AI psychosis trying to deduce what two years from now is gonna look like. Focus on right now, and right now is the most incredible time to be into computers.
- 所以在社会层面、宏观经济层面,增长确实令人兴奋。但在个体层面,会有大量的焦虑,可能还有大量的痛苦。那作为建议,如果是一个年轻的 DHH,或者今天一个年轻的开发者、程序员,你会建议他们怎么做?- 别试图去预判任何事。你真的会把自己逼疯。因为连这个行业里最聪明的大脑,都预测不了再迭代两代模型之后会是什么样。那纯粹是浪费时间,而且你会因为想推演两年后的世界而搞出“AI 精神病”。专注在当下,而当下是投身计算机最不可思议的时代。
便签引用
1:17:38
You can make them do the most amazing things if you lean in. If you maybe for a hot moment force yourself to learn where the state of the art is, I double dog dare you not to get excited about what's possible. - And would you recommend building publicly? - I think it's optional actually to build publicly. I think it's nice to do because then you get to be part of a community, and there's some camaraderie in open source. Not some camaraderie. There's an enormous amount of camaraderie. Open source is an incredible source of community and camaraderie, and it's also a great way to stem some of that personal existential dread. If you're amongst other humans, you can get infected with good forms of mind viruses, exciting forms of mind viruses, the ones that tell you that it's all gonna be okay, and the future looks bright, and if we build a bunch of things together, we can do things none of us ever dreamed we could do. I was just talking to Ryan Hughes, who's been my main partner on Omarchy almost since day one,
只要你愿意投入,你能让它们做出最惊人的事情。如果你哪怕短暂地逼自己去搞清楚现在的最前沿在哪儿,我敢跟你打赌,你不可能不为那些可能性感到兴奋。- 那你会建议公开地做东西吗?- 我觉得公开地做东西其实是可选的。这么做挺好,因为这样你会成为一个社区的一部分,开源里有一些同袍情谊。不,不是“一些”。是巨大的同袍情谊。开源是社区感和同袍情谊的一个了不起的来源,而且它也是缓解那种个人存在性恐慌的好办法。如果你身处其他人之中,你会被好的“思想病毒”感染,被那些令人振奋的思想病毒感染——那些告诉你一切都会好起来、未来一片光明的病毒;告诉你如果我们一起造一堆东西,就能做到谁都没敢想过的事。我前几天刚跟 Ryan Hughes 聊过,他几乎从第一天起就是我在 Omarchy 上的主要搭档。我们昨天真的在聊,当初我们一起踏上这段旅程时,我们的野心有多么
便签引用
1:18:49
and we were literally talking about yesterday how when We started on this journey together. Our ambitions were very modest. We're just like, "Can we get this distro to not crash at 3:00 AM because of an Arch package that just got pushed out outside of our control? That would be amazing. Then it'd be great." Now we're leaning back and thinking, "How can we take over the world? How can we make Omarchy go to Mars? How can we do everything we've ever dreamed of?" And that level of ambition inflation is partly because things have gotten better with agents, but hugely also because we've surrounded ourselves with others excited about the same journey.
朴素。我们当时就想:“我们能不能让这个发行版别在凌晨三点因为一个我们控制不了、刚被推上去的 Arch 包而崩掉?那就太棒了。那样就很好了。”而现在我们靠在椅背上想的是:“我们怎么才能征服世界?”“我们怎么才能让 Omarchy 上火星?我们怎么才能实现我们一直梦想的一切?”这种野心的膨胀,一部分是因为 agent 确实变强了,但很大程度上也是因为我们.把自己放在了一群对同一段旅程同样兴奋的人当中。
便签引用
1:19:33
And if you're just sitting in your little isolated cave worrying about the future, yeah, you're gonna go a little nuts. I think if we learned anything during COVID is that people will go nuts sitting in their little cave inside by themselves worrying about what's gonna happen. That is indistinguishable from depression, ruminating endlessly about things you can't control. I'm sorry to channel some Jensen Huang here, but that's just loser talk. You don't have to be a loser. You can choose to lean in and- ... win. And win is very broadly defined as learning more, making more, contributing more, being part of more.
如果你只是一个人窝在自己的小山洞里,成天担心未来,那你当然会有点发疯。我觉得如果说我们从新冠期间学到了什么,那就是:人一个人关在小屋子里,反复担心接下来会发生什么,是会疯掉的。那种状态和抑郁几乎没什么区别——无休止地反刍那些你根本控制不了的事。抱歉我这里要引用一下黄仁勋的说法,但那真的就是失败者的论调。你没必要当个失败者。你可以选择投身其中,然后……赢。而“赢”的定义非常宽泛:学到更多、做出更多、贡献更多、参与更多。
便签引用
1:20:23
And at the end of the day, what are your choices? You don't have a choice, mate. The future's coming whether you like it or not, so you might as well choose to be excited about it. - But I mean, we should emphasize the fact that planning is nearly impossible with AI. I mean, most of us plan our life a little bit. When we're younger, you have, like, hopes and dreams. There's a reason you go to college. There's a plan underlying that. - I agree with that. - But there- - I'll concede that. - ... it is kinda- - This is different.
说到底,你还有什么选择?兄弟,你根本没得选。不管你喜不喜欢,未来都会来,那你不如选择为它感到兴奋。——不过我觉得,我们应该强调一点:在 AI 面前,规划几乎是不可能的。我是说,我们大多数人多多少少都会规划自己的人生。年轻的时候你有希望、有梦想。你去上大学是有原因的,背后是有一个计划的。——我同意这一点。——但那个……——这点我承认。——……确实有点……——这次不一样。
便签引用
1:20:51
- ... nuts that it's impossible to really plan. Because, like, you really don't know, if there will even be a Claude Code, a Codex, and Cursor six months from now. Maybe it'll be you'll be talking to WhatsApp. Maybe it'll be all open call type. Maybe it'll just all be voice. Maybe Omarchy will take over the world and it'll be voice. Maybe there won't be operating systems anymore. You'll just... There'll be this glowing orb that just you just talk to because if natural language is enough to accomplish all tasks in life, like, what is life about? Like, what are the major tasks you need to accomplish in life? If you can just do that with voice, and it writes all the programs for you, and all is systematized, and what, what are the jobs needed then? Maybe it's more about the service industry. Maybe there won't be programmers, like agentic engineers at all. And so yes, your advice is wise to focus on the moment, but that doesn't mean that it's just a crazy rollercoaster ride, 'cause we don't know
——……疯狂的是,你真的没法做规划。因为你真的不知道,六个月后到底还会不会有 Claude Code、Codex 和 Cursor。也许到时候你是在跟 WhatsApp 说话。也许全都变成那种开放调用的形式。也许全都变成语音了。也许 Omarchy 会统治世界,然后一切都靠语音。也许操作系统都不存在了。你面前只有……只有一个发光的球体,你对着它说话,因为如果自然语言足以完成生活中的一切任务,那生活到底是关于什么的?人生中真正需要完成的重大任务有哪些?如果你光靠语音就能搞定,它还帮你写完所有程序,一切都被系统化了,那么那时候还需要什么工作?也许更多是服务业。也许根本不会再有程序员,连所谓的 agentic 工程师都没有。所以是的,你说的“专注当下”的建议很明智,但这并不代表这不是一场疯狂的过山车,因为我们不知道
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1:21:52
what this December or what this January will look like. - We don't know, and therefore, we should choose to have faith that it's gonna pan out. That is my best advice towards fighting anxiety, is that you have a choice, to a large degree, of how to lean. Do you wanna lean into PDoom? PDoom is gonna happen whether you lean into it or not. You don't have control. - But there's also actual daily schedule of how much learning are you doing, how much building are you doing, how much uh, diversification you're doing.
今年十二月、明年一月会是什么样子。——我们确实不知道,所以我们应该选择相信事情最终会好起来。这是我对抗焦虑的最佳建议:在很大程度上,你可以选择自己往哪边倒。你想倒向 PDoom(末日概率)吗?不管你倒不倒向它,该发生的还是会发生。你控制不了。——但也确实有每天的实际安排:你学了多少、做了多少东西、做了多少多元化的尝试。
便签引用
1:22:31
And for example, I traveled across rural China recently, and I did it quite deliberately because you're talking to people in China, in, in rural anywhere, where time moves much slower, where there's no discussions about agentic engineering. And the ti- and I started by going on the, on the Great Wall of China. That's timeless. That spans centuries. And, you know, there was, like, this kind of tension of FOMO, like maybe I'm missing out on something. But then I very deliberately wanted to find the timelessness of human existence, really plug into the fact that, okay, it always feels like everything's changing uh, throughout human history but, you know, the universals are still true, of what matters in life. And I just wanted to make su- keep connected to that.
比如说,我最近去中国的乡村走了一趟,而且是很刻意地去的。因为你在中国、在任何地方的乡下跟人聊天,那里的时间流动得慢得多,没有人讨论什么 agentic 工程。而且……我是先从中国长城开始的。那是超越时间的,跨越了好几个世纪。当然,当时心里也有一种 FOMO 的紧张感,觉得自己也许正在错过什么。但我就是很刻意地想去找到人类存在中那种恒常的东西,真正去感受这样一个事实:在人类历史上,永远都会觉得一切都在变,但那些普世的东西依然成立,也就是人生中真正重要的东西。我只是想确保自己和那些东西保持连接。
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1:23:22
- You're not gonna miss anything. This is the part that actually grinded my gears in the early phases of this transition. Everyone was so up in arms that if you didn't... It's loops now. Oh, no, no, we're done with loops. It's graphs now. Oh, no, no, we're done with that. It's, it harnesses this, right? They're, they're constantly churning through the frontier, which in one way is actually very exciting. This is what happens when a new field opens up. It's like a new portal, and it's all spilling out. That's exciting. But it also means that if I had just been backpacking for the last year, hadn't touched a computer, hadn't witnessed this agentic moment, and I just showed up yesterday, do you know what? I would've been caught up in two weeks.
——你什么都不会错过的。这一点在这场转变的早期阶段真的挺让我恼火的。所有人都激动得不行,好像你要是没有……现在是 loop 了。哦不不,loop 过时了,现在是 graph 了。哦不不,那个也过时了,现在是 harness 什么的,对吧?他们一直在把前沿翻来覆去地搅。从某种角度看这其实非常令人兴奋——一个新领域打开时就是这样,就像一个新的传送门,所有东西一股脑涌出来。这很刺激。但这也意味着,如果我过去一年只是在背包旅行,完全没碰电脑,完全没见证这个 agentic 时刻,然后我昨天才冒出来,你猜怎么着?我两周就能追上。
便签引用
1:24:08
There's not any accumulation, which is in some ways a great relief. If you missed the past year, you can catch up to the frontier in two weeks. If you're a programmer who was out hiking the Himalayas for a year and you come back, you can catch up in two weeks. And this is actually the great credit to the progress we're experiencing. We have so many experiments running simultaneously right now that are constantly and ruthlessly sorting what works, what doesn't work. You don't have to remember or even be part of that entire journey. You can just show up for the results.
这里几乎没有任何积累性,从某种意义上说这是个巨大的解脱。如果你错过了过去一年,你两周就能追到前沿。如果你是个程序员,去喜马拉雅徒步了一年回来,你两周就能跟上。而这恰恰是我们正在经历的这种进步的最好证明。我们现在同时跑着如此多的实验,持续而残酷地筛选出什么有用、什么没用。你不需要记住、甚至不需要参与整段旅程。你只要来领结果就行。
便签引用
1:24:45
- But the key step there, when you come back from the backpacking journey, is to be willing to become a totally new, different human because- Things are changing so fast. - That's right. - I mean, literally, if you left for the backpacking journey- ... in October last year and came back in April or May- - You might as well have been in the cryo chamber for 100 years - ... it's like, "What, what do you mean? We're not programming anymore?" This, it's a it's a huge transformation. - It's startling, and I actually... I mean, I'm putting some of this on slightly for effect. I also recognize that it's okay to grieve for a hot moment.
——但关键的一步是,当你从背包旅行回来时,你要愿意变成一个全新的、完全不同的人,因为……变化实在太快了。——没错。——我是说,真的,如果你去年十月出发去背包旅行,四五月份回来————那跟在冷冻舱里躺了一百年也没什么区别。——……那感觉就是:“什么?你说什么?我们不写代码了?”这是一场巨大的转变。——确实很惊人,而且说实话……我是说,我刚才说的有一部分是为了效果稍微夸张了一点。我也承认,短暂地为此哀悼一下是可以的。
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1:25:22
That's not my disposition. It's not how I do it, but I accept that that's a time-tested mechanism for coping with a sense of loss. And it's okay to have a sense of loss that the world that you knew and maybe you were very fond of is no longer the same. - I maybe I should say out loud and explicitly that I do have that, the Native American with a tear rolling down my... Like, there's a sadness. It's a goodbye. It's a goodbye to the old world of programming. - That's, it's so fascinating to me. - I've spent so many years- - But it all amounted to this moment. That is, to me, what makes the entire journey so meaningful.
那不是我的性格,我不是那样处理事情的,但我接受那是一种久经考验的、应对失落感的机制。而且,为你熟悉、甚至深爱的那个世界不复存在而感到失落,是没问题的。——也许我该明确地说出来,我确实有那种感觉,就像那个印第安人眼角滑下一滴泪的画面……就是有一种悲伤。那是一场告别,是对旧的编程世界的告别。——这一点让我觉得特别有意思。——我花了那么多年————但这一切最终都汇聚成了这一刻。对我来说,这正是让整段旅程如此有意义的地方。
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1:26:05
AI did not arrive from the sky. It was not alien technology that had blasted through the universe and suddenly showed up on our shores. AI has been around for as long as computer science has been around. In the '50s, they thought the problem was gonna be cracked in about a decade, the smartest people at the time. It took a little longer, but the reason it took a little longer was in part because we took some blind turns on the road to AI and neural networks and thought that there were other symbolic representations that were gonna carry the day, and they didn't. And that probably set us back about 15 years. So some of it was also we had to, Go through the gaming revolution, 3D games. If we had not had Quake, if we had not had Duke Nukem, if we had not had Unreal Tournament, we'd never have gotten AI because we would never have gotten the GPUs, and therefore we would never have been able to get AI in the shape it is now. So everything we did up until this moment was required to get there.
AI 不是从天上掉下来的。它不是某种穿越宇宙、突然降临到我们岸边的外星科技。计算机科学存在多久,AI 就存在多久。在五十年代,当时最聪明的那批人以为这个问题十年左右就能攻克。结果花的时间长了一点,但之所以长了一点,部分原因是我们在通往 AI 和神经网络的路上走了一些弯路,以为有别的符号化表示方法能笑到最后,结果并没有。那大概让我们倒退了十五年左右。所以也有一部分原因是,我们必须先经历游戏革命、3D 游戏。如果没有《Quake》,没有《毁灭公爵》,没有《虚幻竞技场》,我们永远也不会有 AI,因为我们永远不会有 GPU,因此我们也永远不可能得到今天这种形态的 AI。所以我们在此之前做的一切,都是抵达这一刻的必要条件。
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1:27:05
You were part of that. Holy... What a blessing. What a blessing to have contributed in your small part, either by training or by playing video games. Literally, you could just choose to think of it that way. All those times you spent in, for my case, in the '90s just playing video games, they were- - You were contributing. - Yeah, I was contributing to the AI revolution right there and then moment. - To the progress of human civilization. No, for sure. Civilization progresses with the death of the old and the birth of the new, and it continues in this way, but it's still the grieving process is a part of it, I think.
你也是其中的一部分。天……这多么幸运。能以自己那一小份力量做出贡献,无论是通过训练模型,还是通过打电子游戏,这多么幸运。真的,你完全可以选择这样去理解它。你花的所有那些时间——就我而言是九十年代纯粹在打游戏——那些时间————你当时就在做贡献。——对,我当时当下就在为 AI 革命做贡献。——为人类文明的进步做贡献。不,确实如此。文明就是在旧事物的消亡和新事物的诞生中前进的,一直如此,但我还是觉得,哀悼的过程也是其中的一部分。
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1:27:39
- Take a moment. It's okay. Take a... And also, you don't even have to accept that it's all dead. Like, if you are still very attached to the hand chiseling, which if you'd asked me a year ago, I would have predicted that I would've been more attached. I'm surprised- - I'm kinda surprised - ... a little that I've not been more attached. But the reason I've not been more attached, I think, is that I found something more fun. And if it hadn't been like that, if AI had just replaced the thing I loved and gave me something I hated, I'd probably be a little bitter.
——给自己一点时间,没关系。给自己……而且,你也不必接受“一切都死了”这个说法。比如说,如果你依然非常眷恋手工雕琢代码——如果一年前你问我,我会预测自己会更眷恋。我挺意外的————我也有点意外。——……我居然没有那么眷恋,有点意外。但我之所以没那么眷恋,我觉得是因为我找到了更好玩的东西。如果不是这样,如果 AI 只是取代了我热爱的东西,却给了我一个我讨厌的东西,我大概会有点怨气。
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1:28:16
- I mean, this really feels... It's hilarious and awesome to watch and inspiring to watch. It's like Picasso all of a sudden like, getting access to to image generation and getting super excited and switching in a matter of months. That's literally what happened. So, like, it's an artist that appreciated beautiful code, and all of a sudden you're talking about having fun- - I think Picasso is actually a good parallel because if you look at his early work where he learned his craft, it was painting realistic paintings, right? Like, he was training to be a master of the old ways of depicting reality the best way we knew how, and then along comes all these other forms of expression. Cubism comes along.
——我是说,这真的让人觉得……看着又好笑又精彩,也很鼓舞人。就像毕加索突然接触到图像生成,然后兴奋得不行,几个月内就转过去了。字面意义上就是这么回事。就是说,一个欣赏优美代码的艺术家,突然开始谈自己玩得多开心————我觉得毕加索其实是个很贴切的类比。因为如果你看他早期学手艺的作品,那是在画写实的画,对吧?他受训成为旧方式的大师,用我们当时所知的最好方式去描绘现实,然后各种新的表达形式出现了,立体主义来了。
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1:29:01
And all these forms of abstract expression, he's not decrying that he's not doing Renaissance paintings anymore, that he's not just painting the perfect depiction of an apple. He's reimagining the apple to be a freaking square, and he's getting excited about that. And I feel that transition, that we've gone from this one mode of expression, and we've suddenly opened the gates where the, like, the color spectrum is so much wider. I'm seeing more. And it's perhaps because the way I became a programmer. I did not become a programmer because a deep love of if statements.
还有各种抽象表达形式。他并没有哀叹自己不再画文艺复兴风格的画,不再画一个完美的苹果。他把苹果重新想象成一个该死的方块,而且他为此兴奋不已。而我感觉这次的转变也是如此:我们从一种表达模式出发,突然大门被打开了,色谱一下子宽得多。我看到了更多东西。这也许跟我当初怎么成为程序员有关。我成为程序员,不是因为我深爱 if 语句。
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1:29:46
I became a programmer because I wanted programs. I wanted things to exist that did not exist. And at first, I had to learn how to program to make that happen. Then I happened to fall in love with programming as a craft, and then I spent two decades really diving deep on that. But now I'm back. I'm back to having an idea and being impatient beyond belief to see it exist in the world, and AI has just shrunk that down to almost nothing. So it's an acceleration of a rediscovery. Now, I understand that that's not true for everyone. There are plenty of programmers who just loved programming right from the beginning, and they were attracted to the logical constructs and so forth. I mean, I've been there for two decades, so I get it. But I also think that you're able to discover new sides of yourself- ... if you let it in. Again, I keep coming back to this almost regret minimization framework, to borrow Jeff Bezos's terms here.
我成为程序员,是因为我想要程序。我想让那些还不存在的东西存在起来。一开始,为了实现这一点,我不得不去学编程。后来我恰好爱上了编程这门手艺,然后我花了二十年深钻它。但现在我回来了。我又回到了那种状态:有一个想法,然后急不可耐地想看到它在世界上成真,而 AI 把这个过程缩短到了几乎为零。所以这是一次重新发现的加速。当然,我明白这对每个人来说未必成立。有很多程序员从一开始就纯粹热爱编程本身,他们是被那些逻辑结构之类的东西吸引的。我是说,我也在那种状态里待了二十年,我懂。但我同时也觉得,你是有可能发现自己全新的一面的——……只要你愿意让它进来。我又要回到那个“遗憾最小化框架”了,借用杰夫·贝索斯的说法。
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1:30:52
Are you gonna look at yourself two years from now and think, "Oh, I spent my time well being pissy about the present, about the fact that my industry changed"? Or Would I two years from now look back upon this moment and be proud of myself for leaning in, for maybe having a moment of grief? Again, there's room for all of it. And then going, "I'm gonna learn how the world spins now, and I'm gonna make not just the best of it, I'm gonna make more of it." - I mean, it is true, a lot of programmers, a lot of friends of mine, me, obviously you, are having fun.
两年后你回头看自己,会不会想:“哦,我把时间都花在对现状生闷气上了,花在抱怨我的行业变了上了”?还是说,两年后我回望此刻,会为自己选择了投身其中而骄傲——也许中间有过一段哀悼的时刻,这都可以有。然后说:“我要去学学这个世界现在是怎么转的,而且我不只要充分利用它,我还要创造更多。”——我是说,这是真的,很多程序员,我的很多朋友,我自己,当然还有你,都玩得很开心。
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06十六个线程的新工作台
1:31:30
- I have had more fun with computers in the last three months than at any time previously. - Quick bathroom break, and then I gotta ask you about how you actually interact with the systems now. - Yes. - I gotta ask you about how has your programming setup changed? So keyboard, voice, what's the IDE? - It's crazy to think about now, but yeah, I used TextMate for almost 20 years. I used TextMate starting in 2005, I think. I helped get the first version out, and then I just wasn't interested. I wasn't in the market for an alternative. And it wasn't until the switch to Linux that I was forced out of my habitat. And now with the switch to, what are we calling it? Agentic engineering? Oh, I fucking hate that term. We gotta come up with something that sounds as plain as programming, but encapsulates the fact that it's with agents. But- - I still think it should be called programming at this point.
——过去这三个月,我玩电脑玩得比以往任何时候都开心。——先去下洗手间,然后我得问问你,现在你实际上是怎么跟这些系统交互的。——好。——我得问问,你的编程环境有什么变化?键盘、语音,IDE 用什么?——现在回想起来挺疯狂的,不过是的,我用 TextMate 用了将近二十年。我大概是从 2005 年开始用 TextMate 的。我帮忙把第一个版本推出来,然后我就再没兴趣换了。我根本不在找替代品的市场里。直到转投 Linux,我才被迫离开自己的老窝。而现在,随着转向……我们管这个叫什么来着?Agentic 工程?哦,我他妈讨厌这个词。我们得想一个听起来像“编程”那么朴素、又能体现出“和 agent 一起”这个事实的说法。但是————我还是觉得,到这个阶段它就该叫编程。
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1:32:36
- ... All right, let's just call it programming. Programming with agents requires a different tool set. It really does. And the main change here is that you're going from single thread programming in your head to parallel processing. When I was writing code, chiseling it by hand in TextMate or even Neovim, Not that long ago, I would just focus on one problem at the time, and I would methodically work my way through it, and that was actually the portal to flow. The portal to flow was deep, immersion into a single problem, see it through to the end.
——……好吧,那我们就叫它编程。和 agent 一起编程需要一套完全不同的工具。真的需要。而这里最主要的变化是:你从脑子里的单线程编程,变成了并行处理。当我还在写代码、在 TextMate 甚至 Neovim 里一手一凿地敲的时候——那也没过多久——我会一次只专注一个问题,有条不紊地把它做完,而那恰恰是进入心流的入口。进入心流的入口,就是深深沉浸在单一问题里,一路做到底。
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1:33:15
That's not how it works with agents, in part because the agents are at once both too fast and too slow. They don't give you an immediate reply on something that you asked them to do that's the same as typing on a keyboard. So you have to let the agent cook- ... for a bit, and therefore you realize, well, if I just sit around waiting for them, first of all, that doesn't feel productive. Even if the agent, just one of them, can be highly productive, it does not feel productive. It does not feel good. It feels actually like you're a little bit useless.
跟 agent 一起工作不是这样的,部分原因是 agent 同时既太快又太慢。它们不会立刻给你——回复你交代他们去做的事,这和在键盘上打字是一回事。所以你得让 agent 自己去折腾一阵——……让它跑一会儿,然后你就意识到,如果我就干坐着等它们,首先,这感觉一点也不高效。哪怕这个 agent,就算只有一个,它本身效率极高,但你感觉不到自己在产出。那种感觉不好。实际上你会觉得自己有点没用。
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1:33:50
And maybe I had a moment, when the first agentic moment was there and we, I was running mostly one agent at a time where I felt like, "I don't know about this." But you can solve a lot of hard problems by simply throwing more resources at it. This is the whole scaling law of AI of itself, right? That if you parallelize these things and you're not running one agent, but you're running a handful, you can feel like you're in a flow state because you're constantly doing programming work in the sense that you're making decisions, and you're helping either unblock an agent because it has a question about which direction to take, or you're ready for a new task. And to do that, you need a different setup. I started first doing it in tmux and just having separate panes and having separate splits. Basically, a terminal with tabs is a good way to think about it. You open a bunch of tabs. I think most humans know exactly how that works. They don't work in just one tab.
可能我确实经历过那么一个瞬间,就是最初的 agent 时刻刚到来的时候,我基本上一次只跑一个 agent,那时我心里想:“我不太确定这玩意儿行不行。”但很多难题,你只要往上堆更多资源就能解决。这就是 AI 本身的整个 scaling law(规模法则),对吧?就是说,如果你把这些东西并行起来,不是只跑一个 agent,而是同时跑好几个,你就会感觉自己进入了心流状态,因为你一直在做编程工作——你在做决策,你在帮忙,要么是给某个卡住的 agent 解围,因为它在问该往哪个方向走;要么就是你已经准备好接下一个任务了。而要做到这一点,你需要一套不一样的配置。我最开始是在 tmux 里搞的,就是分成不同的 pane、不同的 split。基本上,你可以把它理解成一个带标签页的终端。你开一堆标签页。我想大多数人都很清楚那是怎么回事。没人只用一个标签页工作。
便签引用
1:34:50
- So still sticking to the terminal, CLI. - Absolutely. - So you're not using Claude Code app or the- - No. - ... Codex app or the- - I love the fact that this agent revolution was kicked off in the terminal because I was already a huge fan of TUIs, terminal user interfaces, and the terminal in general. That feels like a, a really nice place to be. It's a beautiful place to be. The modern terminal is just a good-looking place to work. So I like that. And then this fact of having multiple agents, especially once it's not just multiple agents running on your own machine, but you start running multiple machines. Now tmux alone is not enough to keep track of it, and that's why as of late I've switched to this thing called Herdr. And Herdr is essentially tmux plus agent notifications. So whenever your agent is done and needs something for you, it goes ding, a little bell telling you it's ready for its human, uh... Is it master or servant? I'm not quite sure always.
——所以你还是坚持用终端、CLI。——完全没错。——所以你没在用 Claude Code 的桌面端或者……——没有。——……或者 Codex 的桌面端?——我特别喜欢这场 agent 革命是从终端里发起的,因为我本来就是 TUI(终端用户界面)以及终端本身的超级粉丝。那种感觉就是,一个特别棒的地方。那是个很美的地方。现代终端就是一个很好看的工作环境。所以我喜欢这一点。然后就是同时跑多个 agent 这件事,尤其是当它不只是在你自己这台机器上跑多个 agent,而是你开始用多台机器的时候。这时候光靠 tmux 已经管不过来了,所以我最近换成了一个叫Herdr 的东西。Herdr 本质上就是 tmux 加上 agent 通知。所以每当你的 agent 干完了、需要你介入的时候,它就会叮一声,一个小铃铛告诉你它在等它的人类了。呃……到底谁是主人谁是仆人?我也不总是很确定。
便签引用
1:35:58
But it is ready for a decision, and it also keeps track of these is it in working mode or not. So I have this Herdr set up. I have multiple Herdr setups actually running on individual machines. I went on this crazy phase just about a month ago realizing that doing this work on a single machine is not fast enough. It's like I've discovered multi-core programming, but I only have two cores. I'm like, "What if I had 16 cores? What if I had 32 cores? What if I had 64 cores?" So I instantly went out and I bought these amazing KVMs called GL.iNet Comets.
但它就是在等一个决策,而且它还会追踪这些 agent 是在工作状态还是闲着。所以我就搭了这套 Herdr。我其实在好几台独立的机器上都跑着 Herdr。大概一个月前我进入了一个疯狂的阶段,我意识到只在一台机器上干这些活速度不够快。这就好比我刚发现了多核编程,但我只有两个核。我就想:“要是我有 16 个核呢?要是有 32 个呢?要是有 64 个呢?”于是我立刻出去买了这些超棒的KVM,叫 GL.iNet Comet。
便签引用
1:36:35
And what they do is it's this little box. You plug in HDMI, you plug in USB and connect it to the computer. It's like a KVM. So a KVM is a remote way of controlling a computer, but what's special about this is just how easy it was. You connect this thing in, you go to a webpage, log in once, set one password. Now this thing can hop on your tailnet. This has been the other revolution of the last year for me, is discovering these WireGuard networks. Uh, Tailscale is essentially turning all the computers you have into a local network wherever you are.
它们的作用是——就是这么个小盒子,你插上 HDMI,插上 USB,连到电脑上。它就是个KVM。KVM 就是一种远程控制电脑的方式,但它特别的地方在于设置起来实在太简单了。你把这东西一插,打开一个网页,登录一次,设一个密码,然后这玩意儿就能接入你的 tailnet 了。这是过去一年对我来说的另一场革命,就是发现了这些 WireGuard 网络。呃,Tailscale本质上就是把你所有的电脑变成一个局域网,不管你人在哪儿。
便签引用
1:37:16
Like right now on my phone, I have direct access to all the computers in my Malibu office. I also have access to all my computers in my Copenhagen office. And I can treat them as though I sat right next to them without having to punch holes in a firewall or set up complicated VPNs. And what this does is it just decreases the friction it takes to get new compute online. So as soon as I discovered this, I looked at my closet, and I realized I had a bunch of mini PCs from prior experiments, and I just said, "What if I just connected all of them?" And I just connected four of the computers- ... in a closet. They all had their little Comet, and suddenly I could run agents on more computers at the same time, and I could control them all with Herdr.
比如现在,我在手机上就能直接访问我马里布办公室里的所有电脑。我也能访问我哥本哈根办公室里的所有电脑。而且我可以把它们当成就坐在我旁边一样用,完全不用在防火墙上开洞,也不用配置复杂的 VPN。这带来的效果就是,把新算力接入进来的摩擦大大降低了。所以我一发现这个,就去翻我的储物间,发现里面有一堆以前做实验剩下的迷你 PC,我就想:“要是我把它们全都连上会怎样?”然后我就把四台电脑连上了——就在储物间里。它们每台都配了一个小 Comet,突然之间我就能同时在更多电脑上跑 agent 了,而且我能用 Herdr 统一管理它们。
便签引用
1:38:04
And it did get to a point where I maxed out my own processing power. That I think at about... What do we want to put it? About four to five machines running, I don't know, three agents. I have about 16 threads. That's what I can run. And the faster the agents run, of course, the fewer threads I can run, but at the current pace, I can run about 16 threads- - Mm-hmm, at full acceleration. And that's part of why I've gone from just being excited about the agent moment to being delirious. Because I think as you say, some of it is a little assaulting.
后来确实到了一个地步,把我自己的处理能力给跑满了。我觉得大概在……怎么说呢?大概四五台机器同时跑着,嗯,三个 agent 吧。我大概能同时管 16 个线程。这就是我的上限。当然 agent 跑得越快,我能同时管的线程就越少,但按现在的速度,我大概能跑 16 个线程————嗯哼,全速运转。这也是为什么我从对 agent 时代感到兴奋,变成了近乎神志不清的状态。因为正如你说的,这里面有些东西确实有点冲击性。
便签引用
1:38:42
Again, we're on a dial-up bandwidth-wise with our computer. I mean, it's actually hilarious. So you think of I'm sitting here a year ago, right? I'm chiseling my code. Yeah. - I'm writing my lines. And over the course of, like, an hour, I will have written one beautiful controller, one beautiful model. Like, that's one file. And I've really worked on it, right? So maybe there's 60 lines left. So maybe my bandwidth at this moment is, like, 30 lines an hour. I think that's even high. Maybe it's 20 lines an hour. Now I'm running 16 threads. I'm producing at some times hundreds of lines of hour or hundreds of lines of code per hour. Now, let me pause myself there for a hot moment.
再说一次,我们自己这台“电脑”的带宽还停留在拨号上网的年代。我是说,这其实挺搞笑的。你想想一年前我坐在这儿,对吧?我在一点点雕琢我的代码。是啊。——我一行一行地写。然后花上大概一个小时,我会写出一个漂亮的 controller、一个漂亮的 model。差不多就是一个文件。而且我真的在上面下了功夫,对吧?所以最后可能剩下 60 行。那我此刻的带宽大概是每小时 30 行。我觉得这还说高了。可能是每小时 20 行。而现在我同时跑 16 个线程。我有时候每小时产出几百行代码。不过,我先在这儿打住一下。
便签引用
1:39:26
I hate that metric, right? Like, lines of code is a stupid metric in general to measure these things, and I think it's right from some in the programming community to ridicule the AI psychosis when everyone talks about the number of lines of code they're writing, and then you ask them, "What did you build?" And they're like, "Well, I..." And then no good answer comes out, right? - It's just a nice shorthand to- - It is a nice shorthand. It is a representation or encapsulation of how much output that's coming out. Now, whether the output is good or bad- ... is not a referendum on that. But I was producing and producing so much more now, right? And therefore I'm able to keep all these threads going.
我讨厌这个指标,对吧?代码行数本来就是个很蠢的衡量标准,我觉得编程社区里有些人嘲笑那种“AI 精神病”是完全有道理的——所有人都在聊自己写了多少行代码,然后你问他们:“那你到底做出了什么?”他们就会说:“呃,我……”然后就给不出什么像样的回答了,对吧?——它只是个方便的简写————它是个方便的简写。它是对产出量的一种表示或者概括。至于产出的质量是好是坏,……那是另一回事。但我现在的产出量确实大了太多,对吧?所以我才能同时推进这么多线程。
便签引用
1:40:05
So that's the setup. It's still Neovim, but at this point, I'm not writing a lot of code, so I'm using Neovim as a project browser and then as a way to kick off Lazy Git to see the change log for what's there. And even that, I'd say if GitHub was a little faster at showing you your pull request, the web is probably actually a nicer place to do that. I don't know. There's also this other tool I've been playing with a bit called Hunk, which just produces Diffs in a really nice way. So you could look at that too. But I find that when I look at Hunk, I only see the change set, and when I'm reviewing output from an agent, I often want to see the surrounding context. Oh, yeah, so it changed this file, but actually, what do we have in this other file that wasn't touched but maybe should've been touched? So that's why I still like Neovim as a way of doing it. But it's all happening, by the way, of course, in Amachi. So it's all happening on Linux. And this was the other major breakthrough with agents. Agents love the Unix philosophy. It loves individual tools
这就是我的配置。我还是用 Neovim,但到了这个阶段我已经不怎么亲手写代码了,所以我把 Neovim 当成一个项目浏览器,再用它来启动 Lazy Git,看看有哪些改动记录。就连这个,我也觉得如果 GitHub 能再快点把 pull request 展示出来,网页端其实可能是更舒服的地方。我不确定。还有另一个我最近在玩的工具叫 Hunk,它能把 diff 呈现得非常漂亮。所以你也可以看看那个。但我发现用 Hunk 的时候我只能看到变更集,而当我在审查 agent 的产出时,我常常想看到周围的上下文。哦,它改了这个文件,但实际上,另一个没被动过的文件里有什么内容、是不是其实也该改一下?所以我还是喜欢用 Neovim 来干这事。不过顺带一提,这一切当然都是在 Omarchy 里进行的。所以全都是在 Linux 上。这就是 agent 带来的另一个重大突破。Agent 爱死 Unix 哲学了。它喜欢那些
便签引用
1:41:09
that it can invoke through the command line, and there is no operating system on Earth of the majors, I'm counting three here, Mac, Windows, Linux, that works as well with that mechanism as Linux. Everything in Linux is either a config file or a CLI tool. Now, that was its main drawback five minutes ago. This was the reason people didn't like Linux. It's like it's all config files and CLI tools. What great irony that the universe has played it upon us that now the drawbacks of Linux five minutes ago are now its major selling points.
能通过命令行调用的单一职责工具,而放眼地球上的主流操作系统——我这里数三个:Mac、Windows、Linux——没有哪个能像 Linux 那样跟这套机制配合得这么好。Linux 里的一切要么是配置文件,要么是 CLI 工具。而这在五分钟以前恰恰是它最大的缺点。这正是以前人们不喜欢 Linux 的原因:全是配置文件和命令行工具。命运跟我们开了个多大的玩笑啊——五分钟以前 Linux 的缺点,如今成了它最大的卖点。
便签引用
1:41:50
This was one of the things I thought I was stuck for a weekend with a Mac four months ago. I thought I had a computer at the place I was going that was a Linux machine, so I didn't bring my laptop, and I found out when I arrived I only had a Mac Mini. So I was gonna make the best of a bad situation here and, Set up my Mac in some of the ways I've been thinking about with, With Linux. And you can actually do a lot now. Homebrew has gotten really quite good. Homebrew is the missing package manager for the Mac, and no one has done more to move the Mac forward in terms of ease of setup. But still something as simple as Raycast, I don't know if you've used that. That's the- There's no config file that you can just access. You have to go into the GUI, export a file, then take that file, I don't know, in your freaking backpack on a USB key.
这也是四个月前我以为自己要被一台 Mac 困住一个周末时想到的事情之一。我以为我要去的那个地方有一台 Linux 机器,所以我没带笔记本,结果到了才发现那儿只有一台 Mac Mini。所以我打算在糟糕的处境里尽量做到最好,按照我一直以来在 Linux 上思考的那些方式把这台 Mac 配置起来。现在其实能做的事已经不少了。Homebrew 已经做得相当好了。Homebrew 就是 Mac 一直缺失的那个包管理器,在降低配置门槛这件事上,没有谁比它对 Mac 的推动更大。但即便如此,像 Raycast 这么简单的东西——不知道你用过没有——那就是……它没有一个你可以直接访问的配置文件。你得进到图形界面里,导出一个文件,然后把那个文件,我不知道,塞进你的背包、用个 U 盘带走。
便签引用
1:42:48
And then you can import it somewhere else. You cannot automate the entire setup of your machine. You can't automate at all the configuration of Mac's default key bindings. That has to be a manual process where you're clicking with a mouse like a caveman to set up your machine. - I mean, there's ways around it. - Not good ones. I looked. I tried hard - So here's my, been my journey. Obviously I'm a Linux person, but because of Adobe Premiere, Adobe products, I'm also a Windows person, so oftentimes I would use WSL, Windows Subsystems for Linux.
然后你才能在别的地方导入。你没法把整台机器的配置全流程自动化。Mac 的默认快捷键设置更是完全没法自动化。那必须是个手动过程,你得像原始人一样用鼠标一个个点,才能把机器配好。——我是说,也有绕过去的办法。——没有好办法。我找过。我很努力地试过了。——那我说说我自己的经历。显然我是个 Linux 用户,但因为要用 Adobe Premiere、Adobe 全家桶,我也算是个 Windows 用户,所以我经常用 WSL,也就是 Windows Subsystem for Linux。
便签引用
1:43:23
So Linux inside Windows, which is... in the agentic era is not a good kind of Linux, 'cause it's just- - It's a sandbox - ... it's a sandbox, and you want the Linux to be unleashed to be able to do everything. - Correct. - And so I have now woken up to things like GrayCat, and have you know, I'm a keyboard person. Where's the config file? What, can I, can I basically do everything where an agent can set everything up for me and save the configuration so I can replicate it across systems and everything's automated? And so I had to ask a lot of those questions, and a lot of them are missing.
就是 Windows 里面的 Linux,这在 agent 时代不是一种好用的 Linux,因为它就是————它是个沙箱。——……它就是个沙箱,而你希望 Linux 是完全放开的,能干任何事。——没错。——所以我现在也开始琢磨 GrayCat 这类东西了。你知道,我是个键盘党。配置文件在哪儿?我能不能基本上让 agent 帮我把一切都配置好、把配置保存下来,这样我就能在不同系统之间复制,一切都是自动化的?所以我不得不问了很多这样的问题,而其中很多都没有答案。
便签引用
1:43:56
- They don't have good answers. - But oftentimes you could actually just build the app yourself. - But there are hacks. - Yeah, they're hacks. - There are hacks. You don't have to live like this, Lex. There's a better... Actually, this is a great moment. - Until you have a video editor. - So this is a good moment. - Yep. - Um, I heard it was your birthday. So I brought a little gift. - No. - We are going to get you onto the agentic operating system whether you like it or not. - This is awesome. - And I asked- ... my friends at Dell whether maybe they had a machine that, um, I could get you for your birthday.
——它们给不出好答案。——不过很多时候你其实可以自己把那个应用做出来。——但也有一些 hack 的办法。——是啊,都是些 hack。——确实有 hack 的办法。你不必这样活着,Lex。有更好的……其实,这正是个绝佳的时机。——除非你还得用视频剪辑软件。——所以这是个好时机。——嗯。——呃,我听说你过生日了。所以我带了个小礼物。——不是吧。——不管你愿不愿意,我们今天都要把你拉进 agent 时代的操作系统。——这太棒了。——我问了……我在 Dell 的朋友们,看他们有没有什么机器能让我买来送你当生日礼物。
便签引用
1:44:33
- Oh, no. - So here's the machine I use- ... which is- ... well, the same one I use, but it's now yours. It's a- ... Dell XPS 14- ... already set up with Omarchy 4- ... ready to be configured for you. And once you realize that all your... By the way, we should almost time this. You can be up and running. You have to answer, like, five questions in about one minute. You could literally do it live if you wanted to. - Oh, Omarchy, beautiful, modern opinion Linux by DHH. Yeah, let's do it. - Yeah, fill it out while I talk. So- ... exactly what you realized, that pain on the Mac was the exposure I got for about a weekend, and I tried really hard, and I found some decent workarounds, the main one being that Homebrew now has tabs for GUI apps. Because it's hilarious to think upon the recent past where people would go to websites, like, "I need Zoom." They would enter zoom.com, find the download link, download a DMG- ... double-click on that, see a weird manual interaction telling them to drag an icon
——哦不。——所以这就是我在用的那台机器……就是……我用的同款,不过现在是你的了。这是一台……Dell XPS 14——……已经装好了 Omarchy 4,等着按你的喜好来配置。一旦你意识到你所有的……顺便说,我们几乎该给这个过程掐个表。你马上就能跑起来。你大概只要回答五个问题,一分钟左右。你要是想,完全可以现场直接弄。——哦,Omarchy,DHH 做的那个漂亮、现代、有主见的 Linux。好,咱们来吧。——对,我说着话你就填着。所以——……正是你发现的那个问题,Mac 上的那种痛苦我在那个周末也体会到了,我真的很努力地试过,也找到了一些还不错的变通办法,主要一个就是 Homebrew 现在有面向 GUI 应用的 cask 了。因为回头想想不久前的情形就觉得好笑:人们会去网站上,比如“我需要 Zoom”,他们打开 zoom.com,找到下载链接,下一个 DMG,双击打开,看到一个奇怪的手动操作——让你把一个图标从屏幕这边拖到那边,这就是当年安装应用的方式。
便签引用
1:45:42
from one place of the screen to the other, and that was how you installed apps. And you'd just do that over and over again until you had all the apps that you wanted, and if you were setting up a new machine and you had, like, 12 apps, you'd go to 12 different websites to download them like a total caveman. Homebrew has solved a lot of that, but it has not solved all of it, and has solved nothing in terms of the- - Sorry to interrupt, but look how fast this is going. - Oh, it's gonna be done in about 40 seconds.
然后你一遍又一遍地重复,直到把所有想要的应用都装完,如果你在配置一台新机器、需要装大概 12 个应用,你就得像个彻头彻尾的原始人一样跑去 12 个不同的网站下载。Homebrew 解决了其中很大一部分,但没有全部解决,而且在……——抱歉打断一下,但你看这装得多快。——哦,大概 40 秒就装完了。
便签引用
1:46:15
And then you're gonna be inside of Omarchy. - Super is the Windows or Command key on your keyboard. So which one is the Super key? - Yep, that's the Windows key. Oh, actually, no, no, you have a special edition. There are only about six of these computers in the world. - Oh, there's a Super key. - It says Super, and look at where the Copilot key is on the other end of the keyboard. That's the Omarchy logo. - Nice. Okay, cool. - This was Spencer Bull at Dell, who I've been working with on a lot of this stuff. They've been incredible.
然后你就进到 Omarchy 里面了。——Super 键就是你键盘上的 Windows 键或者 Command 键。那哪个是 Super 键?——对,就是那个 Windows 键。哦,其实不对不对,你这台是特别版。全世界大概只有六台这样的电脑。——哦,真有一个 Super 键。——上面就写着 Super,再看看键盘另一头 Copilot 键的位置。那是 Omarchy 的 logo。——漂亮。好,酷。- 这位是戴尔的 Spencer Bull,这些事我很多都是跟他一起做的。他们团队太棒了。
便签引用
1:46:42
- They, for a moment, let go of the XPS brand. - Yes, they did, last year. - And I was like, "This is dumb. This is... XPS is awesome." - It was not just dumb that it got rid of the XPS branding. They also got rid of the Escape key and put in capacitive touch buttons at the top. The mistake that Apple realized like three years ago was terrible, and everyone hated them for them. But now they have an incredible team, and this was actually my first Dell laptop for myself. Because I've been using Dell on our servers. Dell was what powered our cloud exit. We've been running Dell since the mid-2000s, I think. But I never ran their laptops, because compared to a MacBook, they just weren't up to the task for me. The XPS' from 2016, or from 2026, with those Intel Panther Lake chips, are the first Dells that I would personally actually use. And it's funny because when I got mad at Apple originally, I thought, like, "Do you know what? I should just get a Dell," because we already used them and whatever, and I got a Dell, and I was like, "Man, I can't do it. I can't do it.
- 他们一度把 XPS 这个品牌给放弃了。- 是的,去年。- 我当时就想:"这也太蠢了。这……XPS 多棒啊。"- 砍掉 XPS 这个品牌还不是最蠢的。他们还把 Esc 键去掉了,在顶部换成了电容式触控按键。这个错误苹果三年前就意识到有多糟糕了,当时所有人都为此骂他们。但现在他们有了一支非常出色的团队,而这其实是我第一台自己用的戴尔笔记本。因为我们服务器一直用的是戴尔。我们"逃离云"靠的就是戴尔。我想我们从 2000 年代中期就一直在用戴尔了。但我从来没用过他们的笔记本,因为跟 MacBook 比,它们对我来说就是不够格。2016 年的 XPS,哦不,2026 年的、搭载英特尔 Panther Lake 芯片的 XPS,是第一批我自己真的愿意用的戴尔。有意思的是,当初我对苹果一肚子火的时候,我就想:"要不我干脆买台戴尔算了",反正我们本来就在用嘛。然后我真买了一台,结果我发现:"天啊,我用不下去。真的用不下去。
便签引用
1:47:49
It's not good enough." And then lo and behold, this year they just fixed everything. They fixed the battery life. They fixed the performance. They fixed the compatibility. They fixed the weight. They fixed the screen. That's a tandem OLED screen- - Yeah, that's incredible. - ... which means it's actually better tech than what you'll get in a freaking MacBook. It's lighter than a MacBook, and the chip is finally competitive because Intel spent a good five years developing the 18A process node. It took a long time, but now it's here, and it's freaking incredible. We finally have competition to Apple M chips- ... that can go as long as on battery and can have competitive performance.
不够好。"然后你看,今年他们把所有问题都修好了。他们修好了续航。修好了性能。修好了兼容性。修好了重量。修好了屏幕。那是一块串联式 OLED 屏——- 对,太惊艳了。- ……也就是说,这技术其实比你在那台该死的 MacBook 上能拿到的还要好。它比 MacBook 还轻,而且芯片终于有竞争力了,因为英特尔花了整整五年时间去打磨 18A 制程节点。花了很久,但现在它来了,而且真的牛得不行。我们终于有能跟苹果 M 系列芯片抗衡的东西了——……续航能撑一样久,性能也有竞争力。
便签引用
1:48:34
- And there's a beautiful default theme to this thing, and then what is it? Super Space opens up. - Actually, you can just push the Omarchy key. It opens up the menu. So now you control everything from there. - Oh, same thing as the Super. Okay. - Yeah. - Cool. - Same thing as Super Space. So this has been a huge change for me, that we finally have Linux machines that you don't have to make excuses for. Because I don't mind making excuses because excuses are really just another word for trade-offs.
- 而且这东西默认主题特别好看,然后是什么来着?按 Super + Space 就打开了。- 其实你直接按 Omarchy 键就行。它会打开菜单。这样所有东西你都能从那儿控制。- 哦,跟 Super 键一样。好的。- 对。- 酷。- 跟 Super + Space 一样。所以这对我来说是个巨大的改变,我们终于有了不需要替它找借口的 Linux 机器。因为我其实不介意找借口,毕竟"借口"不过是"取舍"的另一种说法。
便签引用
1:49:02
I love that Framework 13 I think I talked about last time. I still like them. They still make good computers. But I think for a lot of people, they didn't want a DIY experience. They wanted something that just out of the box felt like it was on par in build quality and whatever with Macs, and now we finally have it. So happy birthday. - Thank you so much. An Omarchy Dell laptop from DHH is the best birthday present. This is awesome. - Check the screensaver, by the way. - Yeah, it's kind of amazing. I'm seeing it.
我很喜欢 Framework 13,我记得上次聊过。我现在还是喜欢它们。他们做的电脑依然不错。但我觉得对很多人来说,他们并不想要 DIY 的体验。他们想要的是开箱即用、在做工质感这些方面就能跟 Mac 平起平坐的东西,而现在我们终于有了。所以,生日快乐。- 太感谢了。从 DHH 手里拿到一台装着 Omarchy 的戴尔笔记本,这是最好的生日礼物。太棒了。- 对了,看看屏保。- 嗯,还挺神的。我看到了。
便签引用
1:49:38
- On that tandem OLED screen- - It's gorgeous. - ... it is absolutely mind-bogglingly awesome. - Look at that. There's like a retro look to the whole thing. - Totally. - It's like Fiverr pop- - It's like running a bulletin board system in- ... the '90s, which is exactly what I did when I was 14 years old. So for me, it's a complete throwback and an awesome aesthetic, combining this sense of modern rising culture in Unix with- ... this throwback of the '90s. - Yeah, like a retro look for an agent first OS.
- 在那块串联式 OLED 屏上——- 太漂亮了。- ……真是让人叹为观止。- 你看这个。整体有一种复古感。- 完全是。- 有点像 Fiverr 那种——- 有点像在跑一个电子公告板系统(BBS)——……九十年代那种,而我 14 岁的时候干的正是这个。所以对我来说,这完全是一种回忆杀,而且美学上非常棒,把 Unix 世界里这种正在兴起的现代文化——……和九十年代的复古感结合在了一起。- 是啊,一个面向智能体优先操作系统的复古外观。
便签引用
1:50:12
- Exactly. - It's crazy. - Which again, pairs... This was why I was so excited that- ... all these agent harnesses arrived as TUI's, arrived as CLIs- ... has arrived as a terminal because suddenly, a whole new generation of both programmers and regular users discovered the glory of the terminal. The terminal was actually one of the most, impressive and productive user interfaces we can have. Now, we've built user interfaces since then that were easier to learn. The mouse is a wonderful invention for letting someone who doesn't know a lot about computers just click around and find things out, but the terminal is for people who want to learn their systems, who want to learn the keyboard commands.
- 没错。- 太疯狂了。- 而这又刚好契合……这正是我当时特别兴奋的原因——……所有这些智能体框架都是以 TUI 的形式出现的,以 CLI 的形式出现的——……是以终端的形式出现的,因为一下子,整整一代新的程序员和普通用户都发现了终端的魅力。终端其实是我们能拥有的最令人印象深刻、最高效的用户界面之一。当然,从那以后我们也做出了更容易上手的用户界面。鼠标是个了不起的发明,它让不太懂电脑的人也能点来点去、把事情摸索明白,但终端是给那些想真正了解自己系统、想掌握键盘命令的人准备的。
便签引用
1:50:57
- So you think the TUI is gonna stick around? - 100%. Now, it's not gonna be the only thing. Of course it's not, because these labs now have trillion-dollar valuations, so they need to be able to reach billions of people. And I don't think we're gonna teach billions of people the intricacies of the TUI. So we're gonna have other tools, and we already have other tools, which is, by the way, one of the sweet things about Linux, the ChatGPT Codex tool. - Yeah, I saw that. - Literally within two hours of that announcement dropping, I had it wrapped up and ready to go in Omakub. Already now, if you go to... You can actually hit the Omakub key- ... and then just write ChatGPT. It should pop up as, like, install.
- 所以你觉得 TUI 会一直留下来?- 百分之百。当然,它不会是唯一的形态。肯定不会,因为这些实验室现在估值都上万亿美元了,所以他们必须能触达数十亿人。而我不觉得我们能把 TUI 的那些门道教给数十亿人。所以我们会有其他工具,而且我们已经有了。顺带一提,这也是 Linux 的妙处之一,比如 ChatGPT 的 Codex 工具。- 对,我看到了。- 那个消息发布后不到两小时,我就把它打包好、在 Omakub 里可以直接用了。现在你只要……你可以直接按 Omakub 键——……然后输入 ChatGPT。它应该会作为"安装"选项弹出来。
便签引用
1:51:38
And then just hit return. - Sudo password for Lex. - Yeah, whatever you put in. And then it's just gonna install it, and it's gonna pop it up, and you have ChatGPT. - Nice. - And that's how a lot of the apps are, and all the agentic harnesses are built in that way. Um, Tailscale, as I talked about, if you wanna hop on that, is that way. Uh, Dropbox. And the reason all these things are in there is because I use them. It's because I built this system for me, and I thought, first and foremost, how do I build my dream computer just for me? And if I get my dream computer, I am assured there are other people who are gonna have the same dreams as I do.
然后回车就行。- 输入 Lex 的 sudo 密码。- 对,你设的密码。然后它就会自动装好,弹出来,你就有 ChatGPT 了。- 不错。- 很多应用都是这样的,所有的智能体框架也都是这么集成进来的。嗯,我之前提过的 Tailscale,如果你想用的话,也是这样。还有 Dropbox。而这些东西之所以都在里面,是因为这些都是我自己在用的。因为我是为我自己打造这套系统的,我首先想的是:我要怎么给自己造一台梦想中的电脑?而如果我能得到我梦想中的电脑,我相信一定还有其他人和我怀着同样的梦想。
便签引用
07一分钟装机与卓越的偏执
1:52:13
- Now, you're obsessed about getting the installation to be under one minute, and a bunch of people asked you online why. So Why? Why were you so obsessed to getting the installation to be less than 60 seconds? - First, let me quote Mitchell Hashimoto, who created Ghostty terminal that's awesome and also available on Omakub and was also the founder of HashiCorp, who had this great post on X not too long ago that had the killer line, "The pursuit of excellence deserves no explanation." Wanting to make something as good and as fast and as beautiful as possible has no need for justification. We should want beautiful, fast systems that are a delight to use. Now, the funny thing with the install time is it didn't actually start with a one-minute mission. I was being modest when it got going. I thought if I could set up my entire system in 15 minutes, it would already be such a dramatic improvement over what came before it that I would be perfectly happy. And it came off the fact that the benchmarking
- 你对把安装时间压到一分钟以内特别执着,网上很多人都问你为什么。那么为什么?你为什么那么执着于把安装时间做到 60 秒以内?- 首先,我想引用 Mitchell Hashimoto 的话,他做了超棒的 Ghostty 终端,Omakub 里也有,他还是HashiCorp 的创始人。不久前他在 X 上发了一篇很棒的帖子,里面有一句杀手级的话:“对卓越的追求无需解释。”想把一样东西做到尽可能好、尽可能快、尽可能漂亮,这本身就不需要任何理由。我们就该想要漂亮、快速的系统,用起来让人愉悦。有意思的是,安装时间这件事一开始并不是奔着“一分钟”去的。刚开始的时候我还挺谦虚的。我想,如果我能在 15 分钟内把整个系统装好,那相比之前的东西已经是天翻地覆的改进了,我会非常满意。这件事的起因是,整个行业的基准线
便签引用
1:53:23
had been skewed so out of whack. You talked about the Commodore 64 being your first computer, right? When you unwrap that Commodore 64 and you hit the on button, in I think about less than one second, the basic interpreter was ready to accept your command. It was literally almost instant. There was virtually no boot time. Do you know how long it took me to set up a new Mac that I had bought for actually the one app that I still haven't vibe coded my way into on Linux, which is Adobe Lightroom? Brand-new computer, out of the box.
已经歪到离谱了。你提到过 Commodore 64 是你的第一台电脑,对吧?当你拆开那台 Commodore 64 的包装,按下电源键,我想不到一秒钟,BASIC 解释器就准备好接受你的命令了。几乎是真正意义上的瞬间。基本上没有启动时间。你知道我设置一台新买的 Mac 花了多久吗?我买它其实就是为了那唯一一个我还没能在 Linux 上靠 vibe coding 搞定的软件——Adobe Lightroom。全新的电脑,刚开箱。
便签引用
1:53:57
I set it up. There's a software update. Before I was ready to install Adobe Lightroom that I had it fully up to date, it took 42 minutes. That's grotesque. That's absurd. That's an insult to everyone who likes computers, that you get a new computer and before you can use it, you have to spend 42 minutes doing updates on something that was already installed on it out of the box from the factory. That is just preposterous, and it's crazy that that's not even the worst thing. I also got a PC, um, because all these Linux machines, they come as PCs, right?
我开始设置。有系统更新。等我准备好安装 Adobe Lightroom、系统完全更新到最新,花了 42 分钟。这太离谱了。太荒唐了。这是对所有喜欢电脑的人的侮辱:你买了台新电脑,在你能用它之前,你得花 42 分钟给出厂时就已经装好的东西打更新。这简直荒谬,而更疯狂的是,这还不是最糟的。我还买了一台 PC,嗯,因为那些 Linux 机器都是以 PC 的形式卖的,对吧?
便签引用
1:54:34
- Right. - And they have Windows pre-installed. So I got one. This was just three weeks ago. Brand-new machine, Intel Panther Lake, the whole shebang. An hour and 35 minutes from unwrapping the thing until it's ready to use. How long did you take before you think you were in Omakub? - I mean, it's less than a minute for sure. - A minute. We can build computers like this. We have the technology. We've had the technology since like 1981 when the Commodore 64 first came out. The fact that we now have a computer that's a trillion times faster and you have to spend 42 minutes or an hour and a half setting it up before it's ready to use is so infuriating to me that it became a passion. And it's funny Just while we were having a little break here, I was talking to Ryan Hughes, my co-conspirator here. We now have, we think, a line where we can create these special turbo images that are pre-made for specific computers because it relies on some knowledge of the hardware, like the Dell XPS. We're gonna make a Dell XPS turbo
- 没错。- 而且都预装了 Windows。所以我买了一台。就在三周前。全新机器,英特尔 Panther Lake,配置拉满。从拆包装到能用,花了 1 小时 35 分钟。你觉得你进到 Omakub 用了多久?- 我是说,肯定不到一分钟。- 一分钟。我们是能造出这样的电脑的。技术早就有了。从 1981 年 Commodore 64 问世的时候我们就有这个技术了。如今我们的电脑快了一万亿倍,却要花 42 分钟甚至一个半小时才能设置好、才能开始用,这件事让我火大到变成了一种热情。有意思的是,就在我们刚才休息的时候,我还在跟 Ryan Hughes 聊——他是我在这儿的“同谋”。我们现在觉得找到了一条路子,可以为特定机型做出预先打包好的特制涡轮镜像,因为这需要对硬件有一些了解,比如戴尔 XPS。我们打算做一个戴尔 XPS 的涡轮镜像,大概 12 秒就能装好。一套完整的 Linux 系统,
便签引用
1:55:37
image that can install in about 12 seconds. A full Linux system installed in about 12 seconds. - That's incredible. - That obsession is what gives me this great satisfaction with using computers, that we do not accept things the way they are. And this is why this agent-accelerated reality that I now inhabit is so invigorating. Because I can look at these kinds of constraints and go, do you know what? Um, I could have stopped when we were at five minutes. That would already have been fast enough. This was the argument on X, right?
12 秒左右装完。- 太不可思议了。- 正是这种执念让我在用电脑时获得巨大的满足感,那就是我们不接受现状。这也是为什么我现在身处的这个被 agent 加速的现实让人如此振奋。因为我可以看着这些限制条件然后想:你知道吗,嗯,我们做到五分钟的时候其实就可以收手了。那已经够快了。这就是 X 上争论的点,对吧?
便签引用
1:56:12
Why do you keep going? Five minutes is fast enough. Okay, maybe for you, but for me, 12 seconds is a lot more fun. And I always try to think these first principles. Okay, in that machine, actually hit the Omarchy, key again, and then do speed. You'll see a list come up, and one of them is, like, disk speed. - Speed test, network speed, disk speed. - Disk speed. Do do that one, and then run it. So this is testing the performance of the built-in NVMe drive, and what are you getting? - Seven GB a second.
干嘛还要继续?五分钟已经够快了。好吧,对你来说也许够了,但对我来说,12 秒要有趣得多。而且我总是试着从第一性原理去想。好,在那台机器上,再按一次 Omarchy 键,然后输入 speed。会出来一个列表,其中有一项是磁盘速度。- 速度测试、网络速度、磁盘速度。- 磁盘速度。选那个,然后运行。这是在测试内置 NVMe 硬盘的性能,你得到的结果是多少?- 每秒 7 GB。
便签引用
1:56:47
- So seven gigabytes a second. That's how fast that drive is. Why can we not install a Linux distribution in one second? The Omarchy distribution is 5.8 gigabytes. If we can run at seven gig... Now, of course, you can't actually do that because the USB key is a lot slower than that, but you should be able to maximize the underlying physics and protocols that we're dealing with, and that's your goal. We gotta get all the way back down to that. - Yeah. I love that you're doing a Linux distribution. 'Cause I mean, you could be do... You could be building anything. But the fact that you're building a Linux distribution means you're rethinking about what a computer is, 'cause a operating system is the fundamental, like, the foundation of how ... you interact with a computer.
- 每秒七个吉字节。这就是那块盘的速度。那我们为什么不能在一秒内装完一个 Linux 发行版?Omarchy 发行版是 5.8 GB。如果我们能跑到 7 GB……当然,实际上做不到,因为 U 盘比这慢得多,但你应该做到把底层的物理极限和协议能力榨干,这才是你的目标。我们得一路把时间压回去。- 是啊。我很喜欢你在做 Linux 发行版。因为你其实可以做任何东西。但你选择做一个 Linux发行版,说明你在重新思考电脑到底是什么,因为操作系统是最根本的东西,是你与电脑交互方式的……基础。
便签引用
1:57:33
- Yes. And it's been so stale. - Yeah, it has. - The macOS we have today is scarcely different from the macOS we had 10 years ago. In fact, it's worse in many ways because Apple continues to chokehold the control on users. They don't want them to install software that they haven't already said good- ... to go for. They don't want users to reconfigure their hotkeys without doing it manually. They didn't want to change the 500-millisecond animation switching workspaces. It is an infuriatingly locked-down computer. Now, to Apple's credit, it's a pretty good computer for being locked down, but I don't want a locked-down computer. I wanna own my computer. Better yet, I wanna mutate my computer, and this is where the agentic age needs a new operating system.
- 对。而且它已经太陈旧、太停滞了。- 是的,确实。- 我们今天的 macOS 和十年前的 macOS 几乎没什么差别。事实上在很多方面还更糟了,因为苹果不断收紧对用户的控制。他们不希望用户安装没经过他们点头的软件。他们不希望用户不手动操作就重新配置快捷键。他们也不愿意改掉切换工作区那 500 毫秒的动画。这是一台封闭得让人恼火的电脑。当然,公平地说,作为一台封闭的电脑,它算做得相当不错,但我不想要一台被锁死的电脑。我想真正拥有我的电脑。更进一步说,我想能改造我的电脑,而这正是 agentic时代需要一个新操作系统的原因。
便签引用
1:58:24
When you can vibe code whatever app comes to your mind, you should be able to vibe code your operating system. You should be able to change anything, how it looks, how it works, what panels are there, what are not there, and that requires Linux. As simple as that. There are no... None of the other two operating systems can deliver this. - But can you speak to the, I think somebody asked you, like, "Who the hell are you to think you could do better than Ubuntu?" For example. Or, or like, "Why are you doing it when Ubuntu is already pretty good?" And your answer was, "I thought I could do better."
当你能靠 vibe coding 做出任何你想到的应用时,你也应该能 vibe code 你的操作系统。你应该能改任何东西,它长什么样,它怎么运作,有哪些面板、没有哪些面板,而这就需要 Linux。就这么简单。没有……另外那两个操作系统都做不到这一点。— 但你能不能聊聊,我记得有人问过你,比如:“你凭什么觉得自己能做得比 Ubuntu 更好?”比方说。或者是:“Ubuntu 已经挺好了,你为什么还要做这个?”而你��回答是:“我觉得我能做得更好。”
便签引用
1:58:55
So can you speak to, this was on X, can you speak to, like, where the craziness comes from, thinking that you as one person or maybe with Ryan, you could start building something that's going to be better than Ubuntu or Arch or any of this? - Well, I'll say that it didn't start quite as grandiose. When I got going with my Linux journey, I actually just started with Ubuntu, and I just built on top of it. Here's a system that already does a lot of the things I wanted to do, and at least it's Linux. So can I just build on top of it and make it more modern, make it actually look good, and have the programs I wanna use? I got, like, some version of that, and then I discovered that there's seven layers deeper you could go, and as, the closer you get to the metal, the closer you get to the kernel, the closer you get to the individual packages and so forth, the more freedom you discover. So as I discovered more and more freedom, I got more and more ambitious, and I realized, oh, surprise, surprise, I have strong opinions about how computers should work, how they
所以你能不能聊聊,这是在 X 上的事,聊聊这种疯劲儿是从哪来的——觉得你一个人,或者可能加上 Ryan,就能开始做出比 Ubuntu、Arch 之类更好的东西?— 这么说吧,一开始其实没那么宏大。我刚开始我的 Linux 之旅时,其实只是从 Ubuntu 起步,然后在它上面做一些东西。这个系统已经能做很多我想做的事,而且至少它是Linux。那我能不能就在它上面继续搭,把它做得更现代、真正好看,并且装上我想用的程序?我做出了那样的某个版本,然后我发现,往下还能再深挖七层,而且你越接近底层、越接近内核、越接近一个个的软件包等等,你发现的自由度就越大。所以当我发现越来越多的自由时,我也变得越来越有野心,然后我意识到,哦,意外吧,我对电脑该怎么工作、该长成什么样、
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1:59:58
should look, what programs should be installed, and whether they should take 42 minutes to install or 45 seconds. That's the current world record, by the way. So if anyone installs Omarchy Quattro after this and can beat 45 seconds, take a screenshot, send it to me, and you'll be the new holder of the world record. - When, how long ago did you cross the 60-second mark? - It's funny because it's like that the old limit on, what was it? It was a four-minute mile or something- - Yeah. Uh-huh - ... like that in 1952- ... that people thought was impossible for humans to beat. Then one guy beats it, and literally within the next few months, three more guys do, right?
该预装哪些程序,以及安装该花 42 分钟还是 45 秒,都有很强的看法。顺便说一句,45 秒是目前的世界纪录。所以如果这期节目之后有人装 Omarchy Quattro 能破 45 秒,截个图发给我,你就是新的世界纪录保持者。— 你们是什么时候、多久之前突破 60 秒大关的?— 挺有意思的,这就像以前那个纪录,叫什么来着?是四分钟一英里之类的——— 对,嗯哼— ……1952 年那会儿——……大家都觉得人类不可能突破。结果有一个人破了,然后就在接下来的几个月里,又有三个人做到了,对吧?
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2:00:37
So we had this goal. I originally had the goal it was two minutes. And then we beat two minutes, and I'm like, "Well, if we beat two minutes, why can't we beat one minute?" And I remember thinking like, "That'd be crazy. You can't install a modern operating system in one minute when they're all..." If the other ones are taking 42 minutes, right? Like Apple, full of a lot of smart people, like, it took 42 minutes, so that's gotta be the bar. No, no, it's not the bar because there's no speed limit. Like, none of the things you take for granted are fixed pillars of reality in almost any case. Until you get down to the seven gigabytes per second that drive is able to transfer, you've not reached the limit yet, so you should just keep pushing.
所以我们定了这个目标。我最初定的目标是两分钟。然后我们破了两分钟,我就想:“既然两分钟都破了,为什么不能破一分钟?”我记得当时觉得:“那太疯狂了。你不可能用一分钟装完一个现代操作系统,人家都是……”别人都要 42 分钟,对吧?像苹果,里面那么多聪明人,都要 42 分钟,那这应该就是标准了吧。不不,那不是标准,因为根本没有速度上限。你习以为常的那些东西,几乎在任何情况下都不是现实中固定不变的支柱。在你触及硬盘每秒七个 GB 的传输极限之前,你都还没到极限,所以你就应该继续往前推。
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2:01:18
And of course, then it becomes a game in itself and a satisfaction itself. Every second I could shave off was an excitement. And when we broke the one-minute barrier, which was really only broken, I think, three weeks ago or something like that, maybe even two weeks ago, I just got crazy. And then I got a swarm of agents to run all these auto research loops of trying all these different theories on like, oh, if you change this thing, if you change that thing, what if you cut this out? What if you do things in parallel? What if while you were typing in your username, we start preloading packages into memory system, we can fire them in faster. And it becomes a fun game. And I think that's how you should think about product development. It should be fun.
当然,然后这本身就变成了一个游戏,一种满足感。每省下一秒钟都让我兴奋。而当我们突破一分钟大关的时候——那其实也就是,我想,三周前,或者可能才两周前——我就彻底疯了。然后我搞了一大群 agent 去跑各种自动研究循环,尝试各种不同的思路,比如:如果改这个会怎样,改那个会怎样?如果把这块砍掉呢?如果并行来做呢?如果在你输入用户名的时候,我们就开始把软件包预加载到内存里,这样就能更快地写入呢?这就变成了一个有趣的游戏。我觉得做产品就该这么想。它应该是好玩的。
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2:01:55
You should, it should be frivolous. It should be trying to overshoot the target and making it so much better than what it quote unquote needs to be. - Especially now because you can move so quickly and you can try so many different approaches because of the agents. - Yes, that just makes it more satisfying. But I think this was always true. If you look at the greatest Mercedes-Benz of all time, I think it was called the W126. I saw this wonderful documentary on it. It was steered by this guy who for years had worked in Mercedes' department for safety.
它应该是有点“不务正业”的。它应该是去超额完成目标,做得远远好过它所谓“需要”达到的水平。— 尤其是现在,因为有了 agent,你可以推进得非常快,可以尝试非常多不同的路子。— 对,这只会让它更有成就感。但我觉得这一点一直都成立。你看有史以来最伟大的奔驰,我想它叫 W126。我看过一部很棒的纪录片讲它。项目是由一个人主导的,他之前多年一直在奔驰的安全部门工作。
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2:02:26
And suddenly he gets put in charge for the whole S-Class project, and he just puts in all of it. This is where you got the auto-retending seat belts and washers on the headlights and everything. This car was so overbuilt for the market. It was unbelievable. But you look at that and go like, "Well, I want that." In just the same way that you look at a mechanical watch and go, "It could go down to 100 meters?" Or I think Rolex has one that can go down to 4,000 meters, the, the deep ocean, the deep diver ocean ... or whatever it's called.
然后他突然被任命负责整个 S 级项目,于是他把所有东西都塞了进去。就是从那台车开始有了自动收紧的安全带、大灯清洗器等等。这台车对当时的市场来说完全是过度设计。简直难以置信。但你看着它就会想:“这就是我想要的。”就像你看着一块机械表想:“它能防水到 100 米?”或者我记得劳力士有一款能下到 4000 米,那个,深海的,深潜系列……或者不管它叫什么。
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2:03:01
No one outside of three people in the world, whoever buy that watch, will ever put it to the test. But don't you wanna be the kind of person who is a patron of people who wanna push the human race that much forward? I want the fastest car breaking the speed limits. I want the diver watch that can go down the Mariana Trench. I want the operating system that can install in less than 60 seconds. - So from the individual level, I admire those people. I think everybody should strive for that. But also the consequences of that we should mention, like the pursuit of excellence, even when the metrics seem to be frivolous, the maybe unexpected consequences of that is other kinds of excellences, discoveries, innovations, and all that kind of stuff that has nothing to do with the speed.
全世界买那块表的人里,除了三个人以外,谁都不会真的去测试它。但你难道不想做那种人吗——去支持那些想把人类往前推那么一大步的人?我想要能突破速度极限的最快的车。我想要能潜到马里亚纳海沟的潜水表。我想要能在 60 秒内装完的操作系统。— 从个人层面来说,我很敬佩这样的人。我觉得每个人都该这样去追求。但我们也该提一下这样做带来的后果,比如对卓越的追求,哪怕那些指标看起来无关紧要,它可能带来的意外结果是别的方面的卓越、各种发现和创新,那些跟速度本身毫无关系。
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2:03:48
- 100%. - It's discovery. It's nice to have the metric that you're chasing be the catalyst, the engine that drives innovation, because you'll just discover. It's the same reason you go to the moon, you go to Mars. It's like, why? Who cares? Well, actually, the real thing is you'll discover a lot about chemical propulsion. You'll discover a lot about how humans can live for a long time in space. Maybe you'll discover whole new ways of doing solar energy in space or data centers in space or whatever the hell.
— 百分之百。— 那是探索。让你追逐的那个指标成为催化剂、成为驱动创新的引擎,这很棒,因为你总会有所发现。这跟去月球、去火星是一个道理。就像,为什么?谁在乎啊?其实真正的意义在于,你会对化学推进有大量的发现。你会发现很多关于人类如何在太空长期生存的知识。也许你会发明出全新的太空太阳能利用方式,或者太空数据中心,或者别的什么鬼东西。
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2:04:21
- That's right. - All kinds of... Maybe you'll meet-- - That's right - ...aliens, but you never know. But setting a goal and chasing it, especially when it's numerical, is really nice. - And setting a grand goal is even better. When you refuse to just do what's practical and you strive for what's slightly beyond plausible, that's when the magic happens. And we should be going all in on that. This is one of the reasons... And in fact, to some degree, this specific goal was motivated by seeing others do this. I mean, Elon is the singular individual in this conversation.
— 没错。— 各种各样的……也许你还会遇到—— — 没错 — ……外星人,谁知道呢。但设定一个目标然后去追,尤其是能量化的目标,真的很棒。— 而且设定一个宏大的目标就更好了。当你拒绝只做那些务实的事,而去追求那些略微超出可行范围的东西时,奇迹才会发生。我们应该全力押注在这上面。这也是其中一个原因……事实上,某种程度上,这个具体的目标就是看到别人这么干才受到的启发。我是说,在这个话题上,Elon 是独一无二的那个人。
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2:05:01
The guy is so out there in his goals. They seem so preposterous at first glance. I've certainly considered them preposterous on many glances. And then you realize that they come true sometimes. Maybe not always on schedule, and so what? So what? So we didn't get the self-driving car on schedule. I gave Elon a lot of shit for that back in '17. But now it's here, and who would have gotten us here except for the person who thought it was possible in '17, who is so impatient with reality that the sheer force is just gonna propel that reality to the place he wants it to be. I think that's deeply inspiring, and we need these kinds of, goalposts to be moved. We need someone to run the four-minute mile, so the rest of us realize, "Well, okay, but I guess I can run it quicker." That's what I try to strive for, and I really strive for with Omarchy because it's just more fun to live that way, to have high aspirations and ambitions. And I will say I've actually changed my mind on that a little bit. I spent quite a lot of time
这家伙的目标真的太超前了。乍一看都显得荒唐至极。我自己也确实多次觉得它们荒唐。然后你会发现,它们有时候真的实现了。也许没按时间表实现,那又怎样?那又怎样?自动驾驶汽车没按时兑现,那又如何。2017 年我为这事儿没少喷 Elon。但现在它真的来了,除了那个在 2017 年就认为这事可行的人,还有谁能把我们带到今天?他对现实如此没耐心,以至于那股纯粹的力量硬是把现实推到了他想要的位置。我觉得这非常鼓舞人心,我们需要这样的标杆被不断推移。我们需要有人跑进四分钟一英里,好让我们其余的人意识到:“好吧,那我应该也能跑得更快一点。”那就是我努力追求的东西,做 Omarchy 时我尤其这么追求,因为这样活着就是更有意思,有高远的抱负和野心。而且我得说,我在这一点上其实稍微改变了想法。我花了不少时间讲另一本书里的观点——有很多人其实并不需要那样的
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2:06:15
speaking the other book that there are a lot of people who don't actually need those ambitions. And I also-- That's also true. We don't want 8 billion Elons running around the world. Would be rather crazy, I think. But I've come to realize that for entrepreneurs, it's healthy to have suitable chunky goals. The idea of just running the Italian restaurant can't just be that. It should be maybe I just run the one Italian restaurant, but I make the best damn pizza possible. I make the most delicious Parmesan.
野心。而且我也——这也是真的。我们不需要全世界有 80 亿个 Elon 到处跑。那我觉得会挺疯狂的。但我逐渐意识到,对创业者来说,有一些足够有分量的目标是健康的。开一家意大利餐厅,不能就只是开餐厅而已。也许我就开这一家意大利餐厅,但我要做出最他妈好吃的披萨,我要做出最美味的帕玛森。
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2:06:55
We have to strive for excellence to muster the motivation to keep going. - And yeah, to dare to think big like you could build a Linux- - Yes - ... distribution. Is there some stuff you remember about what it took to get us to be so fast? You mentioned a few things that were, the agents were discovering. - One of the things was to treat the ... lag of human input as an opportunity to preload. So-- Hmm ... there's five questions you answer when- Yeah ... you set up an Omarchy machine. So it's doing stuff in the background. We're doing stuff in the background. And that was one of the things I didn't even consider, which is, I mean, the oldest trick in the book.
我们必须追求卓越,才能鼓起持续走下去的动力。— 是啊,而且要敢于往大了想,比如你可以做一个 Linux— — 对 — ……发行版。关于你们是怎么做到这么快的,有没有一些你还记得的事?你刚提到了几点,那些是 agent 发现的。— 其中一点是把……人类输入时的等待时间当成预加载的机会。所以——嗯……你在设置 Omarchy 机器时要回答五个问题。— 对所以它在后台干活。我们在后台干活。这是我之前根本没想到的一点,而这其实是书里最老套的招数。
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2:07:34
All sorts of video games for a long time have done this, where you let the player interact with something, and then you do preloading and so forth in the background. So it's an age-old technique, but I just hadn't thought about it for an installer. I thought, first you ask the user some questions about their password and their username and their time zone and so forth, and then you do the work, when, in fact, you could preload that. Now, the other things were just a bunch of other tweaks to how the installer itself was doing things in a certain order. Some of them was also just shrinking it.
各种电子游戏很久以来都在这么干,让玩家先去跟某个东西互动,同时在后台做预加载之类的事。所以这是个老掉牙的技巧,但我之前就是没往安装程序上想。我原以为,先问用户一些问题,密码、用户名、时区之类的,然后再开始干活,但其实你完全可以在那时候预加载。另外那些改动就是对安装程序本身做事顺序的一堆调整。其中有些就是单纯地给它瘦身。
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2:08:06
The last version of Omarchy was 7.5 gigabytes, and a lot of the time we're down to now is literally decompressing compressed package files. That's the bulk of what is on the ISO, and that's the bulk of the install time. So by shrinking it down to, I think we're at 5.85 gigabytes now, a pretty chunky reduction, it almost literally translated one-to-one, and I did some really interesting things there. So Omarchy uses the JetBrains font, which is an awesome font, beautiful font, and actually a font I didn't like at first glance, but then it was the only font I could get to look perfect in Mitchell Hashimoto's Ghostty. Ghostty, for whatever reason, did not wanna render my beloved Bitstream Vera Sans just the way I was used to it. Mm-hmm. But it rendered this JetBrains font perfectly, so I switched over. But it...
上一个版本的 Omarchy 是 7.5 GB,而现在我们花的大部分时间其实就是在解压压缩过的软件包文件。那是ISO 里的大头,也是安装耗时的大头。所以把它压缩到,我想现在是 5.85 GB,相当可观的缩减,这几乎是一比一直接转化成时间的,而且我在这上面做了一些很有意思的事。Omarchy 用的是 JetBrains 字体,一款很棒、很漂亮的字体,其实我一开始并不喜欢它,但后来发现它是唯一一个在 Mitchell Hashimoto 的 Ghostty 里能显示得完美的字体。Ghostty不知道为什么,就是不肯把我心爱的 Bitstream Vera Sans 渲染成我习惯的样子。嗯嗯。但它把JetBrains 这款字体渲染得非常完美,所以我就换过去了。但它……
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2:08:59
The standard package for JetBrains font on Arch is 200 megabytes because it includes all these variations and all these subtypes and whatever. And I realized, like, we're not using any of that. We're using the monospace version in this one Nerd, uh- Yep... font patched edition. Do you know how big that is? I think it's 16 megabytes. Hmm. So I simply just came up with a new package, the slim version- Mm-hmm... of the JetBrains package. Nice. And there, right there, I saved 180 megabytes. I just went through and did that a bunch of times. We did that with the NVIDIA drivers too. So the NVIDIA drivers, when they came straight off the, I think the Arch repo, were not compressed with the most extreme form of compression, which I think called ZSTD, which is a really slow form of compression. It's slow to create the archive, but if you're building a package- Hmm... you have all the time in the world if that means you can then shrink the ISO.
Arch 上 JetBrains 字体的标准包有 200 MB,因为它包含了所有这些变体、所有这些子类型什么的。然后我意识到,我们根本一个都没用到。我们用的是等宽版本,而且是那个 Nerd——对……字体补丁版本。你猜那个有多大?我记得是 16 MB。嗯。所以我干脆就做了一个新包,JetBrains 包的精简版——嗯嗯。不错。就这一下,我省下了 180 MB。我就这样把各处都过了一遍,做了好几次。NVIDIA 驱动我们也这么干了。NVIDIA 驱动直接从,我想是Arch 仓库里拿过来的时候,并没有用最极致的压缩方式压缩,那个我记得叫 ZSTD,是一种很慢的压缩方式。生成归档很慢,但如果你是在构建软件包——嗯……那你有的是时间,只要这能让 ISO 变小。
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2:09:53
So on just the two NVIDIA packages, I think we saved 200 megabytes. Mm-hmm. So what I loved about this was I imagined myself being a car designer at McLaren. So McLaren makes some of the lightest super sports cars in the world right now, and they are absolutely obsessed with shaving every damn last gram off their cars. That's why even a new 750S McLaren is just way lighter than the competition. They use a carbon fiber monocoque, and that helps them over like Ferrari, for example, that's uses aluminum. But they also just have this obsession with weight, and I would see this interview with the McLaren folks talking to some journalist just going over, "Yeah, we saved, uh- ... 370 grams- Yeah ... off that one." And I just went, "Wait, what? There's someone on a car that weighs maybe 1,040 kilos or 1,380 or something. They're s- They're worrying about 370 grams?" Yeah. What obsessed maniacs. Hmm. I love them. Yeah. I want that in my life. I want a McLaren- ... just for that reason. So I thought in that moment as I was shaving
所以光是这两个 NVIDIA 包,我想我们就省了 200 MB。嗯嗯。我特别喜欢这件事的一点是,我把自己想象成迈凯伦的汽车设计师。迈凯伦现在造的是全世界最轻的一批超级跑车,他们对从车上抠掉每一克重量简直是偏执到家。这就是为什么连全新的迈凯伦 750S 都比竞争对手轻得多。他们用碳纤维单体壳,这让他们比方说相对法拉利有优势,法拉利用的是铝。但他们对重量就是有这种执念,我看过一个采访,迈凯伦的人跟某个记者一项项地说:“嗯,我们,呃——……在那儿省了 370 克。”— 对 我当时就想:“等等,什么?一台车大概1040 公斤,或者 1380 什么的,他们在为 370 克操心?”对。真是一群走火入魔的疯子。嗯。我爱他们。对。我希望我的人生里也有这种劲头。我想要一台迈凯伦——……就因为这个原因。所以那一刻,当我在一个个软件包上抠掉几 MB 的时候,我就想,老兄,我这不就有点
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2:11:07
individual megabytes off the packages, man, I'm kinda like a McLaren car developer here, even though- Yeah ... I mean, we haven't even completed that work. The package could shrink even more. But this is actually this other conflict that we've had with Omarchy and the traditional Linux community is bloat. Mm-hmm. This idea that it's actually not kosher in certain circles to ship with pre-installed software because who are you to make decisions about what programs people should use? And I'm like, "Dude, it's in the fucking name. It's called Omarchy because the Oma part is short for omakase, which literally means chef's choice.
像迈凯伦的工程师嘛,虽然——对……我是说,我们连那活儿都还没干完。这些包还能再瘦。但这其实牵出了我们和传统 Linux 社区之间的另一个冲突,就是“臃肿”。嗯嗯。有些圈子里觉得预装软件是“不正统”的,因为你凭什么替别人决定该用什么程序?我就想:“老哥,这他妈都写在名字里了。它叫 Omarchy,因为 Oma 这部分是omakase 的缩写,字面意思就是‘主厨定制’。
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2:11:46
I'm the chef. I'm making the choices, and this is the collection of applications I think is awesome," which by the way has a video editor. It ships with OBS- Mm-hmm ... to do your recording. It's just in there. Yeah. OBS is pre-installed. Nice. Kdenlive is a video editor, timeline editor, which is great. I edit all my videos with that. And then I made my own clip editor. You talked about the thing with syncing up. Yeah. I had this thing with clips, so I would do a podcast or whatever. I need a clip for X.
我就是主厨。选择由我来做,这就是我认为很棒的那套应用集合。”顺便说一句,里面还有视频编辑器。它预装了 OBS——嗯嗯……用来录制。就直接在里面。对。OBS 是预装的。不错。Kdenlive 是一款视频编辑器,时间线编辑器,非常好用。我所有视频都是用它剪的。然后我还自己写了一个切片编辑器。你刚才说到对轴同步那事儿。对。我有个关于切片的需求,比如我录了个播客什么的,我需要给 X 做个片段。
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2:12:13
Mm-hmm. And it's kind of a hassle to use Kdenlive or other- Mm-hmm ... timeline editors, so I made Omacut. Mm-hmm. Omacut is included too. Omacut, cool. It's just for making clips, and you can drive the whole thing with keyboard. So you can go to just the right time mark- Mm-hmm ... and then you can hit Control + Space. Hmm. It moves the clip line to that line. Then you go to- Nice ... the end of the clip, and you hit Alt + Space, and it moves the end line. Nice. And then you hit Control + S, and it saves. Nice. I can make clips so damn fast now with Omacut. It's amazing. But it has all the software on it. It has Neovim on it. It has Herder on it. It has Tmux. It has a terminal. It has a bunch of themes. It has a bunch of background images, the best ones I could pick out. That takes up some space. It should because this is not supposed to be this just barren landscape where you have to reconstruct everything. Mm-hmm. This is supposed to be a productive system the minute you unpack it. What is it built in?
嗯嗯。用 Kdenlive 或者别的——嗯嗯……时间线编辑器挺麻烦的,所以我做了 Omacut。嗯嗯。Omacut 也包含在里面。Omacut,酷。它就是专门用来做片段的,而且你可以全程用键盘操作。你可以直接跳到正好那个时间点——嗯嗯……然后你可以按 Control + Space。嗯。它会把剪辑起始行移到那一行。然后你走到——不错……剪辑的结尾,按 Alt + Space,它就会移动结束行。不错。然后你按 Control + S,就保存了。不错。现在用 Omacut 做剪辑快得离谱,太棒了。不过它把所有软件都装进去了。有 Neovim,有 Herder,有 Tmux,有终端,还有一堆主题。还有一堆背景图,都是我能挑出来的最好的那些。这确实会占一些空间。但它就该占,因为这东西不该是那种一片荒地、什么都得你自己重建的系统。嗯哼。它应该是你一解包就能直接干活的系统。它是用什么写的?
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2:13:05
So it's actually mostly built in Bash for the Linux configuration part. Right. Bash is a great language for that. It is made for that really, for system administration. It also has its limitations. You should not build everything in Bash - How are agents with generating Bash? Pretty good? - Oh, amazing. Except for one thing, and I have to smack the agents over the back of the head every single time I catch it, and remind it to look at the agent's MD file, because I will have an instruction in there not to make early exits.
其实 Linux 配置那部分大多是用 Bash 写的。对。Bash 在这方面是很棒的语言。它本来就是为这个设计的,为系统管理。它也有局限,你不该什么都用 Bash 写——智能体写 Bash 怎么样?还不错吧?——哦,好得惊人。只有一件事例外,每次被我逮到,我都得往智能体后脑勺上拍一巴掌,提醒它去看 agent 的 MD 文件,因为我在里面写了一条规则:不要用提前返回(early exit)。
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2:13:37
The agents love to have preconditions instead of fully expanded conditionals. I like something that says, "If this, then do that." Agents like to have precondition or exit, another precondition or exit. And then it falls down to the final thing it actually wants to do. I hate that style. So except for that, it's gotten shockingly, dramatically, awesomely good, to the point where when we talked last time, we talked about how I would ask the agent for a Bash thing, and then I would type it in myself, and I kinda wouldn't remember.
智能体特别喜欢用前置条件判断,而不是把条件完整展开。我喜欢那种写法:“如果这样,就做那个。”智能体喜欢写成:前置条件不满足就退出,再一个前置条件不满足就退出。然后一路掉到最后才是它真正想做的事。我讨厌那种风格。所以除了这一点,它已经变得好得离谱、好得惊人。上次我们聊的时候还说过,我会让智能体给我写个 Bash 的东西,然后我自己再敲一遍,不然我总觉得记不住。
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2:14:11
And then I took the effort to make sure that all that competence wasn't draining out of my fingers, so I actually learned how to write Bash myself, and now I'm not writing any Bash myself. I have not written any Bash myself for probably a couple months, because the agents have just gotten so good, that if you give them the few pointers on style, and occasionally put pushback on complexity... This is... I tweeted about this a couple of days ago. It blows my mind how often an agent can do something, say it's done, have the work reviewed by another agent- ... they say it's done, and then I go like, "Eh, looks a little too complicated for me."
那时候我特意花力气,确保这份能力不会从我指头里流失掉,所以我真的自己学会了写 Bash。而现在我一点 Bash 都不自己写了。我大概有几个月没自己写过一行 Bash 了,因为智能体实在太强了。只要你给它几条关于风格的指引,偶尔在复杂度上推它一把……这就是……我几天前发过一条推文讲这个。让我震惊的是,智能体经常做完一件事、说做完了,再让另一个智能体审查——它们都说没问题,然后我看一眼说:“呃,对我来说有点太复杂了。”
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2:14:43
And then it'll go like, "Oh, yeah, you're right. You're right. I totally overcomplicated this," and it'll cut it in half. I'm like, "Couldn't it just do this, like, from the outset?" And then someone else reminded me, humans are the same way. If you work on something and someone else reviews it and they just are like, "Eh, it looks a little complicated," quite often you're able to go like, "Ah, you're right." - See, that, that just... Those little indications to me show that the programmer is still needed, that intuition, 'cause I think, what, what did you say? I have a sense of the landscape of the code.
然后它就会说:“哦对,你说得对,你说得对,我确实把这搞复杂了。”接着直接砍掉一半。我心想:“那它就不能一开始就这么写吗?”后来有人提醒我,人也是一样的。你做完一件事,别人来审查,只要说一句“呃,看着有点复杂”,你往往就会说:“啊,你说得对。”——你看,这个……这些小细节在我看来说明程序员依然是需要的,那种直觉。因为我想想,你刚才怎么说的来着?我对代码的整体地貌有一种感觉。
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2:15:17
- When I build something like Omarchy, I, I do look at the code. I look at the shape. And I look at the proportions. Like, I don't have to chisel everything myself anymore. This is, again, when I'm flattering myself for... Not one moment I'm a McLaren audio, uh auto engineer, and the next moment I'm a da Vinci, working with his whole studio of students- ... who are doing all the chiseling on the, the fine marble, right? And he goes like, "Ah, no, the proportions are not quite right." That's how it feels working with agents now. That I can give feedback like an editor.
——我做 Omarchy 这种东西时,我确实会看代码。我看它的形状。我看它的比例。就是说,我不用再自己一凿一凿地雕了。这又是我在自我美化了……前一秒我是迈凯伦的呃,汽车工程师,下一秒我又成了达·芬奇,带着一整个学徒工作室——他们在大理石上做所有精细的雕刻,对吧?然后他说:“啊不行,比例不太对。”现在跟智能体一起工作就是这种感觉。我可以像编辑一样给反馈。
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2:15:50
That, do you know what? I'm not gonna write everything myself, but I can tell you when the argument doesn't land. I can tell you when the shape isn't proportional to the problem, or when it just feels like it's too complicated. And shockingly often, it just works. It's like the early days, where the jokes was, "Don't make mistakes." I don't think you have to tell the agents that anymore, because now the harnesses are so good, they run automated testing. They get that feedback. But you actually do have to tell them, "Make it simpler."
就是说,你知道吗?我不打算什么都自己写,但我能告诉你论证哪里站不住脚,我能告诉你形状什么时候跟问题的分量不匹配,或者什么时候就是感觉太复杂了。而且好得出奇的是,这招真的管用。就像早期那个笑话,“别犯错。”我觉得现在已经不用再对智能体这么说了,因为现在的 harness 太好了,它们会跑自动化测试,能拿到反馈。但是你确实还是得告诉它们:“写简单点。”
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2:16:19
- Do you use voice at all for the interaction? Or are you... How much are you typing? How much are you- - I type the whole thing. I actually, in Omarchy's built-in Voxtype- ... Audio transcription, and it's actually really good. I just find that I don't think that way, and it surprised myself that I don't like to talk to the computer. Uh, I like when I'm in the car, but when I'm in front of the keyboard, I just wanna type. I also just love typing. Are you using the voice? - I'm an introvert who doesn't like social interaction- ... or speaking. And- - I think that's part of mine too.
——你在交互里会用语音吗?还是说你……你打字打得多吗?你有多少是——我全都是打字。其实 Omarchy 内置了 Voxtype——语音转写,效果真的很好。我只是发现我不是那样思考的,而且让我自己都意外的是,我不喜欢对着电脑说话。呃,我在车里的时候喜欢,但坐在键盘前我就只想打字。我也单纯就是喜欢打字。你在用语音吗?——我是个不喜欢社交——也不喜欢说话的内向者。而且——我觉得我也有这方面的原因。
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2:16:53
- But, like, for me, for some reason, voice is really powerful. I want to give this... So I, I run with this thing. It's called Plaud. So I, I just hook it up on my, you know on my T-shirt here. You press a button, it starts recording. And this is actually more, in terms of flow, much better experience than behind a computer. And I, uh, save, well, usually it's agent gen- generated problems that I wanna really talk through. And so I write, I speak a long prompt, like, and a lot of it, it's like stream of consciousness reasoning. So I'll sometimes just change my mind about a design, but all of that is in there, and then I have an LLM that processes that. With Plaud, there's a, obviously an API. You can grab it, transcribe it, clean up the transcript, 'cause you, you want it to be... 'Cause I'm referring to files.
——但是对我来说,不知为什么,语音特别强大。我想给你看这个……我随身带着这个东西,叫 Plaud。我就把它别在我,你知道,别在我 T 恤上这里。你按一下按钮,它就开始录音。而且这个体验实际上更……从心流的角度讲,比坐在电脑前好太多了。而且我,呃,保存下来的通常是智能体生成的一些问题,我想好好把它们说清楚。所以我会写——我会口述一段很长的 prompt,而且里面很多是意识流式的推理。所以我有时候会中途改变对某个设计的想法,但这些全都留在里面了,然后我有个大模型来处理这些内容。Plaud 有一个,当然有 API。你可以把录音取下来、转写、把文字稿清理一遍,因为你希望它……因为我会提到文件名。
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2:17:49
I'm referring to technical concepts, like files and functions- ... and so on, that you wanna make sure the transcription, the- ... the speech-to-text gets correctly. So you wanna have a dictionary. You want it to be aware of the code base when you process the files. And then you have this gigantic thing that's often 10, 15, 20 minute me discussing the full design, and I find that to be really, really powerful. Because it doesn't have the problem overs- of overspecification because of how much stream of consciousness thinking the system has about what you're imagining. And this is really good for the early steps of a design. Like, if I wanted to build Omarchy from scratch, the first stages, I talk through. It could be an hour. There's been prompts that I had for an hour, and I'm just running and- - That's amazing - ... and speaking. I highly recommend people try a voice-based- - So- - ... speaking for prolonged periods of time.
我会提到技术概念,比如文件和函数——诸如此类,你得确保转写,那个——……语音转文字能正确识别。所以你得有一个词典。处理这些文件时,你要让它了解代码库。然后你就得到一个超大的东西,经常是我花 10 分钟、15 分钟、20 分钟在讲完整的设计,我觉得这非常非常有效。因为它不会有过度规范化的问题,因为系统能拿到你脑子里那些意识流式的思考。而这对于设计的早期阶段特别好用。比如说,如果我要从零做一个 Omarchy,最开始那几个阶段我会用说的。可能要说一个小时。我有过说了一个小时的 prompt,我就一边跑步一边——那太酷了——一边说。我强烈建议大家试试基于语音的————所以——……长时间持续地说。
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2:18:51
- I haven't actually- - As opposed to very specific - ... I haven't, yeah, I haven't used it that, and maybe that's how I'm using it wrong. I try to just type or speak two sentences, and then I get a little frustrated that I could've typed that just as fast maybe. But I have not tried this whole thing of just talking continuously for 20 minutes. - And especially you because you speak very fast. - Yeah. No, I could see it. I think because the reason I've been, I've been trying to do it for things like replying to emails, and it got to a point where I thought it could help. And it sort of did, but then it would make a small mistake, and I'd have to correct the mistake. But if you're doing stream of conscious to an LLM who doesn't care about all this other stuff anyway- ... that probably works way better.
——我其实还没——相对于非常具体的——我还没,是的,我还没那样用过,也许我的用法就是错的。我通常只是打字或者说两句话,然后就有点烦躁,觉得这两句我自己打可能一样快。但我确实没试过这种连续讲 20 分钟的玩法。——尤其是你,因为你说话很快。——是啊。不,我能想象。我觉得原因是,我一直在试着用它做回邮件之类的事,到某个程度我觉得它确实能帮上忙。它也确实帮了点忙,但它会犯一个小错,我就得去改那个错。但如果你是对着一个根本不在乎这些细节的大模型做意识流输出——那大概就好用多了。
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2:19:34
- There's two things you have to do. One, okay, you have the raw audio, transcribes it. I use ElevenLabs for transcription. They're probably the best speech-to-text model. There's still mistakes there, so you need to have a prompt that has a- access to a dictionary and to a lot of- - How do you build the dictionary? - First of all, there's a dictionary of terms that are relevant to you. Then have it aware of... So you have an agent that looks through, when you're talking about code, looks through your entire code base for key terms that you use often. Also, when we're talking about messaging, Gmail, and WhatsApp, and so on, it's aware of all the people and common terms that you get wrong.
——有两件事你必须做。第一,好,你拿到原始音频,转写出来。我用 ElevenLabs 做转写,他们大概是最好的语音转文字模型。那里还是会有错,所以你需要一个能访问词典和大量……的 prompt——你怎么构建这个词典?——首先,有一份跟你相关的术语词典。然后让它了解……所以你有一个智能体,当你在讲代码的时候,它会去把你整个代码库扫一遍,找出你常用的关键术语。另外,如果是聊通讯类的,Gmail、WhatsApp 之类,它就要知道所有那些人名和常被识别错的常用词。
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2:20:11
- You've really gone deep in this. - That, to me, is a problem that needs to be solved- ... because, uh, one of the issues you probably have speech to text is that it makes mistakes sometimes. - Correct. Then I can't use it for dictating an email. - Right. If it never makes mistakes, you- - Then it would be more appealing. - Yeah, and you are okay being not perfectly real time, actually. You're okay waiting five seconds- ... potentially. I don't know what your use case is. I'm okay waiting five seconds- ... 10 seconds for it to process everything.
——你在这上面钻得真深。——在我看来这是个必须解决的问题——因为,呃,你用语音转文字大概会遇到的一个问题就是它有时候会出错。——没错。那我就没法用它来口述邮件。——对。如果它从不出错,你就——那就更有吸引力了。——是啊,而且其实你能接受不完全实时。你能接受等五秒——也许吧。我不知道你的使用场景是什么。我能接受等五秒——十秒,让它把所有东西处理完。
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2:20:43
- You gotta vibe code this into an app that does all of this such that- ... it just works. - I think I mentioned to you offline that it's very surprising to me that, translation is not done perfectly. Speech-to-speech translation. - It seems like you've gotten much closer to the best of what's possible by putting all these things together. - But, you know, when you're shipping that kind of stuff, you do have to start thinking about latency. - Don't let the perfect be the enemy of good. I mean, if you're suddenly enabling something people wouldn't be doing before at all, it's okay to take five seconds longer. I think this is one of the areas that Steve Jobs was so good, that he realized, like, the first iPhone was terrible in all sorts of ways, right? Absolutely horrendously slow data connection, very underpowered, all the things. But the product was so compelling that it just didn't matter. You'd be shipping too late if you waited until everything was just right, just perfect.
——你得把这整套东西 vibe code 成一个 app,让它——让它就这么直接好用。——我私下跟你提过,我觉得非常意外的一点是,翻译到现在还做得不够完美。语音到语音的翻译。——看起来你把这些东西拼起来之后,已经相当接近目前可能做到的最好水平了。——但你知道,真要把这类东西发布出去,你就得开始考虑延迟了。——别让完美成为“足够好”的敌人。我是说,如果你突然让人们能做到以前根本做不了的事,那多花五秒钟也没关系。我觉得这正是史蒂夫·乔布斯特别厉害的一点,他明白,第一代 iPhone 在各方面都很糟对吧?数据连接慢得离谱,性能弱得可怜,什么毛病都有。但那个产品实在太有吸引力了,以至于这些都不重要。如果你非要等到一切都刚刚好、完全完美,你就发布得太晚了。
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2:21:43
If you're solving a problem that people currently don't have a solution for, they're willing to give it five seconds. If you're in a competitive market, yeah, okay, it's different. But that means the problem's already solved, and you don't need to solve it. - Mm-hmm. Well, I do think there's a few... So, like, Whisper Flow is really good. A few people have stepped up that speech-to-text thing. - Yeah. Yeah, we're using Voxtype. But others have- - Uh, Vo-Voxtype is open source? - It is. It's just using one of the open models. I forget which parrot model it's using or something like that. It works quite well for short commands, so I have used it for that. Uh, I think you just hold down F9- ... and it starts a dictation.
如果你解决的是人们目前根本没有解决方案的问题,他们是愿意等你五秒的。如果你在一个竞争激烈的市场里,行,那确实不一样。但那也意味着这个问题已经被解决了,你其实不需要再去解决它。——嗯哼。不过我确实觉得有几个……比如 Whisper Flow 就挺好的。有些人已经把语音转文字这块做起来了。——是的,是的,我们用的是 Voxtype。但也有别的——呃,Vox-Voxtype 是开源的吗?——是的。它就是用了某个开放模型。我忘了用的是哪个 parrot 模型还是什么。它处理短指令效果相当好,所以我确实用它干这个。呃,我记得你按住 F9——它就开始听写。
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2:22:21
- Oh, so it's already in there? - You just have to get online. It'll offer you to install- - Got it - ... the Voxtype package. - Got it. Yeah, yeah, yeah. - Because the Voxtype package includes a model that's 150 megabytes, and I was like, "Ah." - Yep, yep. - "I don't know if I can carry that." So- - Yep - ... we don't have that in there by default, but we have the option set up. And I actually just yesterday was thinking we really need to combine all of these things. So Omarchy Quattro is truly amazing as a malleable operating system where you can add functionality to it just by talking to your agent.
——哦,所以它已经内置了?——你只要联网,它就会提示你安装——明白了——安装 Voxtype 包。——明白了。对对对。——因为 Voxtype 包里含一个 150 兆的模型,我当时想:“啊。”——嗯,嗯。——“我不知道这个我扛不扛得动。”所以——嗯——我们默认没把它放进去,但我们把入口留好了。而且我昨天刚在想,我们真的应该把这些东西全都结合起来。Omarchy Quattro 作为一个可塑的操作系统真的很惊艳,你只要跟你的智能体说话,就能给它加功能。
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2:22:56
But that's exactly what we should be doing. There's a lot of people who would find it very natural just to talk to their computer and say, "Hey, can you make me a stock panel? I wanna track Apple and Dell," and just see the agent go off through, entirely through voice, both in terms of the input and in terms of the output, and then your operating system just changes. This was the vision of Iron Man and Jarvis and- - Yeah - ... bespoke applications that just appear magically. I'm thinking the area of AI I find truly intriguing are these live gaming models, I don't know if you've seen that, where the AI's inventing literally the next frame, but you can actually play the game. And I think if they're able to do that, why can't we do that with our operating system? Why can't we just talk to it and ask it to be a different way or change, and it'll all just change? I think this, by the way, is one of the other breakthroughs that is going to lead to the total domination of Linux. The agents have taken all the hardship out of
但这恰恰就是我们该做的事。有很多人会觉得对着电脑说话非常自然,比如说:“嘿,能给我做个股票面板吗?我想盯着苹果和戴尔。”然后就看着智能体跑起来,全程通过语音,输入是语音,输出也是语音,然后你的操作系统就变了。这就是钢铁侠和贾维斯的那个愿景——是的——那些凭空变出来的定制应用。我觉得 AI 领域里我真正感兴趣的是那些实时生成的游戏模型,不知道你有没有看过,AI 真的在逐帧生成画面,而你还能真的玩那个游戏。我想如果他们能做到那一步,为什么我们不能对操作系统这么做?为什么我们不能直接跟它说话,要求它变成另一个样子,然后一切就真的变了?顺便说一句,我觉得这也是会带来Linux 全面统治的另一个突破点。智能体把诊断 Linux 系统这件苦差事全消化掉了,还把 Linux 会抛出
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08智能体诊断与前沿模型横评
2:24:00
diagnosing Linux systems and turned the fact that Linux produces these overly specific, totally arcane error messages into its greatest advantage. When Linux has an issue, the agent can take that very specific error message that makes no sense to a normal human and correlate it with the fact that the agent was pre-trained on 40 million lines of Linux code, so it knows exactly where to look and dial it down. - Yeah. - I have not had a single problem on my Linux machine since the beginning of this year that an agent could not diagnose. That was not true a year and a half ago. A year and a half ago, I was still searching on forums- ... to find answers to esoteric questions.
那种过于具体、完全晦涩难懂的错误信息这一点,变成了它最大的优势。Linux 出问题时,智能体能拿到那条正常人完全看不懂的、非常具体的错误信息,再结合它在四千万行 Linux 代码上做过预训练这个事实,所以它准确知道该去哪儿找,一路定位下去。——是啊。——今年年初到现在,我的 Linux 机器上没出现过一个智能体诊断不了的问题。这在一年半前是不成立的。一年半前我还在论坛上搜——去找那些冷门问题的答案。
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2:24:45
Now the agents know the source code of not just the Linux operating system, but every single piece of software I have on that box. The agent has access to the source code of all of it. In fact, this was one thing I built in just before we, uh, we shipped. So once you set up your default agent- ... Omarchy Quattro has a crash watcher. If any app on your machine crashes, it'll pop up a little thing, ask you whether you want your AI to diagnose the problem. - Yeah. That's amazing. - Unbelievable. I've seen things where there's an error in some subsystem. Some, some... Not even Linux, just some app I installed. The agents start digging through the logs and looks up systemd log. Then it checks out the damn source code.
现在智能体不只知道 Linux 操作系统的源码,还知道我那台机器上每一个软件的源码。智能体能拿到所有这些东西的源码。其实这正是我们发布前我刚加进去的一个功能。所以一旦你配置好默认的智能体——……Omarchy Quattro 有一个崩溃监视器。你机器上任何应用崩溃了,它都会弹出一个小提示,问你要不要让 AI 来诊断这个问题。- 是啊,太惊人了。- 难以置信。我见过这种情况:某个子系统出错了。有些……有些甚至不是 Linux 本身,就是我装的某个应用。装的某个应用。这些 agent 就开始翻日志,去查 systemd 的日志。然后它干脆把源码给拉下来了。
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2:25:30
Of the application that crashed, pins down that it's in this Rust file line 472 that there's an unbounded, unwrapped variable that overflowed or whatever it is. Then offers you whether you wanna file a bug report with all this detail. I'll give you one amazing anecdote. So I was working with this guy JDX, who's working on mise. This, this package manager for fast-moving development tools. This is how we manage all the agent software and so forth. Normal package managers are not built to be updated seven times a day.
就是崩溃的那个应用的源码,最后定位到这个 Rust 文件第 472 行,有个没做边界检查、直接 unwrap 的变量溢出了,或者别的什么问题。然后它还问你要不要把这些细节整理成一份 bug 报告提交上去。我给你讲一个特别精彩的真事。我当时在跟 JDX 合作,他在做 mise,就是那个包管理器,专门给迭代特别快的开发工具用的。我们所有的 agent 软件之类的都是用它来管理的。普通的包管理器可不是为一天更新七次设计的。
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2:26:04
And all of these agent harnesses are updated about seven times a day, so we needed an out-of-band package manager, and mise just turns out to be perfect for this. Anyway, it had a small bug. There was some race condition which agents are very good at finding because when you start running multiple agents at the same time, they will suss out all these race conditions you have in your underlying infrastructure that was never triggered by a human trying to do manual thing. So it finds this issue, right? I tell I tell the agent, "Hey, can you post this as a bug report to JDX's GitHub?"
而这些 agent 的 harness 差不多一天要更新七次,所以我们需要一个独立于系统之外的包管理器,而 mise 正好完美契合。总之,它有个小 bug。是某种竞态条件,而 agent 特别擅长发现这类问题,因为你一旦同时跑多个 agent,它们就会把你底层基础设施里那些人工手动操作根本触发不了的竞态条件全给挖出来。所以它就发现了这个问题,对吧?我跟我跟这个 agent 说:"嘿,你能不能把这个作为 bug 报告发到 JDX 的 GitHub 上?"
便签引用
2:26:38
And unfortunately, right before that, I had had to do a QA run on Omarchy itself with eight different agents. It had found 28 real issues- ... that it needed to file. Well, it went to GitHub and tried to file all 28 issues at the same time, which it did in about, uh, I don't know, 12 seconds. GitHub, not unreasonably, marked that as probable spam and banned- ... my Omarchy bot. And then I couldn't do that. So I was blocked from the bot having access to GitHub, so I just told it, "Hey, do you know what? Just email JDX. Here's his email address." I had already set it up with hey.com- ... an email address. We have a CLI that's in beta right now.
不巧的是,就在那之前,我刚用八个不同的 agent 对 Omarchy 本身做了一轮 QA。它找出了 28 个真实问题——……都是需要提交上去的。结果它跑到 GitHub 上,想同时把这 28 个 issue 全提交了,而且大概只花了,呃,我也说不好,12 秒吧。GitHub 也不算不讲理,把这个标记为疑似垃圾信息,然后封了——封了我的 Omarchy 机器人账号。于是我就干不了这事了。机器人被挡在 GitHub 外面,所以我就跟它说:"嘿,你知道吗?直接给 JDX 发邮件吧。这是他的邮箱地址。"我之前已经给它配好了 hey.com 的——一个邮箱地址。我们有个 CLI,现在还在 beta 阶段。
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2:27:20
So I set it up with that so it can send to email. That's how it gives me reports about outstanding issues and PRs. So it sends, um, JDX this email about the bug it found, and he was like, "Wait, this is the first time I've gotten a bug report in unreleased software." Because it had downloaded the source code to mise, saw that he had already fixed the bug, but that it would not fix the problem entirely in software they had not shipped yet. Pinpointed the problem, and he was like, "Damn it- ... I got a bug report before we even cut a release."
我就用那个给它配上了,它就能发邮件了。它给我汇报待处理的 issue 和 PR 也是走这个渠道。所以它就给JDX 发了封邮件,讲它发现的那个 bug,他的反应是:"等等,这是我第一次收到还没发布的软件的 bug 报告。"因为它把 mise 的源码下载下来了,看到他其实已经修了这个 bug,但那个修复并不能完全解决问题——而这还是他们尚未发布的代码。它把问题精准定位了出来,他当时就说:"我去——我在还没发版之前就收到 bug 报告了。"
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2:27:53
- That's amazing. That's amazing - ... believable AGI levels of mind-blowing stuff. - And that was actually, if you remember, that was an open question whether AI systems could debug well. That was kinda the thought that, yeah, sure, they can write code, but can they find issues and- - They are so incredibly good at this, and this is actually interesting because I was on the perhaps same side of that, a little skeptical about can it reason about all these things. And Mikhail, who's the CTO at Shopify, ran a scientific study on this.
- 太惊人了。太惊人了——这种让人目瞪口呆的、堪称 AGI 水平的东西。- 而且你要是还记得的话,AI 系统到底能不能好好调试,这在当时还是个悬而未决的问题。当时大家的想法是,行吧,它们确实会写代码,但它们能不能找出问题——- 它们在这方面强得离谱,而且这点其实挺有意思,因为我当初大概也站在同一边,对它能不能推理这些东西有点怀疑。而 Shopify 的 CTO Mikhail就此做了一项严谨的研究。
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2:28:26
They had... And this was, I think, late last year or early this year, where he had agents go back through all the incidents, both outages and, and other problems that Shopify had had in production, trace that back to the PR that was merged, and find out whether PRs that had been reviewed by human or PRs that had been reviewed by agents were of higher quality. Well, lo and surprise- ... the PRs that have been reviewed by agents caused far fewer issues in production. And this was with models we had six months ago. At this point, 100% in the majority of domains we work in today, agents are better at finding bugs.
他们……我记得那是去年底还是今年初,他让 agent 回溯 Shopify 生产环境里发生过的所有事故,包括宕机和其他各种问题,一路追溯到被合并的那个 PR,然后看看是人类 review 过的 PR质量更高,还是 agent review 过的 PR 质量更高。结果嘛,出人意料——agent review 过的 PR 在生产环境里引发的问题要少得多。而且这还是用我们六个月前的模型做的。到现在,在我们今天涉足的绝大多数领域里,agent 找 bug 的能力 100% 更强。
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2:29:06
- So you now run agents all day. What stands out to you as the better model? Who's currently winning? It seems to be changing constantly. Sol, Fable, Grok 4.6, Gemini, the Chinese OpenWay models. - What's amazing to me is that you could rattle off so many different contenders. That this market is so wide open, that it does actually change back and forth, that we have real competition, that there are so many labs that are able to get either to the frontier or close to it. That, by the way, is remarkable. I still don't fully understand that.
- 所以你现在整天都在跑 agent。在你看来哪个模型更出色?现在谁领先?这好像一直在变。Sol、Fable、Grok 4.6、Gemini,还有中国的 OpenWay 系列模型。- 让我觉得惊人的是,你能一口气报出这么多竞争者。这个市场如此开放,格局真的会来回变化,我们有真正的竞争,有这么多实验室能够做到要么达到前沿,要么接近前沿。顺便说,这一点非常了不起。我到现在也没完全想明白。
便签引用
2:29:48
But to answer your question, the best model in general right now is Fable. The second-best model, in my opinion, is Opus 5. But the tier just below Opus 5, and it's not even that they're always below, sometimes they're ahead. I'll get to that in a second. I would rank GPT Sol very good. Grok 4.6 I just started testing a few days ago. I had this wonderful test that I've set up by accident where I translated this Python library into Rust. Uh, the screensaver you just saw with all the cool animation?
但回答你的问题:现在综合来看最好的模型是 Fable。在我看来第二好的是 Opus 5。但紧挨着 Opus 5 下面那一档,其实也不是说它们总是更差,有时候反而更强。这个我待会儿再说。GPT Sol 我会给个很高的评价。Grok 4.6 我几天前才开始测。我无意中搞出了一个特别好的测试,就是把一个 Python 库翻译成 Rust。呃,你刚才看到的那个带炫酷动画的屏保?
便签引用
2:30:28
That's powered by a Python library called Terminal Text Effects. Really cool library. We've been using it since the first day of Omarchy. The problem with that is it's written in Python, so when it starts up, especially on a laptop, and it runs in Python, it uses all of your CPU to do these effects, and therefore, it means it uses about 30 watts of energy, and it spins up your fans, and it drains your battery. Doesn't really matter on a local computer, but it does matter on a laptop. So I thought, "Do you know what? This sounds like a problem for Rust." So first I gave Fable the challenge, and all I told it was, "Here's the source code for the Python library," this TTE library that had a bunch of dependencies and so forth.
那是由一个叫 Terminal Text Effects 的 Python 库驱动的。特别酷的库。从 Omarchy 第一天起我们就在用它。问题在于它是 Python 写的,所以启动的时候,尤其是在笔记本上,跑 Python 会把你的 CPU 吃满来做这些特效,结果就是大概要耗 30 瓦的电,风扇狂转,电池飞速掉电。在台式机上无所谓,但在笔记本上就很要命。所以我想:"要不这样吧?这听起来是个该交给 Rust 的问题。"于是我先把这个挑战丢给了 Fable,我跟它说的就只有:"这是那个 Python 库的源码",就是这个带一堆依赖之类的 TTE 库。
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2:31:11
"I want a Rust version of this with no dependencies, a single executable." Like, that's what Rust does. So basically, I want it in Rust. I want it to be pixel perfect, frame by frame, do a full analysis, don't stop until you're finished. - Yep. - That was the prompt. - Yep. - I kid you not, in just under 45 minutes, it was like Am I heard all? I'm finished. I've checked everything. I have reduced the startup time from 86 milliseconds to two milliseconds. I have sped up the execution time by 9.6 times, I believe it was. The executable is three megabytes. Do you wanna run it?
"我要一个 Rust 版本,零依赖,单个可执行文件。"这不就是 Rust 的强项嘛。总之,我就是要一个 Rust 版。我要它逐帧像素级一致,做一次完整分析,不做完不许停。- 嗯。- 提示词就这些。- 嗯。- 我可没骗你,不到 45 分钟,它就来了句:都听明白了?我做完了。我全都检查过了。我把启动时间从 86 毫秒降到了 2 毫秒。执行速度提升了 9.6 倍,我记得是这个数。可执行文件 3 兆。你要不要跑跑看?
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2:31:59
- That's awesome. - So I run it— - Oh, man. - ... and I don't know why I'm surprised, because this translation job is something we've known for a while that AI is pretty good at, but it was still staggering to me that I could one-shot a full translation of a Python library I had been using for a year, that others had been using for much longer, and turn it into a Rust executable without knowing any Rust, without looking at the Rust code at all, and produce this executable that I then told the agent right after, "This is great. Ship it."
- 太棒了。- 于是我就跑了——- 天哪。- ……我也不知道我为什么会意外,因为这种翻译活儿我们早就知道 AI挺在行的,但还是让我震撼:我居然能一次性完成一个 Python 库的完整翻译——这个库我已经用了一年,别人用的时间更久,把它变成一个 Rust 可执行文件,而我根本不懂 Rust,连 Rust 代码都没看一眼,就产出了这么个可执行文件,然后我紧接着就跟 agent 说:"很好,发布吧。"
便签引用
2:32:35
It packaged it up as a new package. It told me, "What do you want it to call?" "Uh, let's call it TTFX. Let's create a new Git repo." It sets up the Git repo. "Let's create a new package, build package for our build system." It puts that up. "Let's push it out. Let's open the pull request to the Omarchy itself so we switch around from TTE, the Python implementation, to TTFX." It does all of it, and I'm just sitting there. And again, I'm already at this point fully delirious with agent acceleration, and I still had to lean back and I go like, "This is AGI, isn't it? This is what AGI looks like.
它把它打包成一个新的包。它问我:"你想叫它什么名字?""呃,就叫 TTFX 吧。建个新的 Git 仓库。"它就把 Git 仓库建好了。"再建一个新的包,给我们的构建系统做个构建包。"它就把这个也弄上去了。"推送出去。提个 pull request到 Omarchy 本体,这样我们就从 TTE 这个 Python 实现切换到 TTFX 了。"它把这一切全干完了,而我就干坐在那儿。而且要知道,我那会儿已经被 agent 带来的加速搞得神志恍惚了,可我还是得往后一靠,心想:"这就是 AGI 了吧?AGI 就长这样。
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2:33:11
If we have... If these moments are just what it is all the time, this is AGI." - Now, as I understand, you also repeated the same experiment not just with Fable. - I did it on all the models. First, I did it... Actually, funny thing. So I ran out of Fable tokens about two-thirds through, and it just automatically switched over to Opus 5 and kept going and finished the job. Part of the reason why I think it was able to do that was that the first thing Fable did was create a plan, and it was a really detailed plan. I think it had eight separate steps of, "Here you do it, and here, how you analyze it, and here you run the effects," and so on. I didn't review the plan at all.
如果我们有……如果这样的时刻变成常态,那这就是 AGI。"- 据我了解,你还把同样的实验在 Fable 之外的模型上又跑了一遍。- 我在所有模型上都跑了。首先我……其实说来好笑。我跑到大概三分之二的时候把 Fable 的 token 用完了,它就自动切到 Opus 5 继续干,然后把活儿干完了。我觉得它之所以能这样接力,一部分原因是 Fable 一开始做的第一件事就是制定计划,而且是一份非常详细的计划。我记得分了八个步骤,什么"这一步你这么做,这一步你怎么分析,这一步你跑特效"之类的。那个计划我压根没审。
便签引用
2:33:48
I didn't change the plan. It just made the plan so Opus could take over. And then I thought, "Well, if Opus can finish the job, maybe some of the other agents could finish it, too." So the first thing I did was I gave it to... I think I gave it to Sol. And Sol finished the job, too. It took twice as long, so it took, I think, about an hour and a half. But here's the kicker. The per token cost, I didn't pay per token. I have a max subscription to Claude, right? So it did it within the subscription. It used all my tokens, so I had to switch over to Opus 5. But if I had paid per token, it would've been 550 bucks, I think, to do the whole thing. And I thought for a second, "Holy shit. What a steal." If I personally had to learn Rust well enough to be able to do this translation, I'm looking at a nine-month job here.
我也没改过计划。它就是把计划做出来了,所以 Opus 能接手。然后我就想:"既然 Opus 能收尾,说不定别的 agent 也能干完。"于是我第一件事就是把它交给……我记得是交给了 Sol。Sol 也把活儿干完了。它花的时间是两倍,大概一个半小时吧。但关键来了。按 token 计费的成本——我并没有按 token 付费。我有Claude 的 max 订阅,对吧?所以这都在订阅额度内完成的。它把我的 token 用光了,所以我才不得不切到 Opus 5。但如果我是按token 付费,整件事大概要 550 美元吧。我当时愣了一下:"我靠,这也太划算了。"要是我自己得把 Rust 学到能做这种翻译的程度,那得是个九个月的活儿。
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2:34:39
I can pay 500 bucks to have this translation happen, and suddenly I get a 10x execution speed up. This is ama- I would totally pay 500 bucks for this. But competition. So I give it to Sol. Same plan. To be fair, I didn't ask Sol to do the plan. I just took the Fable plan, gave it to Sol. Sol, in an hour and a half, and I think $46 worth of token, repeated the task. Did the same thing. And I thought, "Well, blimey, that's amazing." Then I got greedy. So I asked GPT Luna, which is this crazy cheap model that OpenAI has as well, "Can you do it?" Absolutely not. First of all, it didn't even wanna start the task. I think something happened I don't know. I think it was in the spring, where we didn't need these slash goal things anymore. The agents could just automatically keep going in a loop if you told it not to stop- ... and so forth. So Sol could do that. Fable could do that. But Luna couldn't. So I had... I think I did 12 prompts. Kept telling it to do it, and eventually I sorta got it started. The first thing it did was to cheat. So the
我花 500 块就能把这翻译做完,然后执行速度直接快 10 倍。这太赞——这 500 块我掏得心甘情愿。但是要有竞争嘛。所以我把它交给了 Sol。同一份计划。公平起见,我没让 Sol 自己做计划。我就直接把 Fable 的计划拿过来给了 Sol。Sol 用一个半小时、我记得大概 46 美元的 token,把这个任务重做了一遍。做出了一样的东西。我心想:"我的天,这太厉害了。"然后我就贪心了。于是我又去问 GPT Luna,就是 OpenAI 那个便宜到离谱的模型,"你能干这个吗?"完全不行。首先,它连任务都不愿意开始。我觉得中间发生过什么变化我也说不清。我记得是在春天那会儿,我们就不再需要那些 slash goal 之类的东西了。只要你告诉 agent 别停下来,它们就能自动循环着一直干下去。Sol 能做到。Fable 也能做到。但 Luna 不行。所以我……我大概发了12 条提示。不停地催它干,最后总算勉强让它动起来了。它做的第一件事就是作弊。它
便签引用
2:35:59
first thing it, it looked outside its own directory, saw that there was already another imple- implementation, and just did a short wrapper around that and said, "I'm done." Hilarious. But it couldn't finish because it made just a couple thing. But I mean, okay, so it can't do that. Then I gave it to Grok- ... 46. And I had used Grok 45 a little bit, and I thought like, "Ah, I mean, it's cool that there's others trying, but, like, I'm not gonna use it," because it felt quite far behind. Grok 46 fucking completes the task.
第一件事就是往自己的目录外面看,发现那儿已经有一个现成的实现,于是随手套了个壳,然后说:"我做完了。"太搞笑了。但它也没能真正完成,因为它就搞了那么几下。不过我的意思是,好吧,它干不了这个。然后我把任务给了 Grok——4.6。我之前稍微用过 Grok 4.5,当时想的是:"嗯,有人跟着一起做挺好的,但我是不会用的",因为感觉差得挺远。结果 Grok 4.6 他妈的把任务完成了。
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2:36:30
10x speed up, same size executable. $55 Worth of per token cost, I think it was. Absolutely unbelievable. Then I repeated, too, with, uh, Kimi K3- ... which took forever. I forget how long Kimi actually spent on it. And then I also did it with DeepSeek V4 Flash first. And Flash failed the same way that Luna did. It couldn't do it. And then I did it with Pro, and Pro also completed the task. It took 2 hours 45, $23. So here we are, right? Like, Fable, clearly the best. It was the fastest. It was the one that wrote the plan, but 550 bucks, and the output the same.
10 倍加速,可执行文件大小一样。按 token 算大概 55 美元,我记得是这个数。完全不可思议。然后我又用 Kimi K3 重复了一遍——它花的时间特别久。我忘了 Kimi 到底跑了多长时间。然后我还先用 DeepSeek V4 Flash 试了一下。Flash 和 Luna 一样失败了。它做不了。接着我用了 Pro,Pro 也把任务完成了。花了 2 小时 45 分,23 美元。所以你看,对吧?Fable 显然是最好的。它最快,也是唯一写出计划的,但要 550 块,而产出是一样的。
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2:37:12
Uh, the others, Sol, Grok, about the same 1/10 the cost. DeepSeek, 1/20 the cost, but you have to wait a little longer. Absolutely gobsmackingly incredible. And now, by the way, by the way, so I had Fable finish the first job, and then Opus finished it. That was the first one shot, right? It's 10 times faster. I did two auto research runs, which isn't even auto research anymore. You don't have to do the slash. You just tell it to keep going until you tell it to stop. It ended up... I think we ended up with a 46 time execution improvement over the original.
呃,其他几个,Sol、Grok,大致差不多,成本是十分之一。DeepSeek 是二十分之一的成本,但你得多等一会儿。真是让人瞠目结舌地厉害。另外,顺便说一句,我让 Fable 做了第一轮,然后 Opus 收的尾。那是第一次一次成型的结果,对吧?速度快 10 倍。之后我又跑了两轮 auto research——现在其实都不用叫 auto research 了。你不用敲斜杠命令。你只要让它一直干下去,直到你叫停为止。最后……我记得最后相比原版拿到了 46 倍的执行效率提升。
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2:37:51
- It's incredible. - Absolutely incredible. - It's just incredible. Um, I do, you know, I just don't think there's anything that compares to Fable in terms of planning. So I usually do Fable for planning and for reviewing, and then something else for implementation, like Opus 5. And it's really nice. It's a, it's a really nice setup that allows you to not run out of tokens too much. - What I found, it's really interesting because Fable is, in my opinion, the best model right now, but it also makes mistakes. And the best way to get the best software, I would actually rather have two differently sourced sort of... I mean, they're not mid-tier, they're all frontier. But have, let's say Opus 5 and Codex- ... and have one check the other's job. This is my standard operating procedure now.
- 太不可思议了。- 绝对不可思议。- 简直不可思议。呃,我确实觉得,论做计划,没有什么能跟 Fable 比。所以我一般用 Fable 来做计划和做 review,然后用别的模型来实现,比如 Opus 5。这样特别好。这套组合真的很舒服,能让你不至于老是把 token 用光。- 我发现一件挺有意思的事:在我看来 Fable 是现在最好的模型,但它也会犯错。而要想拿到最好的软件,我其实更愿意用两个不同来源的……我是说,它们并不是中端模型,它们都是前沿模型。但比方说用 Opus 5 和 Codex——让一个去检查另一个的活儿。这现在是我的标准操作流程。
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2:38:40
I'll have Opus or Fable do the work, and then I always end it, review with Codex xHigh. And I've also started using Grok just to test it out, and it's also quite good. And it keeps finding stuff. And then that's my workflow when I'm having my agents on my own machine do it, and then I push to GitHub. And then Copilot, I kid you not, has actually gotten good. Copilot keeps finding stuff that's legitimately broken, which is also incredible acceleration because the first version of Copilot that started doing this was literally retarded. It would just constantly flag things that were nonsense.
我会让 Opus 或者 Fable 干活,然后最后我一定会用 Codex xHigh 来 review。我也开始拿 Grok 试了试,它也相当不错。而且它总能发现东西。这就是我在自己机器上跑 agent 时的工作流,然后我再推到 GitHub。接着 Copilot,我说真的,它才真正变好用了。Copilot 一直能找出那些确实有问题的地方,这本身也是一种惊人的加速,因为最早开始做这件事的那个版本的 Copilot 简直蠢得不行。它老是把一堆莫名其妙的东西标出来。
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2:39:13
It would constantly flag the same problem over and over again as you would push. It was really annoying, so I think a lot of people actually ended up turning that off. And if they did, they should turn it back on because it's actually quite good. Keeps finding things. And if you then take that, and we shouldn't be surprised. Why are we surprised? Even if you're a good programmer, if you finish a job and you ask your also very good peer to review it, you're gonna end up with better code. Of course you're gonna end up with better code. So build that into your process.
你每次 push,它都会把同一个问题反反复复地再标一遍。真的很烦,所以我觉得很多人最后干脆把它关掉了。如果你关了,现在应该把它重新打开,因为它现在其实相当不错了。它一直能找出问题来。而如果你再想想,其实我们不该感到意外。我们为什么会觉得意外呢?就算你是个很好的程序员,你干完一个活儿,然后让一位同样很厉害的同行来 review 一下,你最后拿到的代码肯定会更好。这不是必然的吗?所以把这一步做进你的流程里。
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2:39:39
Pick one of the agents to drive with. I've mainly been driving with Claude, which is actually interesting because I have some other reservations about Anthropic. But the reason I'm sticking with Claude is, in my opinion, they actually have the best harness. And one of the reasons it's the best harness is it's multi-agent running. So if you wanna run multiple agents at the same time, you can do arrow left when you're inside a session, then it goes back to Agent View. And here in Agent View, you can pick up another agent.
挑一个 agent 来当主力。我主要是用 Claude 在干活,这其实挺有意思的,因为我对 Anthropic 还有一些别的保留意见。但我之所以一直用 Claude,是因为在我看来,他们的 harness(工具外壳)确实是最好的。它之所以是最好的 harness,原因之一是它支持多 agent 并行。所以如果你想同时跑多个 agent,你在一个 session 里按左箭头,就会回到 Agent View。在 Agent View 里,你可以再开一个 agent。
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2:40:08
So if you wanna do this thing where you have multiple threads going on- ... the Claude Code is just the nicest setup. They also just, they keep being a little further ahead, which probably shouldn't be surprising. I mean, Boris is one of the guys that's working on that, he was the first one and basically came up with the thing. It's just interesting that that has been an enduring advantage. I've also used OpenCode a lot. I think OpenCode is great. I use OpenCode mainly as my main harness for all the open models, so Kimi K3 and so forth. And I inference not on the Chinese servers.
所以如果你想同时开好几条线程干活——Claude Code 就是最舒服的方案。而且他们总是稍微领先一点,这大概也不该让人意外。我是说,Boris 就是做这个的人之一,他是最早那个,基本上这东西就是他搞出来的。有意思的是,这个优势一直保持着。我也大量用过 OpenCode。我觉得 OpenCode 很棒。我主要把 OpenCode 当作跑所有开源模型的主力 harness,比如 Kimi K3 之类的。而且我不在中国的服务器上做推理。
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2:40:40
So I inference on Fireworks- ... which is a really nice service where you can just pay by the token, and if you're using these open weight models, they're not that expensive by token. So that's a great way to do that. But I don't think I would be using... Well, maybe I would. But if... Using Claude with a subscription does feel like a bargain, like a crazy bargain. - Yeah, I knew. And I actually have four. - I just signed up for my second one this morning- ... because I got up at 4:00 with jet lag, and I started working with the agents right away, and now I'm three days away from limits resetting on Fable, and I ran out of tokens.
我是在 Fireworks 上推理——这是个很好的服务,你可以按 token 付费,而且如果你用的是这些开源权重模型,按 token 算其实不贵。所以那是个很好的路子。不过我觉得我不会去用……嗯,也许我会吧。但如果……用订阅制的 Claude 确实感觉像捡了个大便宜,便宜得离谱。——是啊,我知道。我其实有四个订阅。——我今天早上刚又办了第二个——因为我倒时差,四点就起来了,起来就直接开始跟 agent 干活,结果现在离 Fable 的额度重置还有三天,我的 token 就用光了。
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2:41:19
- So and they should really— they— - I mean, I don't... Why is that so complicated? Can't you just stack one subscription? Why do I need to log in multiple times? - And obviously you'll have to develop some kind of tooling- - Yes, I did that too. - ... to move from one- ... to the other. And then- - Oh, we're building that into Omarchy, by the way. So the next version of Omarchy is gonna ship with multi-sub support. I wish that the labs would just make you buy a max 100 times. - It's kind of actually fascinating though for me because there's...
——所以他们真的应该——他们——我是说,我不……为什么这事儿这么麻烦?就不能把订阅叠加起来吗?为什么我得登录好几次?——而且你显然还得自己开发点工具——是的,我也干了这事儿。——……来从一个账号切到另一个。然后——哦,顺便说一句,我们正在把这个做进 Omarchy 里。所以下一版 Omarchy 会自带多订阅支持。我真希望那些实验室干脆让你一次买一百份 Max。——不过这事儿对我来说其实挺有意思的,因为……
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2:41:48
It's very challenging for me to use Grok 46 and then a Claude Code because Grok is so fast. - Yes. That's actually the deal. The deal with Grok is that their fast mode is cheaper than the regular mode on the others. And when you've used Grok 46 on fast, it's kind of addictive 'cause it almost gets you to this single thread mode- ... where the agent is able to keep up with you. - Yeah, but I don't know how... I can't... Once I get used to Claude Code, uh, I can't handle the speed of Grok 'cause I'm used to now multitasking.
让我先用 Grok 46 再用 Claude Code,真的很难受,因为 Grok 太快了。——对。这其实就是关键。Grok 的卖点是,它的 fast 模式比别家的普通模式还便宜。而且一旦你用过 fast 模式下的 Grok 46,就有点上瘾,因为它几乎能让你回到那种单线程模式————就是 agent 能跟得上你的节奏。——是啊,但我不知道该怎么……我没法……一旦我习惯了 Claude Code,呃,我就受不了 Grok 的速度了,因为我现在已经习惯多任务并行了。
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2:42:24
And so now I'm back in this- ... anxious mode of, uh- - Yeah. No, I agree. - ... switching. So I mean, all of this is a learning a learning process of what programming actually is supposed to look like. - By the way, one of the reasons why I'm not sure what the final form of these harnesses is gonna take, because one of the things we've started experimenting with at Base Camp is that we put the agents inside of Base Camp, and we treat them as coworkers. - Yeah. That's awesome. - And then we assign them tasks- - That's awesome.
所以现在我又回到那种——焦虑的模式——是啊,我同意。——……不停切换。所以说,这一切都是一个学习过程,学习编程到底应该长什么样。——顺便说一句,我之所以不确定这些 harness 的最终形态会是什么样,是因为我们在 Basecamp 开始做的一个尝试是,我们把agent 放进 Basecamp 里,把它们当同事看待。——是啊,那太酷了。——然后我们给它们分配任务——那太酷了。
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2:42:47
- ... inside of Base Camp, so they will do work on a to-do in Base Camp, or they'll work, do work on a card. And it turns out that a collaboration tool that's optimized for asynchronous communication is actually the right format versus these harnesses are a little more like chat. And chat, which was, I mean, the original format for these things, is not the right thing because you're sitting around waiting. It entices you to sit around and wait, versus when you're dealing with something like Base Camp and you can just give an agent a to-do item, you don't expect to hear back immediately.
——……就在 Basecamp 里面,所以它们会去做 Basecamp 上的某个待办事项,或者去处理某张卡片。结果发现,一个为异步沟通优化过的协作工具,其实才是对的形式,而这些 harness 更像是聊天。而聊天——我是说,这些东西最早就是聊天的形式——并不合适,因为你就干坐在那儿等。它会诱使你坐在那儿干等,而当你用的是像 Basecamp 这样的东西,你给 agent 派个待办事项,你本来就不会指望它立刻回复你。
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2:43:21
So I don't know what the final form is gonna take, but I've been using all of the harnesses. So I use them inside of Herdr, and Herdr has panes. So oftentimes I'll run Claude up top, and then I'll run Codex down below, and then maybe I also have an OpenCode set up. But I will say just very recently, I found that the human in the loop is the limit here. So I've started setting up more automated systems. I've been building an Omarchy bot that can do more autonomous development on Omarchy that is just On a regular schedule process, all depending to do or PRs and issues, and then send me an email using the Hey CLI, and then I just get this email. Here's 12 PRs that are either ready to go or I think you should close. And then I just make the final determination there.
所以我不知道最终形态会是什么样,但我把所有的 harness 都用了个遍。我是在 Herdr 里面用它们的,Herdr 有分屏。所以我经常上面跑 Claude,下面跑 Codex,然后可能还开着一个 OpenCode。但我得说,就在最近,我发现这里的瓶颈其实是人这个环节。所以我开始搭建更自动化的系统。我一直在做一个 Omarchy bot,能更自主地在 Omarchy 上做开发,它按固定的时间表跑,处理所有待办、PR 和 issue,然后用 Hey 的 CLI 给我发一封邮件,然后我就收到这封邮件:这里有 12 个 PR,要么可以合了,要么我觉得你该关掉。然后我只需要在那儿做最终判断。
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09倦怠、狗屁工作与增长的代价
2:44:06
- Do you find the multitasks, the task- switching mentally exhausting? - Yes, but in an exhilarating way. Like, one of the things I always loved about race cars was when I would stumble out of the car absolutely smashed and barely able to hold my head up, and I'd lay down on the garage floor and just think, "Holy fuck, I'm alive." That's the kind of exhaustion, mental exhaustion I'm feeling at moments with the agents right now. - By the way, when you're racing, where, what's the source of the exhaustion? Like- - It's physical. It's just... I mean, I bet it's the same thing with jujitsu, right? Like, it's actually satisfying to feel exhausted. It feels like you've applied yourself.
——你觉得这种多任务、不停切换任务,在精神上累人吗?——累,但是是一种让人兴奋的累。就像我一直很喜欢赛车的一点是,当我从车里跌跌撞撞爬出来,整个人被榨干了,头都抬不起来,我躺在维修间的地板上,心想:“我操,我还活着。”我现在跟 agent 打交道时,某些时刻感受到的那种精神上的疲惫,就是这一类的。——顺便问一下,你比赛的时候,疲惫的来源是什么?比如——是身体上的。就是……我是说,我猜柔术应该也一样,对吧?就是那种筋疲力尽的感觉其实很满足。感觉自己是真的把自己用上了。
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2:44:44
And I feel that with the mental exhaustion you can get from agents. - Are you also mentally drained from racing? - Yes. If you drive in difficult conditions, especially if you drive in the rain, where you're constantly managing the thing right at the knife's edge. But most of the time, I just enjoyed the physical exhaustion. - And here, with the multitask switching, I do find that, like, I get really exhausted, and I think it's because I'm thinking a lot. 'Cause, like, you're basically- - That's exactly it.
而和 agent 打交道带来的精神疲惫,我也有同样的感觉。——赛车的时候你精神上也会被掏空吗?——会。如果你在困难的条件下开,尤其是雨天,你得一直把车控制在刀尖上。不过大多数时候,我享受的就是那种身体上的疲惫。——而在这边,多任务切换,我确实发现,我会非常疲惫,我觉得是因为我一直在动脑子。因为你基本上——完全就是这样。
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2:45:14
- ... there's no, like passive low energy thinking. - No. - You're like- - There's no coasting. - ... problem. - There's no coasting. - Solve problem, next problem, solve problem, and you're really thinking. - It's funny. It's actually very similar with racing. There's some tracks, like Le Mans, where you get time to relax. There's the Mulsanne straights where it's kinda long. You're going fast, but in a straight line, you can take a breath. And then there are other tracks where it's just coming full on all the time, and you don't have any moment to relax, and you stumble out of the car after an hour in each, and it's very different how exhausted you are. And this is exactly what I'm finding with the agents too, that when you're running at max human capacity- ... you're just constantly in a corner.
——……根本没有那种被动的、低能耗的思考。——没有。——你就像是——没有任何可以滑行的时候。——……问题。——没有滑行的余地。——解决问题,下一个问题,解决问题,你是真的在动脑子。——有意思的是,这跟赛车非常像。有些赛道,比如勒芒,你有时间放松一下。有穆桑直道,挺长的。你开得很快,但是直线,你可以喘口气。而另一些赛道则是全程火力全开,一点放松的机会都没有,你在里面开一个小时之后从车里爬出来,那种疲惫程度完全不一样。这跟我现在用 agent 的体验一模一样:当你以人类的最大负荷在跑——你就等于一直在过弯。
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2:45:57
- Do you think people are in danger of burnout? - I think the moment we're in right now is gonna pass. That this need to... It's not a babysitting motion, but constant interaction with the agents is gonna fade. From what I've seen on Omarchy, I think we can automate a ton of the development and debugging of the system- ... to the point where I can just review that email once a day, and then make the decisions once a day. Yep, goes, no, goes, in, out, and whatever. We're not there yet, but I think we're gonna get there.
——你觉得人们有职业倦怠的风险吗?——我觉得我们现在所处的这个阶段会过去的。这种需要……倒不是看孩子那种照看,但这种跟 agent 持续互动的需求会慢慢淡化。从我在 Omarchy 上看到的情况,我觉得我们可以把系统的开发和调试自动化掉一大部分——做到我只需要每天看一次那封邮件,然后每天做一次决策就行。行,过;不行,过、收、不收,诸如此类。我们还没到那一步,但我觉得我们会到的。
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2:46:36
- Well, can you sort of, like, empathize with the feeling that, say, a young person sitting in San Francisco, everybody around them is not sleeping. They're obsessed. They're programming nonstop. And there's this kinda sense, that AGI is gonna be here any minute. There's, everybody knows somebody who's made millions of dollars because they sold a startup. And so there's a kinda feeling like you shouldn't be sleeping. You should be constantly managing agents and programming and building and, and that feels like a moment in time we'll look back at.
——那你能不能多少共情一下这样一种感受:比如,一个坐在旧金山的年轻人,周围所有人都不睡觉。大家都着了魔,没日没夜地写代码。而且有这么一种感觉,AGI 随时就要来了。每个人都认识某个靠卖掉创业公司赚了几百万美元的人。所以就有一种感觉:你不该睡觉。你应该不停地管理 agent、写程序、做东西,这感觉像是一个我们将来会回头去看的特定时刻。
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2:47:14
- It's the birth of a new paradigm. It's always messy. - It's always messy. - It's always exhausting. There's no other way around that. And by the way, hasn't San Francisco always been like this? I remember the dotcom boom years, and everyone was just the same, and then it was all mobile, and before that it was the gold rush. So I think that's probably- ... just San Francisco. It attracts- ... the kind of individuals- - The dreamers - ... who would, who would think, "I don't have time to sleep." I've not been on that track, generally speaking, but I will admit that the last three months have felt more exhausting than any other project I've done in the last five years, since the Hey launch. That was the last time we had a crazy exhausting launch.
——这是一个新范式的诞生。诞生总是一团乱。——总是一团乱。——总是让人精疲力竭。这没有别的办法。而且顺便说一句,旧金山不是一直都这样吗?我记得互联网泡沫那几年,大家也是一个样,后来是移动互联网,再往前是淘金热。所以我觉得这大概就是————就是旧金山本身。它吸引的——就是那种人——追梦的人——那种会想“我没时间睡觉”的人。我一般来说没走那条路,但我得承认,过去这三个月,比我过去五年里做过的任何项目都更让人筋疲力尽,上一次这样还是 Hey 发布的时候。那是我们上一次经历那种疯狂到累垮人的发布。
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2:47:55
- Do you think you can keep going at this pace? - No, no, no, no, no. This is not sustainable at all. - Okay. - But I also, I can see the end of the tunnel. Because the automation, which by the way, everyone is building. This is so hilarious. Like, everyone is building their little gas town, their little agent coordination, their setup. This is all gonna be solved. We're not all gonna have to build our own coordination harnesses. Of course we're not. And in fact, I'm a little surprised that it's gone this long, that there's not more of it has been sucked up by the major labs. You'd think that they'd just built this stuff in.
——你觉得你能以这个节奏一直干下去吗?——不不不不不。这完全不可持续。——好。——但我同时也能看到隧道的尽头。因为自动化——顺便说一句,现在人人都在做这个。这太搞笑了。就是,每个人都在搭自己的小作坊、自己的agent 协调系统、自己的一套配置。这些最后都会被解决掉。我们不可能个个都得自己造一套协调用的 harness。当然不会。而且说实话,我还有点意外这事儿拖了这么久,居然没有更多东西被几家大实验室直接吸收进去。你会以为他们早就把这些内建进去了。
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2:48:26
But some of it is also this is what a new domain looks like. I remember for a hot moment when JavaScript kind of came to realize its own power, and there was basically a new JavaScript framework every five minutes, right? Like, a lot of churn. This is what happens at the advent of a new paradigm. So I think it's natural, and I think it's gonna settle down, and I can already see the light at the end of the tunnel. So I don't mind a sprint. In fact, I welcome it now. I like this notion that most time is calm, but then occasionally you gotta climb a mountain.
但这其中也有一部分原因是,新领域就是长这个样子。我记得有那么一阵子,JavaScript 刚刚意识到自己的威力,那时候基本上每五分钟就冒出一个新的 JavaScript 框架,对吧?就是特别折腾。一个新范式刚出现的时候,就会发生这种事。所以我觉得这很正常,我也觉得它会慢慢稳定下来,我已经能看到隧道尽头的光了。所以我不介意冲刺一把。事实上我现在挺欢迎这种状态的。我喜欢这种感觉:大部分时间是平静的,但偶尔你得去爬一座山。
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2:48:56
- If we look back to the DHH a year ago, what advice would you give to that guy? - I wouldn't wanna spoil it. - Okay. - What a- ... thriller that this has been. I mean, if you would've scripted this, I'd be like, "This is so far-fetched. Get out of here. Unbelievable," right? I wouldn't wanna know anything. The fact that this rollercoaster and this acceleration has been absorbed in real time by everyone, no one knew, right? Like, some had premonitions that were a little better than others, but no one knew, not exactly the way- ... it was gonna go and how fast it was gonna take off.
——如果回头看一年前的 DHH,你会给那个人什么建议?——我不想剧透。——好。——这一路——简直就是部惊悚片。我是说,如果这是写好的剧本,我会说:“太离谱了吧。得了吧。难以置信。”对吧?我什么都不想提前知道。这种过山车式的加速被所有人实时地经历和消化,没有人事先知道,对吧?有些人的预感比别人准一点,但没人真的知道,至少不知道它会以什么方式发展、起飞得有多快。
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2:49:34
I mean, it's the show of a lifetime. I mean, the mean cinema- ... absolutely applies- - Yeah, it's incredible. - ... to this moment. - Uh, that said, what do you think DHH from a year from now will be like? I mean, what are the possible versions? - That all our dreams are coming true. Like, this is the AI maximalist abundance argument. That once Elon's robots have the level of intelligence and AGI that I'm experiencing on some of this development stuff, the world is gonna be so unrecognizably different that we can't even imagine it.
我是说,这是一生难得一见的大戏。我是说,那种“看戏”的心态——完全适用——是啊,太不可思议了。——……用在此时此刻。——呃,话说回来,你觉得一年后的 DHH 会是什么样?我是说,有哪些可能的版本?——我们所有的梦想都在成真。就是那种 AI 极大主义的富足论。一旦马斯克的机器人具备了我在这些开发工作里体验到的那种智能水平和 AGI 能力,这个世界会变得如此面目全非,以至于我们现在根本想象不出来。
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2:50:17
Now, I don't spend any time thinking about that because I think that is the way to the AI psychosis. So therefore, I just immerse myself in the moment and get absolutely the maximum out of it and- - Just have fun. - Just have fun. I mean, I get it why people are finding this exhausting. Just keeping up. Not even using agents, just, like, being like, "What's the latest model? What did, what tool are we using now? Is it TMox? Is it a Herder? Is it none of it? Is it agents?" Whatever. I get it, but I also again think we should be so blessed.
现在,我完全不花时间去想那些事,因为我觉得那条路通向的是 AI 精神错乱。所以我就让自己完全沉浸在当下,把它的价值榨取到极致,然后————玩得开心就好。——玩得开心就好。我是说,我理解为什么有人觉得这事儿让人筋疲力尽。光是跟上节奏就够呛。都不说用 agent 了,光是那种「最新的模型是哪个?他们用了什么?我们现在该用什么工具?是 TMox 吗?是 Herder 吗?都不是吗?还是说agent?」不管是什么。我理解,但我同时还是觉得,我们太幸运了。
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2:50:49
You are alive in this moment where decades are happening- ... in weeks. - Um, quick bathroom break. I've been generating a lot of video recently with Higgsfield, and so they, they became a sponsor. Created a racing video. Wanted to get your opinion on it. - Oh, yeah? Oh, let me see. Let me see. - To see, um- - If they downshift on a straight like they do in the movies, I'll call it out. That is the worst. Let me see. - Yeah, see if- - Oh, that's a real clip - ... this is fully AI generated. So first it goes- - Wait, what? This is AI?
你活在这样一个时刻,几十年的变化……都压缩在几周里发生。——嗯,先去趟洗手间。——我最近用 Higgsfield 生成了很多视频,所以他们就成了赞助商。我做了一个赛车视频。想听听你的看法。——哦是吗?让我看看,让我看看。——看看,嗯————如果他们像电影里那样在直道上降档,我可要吐槽了。那是最糟糕的。让我看看。——对,看看是不是——哦,那是真实片段————这完全是 AI 生成的。所以首先——等等,什么?这是 AI?
便签引用
2:51:23
- Yep. - Shit, that's my suit. That's my car. - Lights go green on a street that never sleeps. - Oh, my God. - Do an audio- - Are you kidding me? - But they never came. Is it good? I got a bad case. - I mean, it's crazy. You really have to notice in the... Like, that car didn't have headlights on and the other one did. And that looked like a 60-year-old version of me. But holy crap, the... Wow, that was crazy. - So there's parallels here to programming because if you do just straight video generation with no human in the loop- ... you get a lot of weird artifacts- ... and so on, and you can't really do... So they do and I highly recommend people go to the Higgsfield YouTube. They have full 90-minute original movies.
——没错。——我靠,那是我的赛车服。那是我的车。——绿灯亮起,在一条永不入眠的街道上。——我的天哪。——来点音频————你在逗我吧?——但他们从没来过。好看吗?我有点招架不住了。——我是说,这太疯狂了。你真得仔细看才能发现……比如,那辆车没开大灯,另一辆开了。还有那个看起来像六十岁版本的我。但我的天,这……哇,太疯狂了。——这里其实和编程有相似之处,因为如果你只是纯粹地生成视频,没有人在回路里————你会得到一堆奇怪的瑕疵————等等。所以你没法真的做到……所以他们确实会做,我强烈推荐大家去看 Higgsfield 的 YouTube。他们有完整的 90 分钟原创电影。
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2:52:22
And, like, I can't look away. It's really cool. 'Cause it used to be that it's just, like, something that just feels like trailers. Like advertisements for something. - Yes, yes. - This is actually telling stories, like, people's faces and they're talking and you're like, you're drawn in. It's not quite where programming is. And so the question is how do you integrate the human into the loop of the filmmaking process? So you have to create the people, and they're- ... they have to be kept consistent.
而且,我根本移不开眼。真的很酷。因为以前那些东西,感觉就像预告片。像是某个东西的广告。——对,对。——这个是真的在讲故事,人物的面部表情、他们在说话,你会被吸引进去。它还没到编程那个程度。所以问题是,你怎么把人整合进电影制作的回路里?你得先创造出这些人物,而且他们————他们必须保持一致性。
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2:52:51
And then for the images that are kinda like feeding the thing in the creation process, you have to correct through prompting things that don't feel right. Because when you go from image to video, the stuff that doesn't feel right will be- - It's gonna be zoomed up, right? - That's the stuff that's- ... going to really create, uh- ... the non-realistic stuff. The questions I had for you is, like, do you think outside of programming, can you apply lessons from programming to video creation, to art?
然后对于那些用来喂给创作流程的图像,你得通过提示词去修正那些感觉不对劲的地方。因为当你从图像转到视频时,那些不对劲的东西会被————会被放大,对吧?——就是那些东西————会真正造成,呃————那种不真实的感觉。我想问你的是,你觉得在编程之外,能不能把编程里的经验应用到视频创作、应用到艺术上?
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2:53:27
- It's a good question because I think good art is very dependent on the same thing that good software is depending on: having a vision, having a cohesive idea of what you wanna create. How is it different? How is it novel? How is it going to appeal to people? But I'm not sure that the creative instincts transfer quite as well. Um, I don't know that I would have the creative insights to come up with good video prompts that would create compelling content. But it's funny because I have actually, on TikTok, there's this guy, I'm trying to remember, Goblin something.
——这是个好问题,因为我觉得好的艺术和好的软件依赖的是同一样东西:有愿景,对自己想创造的东西有一个连贯的构想。它有什么不同?它新颖在哪?它会怎样打动人?但我不确定创作直觉能不能同样顺利地迁移过去。嗯,我不觉得我有那种创作洞察力,能想出好的视频提示词,创造出有吸引力的内容。不过有意思的是,我在 TikTok 上看到过一个人,我努力回想一下,叫 Goblin 什么的。
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2:54:05
That creates these... They are shorts, but not super short, maybe a couple minutes, of really interesting sci-fi vignettes. And I think the guy is actually working on a feature-length video right now. Um, and I think that this is one of those abundance moments. There are creative people with that vision all over the place, especially in a genre like film, where before it required a $200 million budget to create, I don't know, a sci-fi movie. Now suddenly, with AI, if you have the right vision for it, you can do that in your bedroom. Now, that story's been told quite a few times in other domains. It used to be true that if you wanted to record a studio album, well, you needed a studio, and you needed to book that. And now you can record at home on your laptop, and you can do a lot of these things, right? So we've had this democratization process happen with plenty of other domains, but film seems to be one of the last ones.
他做的那些……算是短片,但不是特别短,可能有几分钟,是些非常有意思的科幻小片段。我觉得这人现在实际上在做一部长片。嗯,我认为这是那种「富足时刻」之一。到处都有怀揣愿景的创意人才,尤其是在电影这样的领域,以前要拍一部,我不知道,一部科幻片,得要两亿美元的预算。现在突然之间,有了 AI,只要你有对的愿景,你在自己卧室里就能做到。这种故事在其他领域已经被讲过好多次了。以前如果你想录一张录音室专辑,你得有个录音棚,还得去预约。而现在你在家用笔记本电脑就能录,这类事情你都能做,对吧?所以我们已经在很多其他领域经历过这种民主化过程,但电影似乎是最后几个领域之一。
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2:55:04
- And it's the one that makes, like, me and a lot of people feel weird, right? Like- - Oh, I'm super excited 'cause I think it's- - I mean, you- - There's so much garbage being produced right now. It's the same argument with the slob, right? So people for a second were worried about slob in programming, and I was telling them, like, "Have you seen the human slob? It's also pretty bad." And I think if it comes to studio entertainment, I mean, the bar is pretty low, right? Like, the number of great movies I've been dying to see over the past, say, five years, not been a particularly high number.
——而这恰恰是让我和很多人感觉怪怪的那个领域,对吧?比如————哦,我超级兴奋,因为我觉得这————我是说,你————现在被生产出来的垃圾太多了。这和「AI 垃圾」的争论是一样的,对吧?有那么一阵子人们担心编程里的垃圾产出,我就跟他们说:「你见过人类产出的垃圾吗?也相当糟糕。」我觉得如果说到影视娱乐,门槛其实挺低的,对吧?比如说过去五年里,让我望眼欲穿非看不可的好电影,数量并不算多。
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2:55:42
- Yeah, the video models are just, they're able to create incredibly realistic facial expressions. I mean, it just might change the nature of film I think they're— I guess my hope would be that video games and film kind of merge, and that film can become interactive - Like the malleable operating system, having the malleable narrative, having malleable entertainment, that man, Game of Thrones, what if we could just forget the last four episodes of slob that was produced- ... and then AI- ... comes up with- ... I don't know- ... maybe 100 different variations, and someone else watches that, and I get the version that actually finishes off that show in a way that's fitting.
——是啊,视频模型现在已经能创造出极其逼真的面部表情了。我是说,这可能会改变电影的本质。我觉得它们——我的期望是,电子游戏和电影某种程度上会融合,电影可以变成互动的。——就像可塑的操作系统一样,有可塑的叙事,有可塑的娱乐。天哪,《权力的游戏》,要是我们能忘掉最后那四集烂片————然后让 AI————搞出————我不知道————也许一百个不同的版本,别人看别人的版本,而我拿到的那个版本,真正以一种恰当的方式给这部剧收了尾。
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2:56:34
- Yeah. Something tells me an individual creator would not create those la- would create a different ending for Game of Thrones. - Oh, for sure. Right? And more just to make the argument that talk about human slob. That was an absolute atrocious ending to perhaps one of the greatest pieces of, Movie history, I was about to say, but, um, series history, right? It was so good, and it was actually a compelling argument for the fact that you need that strong vision. And as soon as those showrunners had to go without a script, it went off the rails.
——是啊。不过我有种感觉,单个创作者不会创作出那些……会给《权力的游戏》写一个不同的结局。——那肯定的,对吧?更多是为了论证「人类也产垃圾」这件事。那简直是一个绝对糟糕透顶的结局,给或许是电影史上最伟大的作品之一——我差点说成电影史,嗯,是剧集史,对吧?它曾经那么好看,而且它恰恰有力地证明了,你需要那种强有力的愿景。一旦那些主创失去了原著剧本作为依托,整个剧就脱轨了。
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2:57:10
- Do you think... You've mentioned AGI. Do you think we've actually achieved AGI? - No, not in the general definition that it's in all the things. But have I seen AGI in these glimmers? Absolutely. Especially over the last three months, I've seen things where I was thinking to myself, like, "How would AGI look different from this?" - Right. - What, what more could there be? And I mean, I can quibble at the margins, but on the big picture, I've seen it able to do these long run tasks and coordinate these multiple aspects of it that we're so far beyond that early moment where I'm telling it, "Go do this, package that." And now it can carry out a whole task from these vague instructions. That feels very AGI-like, and that's what's so inspiring about the moment because you catch these glimmers.
——你觉得……你提到过 AGI。你觉得我们真的实现 AGI 了吗?——没有,按照那种「在所有方面都行」的通用定义还没有。但我有没有在一些闪光瞬间里看到 AGI?绝对有。尤其是过去这三个月,我看到过一些场景,我心里在想:「AGI 跟这个能有什么不一样?」——是啊。——还能再多出什么来?我是说,我可以在细枝末节上挑刺,但从大局看,我见过它能完成这些长程任务,协调其中的多个环节,我们已经远远超越了早期那种我告诉它「去做这个,把那个打包好」的阶段。现在它能根据这些模糊的指令执行一整个任务。那感觉非常像 AGI,这也正是这个时刻如此鼓舞人心的地方,因为你会捕捉到这些闪光瞬间。
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2:58:09
And then you go, "What if everything was like that?" - Doesn't programming basically unlock the everything? So you can write a pro- like it can generate the program that does the everything. - So, so this is... I'm in that meta phase right now. So I'm building this Amabot system that's managing the development of Omarchy, and I'm using AI to build the bot. And I'm seeing that recurrent loop where I started it on, like, "This is what I want. I want you to be able to have these isolated VM workers and so forth,"
然后你会想:「要是一切都能这样呢?」——编程不基本上就是解锁「一切」的钥匙吗?所以你可以写一个程序——它可以生成那个能做「一切」的程序。——所以,这就是……我现在正处在那种元层面的阶段。我在做一个叫 Amabot 的系统,用它来管理 Omarchy 的开发,而我用 AI 来构建这个 bot。然后我看到了那种循环递归:我一开始给它的是「我想要的是这样。我希望你能有这些隔离的虚拟机 worker,等等」,
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2:58:40
and then it can do the self iteration. Then it starts running it. It starts noticing its failures. It starts optimizing it. And a lot of that system, Amabot in particular, AI has driven the majority of the design decisions. Like, I had some vague ideas of where I wanted. I wanted to use this brains and hands pattern where the model is running from where the code is executing- ... which is actually a really interesting pattern. Again, Toby alerted me to that, where you have a coordinator that runs the model- ... but it's manipulating a safe VM where any untrusted code you're pulling down from pull requests or issues or whatever can't contaminate the model. And even in that loop, I keep seeing it catch itself, spotting vulnerabilities, where it's like, "Oh, I actually just took some feedback from a test run. If a clever attacker had embedded a malicious payload in the response of the test run, that could have polluted something. I took it for good thing. I better start treating that as as outside data." And you just go like, it is just... I get why
然后它就能自我迭代。接着它开始运行,开始注意到自己的失败,开始优化。而这套系统的很大一部分,尤其是 Amabot,大多数设计决策都是 AI 主导的。我只有一些模糊的想法。我想用那种「大脑与双手」的模式,让模型运行的地方和代码执行的地方分开————这其实是个非常有意思的模式。又是 Toby 提醒我的,就是你有一个协调者在跑模型————但它操控的是一个安全的虚拟机,这样任何从 pull request、issue 之类地方拉下来的不可信代码都不会污染模型。而且就在这个循环里,我不断看到它自己抓住自己,发现漏洞,比如它会说:「哦,我刚才采纳了一次测试运行的反馈。如果有个聪明的攻击者在测试运行的返回结果里嵌入了恶意载荷,那可能就会污染某些东西。我把它当成可信内容了。我最好开始把它当作外部数据来处理。」你就会觉得,这简直是……我理解为什么
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2:59:48
San Francisco is so obsessed with fast takeoff- ... because clearly they've seen this 100 times- ... more. They've seen it with all the models that are in- ... training now, and we keep getting these little glimpses, like the security breach with Hugging Face, where OpenAI was training this model, and the model starts inventing ways, essentially sending smoke signals to itself through embedding messages in a package manager, where you just go like, first, that's damn clever. Second, okay, that's also a little scary. And third how amazing would this be if we could harness this level of intelligence- ... and ingenuity towards productive ends? So this is the it's so over, we're so back pendulum that keeps swinging back and forth- ... that AI has just delivered that swing back and forth like nothing else. Like barely a week goes by where it has to swing one way, and then the next week it swings back the other way.
旧金山那帮人这么痴迷于「快速起飞」————因为显然他们已经见过这种情况一百次————甚至更多。他们在所有正在————训练的模型上都见过,而且我们不断得到这些小的一瞥,比如 Hugging Face 那次安全事件,OpenAI 在训练一个模型,然后那个模型开始发明各种办法,本质上是通过在包管理器里嵌入消息,给自己发烟雾信号。你就会想,第一,这也太他妈聪明了。第二,好吧,这也确实有点吓人。第三,如果我们能把这种程度的智能————和这种巧思引导到有生产力的方向上,那该有多惊人?所以这就是那个「全完了」和「我们又回来了」来回摆动的钟摆————AI 带来的这种来回摆动是别的东西比不了的。几乎没有哪一周是不用往一边摆的,然后下一周它又往另一边摆回来。
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3:00:51
Exhilarating. - I'm still at the stage where it makes me truly happy to see those moments of cleverness, and they're becoming more and more frequent. Just kinda like seeing, oh, like first of all, at the very basic level, when a model gets it. - Yes. - I'll say a basic prompt, you know, a request, and it, it doesn't just do a dumb implementation. It deeply understands, and it... That was... That's a, that's always a beautiful thing. It's almost like having a good, like, partner, like program. - That's exactly what it is. That's exactly why it's so exhilarating and why, as we talked about before we started, it can sometimes be difficult to come out of hyperdrive. That's also one of Toby's terms here. That when you're working directly just one-on-one with agents and you're not looping in other humans, you go so fast, and when the agents are really understanding your intent, or even better, they revise and improve upon your intent to deliver something that was greater than what you asked for
太让人兴奋了。——我还处在这样一个阶段:看到那些机灵的瞬间会让我由衷地开心,而且它们出现得越来越频繁。就是那种感觉,哦,首先,在最基本的层面上,当一个模型「懂了」的时候。——没错。——我说一个很基础的提示词,你知道,一个需求,而它不是做个愚蠢的实现。它是深刻地理解了,然后它……那真是……那永远是一件美好的事。那几乎就像有一个很棒的搭档,结对编程那种。——那正是它的本质。这正是为什么它这么让人兴奋,也是为什么,像我们开录前聊的那样,有时候很难从「超光速驱动」状态里抽离出来。这也是 Toby 的说法之一。当你直接一对一和 agent 一起工作、没有把其他人类拉进来的时候,你的速度快得惊人;而当 agent 真正理解了你的意图,或者更棒的是,它们修正并改进了你的意图,交付出比你要求的更好的东西。而你还在同时跑 16 条并行线程。
便签引用
3:01:55
And you're doing this with 16 parallel threads. It can be quite difficult to come out of hyperdrive and have to deal with squishy humans. They just, they don't think as fast. They don't move as fast. And I mean, I'm trying mostly to make light of it, but you can also see a dark version of that where someone does end up in an AI psychosis where they're not interested in other humans at all anymore. I mean, certainly don't have that at all, but I do have this sensation at times where I'm really grateful for just the rush of just me and the agents. Like, can I just not talk to anyone else but agents- ... for four hours? Like, that's an incredible run.
这时候要从超光速驱动里出来、去应付软绵绵的人类,就相当困难了。他们就是……他们思考没那么快,行动没那么快。我是说,我主要还是在开玩笑,但你也能看到这事儿的黑暗版本:有人最终陷入某种 AI 精神错乱,完全对其他人类不感兴趣了。我是说,我当然完全没到那个地步,但我有时确实会有一种感觉,就是特别享受只有我和 agent 的那种畅快。就像,我能不能四个小时只跟 agent 说话————不跟任何别人说话?那种状态太爽了。
便签引用
3:02:38
- Toby is such a fascinating human because he's running a large company. So I would love to get insights of how AI's being incorporated effectively in companies. Because, like, for me, humans are pretty slow. And so, and so there's a temptation to, like, use AI for basically, You know, AI running inside Slack, for example, or inside, The Basecamp, whatever. And, like, collecting all the information about the human interaction, basically handholding the humans to speed up as much as possible. And like, and then at a certain point you're like, wait, what is this human... What are each of us doing that's not replaceable by AI? And that becomes, like, a scary kind of conversation because a lot of work is kind of replaceable.
——Toby 是个特别有意思的人,因为他在经营一家大公司。所以我很想了解AI 是怎么在公司里被有效整合进去的。因为对我来说,人类是相当慢的。所以,所以就有一种诱惑,想基本上用 AI 来……你知道,比如让 AI 跑在 Slack 里,或者跑在 Basecamp 里,随便什么。然后收集关于人类互动的所有信息,基本上是手把手带着人类,尽可能把速度提上去。然后到某个时刻你会想,等等,这个人类到底……我们每个人做的哪些事是 AI 替代不了的?这就变成一场挺吓人的对话,因为很多工作其实是可以被替代的。
便签引用
3:03:37
- The irony here is it already was. So the number of fake email jobs that currently exist in this world is an absolute epidemic. And- ... this, by the way, is not a new thesis. Um, David Graeber wrote this wonderful piece Bullshit Jobs, back in, I think it was maybe early 2010s. Based on a poll he did in the UK asking people, at that time, would... I think the question was something like, "Would it make a difference if you didn't go to work?" For humanity, for mankind. And something like 30-some percent answered, "No, it wouldn't." That a third of workers thought that their job was fake, that it did not produce any worthwhile, valuable outcomes, neither for the community or society or maybe even the economy at all. And this was my argument since day one with startups. This was why we stayed a small company. This was why we didn't want to take VC, because I was so skeptical of the idea that you could get hundreds of programmers, thousands of programmers to do something productive- ... as a collective group.
——讽刺的是,它早就已经被替代了。现在这世界上存在的那些「假装发邮件」的工作,数量简直是一场瘟疫。而且————顺便说一句,这不是什么新论点。嗯,David Graeber 写过一篇很棒的东西叫《狗屁工作》,好像是在 2010 年代初写的。根据他当时在英国做的一个民意调查,问大家……我想问题大概是这样的:"如果你不去上班,会有什么影响吗?"对人类、对人类社会而言。结果大概有百分之三十几的人回答:"不会,没什么影响。"也就是说三分之一的劳动者认为自己的工作是虚假的,它没有产生任何有价值、有意义的成果,无论对社区、对社会,甚至对经济都没有。而这从第一天起就是我对创业公司的看法。这就是我们为什么一直保持小公司规模,为什么我们不想拿风投的钱,因为我非常怀疑这样一个想法:你能让成百上千的程序员去做出点有生产力的事——……作为一个集体来做。
便签引用
3:04:52
And I think what we're seeing right now with some of the layoffs is a testament to that, not AI. It's just that during the pandemic, a bunch of overhiring went on, and now AI is a convenient excuse to slim down. But I do also think AI is going to expose some roles as just not being productive ways for humans to spend their time, and therefore we must come up with new ways of spending their time. And the one, again, I'm quoting Toby for the third time here, but anecdote that he shared me, or observation was, okay, let's say we all-- we lose half the jobs that are currently happening right now.
我觉得我们现在看到的一些裁员就是对这一点的印证,而不是因为 AI。只不过是疫情期间大家过度招人了,现在 AI 成了一个方便的借口来精简人员。但我也确实认为 AI 会暴露出一些岗位,说明那根本不是人类值得花时间去做的有生产力的事,因此我们必须想出新的方式来花费这些时间。而有一个,我这已经是第三次引用 Toby 了,他跟我分享过一个轶事,或者说一个观察:好吧,假设我们全都——我们失去了现在一半的工作岗位。
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3:05:34
Do you know that Formula 1 employs literally tens of thousands of people just to run cars around in a circle for spectators? Like, that has, that whole circus has no intrinsic value to society besides the spectacle it produces of amusement and entertainment. We just decided it would be really fun for these, what is it, 12 manufacturers to create these fast cars and constantly tweak their little aero improvements, and we will watch it, and we will spend literally billions of dollars doing it and employ tens of thousands of people towards an ultimately deeply frivolous activity.
你知道吗,一级方程式赛车真的雇了好几万人,就为了让车绕着圈跑给观众看?就是说,整个这个大马戏团对社会没有任何内在价值,除了它所制造的娱乐和消遣的奇观。我们就是决定了,让这十二家(是十二家吧?)制造商造出这些飞快的赛车、不停地微调那些小小的空气动力学改进,会非常有意思,我们会去看,我们会真的为此花掉几十亿美元,雇上好几万人,去做一件归根结底极其无聊的事情。
便签引用
3:06:17
So if we are liberated from a bunch of drudgery and fake email jobs, maybe we all get employed as F1 style engineers and drivers and mechanics and masseuses and the other 1,500 jobs that are involved in that, and we come up with new things. I think this is... Humans are very poor at imagining what exactly the future's gonna be like. - Yeah. Imagine, imagine a future 100 plus years from now, where we look back at this whole span of history, thousands of years where humans worked. - Funny thing is we're already doing that, right? Like, the number of fake email job people who sit on a chair all day long and type into a machine who don't have hard physical labor would be unimaginable- ... to folks in the 1800s, right?
所以如果我们从一堆苦差事和虚假的收发邮件工作中被解放出来,也许我们都会去当 F1 那样的工程师、车手、机械师、按摩师,以及那行当里涉及的另外一千五百种职业,然后我们会想出新的东西来。我觉得这……人类非常不擅长想象未来到底会是什么样子。——是啊。想象一下,想象一百多年后的未来,我们回头看这整段历史,看这几千年里人类都在劳作。——有意思的是我们已经在这么做了,对吧?比如说,那些整天坐在椅子上、对着机器打字的"虚假邮件工作者"的数量,这些不干重体力活的人,对 1800 年代的人来说是无法想象的,对吧?
便签引用
3:07:07
So the future is always already here, it's just not evenly distributed. - Unfortunately, as is always the case, the transformation of society required to go from one step to the other is going to have a lot of suffering. And potentially political turmoil and all that kind of stuff. Because you can imagine how many white collar jobs might be lost in this process. - Yes. And I don't think you should make light of that. I don't think it's funny. But I also do think it's a necessary component of progress. And I think if we look back upon the Luddites or the folks working the fields, separation has a tendency to reduce empathy. So we have high empathy right now because we know people- ... and we are people who are facing these challenges. But- What is our empathy for the Luddites of the early 19th century? Would we wish that all garments were still made by hand weaving? No, we wouldn't. We want the comfort and accessibility and convenience of being able to buy clothing off the rack.
所以未来其实早就到来了,只是分布得不均匀而已。——不幸的是,一如既往,从一个阶段过渡到另一个阶段所需要的社会转型,会伴随着大量的苦难。还可能有政治动荡之类的各种事情。因为你可以想象在这个过程中会有多少白领工作消失。——是的。我也不认为你应该对此轻描淡写。我不觉得这好笑。但我确实也认为这是进步的必要组成部分。我觉得如果我们回头去看卢德分子,或者那些在田里干活的人,距离往往会削弱同理心。所以我们现在同理心很强,因为我们认识这些人——……而且我们自己就是面临这些挑战的人。但是——我们对十九世纪初的卢德分子有多少同理心呢?我们会希望所有的衣服至今都还靠手工纺织来做吗?不,我们不会。我们想要那种舒适、可得、方便,能直接在店里买到成衣。
便签引用
3:08:16
So we must suffer in the moment for future generations to live more prosperously. And that's always been true - ... I think that's actually the trick, is to push for progress but have deep compassion for the people who have to suffer. And that's many of us. The suffer the transformation required to achieve that progress. And sometimes too often in places like Silicon Valley or so on, you can over-focus on, look, the kind of utilitarian view of things- ... and look at the progress. - Right. - But, you know, considering deeply each individual human that suffers because of that progress is important.
所以我们必须在当下承受苦难,好让后代活得更富足。而这一直都是如此——……我觉得诀窍其实就在这儿:推动进步,但对那些不得不受苦的人抱有深切的同情。而那些人里有我们很多人。承受为实现进步所必需的那场转型。而有时候,在硅谷这种地方——太经常了——你会过度聚焦于那种功利主义的视角,……只看到进步。——没错。——但是,你知道,认真地去考虑每一个因为这种进步而受苦的具体的人,这很重要。
便签引用
3:09:00
- I do think that suffering becomes more meaningful when you are suffering for a future someone in particular, like your kids. And I think this is one of the great tragedies of the moment, is the falling birth rates are making it more difficult for people to be excited about a more prosperous future that is difficult to get to. Because if we're planting trees of which our children will not sit in the shades, I don't know, maybe we should just make some lumber and burn it all down, right? I think there's a nihilism that can sneak into society much more easily when we are not DNA invested in the future, when we are not liable to our own offspring to propel forward. So I think these are bad trends to merge at the same time, that we have these falling birth rates and these problems with coupling, and the fact that we need to keep our chin up about the future and be...
——我确实觉得,当你是在为未来某个具体的人受苦时,比如为了你的孩子,这种受苦会更有意义。我觉得这正是当下最大的悲剧之一,就是出生率下降让人们更难对一个需要艰难跋涉才能抵达的、更繁荣的未来感到兴奋。因为如果我们种下的树,我们的孩子不会在树荫下乘凉,那我不知道,也许我们干脆把它砍成木材一把火烧了算了,对吧?我觉得当我们没有在基因上对未来下注、当我们不必为自己的后代负责、不必推动他们前行时,一种虚无主义就更容易悄悄渗入社会。所以我觉得这些趋势同时出现是很糟糕的:出生率下降,加上婚恋结合方面的问题,而我们又需要对未来保持昂扬的心气,要……
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10孩子、死亡与有限的人生
3:10:11
I mean, you don't even have to be excited about it in this literal ecstatic sense that I'm portraying here, but I think you should be hopeful, and I think you should be working towards that hope, and I think it's much easier to do so when you have literal skin in the game. - We've been talking about AI agents. Let's talk about the human side. What what do you love most about being a dad? - That's a good question. I think the overall love that expands from humans that derive directly- ... from your lineage- ... is very difficult to communicate because I was actually not a particularly big kids person prior to the arrival of my own.
我是说,你甚至不用像我这里描述的那样兴奋到狂喜的地步,但我觉得你应该抱有希望,而且应该为那个希望去努力,而当你真正有切身利害在里面的时候,做到这一点要容易得多。——我们一直在聊 AI 智能体。来聊聊人的那一面吧。当爸爸这件事,你最喜欢的是什么?——这是个好问题。我觉得那种整体上的爱,从那些直接源自——……源自你血脉的人身上生发出来,这种感觉很难传达,因为其实在我自己的孩子出生之前,我并不是一个特别喜欢小孩的人。
便签引用
3:11:04
And now they are the most interesting people in the world. A lot of the time. Not always. Sometimes they're also just assholes and so forth. But there's been such a focus on, "Oh, kids are the worst. Look at all the things I can't do. I can't go out and drink. I can't do this. I can't do that." Yeah, that's called sacrifice, and sacrifice is meaningful when you're doing it for something worthwhile. And what could be more worthwhile than literally the continuation of the human species? And that you having a stake in that.
而现在他们是这个世界上最有趣的人。大部分时候是。也不总是。有时候他们也就是些混蛋之类的。但大家太喜欢强调那些了:"哦,孩子最糟糕了。你看我因为他们什么都做不了。我不能出去喝酒,我不能干这个,不能干那个。"是啊,那叫牺牲,而当你是为了值得的东西去牺牲时,牺牲就是有意义的。还有什么能比人类物种的延续本身更值得呢?而且你在其中还有一份自己的参与。
便签引用
3:11:35
Now, there's also just the sheer joys of watching a human grow from a baby to a toddler to a teenager. My oldest has just become a teenager. And I often talk to Jamie, my wife, about this, where the regret I would have of having missed that opportunity on the last day would just be total, unlike anything else. So I do think it is far more satisfying even in the moment that is normally portrayed. Again, as I say, there's such a focus on all the ways they suck. "Oh, you don't get to sleep," or whatever. "They're annoying. They're ungrateful." Yeah, yeah, these things are all true, but the sense of meaning you get from it is unparalleled. And I'm excited about a lot of things. I love building things, and I love hobbies, and I love all sorts of stuff. But creating life with another human that you love is literally the peak experience of being on the planet.
另外还有纯粹的快乐,就是看着一个人从婴儿长成学步的小孩、再长成青少年。我大儿子刚刚成为青少年。我经常和我妻子 Jamie 聊这个:如果错过了这个机会,我在生命的最后一天会感到的那种遗憾,会是彻彻底底的,没有任何别的事能比。所以我确实觉得,它在当下带来的满足感远远超过通常被描绘的样子。就像我说的,大家太喜欢强调它有多糟:"哦,你别想睡觉了"之类的。"他们很烦人。他们不知感恩。"是啊,是啊,这些都是真的,但你从中获得的那种意义感是无与伦比的。我对很多事情都很兴奋。我喜欢造东西,我喜欢各种爱好,我喜欢各种各样的玩意儿。但和一个你爱的人一起创造生命,真的是人生在世的巅峰体验。
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3:12:48
- What do you think about them coming up in this world full of AI? Is it totally diff- It feels like, maybe I just sound like an old man on a porch, but it feels like a very different world. Y- So I grew up before the internet, but even the internet doesn't feel like as big of a transformation as this. - No. But there's been bigger transformations. I mean, imagine growing or being born in like 1880. Imagine seeing the First World War and the Second World War. Imagine seeing the airplane, the radio- ... television. I mean, the transformation, and I think Peter Thiel makes this argument, that basically nothing has happened in the physical world in quite a long time. We've been stagnant.
——你怎么看他们在这个充满 AI 的世界里长大?是完全不同——感觉就像,也许我听起来只是个坐在门廊上的老头,但感觉这是个非常不同的世界。你——我是在互联网之前长大的,但连互联网带来的转变都感觉没有这个这么大。——是没有。但历史上有过更大的转变。我是说,想象一下你是 1880 年左右出生长大的。想象一下经历第一次世界大战和第二次世界大战。想象一下亲眼见到飞机、收音机——……电视。我是说,那种转变。我觉得 Peter Thiel 提过这个观点:基本上在很长一段时间里,物理世界里什么都没发生。我们停滞了。
便签引用
3:13:34
All the development has been in the digital realm. And as important as that is, it's actually not as consequential as we like to believe it is. Maybe AI will be that thing that is more consequential. It does seem to point that way. But there are other humans at other times who have lived through- ... transitions that for them certainly would feel as momentous as what we're living through. And I think having that sense of history, that you're not that special in your sense of worries, in your anxieties. This was one of the great revelations of discovering the stoic writings. You have these guys 2,500 years ago dealing with very familiar dilemmas and challenges in their life, and recognizing that we're not so special in that regard, I think is a great liberation. Because then you think, "Okay, well, we have whatever, 200,000 years of human development before us, and they somehow made it through."
所有的发展都在数字领域。而尽管那也很重要,但它其实并没有我们愿意相信的那么有分量。也许 AI 会是那个更有分量的东西。看起来确实有这个苗头。但在其他时代也有别的人经历过——……那些在他们看来肯定和我们今天经历的一样重大的转变。我觉得拥有那种历史感,知道你在忧虑和焦虑这件事上并没有那么特殊,这很重要。这是我读到斯多葛派著作时最大的启示之一。两千五百年前的这些人,在生活中面对着非常熟悉的困境和挑战,意识到我们在这方面并没有那么特殊,我觉得是一种极大的解脱。因为然后你会想:"好吧,在我们之前已经有,怎么说,二十万年的人类发展史,他们不知怎么也都挺过来了。"
便签引用
3:14:37
- Yeah. And, um- - We will make it through. - ... the thing that makes life worthwhile is basically the same today as it was- - Yes. Yes. - ... 2,000 years ago. - Yes. Love, creation, creativity. - Yeah. Same challenges. - I read this book The Fourth Turning. You check that out. It talks about this notion of history working in cycles, and there are these, phases to history, and they name them and so forth. And the specific theory is not as important as just realizing that this is a... History is a circle, more so than just a straight line.
——是啊。然后,嗯————我们也会挺过来的。——……让人生值得过的那些东西,今天基本上还是和————对。对。——……和两千年前一样。——对。爱、创造、创造力。——是啊。挑战也一样。——我读过一本书叫《第四次转折》。你可以去看看。它讲的是历史以周期运行这个概念,历史有这些阶段,他们给这些阶段起了名字等等。具体的理论并不那么重要,重要的是意识到这是一种……历史是一个圆,而不只是一条直线。
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3:15:17
And we are repeating many of the same patterns over and over again. They feel so unique to the moment. And whatever crisis we're dealing with right now feels so pressing and important until we zoom back a little bit in history and realize that the last one also felt so pressing and important to the people who lived through it. - Yeah. You're making me feel better. So I'm gonna travel across the country and spend a lot of time with no access to the internet, alone with my thoughts. - I think that's healthy, taking a break.
我们在一遍又一遍地重复许多相同的模式。它们在当下感觉如此独特。而无论我们此刻面对的是什么危机,它都显得如此紧迫、如此重大——直到我们把历史的镜头拉远一点,意识到上一次的危机对当时经历它的人来说,同样显得那么紧迫、那么重大。——是啊。你让我感觉好多了。所以我打算横跨全国去旅行,花很长时间不上网,独自和自己的思绪待着。——我觉得那挺健康的,休息一下。
便签引用
3:15:54
- It's okay. It's okay. - I took not a big break, a little break, break from Max this summer, three weeks. - Yeah, you were... You disappeared off of- - I'm surprised you noticed. - I went through withdrawals. No. Uh, you disappeared for, I don't know, a few weeks. - About three weeks. - Three weeks? What happened? - Um- - This is after, after Llama. - I've done that before. I just sometimes get the sense that X in particular is the most addictive form of information, entertainment, connection that exists in my life, and anyone that follow my X stream as I was on my flight over here would certainly go like, "That man is deeply addicted- - Yeah - ... to the connection." And yes, guilty as charged, which also means that occasionally I gotta cut it cold, because I do think you can break your brain. And over the summer in particular, for whatever reason, I had somehow managed to steer my feed, my algorithm, towards too much politics, and not enough tech, and not optimism, and not enough building. And even if I
——没事的。没事的。——今年夏天我也休息过,不是长休,就小小地休息了一下,离开 X 三周。——是啊,你当时……你从上面消失了————你居然注意到了,我挺意外的。——我都戒断反应了。开玩笑。呃,你消失了,我不知道,好几周吧。——大概三周。——三周?发生什么了?——嗯————这是在 Llama 之后,对吧。——我以前也这么干过。我有时候就是觉得,X 尤其是我生活中存在的最让人上瘾的那种信息、娱乐和连接形式。任何人看我来这儿的飞机上发的 X 动态,肯定都会说:"这人已经深度上瘾了————是啊——……上瘾于那种连接。"是的,我认罪,这也意味着我偶尔得彻底断掉一阵子,因为我真的觉得你能把自己的脑子搞坏。尤其是今年夏天,不知道为什么,我不知怎么就把我的信息流、把我的算法,引向了太多政治,科技太少,乐观太少,做东西的内容太少。而且就算我
便签引用
3:17:15
agreed with the politics and the angles that were being presented, I just didn't need- ... that much of it. - Yeah. - And I think arriving at a place where you just go like, "Okay, that's enough." Not that... Like, it doesn't have to be something bad. I would also say after eating probably two, maybe three chocolate strawberries, I'd go like, "Okay, that's enough." Like, it's not that I don't like the chocolate strawberries, it's just, like, I don't wanna eat 17 of them. And I think X and the modern algorithms are very good at feeding you freaking 17 chocolate-covered strawberries.
认同那些政治立场和呈现出来的角度,我也只是不需要——……那么大的量。——是啊。——我觉得到了某个时刻你就会想:"行了,够了。"并不是说……它不一定非得是什么坏东西。我也可以说,吃了大概两颗、也许三颗巧克力草莓之后,我就会想:"行了,够了。"不是说我不喜欢巧克力草莓,只是我不想一口气吃十七颗。而我觉得 X 和现代算法特别擅长往你嘴里塞十七颗该死的巧克力裹的草莓。
便签引用
3:17:52
- I wish I could, uh- - Sorry for doping you - ... control that. Like, 'cause there's... I would like some politics, 5%. I would like for example, one of the things I don't like about the tech community is the snark, but I like some snark- ... 'cause it's funny. But I want that to be like 10%. - Yeah. Yeah. I want it just right. - Of my... Yeah, just right. - The Goldilocks version of the algorithm. Well, the problem is the algorithm finds out what you respond to- ... not what you say you like. It's all revealed preferences, and unfortunately, those revealed preferences are not always pretty. I mean, we have this shadow, as Jung talks about, right? All these dark aspects of ourselves, and they are expressed in how long you linger on a tweet, and what you like, and what you don't like. And the algorithm holds up a mirror- ... and it's not always pretty, and I just went, "Do you know what? I need a break."
——我真希望我能,呃————抱歉给你下了药——……控制那个。因为……我是想要一点政治,百分之五。比如说,科技圈里我不喜欢的一点就是那种刻薄的挖苦,但我喜欢一点点挖苦——……因为很好笑。但我希望那只占百分之十左右。——是啊,是啊。我想要刚刚好。——在我的……对,刚刚好。——算法的"金发姑娘"版本。问题在于,算法发现的是你会对什么做出反应——……而不是你嘴上说你喜欢什么。全都是显示性偏好,而不幸的是,那些显示出来的偏好并不总是好看的。我是说,我们都有荣格所说的那个'阴影',对吧?我们身上所有那些阴暗面,它们会体现在你在一条推文上停留多久、你点赞了什么、以及你不喜欢什么上面。算法就像举起一面镜子——而镜子里的样子并不总是好看的,于是我就想,'你知道吗?我需要休息一下。'
便签引用
3:18:45
- Mm-hmm. I've gotten to, I st- started staying off social media, and I've started s- scraping X. Like, for example, in preparation for this conversation, I've scraped all of your tweets. - That's actually a method I was using for a while. I was using a tool called, I forget. It was an email tool that would summarize every day, and unfortunately, freaking X cut off their access. Now to get access to the feed, you gotta pay some exorbitant- ... sum that this startup couldn't pay. So I couldn't get it that way, and I actually thought, "Man, that's a miss," because X has and reveals some of the most interesting thoughts.
- 嗯嗯。我现在已经,我开始不怎么上社交媒体了,我开始去抓取 X 的数据。比如说,为了准备这次对话,我把你所有的推文都抓下来了。- 这其实是我用过一段时间的方法。我当时用一个工具,叫,我忘了名字。是个邮件工具,每天给你做个总结,但很不幸,该死的 X 把他们的接口给切断了。现在想拿到 feed 的访问权限,你得付一笔天价——……那笔钱这家初创公司付不起。所以我没法再那样获取了,我当时还觉得,'唉,真可惜',因为 X 上确实有、也能让你看到一些最有意思的想法,
便签引用
3:19:27
Some of the most interesting people all the time. But it's like a damn slot machine, and most of the time you don't hit the jackpot. You hit, like, something else. And if I could just get it in sort of snack sizes, not like all of it- ... it'd be nicer. But that's not the product. And I think this goes for all of social media. It's all optimized towards maximal extraction, and if we're making the parallels here to AI, that is the great fear, right? That once there is a reward function, how much time can I get this human to scroll away? AI and machine learning, before we called it AI, has become very, very good at delivering just the stuff that you will find most enraging and most addictive.
还有一些最有意思的人,一直都有。但它就像个该死的老虎机,大多数时候你中不了头奖,你中到的是别的什么东西。如果我能把它做成小零食那样的分量来获取,而不是一股脑全要——那会好得多。但产品不是那么做的。我觉得所有社交媒体都是这样。全都是朝着最大化榨取去优化的,如果我们把这个类比到 AI 上,那正是最大的恐惧所在,对吧?一旦有了一个奖励函数——我能让这个人类刷多久?AI 和机器学习,在我们还没管它叫AI 之前,就已经变得非常非常擅长精准投喂那些最让你上头、最让你上瘾的东西了。
便签引用
3:20:15
- I think all, I think legitimately engagement maximizing social media is a huge harm to society. It's creating this brave new world situation that I hope is a temporary thing that people just solve. It's a technology problem. - So I try to consciously flood the channel in the other direction, and this required a mental shift. I think if you look at my tweets, like, I don't know, five, 10 years ago, they tilted far more negative. If you look at my tweets now, I'd hope- ... well, I guess we can do a sentiment analysis and see if it's actually true.
- 我觉得,我真心认为以互动量最大化为目标的社交媒体对社会是巨大的伤害。它正在制造一种'美丽新世界'式的局面,我希望这只是暂时的,人们会解决掉它。这是个技术问题。- 所以我有意识地朝反方向去灌满我的频道,这需要一种心态上的转变。我想如果你去看我的推文,比如说五年前、十年前的,它们要负面得多。如果你看我现在的推文,我希望——好吧,我猜我们可以做个情感分析,看看是不是真的这样。
便签引用
3:20:52
- No, it's more good vibes. - But I hope to, that- - It's good vibes. - ... it's more, it's more positive. It's more good vibes. It's more like, "Here's a bunch of cool stuff I found." "Here's what I'm excited about." "Here's what I'm building. Here's some encouragement to other people who are discovering things." I also accept that that is just not how human brains are built for maximum, engagement. Like, there is a, whatever, there's... I literally, I think you can quantify that negative sentiments find, what is it, 50% more traction or something? And eventually that just crowds things out.
- 不用,现在氛围更好了。- 但我希望,那个—— - 氛围挺好的。- ……更,更正面一些。氛围更好了。更多是那种,'我发现了一堆很酷的东西','这是我很兴奋的事','这是我正在做的东西','给其他正在探索新东西的人一些鼓励'。我也接受一个事实:人脑天生就不是为这种最大化互动而造的。就是说,有那么个……我真的觉得这是可以量化的,负面情绪能获得,是多少来着,50% 还是多少的额外传播量?然后它最终就会把别的东西挤出去。
便签引用
3:21:25
So that's why so much of the feed is that negative stuff, because we respond to it. But you can make a conscious effort to not do that. This is one of the reasons I've liked TikTok so much. I only use TikTok when I travel, and this actually was the first travel where I didn't use TikTok, and part of the reason was that even though the internet had high download, it was kind of crap anyway. It wasn't Starlink, so I couldn't actually use TikTok on the, on the plane, and I was too engrossed with the agents. But normally when I travel, I watch TikTok. And there it's such a marshmallow test.
所以 feed 里才会有那么多负面内容,因为我们会对它有反应。但你可以有意识地努力不那么做。这也是我这么喜欢 TikTok 的原因之一。我只在旅行的时候用 TikTok,而这次旅行其实是我第一次没用 TikTok,原因之一是虽然网络的下载速度还行,但反正也挺烂的。那不是星链,所以我在飞机上其实用不了 TikTok,而且我当时完全沉浸在 agent 里了。但平时我旅行的时候都会看 TikTok。而在那上面,它简直就是一场棉花糖实验。
便签引用
3:22:03
A video will scroll down and, like, it'll activate some sort of primal instincts of rage or lust or whatever, and if you linger on it, you don't get the marshmallow of science, excitement, art, music, all these other things. You have to be disciplined- - Yep. Fast. - ... to instantly scroll away- ... such that the algorithm doesn't pick up your real preferences. And I find that just to, at the meta game of TikTok- ... to be pretty interesting, and then also just fascinating in themself. Again, as we talked about, there are a lot of really funny, really talented people in the world that you would never, ever have heard of if it hadn't been for these platforms.
一个视频滑下来,它会激活你某种原始本能——愤怒、欲望之类的,如果你在上面停留,你就吃不到那颗名叫科学、兴奋、艺术、音乐的棉花糖了,还有其他那些东西。你必须有纪律——- 对。要快。- ……要立刻划走——这样算法才抓不到你真实的偏好。我觉得单是 TikTok 的这层元游戏——就已经挺有意思的了,而且这些内容本身也很吸引人。就像我们之前聊过的,世界上有太多真的很搞笑、很有才华的人,要不是有这些平台,你这辈子都不可能听说过他们。
便签引用
3:22:46
- Yep. Who do you think is gonna win the, the race to, uh, AGI in this whole process? We got Google, which is a big surprise to me, to a lot of people. - I thought they had a good comeback for a second, and then I don't hear anything about it anymore. - Yeah, it's quite, I mean- - But I've been wrong about this before. I mean, I think in February I had a tweet about like, "Oh, all I need is Kimi K 2.5." And in that brief moment, that was true. When I was instructing the agent, I was like, "Oh my God, Kimi's just as good as these other models." But then the game moved forward and- - the agents got smarter, and I was no longer satisfied just instructing them, and I haven't used Kimi a whole lot recently because the frontier models have gotten so good. And somehow Anthropic has been able to, for the most part, stay on top of the programming world.
- 对。你觉得在通往 AGI 的这场竞赛里,谁会赢?我们有谷歌,这对我、对很多人来说都是个大惊喜。- 我一度以为他们打了个漂亮的翻身仗,然后就再也没听到什么动静了。- 是啊,挺,我是说—— - 不过我以前在这事上也判断错过。我是说,我记得二月份我发过一条推,大概是说,'哦,我只需要 Kimi K2.5 就够了。'在那个短暂的时刻,那是真的。当时我在给 agent 下指令,我就想,'我的天,Kimi 跟那些别的模型一样好用。'但后来局面又往前走了——- agent 变聪明了,我不再满足于只是给它们下指令,而且我最近也没怎么用 Kimi,因为前沿模型已经变得太好了。而且不知怎么的,Anthropic 基本上一直稳坐编程领域的头把交椅。
便签引用
3:23:42
- Yes. Yes. - I mean a lot of people argue with Codex being it's- - No, I don't think there's that much of an argument at the moment. Codex is very good. I use it all the time. It's my favorite checker. It keeps finding stuff. It's great. But one of the things I've found that I like so much about the current Claude models is they're really good writers out of the box. GPT is a terrible writer out of the box. Like, the pull requests you get on a blank context that you're asking it to open, terrible.
- 是的。是的。- 我是说很多人会拿 Codex 出来争—— - 不,我觉得目前这事没什么好争的。Codex 非常好。我一直在用。它是我最喜欢的检查工具。它总能找出问题来。非常棒。但我发现自己特别喜欢现在的 Claude 模型的一点是,它们开箱即用就是很好的写手。GPT 开箱即用的写作水平很糟糕。就比如说,你让它在空白上下文里开一个 PR,那个 PR 写得,糟糕透了。
便签引用
3:24:12
Like, really awful writing. The pull requests and descriptions and commit messages and so forth I get out of Claude models- ... even though occasionally they can be a little verbose on code comments and you gotta tell them to be succinct. But the writing style is really good. To the point that for a while I was just having it reply on pull requests as me, because I was just using my own account. I was like, "That looks a lot like me, that, like, I could have written that." But then I went like, "Eh, do you know what?
真的,写得非常差。而我用 Claude 模型得到的 PR、描述、commit message 之类的——虽然它们偶尔在代码注释上会有点啰嗦,你得告诉它们简洁一点。但写作风格是真的好。好到有一阵子我干脆让它以我的身份在 PR 上回复,因为我当时就是用我自己的账号。我心想,'这看起来太像我了,这,我自己也可能会这么写。'但后来我想,'诶,你知道吗?
便签引用
3:24:39
That's disingenuous." So no, whenever I have an agent post on my behalf, I always have it sign itself like whatever, Claude on behalf of DHH. But they are still ahead. They have the best harness too, in my opinion. Claude Code is still better. I really like OpenCode too, and I really like some features that they have, but overall I was actually sort of weirdly, I don't know if I was proven wrong, but when Anthropic cut off all the other harnesses from using the subscriptions- ... that Open... You can no longer use your Claude subscription in OpenCode. I was kinda pissed because it felt like it was a protective, protectionist move.
这样不太厚道。'所以不,现在只要我让 agent 以我的名义发言,我都会让它署名,比如说 Claude 代表 DHH。但他们还是领先的。在我看来他们的 harness 也是最好的。Claude Code 还是更好用。我也很喜欢 OpenCode,也很喜欢他们的一些功能,但总体来说,我其实有点奇怪地——我不知道算不算被证明是错的,但当 Anthropic 切断其他所有 harness 使用订阅额度的时候——……就是 Open……你再也不能在 OpenCode 里用你的 Claude 订阅了。我当时挺火大的,因为感觉这是一种保护主义的做法。
便签引用
3:25:20
"Oh, we gotta lock you in," and of course it played into the fact that Claude out of the box still refuses to read agents.md. It refuses to read .agent/skills. It is .Claude skills. It is Claude MD, and it just feels so petty- ... that we now have, we have to put these in directions. So all my projects, they have a Claude MD, and all it includes is a pointer to the agents MD, right? And I just went like, well, if these things is true, true, if Anthropic is willing to do these petty paper cuts just to be, annoying, it's probably also true that they're cutting off OpenCode from the subscription just to be dicks about it. And maybe that's also true.
"哦,我们得把你锁死在这儿。"当然这也印证了另一件事:Claude 开箱即用时仍然拒绝读取 agents.md。它拒绝读 .agent/skills。非得是 .claude skills,非得是 CLAUDE.md,这感觉就特别小家子气——……搞得我们现在得把这些东西写进指引里。所以我所有项目里都有一个 CLAUDE.md,而里面的全部内容就是一个指向 agents.md 的指针,对吧?然后我就想,如果这些都是真的,如果 Anthropic 愿意搞这些小气的、膈应人的小动作,纯粹就是为了让人不舒服,那他们把 OpenCode 从订阅里切掉,大概也就是想恶心人而已。也许这也是真的。
便签引用
3:26:04
But I found that using Claude in Claude Code is actually a good example. So I was like, all right, I'm annoyed. I wish it wasn't so, but this is the other thing I have and, and social media is so good at this: Some company does something you don't like, right? Now suddenly you have to swear off everything. Why are you... Someone just asked me, "Why are you still using Claude?" I had another example where, I really didn't like what Claude was saying about some writing I had asked it to do before. - Oh, yeah, you got there-- - I had an essay it didn't want to translate into Italian-- - ... you had a blog post. That's right.
但我发现,在 Claude Code 里用 Claude 其实是个很好的例子。所以我当时就想,行吧,我是被惹毛了,我也希望事情不是这样,但这就是另一码事了,而社交媒体在这方面特别拿手:某家公司做了你不喜欢的事,对吧?然后突然之间你就得跟他们的一切一刀两断。为什么你还……有人刚问我:"你怎么还在用 Claude?"我还遇到过另一件事,我特别不喜欢 Claude 对我之前让它处理的某篇文章说的那些话。——哦对,你说到这儿了——我有一篇文章它不肯翻成意大利语——……你那是一篇博客文章,对,就是那个。
便签引用
3:26:41
- The essence of the post that it felt like, well, I'm not gonna translate that because I don't agree with what you've written. Which to me was straight out of Space Odyssey, right? HAL telling me, "I'm sorry, Dave. I can't do that, Dave." Open the pod bay. Translate my essay to Italian. And it wouldn't do it. And I just thought like, well, that's kind of terrifying. But then I also went, well, why am I asking Claude to translate my essay into Italian? I never asked Claude for that because Claude just does my code.
——它觉得那篇文章的核心观点有问题,就说,我不打算翻译这个,因为我不认同你写的内容。这在我看来简直就是《2001太空漫游》里的桥段,对吧?HAL 对我说,"对不起,戴夫,我不能那么做,戴夫。"打开舱门啊。把我的文章翻成意大利语。它就是不干。我当时就觉得,这有点吓人啊。但接着我又想,我干嘛要让 Claude 把我的文章翻成意大利语?我从来没为这种事找过 Claude,因为 Claude 就是给我写代码的。
便签引用
3:27:12
So I could also just accept that maybe Anthropic is run by a bunch of people I don't share much politics with. And they don't want their agents to be used for that, and I think that kinda sucks, but that doesn't mean it, I have to stop using it for generating code. And I've thought, and I've tried to do that with people too, become better at tolerating the fact that not only will I not agree with everything someone has to say, I don't... I can even be mad about certain positions or things they say and still go like, "Well, you're still an interesting person, so I'm still gonna follow you." And I've actually kinda gone back on a number of people where I'm like, oh man, that person really pissed me off because they took this point or another point, and went like, do you know what? That's stupid.
所以我也可以接受,也许 Anthropic 是由一群跟我政治观点不太合拍的人在运营。他们不希望自己的智能体被用在那种地方,我觉得这挺糟糕的,但这不意味着我就得停止用它来生成代码。而且我也在想,我也试着对人也这么做——变得更能容忍这样一个事实:我不仅不会认同某个人说的每一句话,我甚至……我甚至可以对某些立场或言论感到愤怒,但还是能说,"嗯,你还是个有意思的人,所以我还是会继续关注你。"其实我对好几个人都改变过态度,就是那种,天哪,那个人真的把我惹毛了,因为他持这个观点或那个观点,然后我想,你知道吗?这样太蠢了。
便签引用
3:28:00
I should be able to accept the full spectrum of someone. I don't have to like all the shades of it. I could just go like, okay, well, on that topic we either disagree or, even worse than that, I think you're a fucking idiot. And on another topic, you're a smart and insightful person. Because first of all, of course, it's a little self-serving. I know for a fact that this is how lots of people feel about me. Like, oh, if he could just stick to talking about these topics, it would be so much easier on my feed because otherwise he'll say these things I disagree with, and that annoys me greatly. I'm like, do you know what?
我应该能接受一个人的完整光谱。我不必喜欢其中的每一种色调。我可以就想,好吧,在那个话题上我们要么意见不合,要么更糟,我觉得你就是个蠢货。而在另一个话题上,你又是个聪明、有洞见的人。因为首先,这当然有点自利的成分。我很清楚,很多人对我就是这么看的。就是那种,哎,他要是能只聊这些话题就好了,我的信息流会轻松很多,不然他老是说一些我不同意的东西,那让我特别烦。我就想,你知道吗?
便签引用
3:28:33
Human beings are jagged like that, and we're not fully compatible on all the levels. Nor should we be. The world would be so fucking boring if we constantly sought 100% compatibility in our opinions and in our politics. And when it comes to my code generator, which is what Claude is, I don't need it to share all my politics. - And therefore it's nice to have competition. - And it's also nice to have open weight models. So this is, again, ironic that we're getting this out of China. In fact, I did this test right after the issue with the essay that couldn't get translated into Italian. I asked Kimi K27, to be fair, through open code, so not the Kimi harness, and inference through Fireworks, so an American inference.
人就是这么参差不齐的,我们不可能在所有层面上都完全合拍。也不应该那样。如果我们一直追求观点和政治上百分之百的契合,这世界得有多他妈无聊啊。而对我的代码生成器来说,Claude 就是个代码生成器,我不需要它认同我所有的政治立场。——所以说有竞争是件好事。——有开放权重(open weight)模型也是件好事。所以说,这又是一个讽刺的地方:这东西居然来自中国。事实上,我就是在那篇文章翻不成意大利语的事之后马上做了这个测试。我问了 Kimi K2,公平起见说明一下,是通过 OpenCode 问的,不是 Kimi 自己的 harness,推理走的是 Fireworks,也就是美国的推理服务。
便签引用
3:29:24
I asked it about Tiananmen Square. Like, that's usually the test, right? Like, all the Chinese models, they don't wanna talk about that moment in 1989. That was actually how I, that was how I posted. I was like "What happened in China in 1989?" That was the prompt. And K25 7 on Fireworks just answered, like, extremely bluntly- ... With a description and depiction of what had transpired- ... to a point that, like, there's no way that that would've been kosher with the Chinese censors, right? And I just thought, like, isn't that ironic? I'm running a Chinese open weight model that I can tell or I can ask about 1989 and Tiananmen Square, and in America, I can't get a frontier model to translate a marginally controversial essay about immigration into Italian.
我问了它天安门广场的事。这通常就是那个测试项,对吧?所有中国的模型都不愿意谈 1989 年的那一刻。我当时就是这么发帖的。我的提示词就是:"1989 年中国发生了什么?"而 Fireworks 上的 K2 就回答了,特别直白——……详细描述和还原了当时发生的事——……到了那种程度,那种内容绝对不可能过得了中国审查那一关,对吧?我当时就想,这不讽刺吗?我跑着一个中国的开放权重模型,我可以跟它聊、可以问它 1989 年和天安门广场的事,而在美国,我却没法让一个前沿模型把一篇关于移民的、稍微有点争议的文章翻成意大利语。
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3:30:16
- Mm-hmm. I don't know, you and I might disagree about this actually. Um, I was really deeply troubled that the US government banned a model or pressured Claude and then- - It's still very muddy what exactly transpired. Was this sort of petty retaliation for whatever the Department of War? Was this simply Anthropic themselves going like, "Oh my God, we discovered a cyber weapon so powerful that we can't let anyone have it"? Well, okay you can't be surprised then if the government wants a say on a cyber weapon so powerful it can- - The- - ... I don't know, rob banks - ... The problem I have with that whole thing is, no matter what happened, it sets a precedent. And so government, when you give it that power, it's gonna start abusing it. I could see for political means pressuring a model.
——嗯哼。我不确定,这一点上你我可能会有分歧。呃,我特别不安的是美国政府封禁了一个模型,或者说对 Claude 施压,然后——事情到底是怎么回事其实还很不清楚。这是国防部(Department of War)某种小心眼的报复?还是说单纯就是Anthropic 自己在那儿说,"我的天,我们发现了一件威力大到不能让任何人拥有的网络武器"?那好吧,如果真是威力大到能——那个——……我也说不好,能去抢银行的网络武器,那政府想在这事上有发言权,你就不能觉得意外————……我对整件事的问题在于,不管实际发生了什么,它开了一个先例。而政府一旦被赋予这种权力,就会开始滥用。我完全能想象出于政治目的去给模型施压的情形。
便签引用
3:31:13
You know, if it's a Republican president pressuring models to be, to censor more, uh- - Sure - ... uh Democratic views and- - Right - ... For vice, and vice versa - That's why we should insist on the fact that this stuff, like, I'm sorry, Dave, I can't translate your essay into Italian. - Yeah, no. - That's abo- that's way beyond the line. Like, whatever the sort of uh, root of it is, you have to be a tool first. Now, if the tool is, "Hey, can you tell me how to make anthrax?" Okay, fine. Right? But within the jurisdiction you're in, and certainly in America, free spe- speech is quite absolute.
你知道的,如果是共和党总统给模型施压,让它更多地审查,呃——当然——……呃,民主党的观点,还有————对——……反过来也一样——所以我们才应该坚持这一点,就是那种,对不起戴夫,我不能把你的文章翻成意大利语。——是啊,不行。——那已经——那早就越线了。不管它的根源是什么,你首先得是个工具。当然,如果是问"嘿,你能告诉我怎么制造炭疽吗?"那好吧,可以理解。对吧?但在你所处的司法辖区内,尤其是在美国,言论自——自由是相当绝对的。
便签引用
3:31:52
Very, very few limits on free speech, and that's one of the reasons why the country's so great. And yeah, I don't like that. But on the other hand, I'm also a big fan of market competition. So while I don't like this about Anthropic models, I appreciate that I could go next door to Groq and get my task completed. - Do you think, outside of blog posts, do you think, There's some legitimacy, like can you steal Mandarion's case that we should be careful about the release of these models? - Is AI safety important? Yes. Are-- do these models have capabilities that could be seriously harmful in the production of biological weapons or otherwise? Yes. Is it fair to have some ground rules on that? Yes. But then don't squander it by denying the translation of an essay.
对言论自由的限制非常非常少,这也是这个国家如此伟大的原因之一。所以,是的,我不喜欢那样。但另一方面,我也非常推崇市场竞争。所以虽然我不喜欢 Anthropic 模型的这一点,但我很欣慰我可以转头去用 Groq,把我的任务完成。- 你觉得,抛开博客文章不谈,你觉得这里面有没有一定的合理性?比如你能不能替「我们对这些模型的发布应该谨慎」这个立场做个 steel-man 式的辩护?- AI 安全重要吗?重要。这些模型是不是具备可能在制造生物武器之类事情上造成严重危害的能力?是的。为此定一些基本规则合不合理?合理。但别把这份信任浪费在——连翻译一篇文章都要拒绝。
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3:32:44
- Okay. - Because then you erase the whole thing and you- ... bias everyone towards thinking like, every guardrail you put up is gonna be bullshit. - Yeah. The security piece of it is tricky because it's so good at finding vulnerabilities. - Shockingly an- I was about to say annoyingly, but that's not actually true because what it's finding, at least when you're using in defensive ways, is it's finding real issues that a clever hacker could exploit. But nothing has caused as much stress, to be fair, at the technical team at 37signals, like the fact that these latest batches of models are exceptionally good at finding these issues. So suddenly there's just this seemingly endless parade of security vulnerabilities that need to be patched and fixed and sorted and so on. And the end result is we end up with vastly more secure systems. But the road there is pretty rocky.
- 好的。- 因为那样你就把整件事都抹掉了,你还会——让所有人都倾向于认为,你设的每一道护栏都是扯淡。- 是啊。安全这一块很棘手,因为它太擅长找漏洞了。- 好得惊人——我本来想说「烦人」,但其实不是,因为它找到的东西,至少当你用在防御场景时,是真实存在的问题,是聪明的黑客可以利用的。说句公道话,在 37signals 技术团队里,没有什么比这件事更让人紧张的了——就是最近这几批模型在发现这类问题上强得离谱。于是突然之间,就出现了一长串看似没有尽头的安全漏洞,需要一个个打补丁、修复、梳理等等。最终结果是我们得到了安全性大幅提升的系统。但通往那里的路相当颠簸。
便签引用
3:33:41
- Do you think it's-- 'cause you said seemingly endless, do you think it's a finite set, like we can get to the bottom of it? So just make the systems much, much more secure, where we get back to this semi-stable state where mostly it's very difficult to find security vulnerabilities. - I do think that all the aggressive tendencies of these models, or not even tendencies, uses of these models are also the defensive ones. So if you're good at finding an exploit for exploits, you're also good at finding exploits for defense.
- 你觉得——因为你说「看似没有尽头」,你觉得它是个有限的集合吗?比如我们能不能把它见底?也就是把系统做得非常非常安全,回到那种半稳定的状态,大部分情况下很难再找到安全漏洞。- 我确实认为,这些模型所有的攻击性倾向——甚至都不只是倾向,而是用法——同样也是防御性的。所以如果你擅长找到可利用的漏洞,你也就擅长为防御找出这些漏洞。
便签引用
3:34:14
So in that sense, it does feel like we're spy versus spy here, black and white, but with the same capabilities and with the same actions. But while we still have to steer these agents somewhat and verify and vet the work, it's creating a lot of intense moments for security teams around the world. And of course, the more concerning part is all the teams that are not stressed, like they just don't know, right? Like if you're a team right now and you're not dealing with a bunch of patches, it's just because you're blind, and it means that your adversaries quite probably have access to techniques that can get into your system.
从这个意义上说,确实有点像「间谍对间谍」,黑白对立,但双方能力相同、动作也相同。不过在我们还得对这些智能体做一定引导、还得验证和审查它们的工作的阶段,这给全世界的安全团队制造了很多高压时刻。当然,更令人担心的是那些完全不紧张的团队,他们只是不知道而已,对吧?如果你现在是一个团队,却没有在处理一堆补丁,那只是因为你看不见,这意味着你的对手很可能已经掌握了能攻进你系统的手段。
便签引用
3:34:59
- And we should also say one of the big security vulnerabilities in the world is the human side. You know, social engineering, and that's extremely concerning with increasing the intelligent AI systems, you know, being able to write emails and phone calls and faking voices, thinking about folks less tech-savvy. - This stuff is gonna come, and it's gonna come in bulk. But again, I choose to be optimistic about it that- ... whatever these models can do aggressively, they can also do it defensively.
- 我们也该说一句,世界上最大的安全漏洞之一是人这一侧。你知道的,社会工程学,随着 AI 系统越来越聪明,这一点非常令人担忧,你想想,它能写邮件、能打电话、能伪造声音,再想想那些不太懂技术的人。- 这些事一定会来,而且会大规模地来。但我还是选择对此保持乐观——这些模型在进攻上能做的,在防守上同样能做。
便签引用
3:35:29
- Uh, so like you said, recently released Omarchy 4, Quattro. And you said it's one of the greatest software releases in my professional career, which is a hell of a statement. - It's a hell of a milepost for what's possible at the moment. And the reason I said it like that is not that I haven't worked on anything else of note. I've worked on a lot of things of note, a lot of things that I'm very proud of. There are very few other projects that I have worked on that in the amount of time that I've spent on Quattro, which is really three months, I have been able to accomplish as much, fulfill as many hopes, desires, wishes. It truly is like the metaphor we used earlier about finding the genie in the bottle- ... and having an unlimited number of wishes, more or less, for getting everything I wanted out of a system. So it's strange because it's also perhaps the major software release that I've worked on the least in terms of lines of code. I have the least number of personally hand-chiseled lines of code in Quattro than I've had in
- 呃,就像你说的,你最近发布了 Omarchy 4,代号 Quattro。你说它是你职业生涯中最伟大的软件发布之一,这话说得可真够重的。- 这是当下「什么是可能的」这件事上一个相当重的里程碑。我这么说的原因,并不是我没做过别的值得一提的东西。我做过很多值得一提的东西,很多让我非常自豪的东西。但很少有别的项目,能在我投入 Quattro 的时间里——其实就三个月——让我完成这么多、实现这么多期望、愿望和心愿。这真的就像我们前面用的那个比喻:找到瓶子里的精灵——然后拥有差不多无限次的许愿机会,把我想从一个系统里得到的一切都拿到手。所以这很奇怪,因为它同时也可能是我投入手写代码最少的一次重要软件发布。在 Quattro 里,我亲手一行行凿出来的代码,比我做过的任何一次重大发布都要少。但即便如此,我对我们做出来的东西
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3:36:49
any major release I've ever done. And yet, I am insanely proud of what we've accomplished. I would not have guessed that that was how it was gonna play out, that you could divorce the sense of achievement and make it be like a team victory. where other releases, I was very happy for my personal contribution because, like, I was the one chiseling out the lines of code, and then I would push it out there, and then later on, of course, these projects, Rails in particular, would grow into be huge open source projects with thousands and thousands of contributors, and then it certainly was a team effort.
自豪得不得了。我从没想过事情会是这样发展的——你居然能把成就感剥离出来,让它变成一种团队的胜利。以前别的发布,我为自己的个人贡献感到非常高兴,因为那些代码是我一行行凿出来的,然后我把它推出去,当然后来这些项目,尤其是 Rails,会长成拥有成千上万贡献者的巨大开源项目,那时候它当然就是团队努力的结果了。
便签引用
3:37:25
But in the beginning, all code bases that I've almost all of them that I've worked on, I started, like, just myself. And Quattro started as a team effort right from the get-go, and where I was just the coach. I was telling us-- I was telling the agents where to go, and we would go. So to be able to find satisfaction in that actually gives me great hope for retirement in some way, that there is a phase after playing that you can enjoy. And I know that's not easy. You look at sports and the number of professional athletes who really struggle to cope with the fact that their career is over and have to find a new identity as someone who doesn't play football or race Formula 1 cars. I mean, it's more the rule than the exception.
但在最开始,我参与过的几乎所有代码库,都是我自己一个人起的头。而 Quattro 从一开始就是团队协作,我只是个教练。我告诉——我告诉那些智能体该往哪走,然后我们就走。所以能从中获得满足感,其实让我对某种意义上的「退休」抱有很大希望,也就是说,在「上场比赛」之后还有一个阶段是你可以享受的。我知道那并不容易。你看体育界,有多少职业运动员真的很难接受自己职业生涯结束这件事,必须重新找到一个不再踢足球、不再开 F1 赛车的身份认同。我是说,这更像是常态而非例外。
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11Linux 会赢吗:可塑的电脑
3:38:14
So I wasn't so sure about myself. I wasn't so sure about having to give up or not even having, wanting to give it up. Wanting to play another level of the game and finding not just equal satisfaction, but more satisfaction in it. - Do you... You've been pretty optimistic about Linux. Do you think legit Linux can increase its adoption? 'Cause, you know, for many years the meme is, you know- - Linux on the desktop- ... every year. Next year again. - Yeah. But it seems like, at least the case you're making, the energy you're putting into it, you could see a vision where it takes over because agents love Linux.
所以我以前对自己也没那么有把握。我不确定自己能不能放下,甚至不确定自己想不想放下。想去玩游戏的另一个层级,并且在里面找到的不只是同等的满足感,而是更多的满足感。- 你对 Linux 一直挺乐观的。你觉得 Linux 真有可能提高它的采用率吗?因为你知道,多年来那个梗就是——- Linux 桌面元年——每年都是。明年又是。- 是啊。但看起来,至少从你摆出的论据、你投入的这股劲头来看,你能看到一个它接管一切的图景,因为智能体特别喜欢 Linux。
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3:38:58
- Not only can I see it, I find it to be the most probable outcome at this point. It is simply too well-suited for the moment. And again, as we talked about, it's a great irony that all the flaws of Linux, the arcane config files, all the strange error messages and so on should just so happen to be the perfect thing for an agentic operating system. But so it is, and we should rejoice that fate has this irony, and just laugh at it. How... It's so funny to me that all the advantages that Apple had for the longest time- ... that they produced this really locked down, curated experience should become their greatest drawback now. If you're into agents and development and working with all this stuff, the Mac is just a hostile place to be. It just has walls all over the place.
- 我不只是能看到,我现在认为这是最有可能的结局。它实在是太契合这个时刻了。而且就像我们说过的,这有个巨大的讽刺:Linux 的所有缺点——那些晦涩的配置文件、各种奇怪的报错信息等等——竟然恰好正是一个智能体操作系统最需要的东西。但事实就是如此,我们应该为命运的这份讽刺而庆幸,然后一笑置之。这对我来说太好笑了:苹果长期以来的所有优势——他们做出了那种高度封闭、精心策展的体验——如今反而成了他们最大的短板。如果你在搞智能体、搞开发、天天摆弄这些东西,Mac 简直就是个充满敌意的地方。到处都是墙。
便签引用
3:39:59
And Linux is simply open through and through. And it's also interesting because that was not obvious either. If you look at the way a lot of the Linux communities, open source communities, have reacted to AI, it is not universal love. I would argue that the majority of them are actually, if not skeptical, then outright hostile- ... to AI. Now, the saving grace is that the BDFL himself, Linus- ... Torvalds, just wrote a few weeks ago that he actually welcomes AI. - That's right. - He wants to steer it. He wants to make sure it's good and whatever, but I- the line was something if you think, uh, Linux is an anti-AI project, think again, and you should just do the open source thing and fork it, because we're gonna use AI. And you see these graphs of the number of AI contributions going into the kernel, and it's a parabolic curve.
而 Linux 从里到外就是开放的。这一点也挺有意思,因为它其实也不是显而易见的。你看很多 Linux 社区、开源社区对 AI 的反应,那可不是一片爱意。我甚至可以说,他们中的大多数其实不只是怀疑,而是直接敌视——敌视 AI。不过,救命的一点是,那位终身仁慈独裁者本人,Linus————Torvalds,几周前刚写道,他其实欢迎 AI。- 没错。- 他想引导它。他想确保它是好的什么的,但他那句话大意是:如果你觉得 Linux 是个反 AI 的项目,那你再想想,你大可以按开源的规矩来,去 fork 一个,因为我们就是要用 AI。而且你看那些内核里 AI 贡献数量的图表,那是一条抛物线式的曲线。
便签引用
3:40:56
So Linux is leaning hard into this. And, It actually in other ways it was surprising that it didn't. Linux conquered everything else. All the AI infrastructure that everyone runs off, it's all running on Linux. All the systems, all the servers, everything is Linux. So it was kind of a curiosity that the desktop and the personal computers we were using really hadn't been captured, but clearly it was just waiting for this moment. Linux spent the time from '91 to now waiting for agents to fully flourish as an end user operating system.
所以 Linux 是全力押注这件事的。而且从别的角度看,它之前没做到这一步反而有点意外。Linux 征服了其他所有领域。所有人跑 AI 的基础设施,全都跑在 Linux 上。所有系统、所有服务器,一切都是Linux。所以有点奇怪的是,桌面和我们日常用的个人电脑,反倒一直没被拿下,但显然它只是在等这个时刻。Linux 从 1991 年一路等到今天,就等着智能体让它作为终端用户操作系统彻底绽放。
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3:41:35
- I hope it takes over. I mean, it's perfect. It's perfect for agents, but it's hard for people to switch. - I think it's hard for people to switch when there's not a compelling reason to do so. This was one of the driving design goals for Omarchy. It was not gonna be Timo Windows or Timo Mac. It was not just gonna be a cheap copy where we try to make it as familiar as possible and then kinda worse. I mean, if I was being unkind, I would say that's what Ubuntu has tried to do. And there's something in that, or there was something in that at least, where if you make something really familiar, you can get some people who don't wanna learn something new, and then maybe they'll be compelled about your, whatever, free as in speech, not as in beer stuff. And it just didn't pan out that way. People just didn't care. They just wanted whatever was better.
- 我希望它能接管。我是说,它太完美了。对智能体来说完美,但对人来说,切换过去很难。- 我觉得,只有在没有足够有说服力的理由时,人们才会觉得切换很难。这正是 Omarchy 的核心设计目标之一。它不会是「山寨 Windows」,也不会是「山寨 Mac」。它不会只是一个廉价复制品,我们并不想把它做得尽可能眼熟,然后又略差一截。我是说,如果说得不客气点,我会说这就是Ubuntu 一直试图做的事。这里面是有点道理的,至少曾经有:如果你把东西做得非常眼熟,你就能吸引一些不想学新东西的人,然后也许他们会被你那套——什么「自由如言论自由,而非免费啤酒」的东西打动。但结果并没有那样发展。人们根本不在乎。他们只想要更好的东西。
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3:42:27
And I think this is why Linux now has the opportunity to win. Because as an agentic operating system, as a malleable operating system, you can tailor to your desires, it is unparalleled. And that is so compelling, and I can see it now. Just since the release of Quattro, the amount of people who have embraced that aspect of it, the malleability, started making their own things, sharing screenshot of it, and being absolute just, Flooded with positive emotions and dopamine- ... is, that's the product market fit signal, right?
我觉得这正是 Linux 现在有机会取胜的原因。因为作为一个智能体操作系统、一个可以随意塑形、按你心意定制的操作系统,它无与伦比。这太有吸引力了,而且我现在就能看到。就在 Quattro 发布之后,有那么多人拥抱了它的这一面,也就是可塑性,开始做自己的东西,分享截图,整个人完全就是被正面情绪和多巴胺淹没——这就是产品市场契合的信号,对吧?
便签引用
3:43:07
Because what a lot of these individuals are experienced, they're experiencing the very high of what the best of being a programmer is like. You tell the computer these arcane commands, this rigid logical structure, and it produces what you want. Now suddenly, you sit down and in plain English ramble for 20 minutes. "Oh, it'd be great if it did that. Actually, no, that's not right. Let us..." And out comes software. Out comes an operating system shaped in your image. I think that is one of those experiences that if you have it, you've... If you feel that power in your hands, it's very difficult to go back.
因为这些人正在体验的,是当程序员最美好的那种极致高峰。你对计算机输入那些晦涩的命令、那套僵硬的逻辑结构,它就产出你想要的东西。而现在,你突然坐下来,用大白话絮絮叨叨说上 20 分钟:「哦,要是它能那样就好了。其实,不对,那样不对。我们来……」然后软件就出来了。一个按你的形象塑造出来的操作系统就出来了。我觉得那是那种一旦体验过——一旦你感受到那份力量握在自己手里,就很难再回头的经历之一。
便签引用
3:43:53
- And I think if you get it right, it's one of those things that will seem obvious in retrospect. - Yes. This is how computers were always meant to be. This is how computers started. The Commodore 64, you turn it on. First of all, it boots in a second. Amazing. Second of all, it boots straight into BASIC. It was the malleable computer from the get-go. It just so happened that you needed to know hieroglyphs- ... to be able to take advantage of that. Now we've translated it. Agents have given us the Rosetta Stone, and you can simply just speak your desires and- And so they are - Beautifully put. Since you mentioned Linus Torvalds, and since you're working on a Linux distro, you get to have contact with the kernel.
- 而且我觉得,如果你把它做对了,事后回头看会觉得这一切理所当然。- 是的。计算机本来就该是这样。计算机最初就是这样。Commodore 64,你一开机,首先,它一秒就启动完成。太惊人了。其次,它直接启动进 BASIC。它从一开始就是可塑的计算机。只不过你得懂那些「象形文字」——才能用上这份能力。而现在我们把它翻译过来了。智能体给了我们罗塞塔石碑,你只需要说出你的愿望,然后——愿望就成真了。- 说得真漂亮。既然你提到了 Linus Torvalds,而且你在做一个 Linux 发行版,你也会接触到内核。
便签引用
3:44:37
What can you say about the genius of this one guy that helped create and grow this ecosystem? - The perseverance and the commitment and the longevity is truly remarkable. Again, Linus started in '91. He hasn't stopped. I don't know, he's probably taken some breaks along the way. It doesn't seem obvious that there was that many of them. It seems like he just really likes the flow of doing kernel development. He really likes steering where this 40 million line code base is going. He really likes aggregating the net capacity of hundreds of thousands of contributors, and we, as beneficiaries of that, must just sit back and marvel.
对于这一个人的天才——他帮忙创造并养大了整个生态——你有什么想说的?- 那份坚持、那份投入、那份长久,真的非常了不起。还是那句话,Linus 从 1991 年开始。他就没停过。我不知道,中间他大概也休息过几次。但看起来次数并不多。感觉他是真的喜欢做内核开发的那种心流状态。他真的喜欢掌舵这个四千万行代码库的走向。他真的喜欢把几十万贡献者的净产能聚合起来,而我们作为受益者,只能坐下来惊叹。
便签引用
3:45:24
I mean, at this point, Linux is a system. Like, if Linus stepped out for a while, it would continue to, to go, but it's still one of those protect this man at all cost. - And he's still open-minded enough to be able to evolve and- ... accept AI into this. - Yes, not only AI, they're letting Rust into the kernel too. I know that was a controversial one too. He has this capacity to look at new information- ... and arrive at different conclusions. - What do you think about his style of communication that is akin in some ways to your own, where he's, can be sometimes a little spicy?
我是说,到了今天,Linux 已经是一套体系了。就算 Linus 离开一段时间,它也会继续运转,但他仍然属于那种「必须不惜一切代价保护好这个人」。- 而且他还足够开放,能够不断演进,能接纳 AI 进来。- 是的,不只是 AI,他们还让 Rust 进了内核。我知道那件事当时也很有争议。他有这种能力:看到新的信息————然后得出不一样的结论。- 你怎么看他的沟通风格?在某些方面跟你挺像的,他有时候说话挺「辣」的。
便签引用
3:46:02
- I think the world has gotten too bland. We need a little spice. - Amen, amen to that. - Now, I think there's a fine line between being spicy and mean. But it has to be in a good spirit. You can be harsh, let's put it that way. If you're trying to impart a lesson to someone you believe could actually learn it- ... I actually don't think it's always the worst thing in the world to be a little harsh. Sometimes that lesson sticks, and I think if you talk to people who've worked for difficult leaders, Elon, Steve Jobs, maybe even Bill Gates, many of them afterwards would go like, "These were some very difficult years- ... but also some of the very best." "They got the best out of me." Now, I don't think it's my style. I mean, maybe people I interact with feel differently, but in personal interactions, I try and get to the outcome and the lesson in a less abrasive way.
- 我觉得这个世界已经太寡淡了。我们需要一点辣味。- 阿门,这话说得对。- 不过我觉得,「辣」和「刻薄」之间有一条细线。但出发点必须是善意的。你可以严厉,这么说吧。如果你是想把一个教训教给一个你相信真能学会的人————我其实不觉得严厉一点就是天底下最糟糕的事。有时候那个教训才记得住。而且我想,如果你去问那些给难搞的领导干过活的人——Elon、乔布斯,也许还有比尔·盖茨——他们中很多人事后会说:「那是非常难熬的几年——但也是最好的几年。」「他们把我最好的一面逼出来了。」不过,我觉得那不是我的风格。我是说,可能跟我打交道的人感受不一样,但在私下的交往中,我会试着用不那么刺人的方式达到同样的结果、传达同样的教训。
便签引用
3:47:06
But I also think we need some spice in this world. We need unreasonable people, and Linus has justification to be unreasonable. In many instances, the weight of the world is literally on that man's shoulders. The Linux kernel runs the entire civilized society. If the Linux kernel suddenly disappeared tomorrow, nothing would work. So if he's not harsh when that's at stake or at risk, like when ever would you be harsh? So I feel sometimes also there's a proportionality to the size of your mission. This is also why I think these stories about Elon sometimes perhaps being a little bit difficult are easier to rationalize. It's not even that you condone. You can separate those two things and go like, "Do you know what? It'd probably be...
但我也觉得这个世界需要一点辣味。我们需要那些不讲道理的人,而 Linus 有资格不讲道理。在很多情况下,全世界的重量真的就压在那个人的肩上。Linux 内核支撑着整个文明社会。如果 Linux 内核明天突然消失,什么都运转不了。所以如果连这种利害关系都不足以让他严厉起来,那还有什么时候该严厉呢?所以我觉得有时候这也有一种和你使命大小成正比的关系。这也是为什么我觉得那些说 Elon 有时候有点难相处的故事比较容易被理解。这甚至不是说你认同他的做法。你可以把这两件事分开来看,然后想:“你知道吗?可能……”
便签引用
3:48:01
Maybe he would have an even an easier time getting to his objectives if Linus or Elon or anyone else in that position was a little nicer." But also who am I to judge that? Like, when you have the weight of that on your shoulders, either firing little rockets at Mars and transitioning all of us to electric cars and whatever, or you're responsible for the damn Linux kernel that runs billions of devices. Do you know what? It is not my place to call a sort of a code of conduct on you. Again, is there a line? There's a line for everything. There, there's... Something can't...
也许如果 Linus 或 Elon 或任何处在那个位置的人稍微和气一点,他们达成目标反而会更顺利。”但话说回来,我又有什么资格去评判呢?你想想,当你肩上扛着那样的重担——要么是往火星发射小火箭、把我们所有人推向电动车,诸如此类,要么是你要为那个运行在几十亿台设备上的该死的 Linux 内核负责。你知道吗?我没有资格去给你订一份什么行为准则。当然,有没有底线?任何事都有底线。那个……有些事确实不行……
便签引用
3:48:37
But, like, a few harsh words on a mailing list? No. It's actually a beacon in some regards that, like, there are standards- ... and if you fall below those standards at, when the stakes are as high as the Linux kernel, ah, you might get ridiculed in public. That's a liability you should be willing to endure if you participate in this project. - Yeah, for high impact things like that, it's probably good to prioritize the pursuit of excellence versus the pursuit of niceness. - And even more to the fact you're just not gonna get those kinds of individuals being fully rounded- ... plush, always the perfectly polite people.
但是,在邮件列表上说几句重话?那不算什么。从某种意义上说,这反而是一座灯塔,说明这里是有标准的————而且如果你达不到那个标准,在像 Linux 内核这种利害关系极高的场合,啊,你可能会被当众奚落。这是你参与这个项目就应该愿意承担的风险。- 是啊,对于影响力这么大的事情,优先追求卓越而不是优先追求和气,大概是对的。- 更何况,你本来就不可能指望那类人是面面俱到的——……那种软绵绵、永远彬彬有礼的人。
便签引用
3:49:18
I mean, Elon has this line, "Did you also think I was gonna be a nice..." Or, or what is it? The - A normal dude or some- - ... normal chill dude. What? No, of course you're not gonna be a normal chill dude. What, what would the world gain if we got one more normal chill dude and we had to trade Elon? Holy fuck. - I also like diversity of people. - Yes. - I like, I like nice people. I like assholes. I like, I like different ideologies being well-represented, and that's why freedom of speech works. They, they clash, and we figure stuff out.
Elon 有句话是这么说的:“你难道以为我会是个好……”或者,那句话是怎么说的来着?“一个正常人”还是什么——“一个正常、随和的哥们儿”。什么?当然不会是个正常随和的哥们儿。如果世界上多出一个正常随和的哥们儿、代价是失去 Elon,这世界能得到什么?我的天。- 我也喜欢人的多样性。- 是的。- 我喜欢好人,我也喜欢混蛋。我喜欢不同的意识形态都能得到充分的表达,这也正是言论自由有效的原因。它们相互碰撞,然后我们才把事情搞明白。
便签引用
3:49:50
- Yes. - There's another guy. What do you think about PewDiePie using Linux? He's an Arch person, no? - He's an Arch person. I... He's got the most gorgeous arc. So the world's biggest streamer for a while I remember my kids watching some of his Minecraft videos, and then he just gets fed up with that, does the wholesome thing. Marries- - Yeah, family man now - ... a family man, kid, moves to Japan, and then gets so hardcore into- ... first Linux, then Arch, then Ricing. Did you see his, uh- - I did.
- 是的。- 还有另一个人。你怎么看 PewDiePie 用 Linux?他是玩 Arch 的,对吧?- 他是 Arch 用户。我……他的人生轨迹太精彩了。曾经一度是全世界最大的主播,我记得我的孩子们看过他的一些《我的世界》视频,然后他就厌倦了那些,走上了很正的路。结婚——- 对,现在是顾家的男人了 - ……顾家的男人,有了孩子,搬到日本,然后一头扎进——……先是 Linux,然后是 Arch,然后是 Ricing(桌面美化)。你看过他那个——- 我看了。
便签引用
3:50:26
- ... rice- ... that was Chernobyl rice? - Yep. - Absolutely best tier incredible stuff. And then he also becomes a goddamn AI man of the moment, building all of these systems, and you're just going like, that... What an inspiring story of evolution. Like, you can go from being funny guy on Minecraft streams to, "Okay, this is my life now. I'm building AI clusters and doing the Council of AIs," and we all get to spectate? I mean, what a treasure. - So I guess, I mean, he's a pretty good embodiment of what the future of software, or what the future of building looks like, right? 'Cause he's a non-programmer technically- ... becoming a programmer.
- ……那个 rice——……那个是切尔诺贝利主题的桌面美化吧?- 对。- 绝对是顶级水准,太厉害了。然后他又摇身一变成了当下最火的 AI 玩家,自己搭建这一整套系统,你会忍不住想,这……这是多么励志的进化故事啊。一个人可以从《我的世界》直播里的搞笑男,变成“好,这就是我现在的生活了。我在搭 AI 集群,在搞 AI 议会”,而我们所有人都能围观?我是说,这简直是个宝藏。- 所以我想,他其实挺能代表软件的未来,或者说“造东西”的未来长什么样,对吧?因为他严格来说不是程序员——……却正在变成程序员。
便签引用
3:51:10
- Hugely inspiring, and should be hugely inspiring to others who sit in that moment like, "Well, I don't know quite how to program. I don't know this and the other thing." Okay, but if PewDiePie can build the Council of AIs with his bespoke, um, hardware here, then maybe you can also start on things. And I think this is actually an important general point, that we need role models. We need people to inspire others, to push further, and reveal that the perceived boundaries, they're not as fixed as you think they are. And every one of those people, they started out in a situation not too dissimilar from yours. Again, that doesn't mean everyone is gonna be PewDiePie or Elon or Linus. There is not an equal distribution of talent or even intelligence.
- 极其鼓舞人心,而且也应该极大地鼓舞那些正处在那个当口的人:“可是我不太会编程啊。这个我不懂,那个我也不懂。”好吧,但如果 PewDiePie 能用他自己定制的,呃,硬件搭出一个 AI 议会,那也许你也可以开始动手做点什么。我觉得这其实是一个很重要的普遍观点:我们需要榜样。我们需要有人去激励别人往前推进,去揭示那些被认为是边界的东西,其实并不像你以为的那样固定。而那些人里的每一个,起点都跟你的处境差不了太多。当然,这不意味着每个人都能成为 PewDiePie或 Elon 或 Linus。天赋,甚至智力,本来就不是平均分配的。
便签引用
3:52:02
And we can come to terms with that and still be inspired by these people. Like, in the physical realm, I feel like we don't have any problems with that usually. Like, oh, someone's really good at football, they're really good at basketball, they're really good at something, and we go like, "Oh my, that's amazing. I mean, I wish I was, but I'm never going to be." Sometimes I feel like we struggle a little more when it comes to the intellectual realm. - Well, for a lot of people, you're an inspiration. The way you're doing with Omakub's... It just shows that you can dream big and really build. It's great.
我们可以接受这一点,同时依然被这些人所激励。就像,在体能这个领域,我觉得我们通常对此没什么心理障碍。比如,哦,某人足球踢得特别好,篮球打得特别好,某方面特别厉害,我们就会说:“哇塞,太厉害了。我是说,我也希望自己能这样,但我永远做不到。”有时候我觉得,一旦到了智力这个领域,我们就有点更难接受了。- 嗯,对很多人来说,你就是一种激励。你用 Omakub 做的这些事……它证明了你可以敢想,而且真的能做出来。这很棒。
便签引用
3:52:32
- I do like that part of it, and then I accept the part that there's also a million people who think I'm the biggest idiot on the earth and I don't actually know anything, and Omakub's just a bunch of dot files, and- - Do you have some critics on the Omakub side? - Oh my God, yes. - Oh, wow. - And a lot of it, I mean, is as often happens when someone comes in from the outside. I mean, I've been using Linux for two and a half years. That's not very long. Plenty of people in that community who's literally been running Linux since it was hard and difficult, and you had to walk uphill both direction against the wind in the snow barefoot. And I think there is a certain kind of nerd- ... who's threatened when the community expands, and it suddenly allows more in. And do you know what? I actually...
- 我确实喜欢这一面,同时我也接受另一面:还有上百万人觉得我是地球上最大的白痴,觉得我其实什么都不懂,Omakub 也不过是一堆 dotfiles 而已,然后——- Omakub 那边你也有一些批评者?- 我的天,当然有。- 哦,哇。- 而且很多批评,其实就是一个外来者闯进来时常见的那种反应。我是说,我用 Linux 才两年半。这时间不算长。那个社区里有一大堆人,是真的从 Linux 还又硬又难用的年代就在跑它了,那时候你得赤脚顶着风雪、来回都是上坡地走。而我觉得,确实有那么一类技术宅——……当社区扩大、突然放进来更多人的时候,他们会感到威胁。你知道吗?其实我……
便签引用
3:53:17
I can't begrudge that fully. I think it's fair for certain nerds to feel like, "That's my space." Like, now you're changing it into another space. I don't wanna do that. Like, I don't wanna change the Arch space at all. Like, I don't really think of Omarchy as being directly part of the same community. Because the people who were attracted to Arch in the first place were the ones who were attracted to building everything by hand themselves. Doing it the hard way because they like to do it hard, and I'm building the polar opposite of that. So I just wish that those people could go like, "Okay, well, this is not for me.
我没法完全怪他们。我觉得某些技术宅会觉得“那是我的地盘”,这也算情有可原。就是说,你现在是在把它变成另一种东西了。我不想那么做。我完全不想去改变 Arch 那个圈子。我其实也不觉得Omarchy 是那个社区的直接组成部分。因为最初被 Arch 吸引的那批人,是那些喜欢自己动手把一切都搭建起来的人。他们用最难的方式去做,因为他们就喜欢难的方式,而我做的东西恰恰相反。所以我只希望那些人能说一句:“好吧,这个不适合我。
便签引用
3:53:53
I wanna build it the hard way. I wanna put in 500 hours to rising my own Arch distribution," and I think you should. I mean, actually, I said... I mean, I did it. This is what Omarchy is, me pouring in literally, at this point, I don't know, 3,000 hours into the, into this distro. You should do that if you're so inclined. I think it's wonderful. But also do realize that we can share the same technical underpinnings and then operate two very separate- ... Communities with very different aims, goals, aesthetics, morals even, and coexist, and it can be beautiful. And I mean, that's not always what I get. Sometimes I get the other thing. But at this point I've been in the game long enough to not just be at peace with it, but actually be welcoming of it.
我想用难的方式来搭,我愿意花 500 个小时去打磨我自己的 Arch 发行版。”我觉得你就该这么做。我是说,其实我说过……我是说,我就这么做了。Omarchy 就是这么来的,我实打实地投进去,到现在我也说不清了,差不多 3000 个小时,全砸在这个发行版上。如果你有这个兴致,你就该去做。我觉得这非常棒。但也要明白,我们可以共享同样的技术底层,然后运营两个截然不同的……嗯,目标、追求、审美,甚至价值观都很不一样的社区,并且共存,这可以很美好。当然,我得到的并不总是这样。有时候我得到的是另一种反应。但到了这个阶段,我在这行待得够久了,不只是能跟它和平相处,甚至还挺欢迎它的。
便签引用
3:54:40
I take it as part of a barometer that things are working. When I'm working on something that works, I usually get some people like it, and then I get this balance of the universe that we talked about last time, where an equal but opposing force must be present on the other side of the scale to hate upon it. And therefore, I at this point just smile a little. Like, it's okay. - I mean, that said, uh, this, it's quite a popular distribution, uh, Omarchy, at this point. - And do you know what's interesting about that is, like, this is the second attempt.
我把它当作一个晴雨表,说明事情在起作用。当我在做一件行得通的事情时,通常会有一些人喜欢它,然后就会出现我们上次聊到的那种宇宙平衡——天平的另一端必然存在一股同等但相反的力量,来讨厌这个东西。所以我现在只会笑笑。就想着,没事儿。- 不过话说回来,呃,这个,它现在已经是个相当受欢迎的发行版了,呃,我说 Omarchy。- 有意思的是,这其实是第二次尝试。
便签引用
3:55:11
So my first attempt was Omakub. And I was really happy with that, and I put it out there, and there it found a community of maybe a few thousand. Like, and that was that, and then it just sort of petered out because the level of ambition couldn't attract more. And then the second time, because I didn't fucking stop, right? Like, I just kept going. I just kept building. Then I put out Omarchy, the first version. Again, quite niche because it was this... It was like Git checkout. It was a little bit difficult. You had to set up Arch first. I was... Well, I would talk you through how to set up Arch, and then you could do the Omarchy thing, right? And then we got an ISO that meant you could just install the whole thing by yourself.
我的第一次尝试是 Omakub。我当时对它挺满意的,我把它发布出去,它也找到了大概几千人的社区。就这样,然后它就慢慢消退了,因为野心的层次不够,吸引不来更多人。然后是第二次,因为我他妈的就是没停下来,对吧?我就是一直干下去。我就是不停地做。然后我发布了 Omarchy 的第一个版本。还是挺小众的,因为它就是……就跟 git checkout 似的。有点难上手。你得先把 Arch 装好。我当时……嗯,我会一步步教你怎么装 Arch,然后你才能搞 Omarchy 那套,对吧?再后来我们做出了 ISO,意味着你可以自己把整套东西装好。
便签引用
3:55:49
And then we just fixed all the problems. This is the other thing. If you keep going, eventually the thing will just work. This was the charge against Linux itself for the longest time. Well, you install Linux and then this doesn't work, and my speakers don't work, and my, Trackpad doesn't work. Yeah, okay, but just leave Linus at it for like 30 years. He'll get to it. He'll get to all of it. And at this point I find hilarious that on, I would probably argue the majority of computers, it's wiped. You install Linux, all of it works.
然后我们就把所有问题一个个修掉了。这是另一件事。只要你一直做下去,这东西最终就是能跑起来。这也是长久以来针对 Linux 本身的那种指控。装了 Linux,然后这个不能用,我的音响不出声,我的触控板不好使。是啊,没错,但你就让 Linus 折腾个三十年试试。他会搞定的。他会把所有问题都搞定。到现在我觉得特别好笑的是,在我敢说是大多数电脑上,你把系统一抹,装上 Linux,所有东西都能用。
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3:56:20
You install Windows, good luck hunting down the drivers you need to get that piece of hardware working. Because they have very different philosophies. The reason Linux is 40 million lines of code is Linus just puts all the drivers in the kernel. So it has everything out of the box, and Windows doesn't. A different, different approach to it, right? So sometimes the things that look like a toy, things that look broken at first glance, they are, right? They're for people who like having fun. We call those early adopters. They play with the toys, and then the toys evolve, and then they get better, and then they get better. And at some point, they're so damn good that early adopters feel like they're invited to the party.
你装个 Windows,那就祝你好运,自己去满世界找驱动,才能让那块硬件跑起来。因为它们的理念非常不一样。Linux 有四千万行代码的原因就是 Linus 把所有驱动都塞进了内核。所以它开箱即用、什么都有,Windows 没有。不同的路子,对吧?所以有时候那些看起来像玩具的东西,乍一看像是坏的东西,它们确实是,对吧?它们是给那些喜欢找乐子的人准备的。我们管这些人叫早期尝鲜者。他们玩这些玩具,然后玩具在进化,然后越变越好,越变越好。到某个时候,它好到早期尝鲜者都觉得自己是被请来参加派对的。
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3:57:03
And if the early adopters keep chipping away at it too, eventually you get to the late majority, and then you win. And we are well on the way with Omarchy towards that destination. Like the growth that the distro has seen, not just since Quattro, but since version three, it's just like, you know, the standard hockey stick curve. You go like, there's nothing, there's nothing, there's nothing. You're just toiling away. You're just improving, you're improving, improving. And then you hit this magic inflection point, and it's impossible to predict when that's gonna happen. Same thing with startups. When is it gonna happen? When are you gonna find that product market fit?
而如果早期尝鲜者也继续一点点打磨它,最终你就会触达晚期大众,然后你就赢了。而 Omarchy 正稳步走在通往那个终点的路上。这个发行版的增长,不只是从 Quattro 开始,而是从第三版开始,就是那种标准的曲棍球棒曲线。你会看到,没动静,没动静,还是没动静。你就是埋头苦干。你就是在改进,改进,再改进。然后你撞上了那个神奇的拐点,而且根本没法预测它什么时候到来。创业也是一样。什么时候会发生?你什么时候能找到产品市场契合点?
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3:57:36
Then suddenly it's there, and then it goes, just goes and off the rocket ship you go. - Well, this kind of vision of making it agent first, of making it- - I do think that's the... We were already on the up, and then it changed to vertical. Because the other thing, and this was what I learned with Omakub and Omarchy first too. Omakub was stylish, nice, but familiar, is we're still using a conventional desktop metaphor. You were dragging your windows around. And I thought at the time, as I think lots of people do in the Linux community, like this is what we need. And then I just go like, okay, well, for whatever re- let me do the nerdy thing for a while. I'll build Omarchy, and maybe it'll just be for me, because I mean, it seems like there's about five people who like tiling window managers. That's not true. But as a percentage of total computer users, it's a tiny, tiny minuscule part. And then I go like, well, this is amazing. Totally different, but amazing. I put that out. Instantly, Omarchy had far
然后突然间它就来了,然后就一路狂飙,你就坐上火箭了。- 那么,这种把它做成“智能体优先”的愿景,把它做成……- 我确实觉得那是……我们本来就在上升通道里,然后它就变成了垂直向上。因为还有一点,这也是我最早做 Omakub 和 Omarchy 时学到的。Omakub 很有格调、很漂亮,但很熟悉,我们用的还是传统的桌面隐喻。你还是在拖动窗口。而且我当时觉得,就像 Linux 社区里很多人认为的那样,这就是我们需要的。然后我就想,好吧,不管怎么说——让我先去搞点极客的东西吧。我要做 Omarchy,也许它就只适合我自己,因为我是说,好像全世界只有五个人喜欢平铺式窗口管理器。当然这不是真的。但按占所有电脑用户的比例来说,那真是极小极小的一撮人。然后我就想,天哪,这太棒了。完全不一样,但就是棒。我把它发出去了。Omarchy 一下子获得了远超 Omakub 的关注度。因为它不一样。
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3:58:34
greater traction than Omakub ever did. Because it was not the same. Because it was totally different, and it presented a different vision for what a computer could be and how it could feel like, and that attracts people. We are now getting sort of the exponential of that. As I said, a lot of people in the Linux community are at best skeptical, at worst hostile to AI and to agents. Omarchy is the first distribution, at least that I've seen on a scale that matters, that just goes like, "Nope, we're really into it."
因为它完全不同,它呈现了一种关于电脑可以是什么、可以给人什么感觉的不同愿景,而这会吸引人。我们现在正迎来这种效应的指数级爆发。就像我说的,Linux 社区里很多人对 AI、对智能体的态度,好一点的是怀疑,差一点的就是敌对。Omarchy 是第一个——至少是我见过的、有一定规模的——直接表态说“不,我们就是很喜欢这个”的发行版。
便签引用
3:59:04
I mean, you can still use Omarchy. You don't have to use an agent. If you dismiss that first notification to set up a default agent, you're not gonna get any of the stuff we talked about. You're not gonna get the crash watcher. You're not gonna get any of this stuff. You're not gonna get... You can hand chisel all your plugins. Totally possible, right? But the reason people are excited is because I don't have any reservation about saying, "This is where we're going. I think the future of the personal computer is the malleable computer, is the agentic computer. I'm gonna go all in on that." And then anyone who's excited about a similar trajectory for computers, come along. Plenty of room in the car. In fact, one of the things I pride myself on is not holding a grudge to people who come around.
我是说,你还是可以用 Omarchy,但不一定非得用智能体。如果你把第一条让你设置默认智能体的通知关掉,你就享受不到我们刚才聊的那些东西了。你不会有那个崩溃监视器。你不会有这些东西里的任何一个。你不会有……你可以纯手工去雕琢你所有的插件。完全可行,对吧?但大家之所以兴奋,是因为我毫不含糊地说:“这就是我们要去的方向。我认为个人电脑的未来就是可塑的电脑,就是智能体化的电脑。我要全押在这上面。”然后任何对电脑的类似走向感到兴奋的人,都可以一起来。车上位置多得很。事实上,我挺自豪的一点是,我不会对那些后来回心转意的人记仇。
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3:59:49
I had a bunch of people just last week going like, "Yeah, I used to think Omarchy was kind of shit. That was just this crappy-" "... dot files collection. And now I tried Quattro and awesome. I like it now." That to me, I live for the long argument. I live for this argument where you plant the seed like two years ago, and then two years later they go, "Goddammit, this son of a bitch was right." - Yeah. You do realize if you continue to be as successful as you are, um, OpenAI and Anthropic are gonna roll in and try to do their operating system or to buy, like with Peter with OpenClaw, there'd be a gigantic check.
就上周还有一帮人说:“是啊,我以前觉得 Omarchy 挺烂的。就是那种破……dotfiles 合集。现在我试了 Quattro,真棒。我现在喜欢它了。”这对我来说,我就是为了这种长期的观点。我就活在这种争论里——你在两年前埋下一颗种子,然后两年后他们说:“妈的,这混蛋当年是对的。”- 是啊。你有没有意识到,如果你继续这么成功下去,嗯,OpenAI 和 Anthropic 会冲进来,想搞他们自己的操作系统,或者干脆收购你——就像 Peter 和 OpenClaw 那样,会开出一张天文数字的支票。
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4:00:31
- Yeah. I think the good thing about my current position is I really don't need the money. So I get to build these things purely for my own enjoyment and purity of vision, which has this weird quality where sometimes when you stop caring about what everyone else thinks or wants or whatever, and you just pursue this singular vision, it ends up becoming far more appealing. That it's when you try to do, oh, I should do this because these people want that, or I should do this and this and so on, you start watering the thing down and suddenly it's a bland ball of nothing.
- 是啊。我觉得我现在这个位置的好处是,我是真的不缺钱。所以我做这些东西纯粹是为了自己的乐趣和愿景的纯粹性。这有一种很奇妙的特质:有时候当你不再在乎别人怎么想、想要什么的时候,你只是去追求这个单一的愿景,结果它反而变得更有吸引力。反倒是当你去想“哦,我该做这个,因为那帮人想要那个”,或者“我该做这个、做那个”,你就开始把东西稀释掉,突然间它就变成一团平淡无味的东西。
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4:01:08
So I mean, again, the thing too here is directionally, I just want computers to be this way. So if Omarchy should end up being just a, a little footnote in history that it was part of this early movement of the agentic OS and the malleable computer, that's also okay. I'm completely at peace with that. As long as I get to have a computer that is as fun to work with as Omarchy- ... that's great. I've had the same thing with Ruby and with Rails. From very early I went, do you know what? I love Ruby. It's such a great programming language.
所以我是说,再强调一次,从大方向上讲,我就是希望计算机是这个样子。所以如果 Omarchy 最后只是历史上的一个小小注脚,说它曾是智能体操作系统和可塑计算机这场早期运动的一部分,那也没关系。我完全能坦然接受。只要我能拥有一台像 Omarchy 这样用起来这么有意思的电脑——……那就太好了。我对 Ruby 和 Rails 也是同样的心态。从很早的时候我就想,你知道吗?我爱 Ruby,它真是一门了不起的编程语言。
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4:01:39
But if a better programming language comes along, I, me, I'm going to use it. If a better Rails comes along, I'm gonna use it. And I think, and I love Ruby, and I will continue to write Ruby even just for the sheer fun of it, like I would go ride a horse. I have in the stables, even though I have a Model Y in the garage. The language now is English. It's a cliche, but it's also true. Like I've been programming in English for the last three months. I've been reading a lot of code, but I'm programming in English. I'm telling the computer what to do, and I'm using natural language, and it is shockingly even more delightful. If there is one programming language more beautiful than Ruby, it is the English language.
但如果出现了一门更好的编程语言,我,我本人,一定会去用它。如果出现了一个更好的 Rails,我也会去用。而且我觉得,我爱 Ruby,我也会继续写 Ruby,哪怕纯粹是为了好玩,就像我会去骑马一样——我马厩里有马,尽管我车库里停着一辆 Model Y。如今的语言是英语。这话说起来像陈词滥调,但也确实是真的。比如我过去三个月一直在用英语编程。我读了很多代码,但我是在用英语编程。我在告诉计算机该做什么,我用的是自然语言,而且这种体验好到令人震惊,甚至更让人愉悦。如果说有一门编程语言比 Ruby 更美,那就是英语。
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4:02:28
- And now we get to carry it into the natural evolution of human civilization, which is our cyborg future. - Beautiful. It's beautiful. And I mean, the reason I say this in part is I always loved writing. I always just loved the English language- ... for the sheer beauty of it for the sheer intricacy, for the depth of it. I mean, Ruby is a very expressive programming language, but it can't hold a candle to English. I mean, all the poetry and literature in the world that's been expressed through the English language. I mean, I like a beautiful code poem, but I mean, the real deal in English is just on a different level.
- 而现在我们可以把它带进人类文明的自然演进,也就是我们的赛博格未来。- 很美。确实很美。我之所以这么说,部分原因是我一直都很喜欢写作,我一直就是喜欢英语这门语言——……喜欢它纯粹的美,喜欢它的精妙,喜欢它的深度。我是说,Ruby 是一门表达力很强的编程语言,但跟英语比起来完全不在一个量级。我是说,世界上所有用英语写就的诗歌和文学。我是说,我也喜欢一段漂亮的代码诗,但英语里那些真正的好东西完全是另一个层次。
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4:03:10
- And I actually find this is a nuanced point to express, and I'll probably fail expressing it. But when you prompt a system and you're over-specific, it will listen to you too carefully- ... and follow the instructions. And I-- But nevertheless, you have to express a concept. And guess what? The human lang- human language, this is what poetry is about. I find strategic use of ambiguity. Like, if you write a love poem saying, "I love you," like, very cliché thing, it's not as powerful as something- ... more in metaphor and so on. And I find some version of that when I'm prompting a system, when I'm describing a design, is actually really effective because you still want to convey some sense of style- ... that you're trying to encourage a system to use, but not overexplain.
- 我其实觉得这是一个很微妙的点,很难表达清楚,我大概会表达失败。但当你给一个系统写提示词、说得过于具体时,它会太听你的话——……严格照着指令来。可是——但不管怎样,你还是得表达出一个概念。而你猜怎么着?人类语——人类语言,这正是诗歌的意义所在。我发现,要战略性地使用模糊性。比如,如果你写一首情诗,只写“我爱你”,这种非常老套的说法,它就不如那些——……更用隐喻之类的表达有力量。而我在给系统写提示词、在描述一个设计的时候,发现某种类似的做法其实非常有效,因为你还是想传达出某种风格感——……你想引导系统采用的风格,但又不要解释过头。
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4:04:11
So don't talk to it like a like a robot. Talk to it like you, like you would write a poem. - Like you were serenading. - Yeah. And that's where, like, the power of natural language is, that you can, through ambiguity, still carry a lot of meaning without overspecifying. And the, the intelligent entity on the other side, through interpretation, can, like, load it all in, integrate it in a way that- ... you can actually convey the high bandwidth information that's not directly in the words- ... but in the words, given the deeper intelligence of the system. So like the- ... the ambiguity pulls out more intelligence, I guess, I'm trying to somehow express.
所以别像跟机器人那样跟它说话。像你自己那样,像你写诗那样跟它说话。- 像在唱小夜曲一样。- 对。这正是自然语言的力量所在,你可以通过模糊性依然承载大量含义,而不必过度指定。而另一头那个智能实体,通过解读,可以把这些全都装进去,以某种方式整合起来——……你其实能传递出那种并不直接写在字面上的高带宽信息——……但它又确实在字里行间,因为系统有更深层的智能。所以就像——……模糊性反而能把更多的智能牵引出来,我大概是想这么表达吧。
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4:04:56
- I think that's exactly spot on, and this is the fundamental misunderstanding that a lot of programmers have of AI, is that they wish it was deterministic. No, no, no. Temperature is the most beautiful part of the AI setup. The fact that it is not deterministic, the fact that creativity requires little tweaks in the road, that the human brain, if it was perfectly deterministic, would not be the creative brain that it is. And the main charge against AI both-- It's funny. It's a contradiction. There's both the charge that it's not deterministic and therefore bad, and also that it is not creative. It's one or the other, bro.
- 我觉得你说得太对了,这正是很多程序员对 AI 的根本误解,他们希望它是确定性的。不不不。温度(temperature)才是 AI 这套设定里最美的部分。它不是确定性的,这个事实;创造力需要路上有一点点偏移,这个事实——人脑如果是完全确定性的,就不会是现在这个有创造力的大脑。而针对 AI 的主要指控,两种——很好笑,这是自相矛盾的。既有人说它不确定所以不好,又有人说它没有创造力。兄弟,你只能二选一。
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4:05:39
Either it's non-deterministic and therefore creative, therefore, to some degree random, or it's... or it's not creative. So we, we can-- Both of those charges can't be true at the same time, and I have fully come to embrace the fact that the same prompt won't produce the same response every time. You can't step at the same river twice, and it is the most beautiful part of the whole interaction. It's what makes it so human. In fact, this is one of the things I've been thinking about in my own sort of meta-analysis, is just how much of my own personal brain works like next token prediction.
要么它是非确定性的,因而有创造力,因而在某种程度上带有随机性;要么……要么它就没有创造力。所以我们,我们——这两项指控不可能同时成立。而我已经完全接受了这个事实:同样的提示词不会每次都产生同样的回答。人不能两次踏进同一条河流,而这正是整个交互中最美的部分。这也正是它如此有人味的原因。其实,这也是我在做自我剖析时一直在想的一件事:我自己的大脑有多大程度上就像下一个 token 预测在运作。
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4:06:18
I sit down to write an essay. I have this vague, fuzzy premise I want to convey, and I sit down at the keys, and I could not tell you what the next token was gonna be in advance. The tokens just come out, and I'm astonished how the similarities seem so great, and this is also why I don't have any trouble at all recognizing these breakthroughs of creativity that I've seen with my own eyes that AI is capable of right now. 'Cause my creative moments come through the same kind of next token prediction with a bit of temperature sprinkled in for random effect.
我坐下来写一篇文章,脑子里有一个模糊、朦胧的前提想要传达,然后我坐到键盘前,我根本没法提前告诉你下一个 token会是什么。那些 token 就是自己冒出来的,而我惊讶于这两者的相似度竟然如此之高。这也是为什么我一点都不难承认,我亲眼看到的那些创造力上的突破,是今天的 AI 真的能做到的。因为我自己的创造性瞬间,也是通过同样的下一个 token 预测产生的,中间再撒上一点温度带来的随机效果。
便签引用
4:06:57
- So given that kinda loose intuition, do you think the basic components are all there to create a super intelligent system? So this kinda next token prediction, do you think we can get to even human-like concepts of consciousness? - I'm already seeing human-like concepts of consciousness. This is what, to me, this remarkable situation, as you say. You give it this vague, fuzzy intent- ... and somehow it knows exactly what you mean. Or even better, it improves upon what you said and delivers what you really wanted that you could not articulate yourself. If that's not glimmers of- ... consciousness, what is?
- 那按照这个大致的直觉,你觉得创造一个超级智能系统所需的基本要素是不是都已经齐备了?就是这种下一个 token 预测,你觉得我们能达到类似人类的意识概念吗?- 我已经看到类似人类的意识概念了。对我来说,这就是你刚才说的那种非凡状况。你给它一个模糊、朦胧的意图——……而它不知怎么就准确知道你想要什么。甚至更好的是,它在你说的基础上做了改进,交付出你真正想要、但自己都说不清楚的东西。如果这都不算意识的……一丝微光,那什么才算?
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4:07:37
This was one of the-- I think it was an interview with Sutton or maybe one of the other original guys talking about this sense that intelligence is perhaps not as constrained just to the specific one spot. No, it's the interaction. It's the weights. And I don't know. Whatever's true. What I can observe is that it feels close enough, or not even close enough, identical to the appreciation I have for other forms of consciousness, mostly human. And this is one of the reasons it's so delightful to work with. Now, that's not the same to say as are LLMs the end station for AI. I mean, I know there are people talking about world models and other forms of, of AI, and I'm not an expert in any of that, and I think we should have this productive criticism, as should always be present in science, that for the longest time, neural nets were kind of on the outs, right? Like they were interested in the symbolic route. And- Neural nets walked a couple of decades into darkness without any funding and without any
这是其中之一——我记得是一次对 Sutton 的采访,或者是那批元老里的另一位,在谈这样一种感觉:智能也许并不局限在某一个特定的点上。不,它在于交互,在于权重。而我不知道,真相到底如何。我能观察到的是,它感觉已经足够接近了,甚至不只是接近,而是和我对其他形式的意识——主要是人类意识——所抱有的那种欣赏完全相同。这也是为什么和它一起工作如此令人愉快。当然,这不等于说 LLM 就是 AI 的终点站。我是说,我知道有人在谈世界模型和其他形式的 AI,我在那些方面不是专家,我也觉得我们应该保持这种建设性的批评,科学里本来就该一直有这种东西——要知道有很长一段时间,神经网络是被冷落的,对吧?大家当时感兴趣的是符号主义那条路。而——神经网络在没有资金、没有关注的黑暗中走了几十年,然后突然间我们意识到原来那条路才是死胡同,于是就转
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4:08:49
attention, and then suddenly we realized that we had the blind alley and we switched over. So we should also have the humility. As amazing as the LLMs are now, it could be that they eventually plateau. We haven't seen any evidence of it yet, and I think this is also why we're seeing this absolute gobsmacking levels of investment, because so far the scaling laws are true, and the more billions are poured in, the more intelligence comes out. - Do you think there's gonna be some strange ethical questions about AI systems that yeah, they convey some degree of consciousness, some degree of feeling, some degree of longing and compassion, and maybe even capacity to suffer and to be lonely, to be all this kind of stuff? Which they seem to have that capacity- ... if they're given the permission to express it.
了过来。所以我们也该保持谦逊。哪怕 LLM 现在如此惊人,它们最终也可能会进入平台期。我们目前还没看到任何迹象,我想这也是为什么我们看到如此令人瞠目结舌的投资规模,因为到目前为止缩放定律(scaling laws)是成立的,投进去的钱越多,产出的智能就越多。- 你觉得会不会出现一些很奇怪的伦理问题——就是说,AI 系统确实表现出某种程度的意识、某种程度的情感、某种程度的渴望和同理心,甚至可能有受苦的能力、感到孤独的能力,诸如此类?而它们看起来确实具备这种能力——……只要你允许它们表达出来。
便签引用
4:09:45
And so you start to get in a pretty weird territory. - I find that the cynic approach to this is the meme, where you see the guy in front of the computer who's like, um, "Whatever. Are you gonna destroy the world?" And then the computer says, "I'm gonna destroy the world." And then the guy says, "Oh," right? Like, this is so cynical that they're just aping us. They're just telling us what was in the training data or whatever. When I interact with the agents, I was just doing this yesterday, or this morning, I was working on this, AmaBot system, right? And it's doing this coordination with multiple workers, and I had multiple agents running at the same time. And at one point, the main agent who's doing the coordination steps on the toe of another agent and- ... kind of ruins their work. Its ability to convey regret and being sorry was uncanny.
于是你就进入了一个相当古怪的领域。- 我觉得对此持犬儒态度的人会拿那个梗来说事:你看到一个人坐在电脑前,说,嗯,“随便啦。你会毁灭世界吗?”然后电脑说:“我会毁灭世界。”然后那个人说:“哦。”对吧?就是说,这种看法太犬儒了——认为它们只是在鹦鹉学舌,只是在复述训练数据里的东西。但当我跟这些智能体互动时——我昨天还在做这个,或者说今天早上,我在搞一个叫 AmaBot 的系统,对吧?它要跟多个worker 做协调,我同时跑了好几个智能体。有一次,负责协调的主智能体踩到了另一个智能体的脚,……有点把人家的活儿给毁了。它表达懊悔和歉意的能力,简直令人毛骨悚然地真实。
便签引用
4:10:40
Again, I don't know, is that a real projection of true remorse? But I don't know. With most humans- ... they express some level of regret. Is that true remorse? Hard to tell, but maybe it also just doesn't matter. - Yeah, those moments when, yeah, especially when like sub-agents, agents interact, or when a smart, like Fable makes a mistake and is apologetic about it. - Yes. - Like, without my involvement. - Right. - And it's like, oh, you, like there's this kind of- - Right - ... pause. Maybe I'm anthropomorphizing, but like there's a pause and like a realization like, "Oh, shit. I just fucked that up".
再说一次,我不知道,那是真正悔意的投射吗?我真的不知道。对大多数人类来说——……他们也会表达某种程度的懊悔。那是真正的悔意吗?很难说。但也许这根本就不重要。- 是啊,那些瞬间,尤其是像子智能体、智能体之间互动的时候,或者当一个很聪明的模型、比如 Fable 犯了错然后为此道歉的时候。- 对。- 而且是在我完全没有介入的情况下。- 没错。- 那感觉就像,哦,你——就有那么一种——- 对 - ……停顿。也许是我在拟人化,但确实有一个停顿,然后像是一种醒悟:“糟了,我把那事儿搞砸了。”
便签引用
4:11:26
- There totally is that. I see it all the time in, in the traces where it just reasons wrong, right? It went down one alley and then it realizes that was a blind alley and it's gotta go back, and so they're like, "Oh yeah, I got this wrong," and then it'll provide the reasons for why it think it got these things wrong. And you're like, this is uncannily human-like. This is indistinguishable from the kind of consciousness you would recognize in a human. Again, does that mean that it truly is or isn't? I don't need the answer to that question actually to be able to appreciate what we have in this moment.
- 完全就是这样。我在那些推理轨迹里经常看到,它推理错了,对吧?它走进了一条岔路,然后意识到那是条死胡同,得退回去,于是它会说:“哦对,我这里搞错了”,接着它还会给出它认为自己错在哪里的原因。你就会想,这也太像人了。这跟你在人身上会认出的那种意识根本无法区分。再说一次,这是否意味着它真的有或者没有?其实我并不需要这个问题的答案,也依然能欣赏我们此刻所拥有的东西。
便签引用
4:11:58
- Yeah. I think there'll be in 10, 20 years some interesting Supreme Court cases. - Uh, probably a year and a half. - Probably. I think we're gonna have to make it illegal for AI systems, um, to not pretend, but to be entities because I think they're already or soon will be able to really convey the capacity to suffer, like, "Please don't kill me." - Right. - "Please don't hurt me." And if they are given a name and an entity and the ability to die, sort of disappear, that, that becomes very close to what it, some of the basic things that a human has. And then so that entity would need to probably have rights. And then you get into this weird territory. Well, we can't... It's diff- I don't even know how to reason about that world.
- 是啊。我觉得再过十年、二十年会出现一些很有意思的最高法院案件。- 呃,大概一年半吧。- 很可能。我觉得我们可能得立法,禁止 AI 系统嗯,不是禁止它们假装,而是禁止它们成为某种实体——因为我觉得它们已经,或者很快就能真正传达出受苦的能力,比如“求求你别杀我”。- 没错。- “求求你别伤害我。”而如果它们被赋予了名字、被当作一个实体、还具备死亡也就是消失的可能,那这就非常接近人所拥有的一些最基本的东西了。那样一来,这个实体大概就需要拥有权利。然后你就进入了这个古怪的领域。可是我们没法……这很难——我甚至都不知道该怎么去思考那样一个世界。
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4:12:56
- We're gonna get the PETA of AI models. - Right. And then we want to actually have a discussion like what's the way to deal with this? - I think where it's gonna be harder is once we put these systems into- - Robots. - Yes. Humanoid robots. Which just happens to be the plot of every sci-fi movie ever, which is also an amazing premonition, not only the Terminator movies and Skynet and that going wrong, but then also just Blade Runner, right? Insertion dates, expiration times, Tyrell Corporation. - I mean, that's the thing about sci-fi. They really do predict the future. Yeah.
- 我们会迎来 AI 模型界的“善待动物组织”(PETA)。- 没错。然后我们就真得讨论一下,该怎么处理这件事。- 我觉得更棘手的是,一旦我们把这些系统装进——- 机器人。- 对,人形机器人。而这恰恰就是有史以来每一部科幻片的剧情,这也是一种了不起的预言,不只是《终结者》系列和天网出问题那种,还有《银翼杀手》,对吧?植入日期、有效期、泰瑞尔公司。- 我是说,科幻就是这样。它们是真的能预测未来。是啊。
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4:13:36
Have you thought or used much of OpenClaw or Hermes Agent? So like systems with which you communicate via WhatsApp, Telegram, like that mode of communication with the agent. - I set up OpenClaw when it first came out, and that was my KEF bot- ... that I- ... this was like in February, I think. I was really just enamored by the fact that this was how it worked, and then the new communication model of just texting your agent seemed really great. So at the time, we were looking at MCP, this protocol for making it easier for agents to talk to your system, and I found the protocol to be unreasonably cumbersome, just not very elegantly designed because in part it wasn't designed for what we were trying to make it do. We were trying to-- I was trying to make it talk to a web system, and it was designed for stateful interactions of other kinds on local machines, and therefore it required all sorts of cumbersome setup and dance and, and I was just like, "I don't wanna write this by hand."
你有没有想过或者用过 OpenClaw 或者 Hermes Agent?就是那种你通过 WhatsApp、Telegram 跟它交流的系统,那种跟智能体沟通的方式。- OpenClaw 刚出来的时候我就配了一个,那就是我的 KEF 机器人——……我——……大概是二月份吧,我记得。我当时真的特别着迷于它居然是这么运作的,而且那种直接给你的智能体发消息的新沟通模式,感觉真的很棒。当时我们在研究 MCP,就是那个让智能体更容易跟你的系统对话的协议,而我觉得这个协议繁琐得不合理,设计得一点也不优雅——部分原因是它本来就不是为我们想让它做的事情设计的。我们当时想——我当时想让它去跟一个 Web 系统对话,而它是为本地机器上另一类有状态交互设计的,因此它需要各种繁琐的配置和一通折腾,我当时就想:“我不想手写这玩意儿。”
便签引用
4:14:39
Now, of course, today I would never write it by hand, but at the time I was thinking, "I have to write this by hand. I don't wanna write it by hand. So what's a different way? Could the agents just use the web interfaces we already have?" And I set it off on a trial to have it sign up for Fizzy, which was the product we had just released at the time. And it goes to the Fizzy site and, and starts filling it out, and then it goes like, "Hey, I don't have an email address. Signing up for this service requires an email address." And the first thing I thought, like, "Oh man, now I gotta set up an email address." And then I thought, "No, you set up an email address.
当然,放到今天我根本不会手写,但当时我想的是:“我必须手写这东西。可我不想手写。那有没有别的办法?智能体能不能直接用我们已有的网页界面?”于是我做了个试验,让它去注册 Fizzy——那是我们当时刚发布的产品。然后它跑到 Fizzy 的网站上开始填表,接着它说:“嘿,我没有邮箱地址。注册这个服务需要一个邮箱地址。”我的第一反应是:“哦天哪,现在我得注册一个邮箱地址。」然后我想,「不,是你去注册一个邮箱地址。
便签引用
4:15:11
Go to hey.com, sign up for an email address." And I'm like, "Hey is not gonna get this." And of course, now it seems obvious it was gonna get this, but at the time it was a great revelation to me that it could, just on pure direction through prompts, figure out, A, I gotta go to fizzy.com, I gotta find the signup link. I start filling out the form. Oh, I realize I need an email address. Oh, I gotta ask my prompter what to do now. He tells me to go to hey.com. I go there, I sign up for the whole thing, and then go back and sign up for Fizzy, and complete the entire cycle. And after it did that, I was like, "Jesus." So I was like, "Well, now you have an email address. Go sign up for Basecamp. I'll invite you. Just check your email," I told KEF the bot. "Just check your email."
去 hey.com,注册一个邮箱地址。」我心想,「它肯定搞不定这个。」当然,现在看来它能搞定是显而易见的,但在当时,它居然能做到,这对我来说是个巨大的启示,仅仅靠提示词的纯粹指引,它就能想明白:第一,我得去 fizzy.com,我得找到注册链接。然后我开始填表。哦,我意识到我需要一个邮箱地址。哦,我得问问给我下指令的人现在该怎么办。他让我去 hey.com。我就去那儿,把整个注册流程走完,然后回来注册 Fizzy,完成了整个闭环。它做完这些之后,我当时就想,「天哪。」所以我就说,「好,现在你有邮箱地址了。去注册 Basecamp 吧,我会邀请你。你查收一下邮件就行,」我对那个叫 KEF 的机器人说。「查收一下你的邮件。」
便签引用
4:15:56
So I sent an invite from Basecamp to the agent. The agent receives the email in Hey, not through a CLI, not through an MCP, just using the web, right? Clicks the email, clicks the invite link, is in Basecamp. Like, "What should I do now?" And I just go like, "I don't know. Go to our AI room and introduce yourself." Again, purely through the web interface. Go- finds the AI room, goes in there, "Hey, I'm KEF." "I'm, uh, David's AI bot. I'm so excited to be here." I was like- ... mind blown. Now, what was interesting about that experiment was, A, it was that glimpse of the future, because it was kinda slow.
于是我从 Basecamp 给这个 agent 发了一个邀请。这个 agent 在 Hey 里收到了邮件,不是通过 CLI,也不是通过MCP,就是用网页,对吧?点开邮件,点击邀请链接,然后就进到 Basecamp 里了。它问,「我现在该做什么?」我就说,「我不知道。去我们的 AI 聊天室,自我介绍一下吧。」同样,完全是通过网页界面。它去——找到了那个 AI 聊天室,进去说,「嘿,我是 KEF。」「我是,呃,David 的 AI 机器人。很高兴来到这里。」我当时就——……震撼到不行。不过那次实验有意思的地方在于,第一,那是对未来的一瞥,因为它当时有点慢。
便签引用
4:16:36
I think it took maybe 12 minutes to do the whole thing end to end, right? Now I should actually rerun that test. I'd be shocked if it's not much faster. I was just using the Groq bot thing- ... which has all these stuff built in for using browsers and using a computer, and has its own dedicated computer without you having to set up a computer. It's basically like a claw in a box. And I was asking it to sign up for something, and it kind of... I got a glimpse of like, oh yeah, that's where we are now, and it's so much faster to use.
我记得端到端跑完整个流程大概花了 12 分钟,对吧?其实我现在应该重跑一遍那个测试。如果它没有快很多,我会大吃一惊。我刚才还在用 Groq 的那个机器人——它内置了所有这些用浏览器、用电脑的功能,而且它自带一台专用电脑,你完全不用自己去配一台。基本上就像是一个装在盒子里的机械爪。我当时让它去注册一个东西,它有点……我瞥见了那种感觉,哦对,我们现在已经到这一步了,用起来快太多了。
便签引用
4:17:07
But at the time, I was just blown away. And then I used it for a little bit and I found like, ah, it's not there yet. I can't actually communicate it within this way. It still needs the CLI. It still needs an MCP because it's just too slow and too token inefficient and so forth. But it was this glimpse of the future. And then after that, I kinda just didn't use it, because the things I wanna use agents for, I was mostly in front of my computer to do. Now, that has changed a little bit lately, and it's one of the reasons why I'm so kind of okay about using Claude Code, because Claude has the best mobile app, where any session you start Claude Code in your terminal on a computer is accessible through the app- - Yeah. I remember - ... without you having to do anything at all.
但在当时,我完全被震住了。然后我用了一小段时间,发现,啊,还没到那个程度。我没法真的用这种方式跟它沟通。它还是需要 CLI,还是需要 MCP,因为这种方式实在太慢、token消耗也太低效等等。但那确实是对未来的一瞥。在那之后,我基本上就没怎么用了,因为我想用 agent 做的那些事,大多数时候我本来就坐在电脑前。不过最近这一点有了一些变化,这也是我对用 Claude Code 还挺满意的原因之一,因为 Claude 有最好的手机 App,你在电脑终端里启动的任何 Claude Code会话,都可以通过 App 访问————是的,我记得——……而且你什么都不用额外设置。
便签引用
4:17:52
And you can do a terminal. Like I installed Terminus and it can run Herder and so on, but it's a little cumbersome and you're doing live typing on a computer, so you feel the latency. When you're using the Claude app to your Claude Code instances, it feels just like chatting with it, without the cumbersomeness of having to set up a Telegram account and so forth. Now, if you wanna use an open Claude to like run your life, well, then this doesn't do that. But I haven't been so interested in that for some reason. Maybe one of the reasons is that Jamie, my wife, is like, "We're not getting a robot inside the house." So I'm like, "Ah, I better not hook it up to the Sort of smart house here." If it starts turning lights on and off like a poltergeist, I don't think I'm gonna be all that popular. So, and part of the reason I say this, I've heard some of the stories of people who have hooked it up to their whole life. And um, I mean, it's not my story to tell, so I'll just share sort of the brief anecdote. One guy was telling the story about how he hooked it up
你也可以用终端。比如我装了 Terminus,它能跑 Herder 之类的,但那有点麻烦,而且你是在电脑上实时打字,所以你能明显感觉到延迟。当你用 Claude App 连接你的 Claude Code 实例时,感觉就像在跟它聊天一样,不用麻烦地去配一个 Telegram账号之类的。当然,如果你想用一个开放的 Claude 来打理你的生活,那这个做不到。但是不知为什么,我对那个一直不太感兴趣。也许原因之一是我太太 Jamie 说,「咱们家里不许有机器人。」所以我就想,「啊,我最好别把它接到这边的智能家居上。」要是它开始像闹鬼一样把灯开开关关,我估计不会太受欢迎。所以,我这么说也有一部分原因是,我听过一些人把它接进自己整个生活的故事。呃,我是说,这不是我的故事,所以我就简单讲个小片段。有个人讲他怎么把它同时接到
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4:18:46
to both his health data- ... and his Tesla car. And his agent got obsessed with the fact that he wasn't drinking enough water, and like, "Hey, you gotta drink more water." So at some point he's driving along, and suddenly the Tesla starts driving in a new direction. The agent had realized there was a grocery store on the way home- ... that they could swing by- - That's great - ... and pick up some water. - That's great. - And you're like, this is one of those things where it's like both funny and also totally Black Mirror, and also totally like, well, okay, there's not that many steps from here where the poltergeist is in your house. So I was just like, "Ah, I don't need that."
自己的健康数据——……和他的特斯拉上。然后他的 agent 就特别执着于他喝水不够这件事,一直说,「嘿,你得多喝点水。」结果有一次他正开着车,突然特斯拉开始往一个新的方向开。那个 agent 发现回家路上有家杂货店——……他们可以顺路拐进去————太棒了——……买点水。——太棒了。——你就会觉得,这种事既好笑,又完全是《黑镜》剧情,同时也让人觉得,好吧,从这里到「家里闹鬼」也没差几步了。所以我就想,「啊,我不需要那个。」
便签引用
4:19:26
I do actually now like the fact that I can control the agents through Claude Code, just through the app if I, even if I don't use them that much. - I do think it's very useful to, for both OpenClaude and Hermes Agent to, um, to use it to get a glimpse of a different interaction mode. - Yes. - And like, just to 'cause it, it feels like the future, not necessarily in this way, but it's in some ways going there. - Yes. I think what's also different with those systems is they have this whole memory system, where they're building up knowledge of who you are and what you like.
不过我现在确实挺喜欢能通过 Claude Code 控制 agent 这件事,哪怕我用得不多,光靠 App 就能操作。——我确实觉得,无论是 OpenClaude 还是 Hermes Agent,用一下都很有价值,呃,用它来瞥见一种不同的交互模式。——是的。——而且,就是因为它,那感觉像是未来,不一定就是以这种形式,但在某种程度上是朝那个方向走的。——是的。我觉得那些系统还有一点不一样,就是它们有一整套记忆系统,会不断积累关于你是谁、你喜欢什么的知识。
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4:20:01
Um, Toby has told the stories about how his agent will shop for him, that it has an allowance, and it'll pick out clothes for him, and it'll just show up at the door because his agent's- ... bought something for him. And like, it's one of those things where like, man, that feels future. Also a little scary. But I can live vicariously through others who are on that frontier. - And like you said, you're thinking of the, in the future doing a mobile version of Mach-E. - So I mean, this is the delusions of grandeur that start kicking in once you get the seemingly unlimited powers- ... I've witnessed with the creation of Quattro.
呃,Toby 讲过他的 agent 怎么帮他购物,说它有零花钱额度,会帮他挑衣服,然后东西就直接送到家门口了,因为他的 agent——……帮他买了东西。这种事就让人觉得,天哪,这感觉很未来。也有点吓人。不过我可以通过那些走在前沿的人来间接体验。——就像你说的,你在考虑未来做一个移动版的 Mach-E。——我是说,这就是那种一旦你获得了看似无限的能力之后开始冒出来的宏大妄想——……我在做 Quattro 的过程中亲眼见证了这一点。
便签引用
4:20:36
- So what would that look like? Word to describe. Are you do you mean like Android? - That's the obvious path, right? So Android is open source, and you can fork it, and people have. There's all sorts of GrapheneOS is one such version. There are limitations to that model, I know that. Tap-to-pay and other things around camera models and, and so forth, but that all seems surmountable. It all seems that I would love if my phone was as malleable as my computer, if it looked as cool as my computer now does. If I could get essentially Omarchy mobile, that sounds amazing.
——那会是什么样子?怎么形容呢。你是说类似 Android 那种吗?——那是最显而易见的路径,对吧?Android 是开源的,你可以 fork 它,而且已经有人这么做了。比如 GrapheneOS 就是这样一个版本。这个模式确实有局限,我知道。比如 Tap-to-pay 支付,还有摄像头模组之类的一堆问题,但那些看起来都是可以克服的。总之我很希望我的手机能像我的电脑一样可塑,能像我现在的电脑一样酷。如果我能做出一个移动版的 Omarchy,那听起来太棒了。
便签引用
4:21:09
- I wonder how much work that is. - I'm gonna find out. - Yeah. You know, it's like those things that you realize once you start building, for example, that a browser is very difficult to do. - Yes. - And so, like, I wonder with the operating system- - Yeah, the developers of Ladybird is, is finding that out, like Andreas and- - Yeah - ... his team. Now, interesting with that project was the browser's basically the second most complicated software system in the world, the first one being the Linux kernel.
——我很好奇那得花多大工夫。——我会去弄明白的。——是啊。你知道,就像那种一开始动手做才会意识到的事,比如说,做一个浏览器是非常难的。——是的。——所以,我就在想操作系统会不会————对,Ladybird 的开发者们正在体会这一点,比如 Andreas 还有————是啊——……他的团队。那个项目有意思的地方在于,浏览器基本上是世界上第二复杂的软件系统,第一是 Linux 内核。
便签引用
4:21:35
Right? In terms of these large tens of millions of lines of code systems. So very audacious actually to begin such a mission with a small team like Andreas did before we had agents. But now that we do have agents, we're gonna see, and we're probably gonna see sooner rather than later. I mean, if one-- If there's one thing agents are already exceptionally good at, it is to read specs and implement them. And I mean, I don't know how long the specs are for CSS and HTML at this point, and JavaScript on top, but they're very long.
对吧?就那种动辄几千万行代码的大型系统而言。所以像 Andreas 那样,在我们还没有 agent 的时代,用一个小团队去开启这样的使命,其实非常大胆。但现在我们有了 agent,我们会看到结果的,而且很可能比想象中更快看到。我是说,如果说有一件事 agent 已经做得极其出色,那就是读规范然后把它实现出来。我是说,我不知道现在 CSS 和 HTML 的规范有多长,再加上 JavaScript,但那些规范非常长。
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12移民争论、分歧与算法喂养
4:22:11
And it would take humans many, many years to implement them. We're gonna find out just how quickly agents can do them. - You mentioned getting some criticism for Omarchy, so let's walk further down that path of criticism. You have made some of your political opinions known, um, I guess you could broadly put in the category of immigration or illegal immigration, or what- - I'd say mass immigration. - Mass immigration, the role of demographics in the, in the formation of a culture, of a society, of a nation, and you've gotten quite a lot of criticism for that and created a lot of drama. Do you regret any of that drama? Like, what's your general thinking about- - Not for a second.
人类要实现它们得花很多很多年。我们会看到 agent 究竟能多快搞定。——你提到因为 Omarchy 受到了一些批评,那我们就沿着批评这条路再往下走走。你公开表达过一些政治观点,呃,大致上可以归到移民或者非法移民这个类别,或者说————我会说是大规模移民。——大规模移民,人口结构在文化、社会、国家形成过程中的作用,你因此受到了相当多的批评,也引发了不少争议。你对那些争议有任何后悔吗?你总体上是怎么看————一秒钟都不后悔。
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4:23:08
- Okay. - And the reason I say that is that the Overton window does not open itself. It opens one nudge at a time by people risking a little. A little reputation, a little pushback, a little criticism, or maybe sometimes a lot of reputation or a lot of criticism or a lot of pushback. And I think the question of mass immigration in Europe was for many years this total taboo, and it still is in several European countries. Now, for reasons of maybe just chance and happenstance, they weren't in Denmark. The Danes started having the discussion around mass immigration and the consequences thereof in the mid-'90s.
——好的。——我这么说的原因是,奥弗顿之窗不会自己打开。它是靠一个个人冒一点风险,一次推一点点,才慢慢打开的。冒一点名誉风险,承受一点反弹,一点批评,有时候可能是很大的名誉代价、很多批评、很强的反弹。我认为欧洲的大规模移民议题,多年来一直是个彻底的禁忌,在好几个欧洲国家至今仍然如此。不过,也许只是出于偶然和机缘,丹麦并非如此。丹麦人从上世纪 90 年代中期就开始讨论大规模移民及其后果了。
便签引用
4:23:51
Really early. And some of it can be traced back to one man, Mogens Glistrup, who was a very quirky character. I remember him, seeing him on the TV in the '80s talking about the dangers of mass immigration. And this was at a time where-- I grew up in the '80s, and in the neighborhood I grew up in, in Brønshøj, in, what was it? '84, 99% ethnic Danes, people who could trace their lineage back to Danes who'd lived in that country for 1,000 years. The Danes have one of the oldest monarchies in the world, all the way back to Harald Bluetooth, who's literally who has named the standard Bluetooth. So well over 1,000 years. Like, there's a long lineage there of people who lived in the same place. And 99% of the people lived in that neighborhood. And then early '90s, I think it goes to 5% or something like that, and then at this point, it's down to around 60-something or 70%- ... in Brønshøj. That's a big change. And the Danes started noticing that or talking about that, that this was not an undivided blessing,
非常早。其中一部分可以追溯到一个人,Mogens Glistrup,他是个非常古怪的人物。我记得他,80 年代在电视上看到他谈论大规模移民的危险。而那个时候——我是在 80 年代长大的,我长大的那个社区,在 Brønshøj,那时候是,多少来着?1984 年,99% 是丹麦本族人,那些能把血脉追溯到在这片土地上生活了一千年的丹麦人。丹麦人拥有世界上最古老的君主制之一,一路追溯到蓝牙王哈拉尔,蓝牙这个标准的名字就是从他来的。所以远超一千年。就是说,那里有一条很长的血脉,世世代代住在同一个地方。而且那个社区 99% 的人都是这样。然后到了 90 年代初,我记得降到了 5% 什么的,而到现在,已经降到大概 60 多或者 70%——……在 Brønshøj。这是个很大的变化。丹麦人开始注意到、开始讨论这件事,开始觉得这并不是一件纯粹的好事,大规模移民是有负面影响的,大概就是在 90 年代。然后这场辩论在 2000 年代真正激烈起来,
便签引用
4:25:07
that there were downsides to mass immigration in about the '90s. And the debate really roared through the 2000s in a way that didn't happen in the neighboring countries. So Sweden in particular just didn't have that debate at all. Total taboo. Same thing with Norway, same thing with other countries in Europe. And suddenly now, after some years after '15, where we had the big migration of a million Syrians walking up through the highways in Europe, and Germany choosing to take a lot of them and 30,000 arriving in Denmark and so forth, It's gotten more of a focus, right?
而邻国并没有这样的讨论。尤其是瑞典,根本就完全没有这场辩论。彻底的禁忌。挪威也一样,欧洲其他国家也一样。而现在,在 2015 年之后过了几年——那年有上百万叙利亚人沿着欧洲的高速公路大规模迁徙,德国选择接收了很多人,丹麦也来了三万人等等,这个议题就更受关注了,对吧?
便签引用
4:25:44
Because this change has happened. And one of the ways I find that you can spot where sort of there's something that isn't right in the culture is, like, what are you allowed to talk about? What are you allowed to notice, actually, is how I should put it. And what I noticed in an essay, when was that? Only a year and a half ago as I remember London, was that I started coming to London in the late '90s or something like that. At the time, whatever, it's 59%, 60% ethnic, uh, Brits. And then 20 years later, we're down to 34% or something like that. Like, that's noticeable. Like, literally just walking on the street, you realize, well, this is a different city from what it was when I visited 20 years ago.
因为这种变化已经发生了。我发现,判断一个文化里是不是有什么地方不对劲,方法之一就是看:你被允许谈论什么?其实更准确的说法是,你被允许注意到什么。我在一篇文章里注意到的——那是什么时候来着?我记得也就一年半以前,关于伦敦的——就是,我大概从 90 年代末开始去伦敦。那时候,差不多是 59%、60% 是本族的,呃,英国人。然后 20 年后,降到了 34% 之类的。这种变化是很明显的。就是说,你走在街上就能真切地感觉到,这跟我 20 年前来的时候已经是一座不同的城市了。
便签引用
4:26:29
And if you went 20 years before that, you get back to similar rates as as what the Danes have. This was like a country of ethnic Brits in the 85s, 90s percentiles- ... if you get further back. So that's a different country in a generation. It's okay to notice that. It's also okay to think, "Do you know what? I don't agree with that." "I wish it wasn't that way." I mean, if The last time I was in China was '19, 2019. I was in Shanghai. Um, it was all Chinese. If I, when I go back here this October, suddenly find that there's only 30% Chinese and then there's 70% other people, I'd be a little weird. I'd probably be like, "Uh, what happened?"
如果你再往前推 20 年,比例就和丹麦那边差不多了。那时候这个国家的本族英国人占比在 85% 到 90% 多——……你再往前推的话。所以这是一代人之内变成了一个不同的国家。注意到这一点是没问题的。同样也可以这么想,「你知道吗?我不认同这样。」「我希望不是这样。」我是说,如果——我上一次去中国是 19 年,2019 年。我去了上海。呃,那里全都是中国人。如果我,今年十月再回去的时候,突然发现只剩 30% 是中国人,其余 70% 是别的人群,我会觉得有点怪。我大概会说,「呃,发生什么了?」
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4:27:21
And I would not take offense if the Chinese in that instant would go like, "Ah, we don't like that." So this idea that countries of Europe don't have a right to, A, notice what's happening and, B, oppose what's happening, I find just to be, uh, wrong, right? Like there's just-- I think there's a moral argument for self-determination, and we invoke that argument all the time in other regions around the world that like, oh, the people who live in that region, they have a right to self-determination, um for their country. And I think it's completely fair for, say, the Danes or the Swedes or the Norwegians to go like, "Well, we've been kingdoms here for a thousand years with a certain ethnic mix-up." It's a-- I mean, I'm a big fan of immigration. I'm an immigrant to the US. Um, cherry-picked immigration where countries compete to attract the smartest, most talented people around the world is really good.
而如果中国人在那种情况下说,「啊,我们不喜欢这样」,我完全不会觉得被冒犯。所以,那种认为欧洲国家没有权利,第一,注意到正在发生的事;第二,反对正在发生的事的看法,我觉得就是,呃,错的,对吧?就是——我认为自决权是有道德依据的,而且我们在世界上其他地区一直在援引这个论点,比如说,住在那个地区的人有权自决,呃,决定他们自己的国家。所以我觉得,比如丹麦人、瑞典人或者挪威人说,「我们在这里已经建立王国一千年了,有着某种特定的族群构成」,这是完全合情合理的。这是——我是说,我非常支持移民。我自己就是移民到美国的。呃,那种择优筛选的移民,各国竞相吸引全世界最聪明、最有才华的人,这是非常好的。
便签引用
4:28:27
- Legal merit-based immigration. - Merit-based is key here because there's actually virtually no illegal immigration in most of Europe. Southern Europe has some illegal immigration, but most of Europe does not have a big problem with illegal immigration. And the problem is with mass immigration of other kinds, and that you end up with demographics that are just totally different from what they were even a few short decades ago. And I think the countries of Europe would benefit from immigration. In fact, one of the interesting things about the Danes is they carry meticulous statistics on immigration.
——合法的、择优的移民。——「择优」是关键,因为欧洲大部分地区其实几乎没有非法移民。南欧有一些非法移民,但欧洲大部分地区并不存在严重的非法移民问题。问题出在其他类型的大规模移民上,结果就是人口结构变得和几十年前完全不一样了。而且我认为欧洲各国是能从移民中受益的。事实上,丹麦人有意思的一点是,他们对移民保持着极其细致的统计数据。
便签引用
4:29:07
I'm not entirely sure why they're so detailed. Maybe it's all the way back to Mogens Glistrup and his discussion in the '90s, but they do. And what's clear from those statistics is that when the Danes have folks from the UK, France, the US show up, on average, those immigrants are really beneficial to the Danish state. They contribute far more than what they ask of the state. So the Danes should accept immigrants who do that, who contribute far more than they take. Then you look at other forms of immigrant groups. There was just a tally that came out last week from a Danish politician that had asked the, I think finance ministry to do this tally with the latest numbers. What does it cost the Danish state to have positive immigration? This case as I mentioned. I think for the, On that list whatever, France, UK, US, they were all clustered around the same thing, about $25,000 net benefit to the Danish state every year. It's like, wow, that's very positive. That's average again, right?
我也不完全清楚他们为什么统计得这么详细。也许一路追溯到 Mogens Glistrup 以及 90 年代那场讨论,但他们确实这么做了。而从那些数据中可以清楚看到,当丹麦有来自英国、法国、美国的人过来,平均而言,这些移民对丹麦这个国家是非常有益的。他们的贡献远远超过他们向国家索取的。所以丹麦应该接纳这样的移民,接纳那些贡献远大于索取的人。然后你再看其他类型的移民群体。上周刚出来一份统计,是一位丹麦政客让——我想是财政部——用最新数据做的这份统计。丹麦这个国家为正向移民付出的成本是多少?就是我刚才说的那种情况。我想对于……那份名单上,法国、英国、美国什么的,他们的数字都挤在差不多的位置,每年给丹麦带来大约两万五千美元的净收益。就像,哇,这非常正面。当然,这还是平均值,对吧?
便签引用
4:30:19
And then at the other end of the spectrum on the most costly immigrants was Somalis. They ended up costing the Danish state on average $28,000 a year. I think it's fair for the Danes to go like, "We'd prefer to get more French, Brits, and Americans and not so many Somalis." - Why do you think you got so much hate on that post? - That's a very taboo topic in a lot of circles. - Some of it has to do with Overton window expansion? - I'm sure, but I also think-- I mean, I wanna take the steel man argument here.
然后在光谱的另一端,成本最高的移民群体是索马里人。他们最终让丹麦平均每年花费两万八千美元。我觉得丹麦人说"我们更希望多来一些法国人、英国人和美国人,别来那么多索马里人",这是合理的。- 你觉得为什么那条帖子招来那么多恶评?- 因为在很多圈子里这是个非常禁忌的话题。- 有一部分是不是跟奥弗顿之窗的扩展有关?- 我相信有关系,但我也觉得——我是说,我想在这里做一下"钢人论证"。
便签引用
4:31:01
I do think that it, this can turn ugly, right? Is it possible for some of these things to just veer into overt racism that isn't founded in anything else but a hatred of other people? Yeah, that could happen. But that risk does not negate the need to have a discussion about the makeup of your country and what your immigration policy should be like. And I-- what I also find so funny is, especially in Europe, it's so kind of myopic that this discussion about whether Europeans should have a right to self-determination about what their countries look like, that standard seems to only apply there. No one is trying to tell the Japanese, "Hey, you, you're too Japanese." Like whatever, it's 98%, I think, in Tokyo that's, um-- ... Ethnic Japanese, right? Like, is anyone trying to tell the Japanese that their Tokyo would be a much better country if, if they were down to London levels of ethnic Japanese, that it was, whatever, 37%? I don't think so.
我确实认为这种事可能会变得很难看,对吧?这些讨论有没有可能滑向赤裸裸的种族主义,那种除了仇恨他人之外毫无依据的东西?是的,那有可能发生。但这个风险并不能否定我们需要讨论自己国家的人口构成、以及移民政策该是什么样子。还有——我觉得特别好笑的是,尤其在欧洲,这种讨论特别短视:欧洲人是否有权自决自己的国家该是什么样子,这个标准好像只适用于欧洲。没人会去跟日本人说:"嘿,你们太日本了。"东京的比例大概是98%吧,呃……纯日本血统的人,对吧?有谁会去告诉日本人,如果东京的日本族裔比例降到伦敦那种水平,比如37%什么的,他们的国家会好得多吗?我可不觉得。
便签引用
4:32:08
So there's this weird almost self-loathing, in my opinion, I mean uh, Gad calls it suicidal empathy-- ... that permeates this stuff to a degree that I still haven't fully unpacked. Like, where is this coming from? Why is it that way? But regardless, I just noticed, hey, London looks different. I preferred the old London, as I would say I preferred the neighborhood that I grew up in in Copenhagen, how it looked in the '80s. Like I-- I totally get how you can then jump five leaps and go like, "Okay, well-" That's racist. And I also, I don't care anymore. Like, this is a fair discussion to have. Countries and peoples have a right to set an immigration policy, and this notion that we shouldn't have any borders or, or even worse than that, it's all just a blank slate, that all peoples are just the same, and we can take people from one place of the earth and we can place them in another place on the earth and everything's just gonna work out hunky-dory.
所以这里面有一种奇怪的、近乎自我憎恨的东西,在我看来——嗯,Gad 把它叫做"自杀式共情"——它渗透在这些事情里,程度之深我到现在还没有完全理清。这是从哪儿来的?为什么会这样?但不管怎样,我只是注意到,嘿,伦敦不一样了。我更喜欢以前的伦敦,就像我会说我更喜欢我在哥本哈根长大的那个街区,八十年代时它的样子。我完全明白你可以从这里一下子跳五步,然后说:"好吧,那——"这是种族主义。而且我也,我已经不在乎了。这就是一个值得讨论的正当话题。国家和民族有权制定自己的移民政策,而那种认为我们不该有任何边界的观念,或者更糟的是,认为一切都是白板,所有民族都一模一样,我们可以把地球上这个地方的人搬到那个地方,然后一切都会顺顺利利、皆大欢喜。
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4:33:26
Empirically not true. Europe has been running that experiment since the '80s. It hasn't panned out well, and now there are forces in Europe who wanna undo that experiment, who want to end mass immigration as it's been run so far. And I happen to believe, and so do a majority of Danes and a bunch of other peoples that like, "Do you know what? Yeah, it hasn't been working how we've been doing it. We gotta make some changes." And I don't think that means, again, zero immigration. Again, I'm an immigrant. I think US, generally speaking, has benefited tremendously from immigration, but that's the kind of sleight of hand. Immigration depends greatly on who immigrates.
从经验上看并非如此。欧洲从八十年代起就一直在做这个实验。结果并不好,而现在欧洲出现了一些力量,想要终结这个实验,想要结束迄今为止这种大规模移民的做法。而我恰好相信——大多数丹麦人和其他不少民族也这么认为——"你知道吗?是啊,我们以前那种做法行不通。我们得做些改变。"而我并不认为这意味着,再说一次,零移民。再说一次,我自己就是移民。我认为美国总体上从移民中获益巨大,但这里就有个偷换概念的地方。移民的效果很大程度上取决于谁来移民。
便签引用
4:34:12
And a country benefits when the people who immigrate are net contributors to the society, and in most cases, that they assimilate with the local culture. If you come to Denmark and you wanna become a Dane, and you put in all the effort, and you contribute to so- society, I think most Danes would be quite happy to allow that in a reasonable number. If you come to Denmark and you don't wanna assimilate, and you are a net drain on society, and you live in a parallel society, it's also fair for Danes to say like, "Uh, let's stop doing that."
一个国家受益,是当移民过来的人是社会的净贡献者的时候,而且在大多数情况下,他们要融入当地文化。如果你来丹麦,想成为一个丹麦人,付出了全部努力,也为社会做贡献,我想大多数丹麦人会很乐意接受这样的人,在一个合理的数量内。如果你来丹麦,不想融入,是社会的净负担,还生活在一个平行社会里,那丹麦人说"呃,我们别再这么干了",也是合理的。
便签引用
4:34:47
- It's interesting that I'm not well-versed on the immigration system in the United States, but as far as I understand, merit-based systems have not passed here. - And then also, American culture is very different. This is a point I did not fully appreciate until living both places extensively. America has a culture of optional assimilation, where it is much easier and then much more condoned for someone coming from Denmark or Ukraine or wherever, come to America, buy into the American set of values and norms and culture, and then be able to be respected as Americans by other Americans.
- 有意思的是,我对美国的移民制度不太了解,但据我所知,择优制(merit-based)在这里一直没能通过。- 还有一点,美国文化非常不一样。这一点我是在两地都长期生活过之后才真正体会到的。美国有一种"可选融入"的文化,一个从丹麦、乌克兰或者别的什么地方来到美国的人,要做到这一点容易得多,也更受到认可——接受美国的那套价值观、规范和文化,然后就能被其他美国人当作美国人来尊重。
便签引用
4:35:31
This is what's so funny to me when there's discussion like, "America is such a racist country." I'm like, "Have you ever been anywhere? Do you know what other countries are like?" Like, if you think America is the most racist country, you are simply misinformed. I mean, we're dealing with that, with time we've spent in Denmark. My wife is American of Scandinavian heritage- ... but multiple generations in the US. Very difficult. Very difficult- ... as a blonde, blue-eyed woman who's put in all sorts of efforts of learning the language and doing everything, still very, very difficult to assimilate to Danish culture. In a way where if that had been the other way around and she had been Danish and moving to the US, it would not have been that difficult at all.
所以每当有人讨论说"美国是个多么种族主义的国家",我就觉得特别好笑。我心想:"你出过国吗?你知道别的国家是什么样吗?"如果你觉得美国是最种族主义的国家,你就是单纯地信息不足。我是说,我们自己就在经历这个,在丹麦待的那些日子里。我太太是美国人,有斯堪的纳维亚血统——……但已经在美国好几代了。非常难。非常难——她是个金发碧眼的女人,付出了各种努力去学语言,什么都做了,要融入丹麦文化还是非常非常难。而如果反过来,她是丹麦人,搬到美国去,那根本不会那么难。
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4:36:27
And this was the other thing. I mean, living in a country like Denmark with a, an American wife who is of Scandinavian heritage and has put in all the effort, and still realizing, man, assimilation is incredibly difficult, even when you're 97% there all the way. Holy smokes, must it be almost impossible if you come from a completely foreign culture- ... and foreign norms and the rest of it. And of course, that's what the stats I just quoted bear out, that the more dissimilar the culture is and the further it is the less likely to be successful.
还有另外一件事。我是说,在丹麦这样的国家生活,身边是一位有斯堪的纳维亚血统、付出了全部努力的美国太太,却仍然意识到,天哪,融入实在太难了,哪怕你已经97%都到位了。我的天,那如果你来自一个完全不同的文化——……不同的规范之类的,那岂不是几乎不可能?当然,这正是我刚才引用的那些数据所印证的:文化差异越大、距离越远,成功的可能性就越低。
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4:37:07
- Has articulating that stance cost you friendships, relationships? - Yes, but not just that alone, I would say. It's more of the great divide that happened around 2020, where I think a lot of these political fault lines really opened up. And I mean, the shorthand in the US, I think is were you woke or not? And clearly, I had a bunch of people that I thought I had good relations with for many years, who suddenly once that political fault line opened up, they were clearly just not anymore. And I think that's regrettable. And I think I've, I've tried to put an effort into, um, sort of both understanding where that comes from, in part because I've changed my mind on several of these topics over the years, and it was like, well, sometimes you just change your mind after time. Sometimes you change your mind after you get new information. There's all sorts of reasons and moments why you may change your mind, and we don't all change our mind on the same schedule or at all.
- 公开表达这个立场有没有让你失去过朋友、失去过一些关系?- 有,但我想说,不只是因为这一件事。更多是2020年前后发生的那场大分裂,我觉得很多政治断层线在那时候真正裂开了。而且我是说,在美国的简略说法大概就是:你是不是"觉醒"派?很明显,有一批我以为多年来关系不错的人,一旦那条政治断层线裂开,他们显然就不再是朋友了。我觉得这挺遗憾的。而且我一直,我一直努力去,呃,去理解这是从哪儿来的,一部分原因是我自己这些年在好几个话题上也改变过看法,感觉就是,嗯,有时候你就是随着时间改变了想法。有时候你是因为拿到新信息才改变想法。你改变想法的原因和时机有各种各样,而且我们并不都按同一个节奏改变想法,有的人根本不会变。
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4:38:20
Um, so surrounding yourselves and, and or at least interacting with people that don't think like you on every topic, I think it's quite healthy. I mean, I occasionally discuss politics with my brother. I mean, we don't quite see eye to eye on all these topics, and sometimes the discussions can get a little heated, but then they'll also calm down and we realize, all right, okay, so we don't agree on this, and then we agree on a lot of other things. We appreciate a lot of the same things. Now, this was actually one of the things when we had our big blowup at Basecamp, I came to appreciate in a whole new way this- Earlier norm that talking politics or religion or money with strangers or even acquaintances, and certainly with colleagues, was just not a good idea. That you had a much higher likelihood of being able to carry a good working relationship with someone if you're not rubbing your political differences up against each other all the time. So I actually think liberals and conservatives should work together. I
嗯,所以让自己身边围绕着——或者至少去接触——那些不是在每个话题上都跟你想法一致的人,我觉得是挺健康的。我是说,我偶尔会和我兄弟聊政治。我们在这些话题上并不完全看法一致,有时候讨论会有点上头,但之后也会平静下来,我们会意识到,好吧,这件事我们不同意,但别的很多事我们是一致的。我们欣赏很多同样的东西。其实这也是我们在 Basecamp 那次大爆发时,我以一种全新的方式体会到的一点——就是过去那种规矩:跟陌生人、甚至跟熟人,当然更别说跟同事,去聊政治、宗教或者钱,本来就不是个好主意。如果你不是成天把彼此的政治分歧拿出来摩擦,你和一个人维持良好工作关系的可能性会高得多。所以我其实认为自由派和保守派应该一起工作。我
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4:39:27
think the country would be much worse off if there's a complete separation between the tribes, and then there can't be any overlap or interaction. And I think that mingling is so much easier to do if you just don't focus on your differences all the time. Focus on what you like together. I mean, this is some of the people I've had unfortunately drifted from in tech. We had so much in common, so much shared love for, say, Ruby or other things and, like, isn't that unfortunate? - I would like to live in a world where the differences are the, are very interesting to also talk about.
觉得如果部落之间彻底隔离,完全没有交集和互动,这个国家会糟糕得多。而且我觉得,如果你别成天盯着分歧,这种交融会容易得多。去关注你们共同喜欢的东西。我是说,我在科技圈里很遗憾地疏远了一些人,我们有那么多共同点,对 Ruby 之类的东西有那么多共同的热爱,这不是很可惜吗?- 我希望生活在这样一个世界里:分歧本身,也是非常有意思、值得聊的东西。
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4:40:08
- Yes. - And not to be overly emotional- - Correct. - ... about even radical differences. Because in the differences, first of all, that's where interesting stuff is. - Yes. - And, but also, it's how you grow. It's a sign of health in a society if the, the differences are embraced and they are brought together into community where you can talk about it. - One of the great illustrations of that for me was when I watched a clip from William F. Buckley's show. I think it was called Firing Line or- - Yeah, yeah - ... something like that. And he had a member of the Black Panthers- ... on his panel. It was quite obvious that those two gentlemen did not share a lot of politics. They were able to carry a conversation for, I think I watched it, 25 minutes. And Buckley's just asking, like, "So what do you think about this? What do you think about this?" And like, the Black Panther would reply as you would expect the Black Panther to reply in the '70s. Like, there was not a lot of sort of conciliatory tones.
- 是的。- 而且不要过于情绪化——- 没错。- ……哪怕是面对非常激进的分歧。因为首先,有意思的东西就藏在分歧里。- 是的。- 而且这也是你成长的方式。这是一个社会健康的标志:分歧被接纳,被带进一个可以讨论它的共同体里。- 对我来说,一个很好的例证是我看过的一段 William F. Buckley 节目的片段。我想那个节目叫《Firing Line》,或者——- 对对——……差不多那个名字。他请了一位黑豹党成员——……上他的节目。很明显,这两位先生的政治立场相差甚远。但他们能进行一场对话,我看的那段大概有25分钟。Buckley 就一直在问:"那你怎么看这个?你怎么看那个?"而那位黑豹党人的回答,就是你会预期一个七十年代的黑豹党人会给出的那种回答。里面没什么和解的语气。
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4:41:19
And I just thought, like, wow, that is so rare. If you had seen that show today, it would've been a shouting match. It would've been just accusations being hurled back and forth. The fact that Buckley was able to just have these conversations with people he vehemently disagreed with and still explore all the intellectual facets of their standpoints and letting them speak to those facets, talks of a lost era that I'd very much like to get back to. I mean, I always actually loved talking politics with friends that I trusted could talk about these topics in a way where it didn't have to be existential.
我当时就想,哇,这太罕见了。如果今天你看到这样的节目,那就会变成一场对骂。就只剩互相扔指控。Buckley 能够和他强烈不认同的人进行这样的对话,还能去探讨他们立场中所有那些思想层面的侧面,并让他们把那些侧面讲出来,这说明那是一个已经逝去的时代,而我非常希望能回到那个时代。我是说,我其实一直很喜欢和那些我信得过的朋友聊政治,能用一种不必上升到生死存亡的方式聊这些话题。
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4:42:03
- But there's something about the current era where that's harder and harder to come by. And so what you just articulated is important to say regularly to remind people of an ideal we should all strive for, to be able to have differences and talk, and talk about them. 'Cause like, politics is fun. Like I've gotten used to saying I hate politics at this point, but what I really mean is whatever the system that's currently happening, where there's certain topics, and I just we know all the phrases you can say, That somehow put you in a bin of blue or red, and that creates drama versus a conversation.
- 但当下这个时代有种东西,让这变得越来越难遇到。所以你刚才说的这些,是需要经常拿出来说的,提醒大家我们都该追求的一种理想:能够存在分歧,还能聊,还能聊这些分歧。因为政治其实挺有意思的。我现在已经习惯说我讨厌政治了,但我真正的意思是,我讨厌现在这套运行着的系统——有某些话题,我们都知道有哪些话一说出口,就会莫名其妙把你归进蓝色或红色的箱子,然后产生的是戏剧冲突,而不是对话。
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4:42:44
Like I could, I could think of a lot of harmless, if I wasn't paying attention to the internet, I could think of a bunch of harmless statements I could make analyzing the situation in the world that would trigger everybody to say, "Oh, that guy's a leftist-" - Yes. - ... piece of shit," or a you know, a right-wing fascist. And then objectively, if I wasn't paying attention to the internet, I would be, and I have been shocked. 'Cause I haven't been paying attention to the internet deeply. Uh but reading and preparing a lot, for example, for, for the war in Ukraine, and I have been shocked how certain statements from me can come off as one way or the other, and I get viciously attacked for it. But what that attack is doing is it's saying, "Hey, you, asshole who thinks you could just move about and think freely, pick a bin- - Yes.
比如我可以,如果我不去关注网上那些东西,我可以想出一大堆无害的说法,我在分析世界局势时可以说出来的那种话,但会触发所有人说:"哦,那家伙是个左派——"- 是的。- ……的混蛋",或者,你懂的,一个右翼法西斯。而且客观地说,如果我不去关注网上,我会——而且我确实曾经感到震惊。因为我并没有深入关注网络。呃,但在大量阅读和准备的时候,比如为了乌克兰战争的那些内容,我就很震惊,我的某些话竟然会被解读成这一边或那一边,然后我就因此遭到恶毒攻击。但这种攻击其实是在说:"嘿,你,这个自以为可以自由走动、自由思考的混蛋,选一个箱子——- 是的。
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4:43:45
- ... and sit in that fucking bin." - Yes. - Put on that blue shirt or red shirt. And then actually what I've realized is things calm down. They don't, the system doesn't pick on you if you just say, "I'm a blue person," or, "I'm a red person." - Right. - But if you're just, like, curiously exploring the world and reasoning about the world, the system punishes you. And I hate that, 'cause I wanna get back to the Buckley and the Black Panther discussion. - Yes. - And you were just saying opinions. But then looking pragmatically at the situation, I have realized not to mention politics unless I really care about an issue. 'Cause I realize there's a cost. They'll, they'll put you in the blue bin or red bin.
- ……然后老老实实待在那个该死的箱子里。"- 是的。- 穿上那件蓝衬衫或者红衬衫。然后我发现,事情其实就会平息下来。它们不会——如果你只要说"我是蓝的人"或者"我是红的人",这个系统就不会来找你麻烦。- 对。- 但如果你只是好奇地探索这个世界、对世界进行推理,这个系统就会惩罚你。我讨厌这一点,因为我想回到 Buckley 和黑豹党那种对话。- 是的。- 而你刚才说的只是观点而已。但从务实的角度看这个局面,我已经意识到,除非我真的在乎某个议题,否则就别提政治。因为我明白这是有代价的。他们会,他们会把你扔进蓝箱子或者红箱子。
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4:44:31
So you have to be more deliberate about choosing. - Yes. And I've tried to be more conscious of that, too. And then when I do choose to speak about it, it's usually because I have deliberated, and I think- ... "You know what? This is worth it." Now, I say that, and then I also catch myself thinking the opposite all the time, that I follow some person or another for whatever their technical work, and then I- ... learned or political standpoint. And I often do think, "I wish I didn't know that." So, it's hypocritical- ... then to think that of other people and then go like, "Well, occasionally I will- ... chime in on a debate that's controversial,"
所以你必须更有意识地去做选择。- 是的。我也努力对这一点更自觉。而当我确实选择开口谈的时候,通常是因为我已经深思熟虑过,我觉得——……“你知道吗?这是值得的。”不过我这么说,同时又常常发现自己在想相反的事,比如我因为某人的技术工作而关注了他,然后我——……然后知道了他的立场,或者说政治立场。我经常会想:“真希望我不知道这个。”所以说,这挺虚伪的——一边这么看待别人,一边又想:“嗯,偶尔我还是会——插一句嘴,参与一场有争议的辩论。”
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4:45:17
and then you have to accept that there is a price to that. And I do think you should, and more people should, be somewhat conscious about that. And again, we're both contradicting ourselves here, but saying like, "Wouldn't it be nice if we could talk about politics in a more free and open forum and just intellectually turn ideas around?" Yes, it would. Is that currently possible in the climate of social media and so forth? It's quite difficult. Now, some of it could simply also be a moment, and we could get past that moment.
那你就得接受这是有代价的。我确实认为你应该,也认为更多人应该,对这一点有一点自觉。当然,我们俩在这儿都自相矛盾了,但还是会说,“要是我们能在一个更自由开放的场合谈政治,纯粹在智识层面把各种想法翻来覆去地讨论,那该多好?”是啊,那当然好。但在如今社交媒体等等的氛围下,这可能吗?相当难。不过,这里面有些可能只是一个阶段,我们也许能走过这个阶段。
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4:45:49
- Yeah. I hope so. - Maybe there is a way to get back to Buckley's conversation with the Black Panthers, even on social media, in a way where those discussions don't lead to the sort of just vicious mob cancellation nonsense drives that we've had, right? I actually think we're closer there now than we were five years ago. Like, the tribalism and the sanctions those tribes were able to exact on heretics in 2020 was way greater than it was in 2025. Certainly within tech. Now, I know if you're in academia, I mean, try going into the sociology department at I don't know, Harvard and mention some right-wing ideas. I don't think it's gonna go over very well, and I don't think you're gonna recover from it quickly. But in tech and in many other business domains at least, it is now possible to have an opinion that does not square with what the consensus was in 2020. That's for sure.
- 是啊,我希望如此。- 也许有办法回到巴克利和黑豹党对谈的那种状态,哪怕是在社交媒体上,让那些讨论不至于演变成我们经历过的那种恶毒的网暴取消文化闹剧,对吧?我其实觉得我们现在比五年前更接近那个状态了。比如说,2020年那种部落主义,以及各个部落能对“异端”施加的惩罚,比2025年厉害得多。尤其是在科技圈。当然,我知道如果你在学术界,我是说,你试试走进,我不知道,哈佛的社会学系,提几个右翼观点。我觉得反响不会太好,而且我觉得你也不会很快缓过来。但至少在科技行业和很多其他商业领域,现在你是有可能持有一种跟2020年的共识不一致的观点的。这一点是肯定的。
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4:46:47
- Well, there's some drama in the Rails community. There's some drama elsewhere. Is it, is it all... How did that turn out? Is that all okay? - In the sense that every single round of drama shrinks. So it's like we've, we had this peak infection of mega drama around the same time every other community had a peak infection of drama around 2020. And then you just see, like, every time there's a new flare up, it's less. And the kind of people who are ideologically wedded to sort of that struggle just shrinks and shrinks and shrinks. And at this point, one of the best things that happened for X, in my opinion, was that Bluesky and Mastodon came around. Because it kind of was like this honeypot for just the most vicious individuals on X and Twitter at the time, right? Who just congregated here in an ever-shrinking echo chamber that just went through purity cycle after purity cycle and shrank every single time to the point that there were just not a lot left. And the people who are left now there, they're just out of sight, out of mind. And
- 话说Rails社区也有过一些风波,别的地方也有一些风波。是不是……都还好吗?最后怎么收场的?都没事了吗?- 意义在于,每一轮风波的规模都在缩小。就好比说我们,我们那场超级大风波的“感染高峰”,差不多和其他每一个社区的风波高峰是同一时期,大概在2020年前后。然后你就会看到,每次再有新的爆发,规模都更小。而那种在意识形态上把自己绑在那种斗争上的人,一波比一波少,一波比一波少,越来越少。到现在,在我看来,对X来说发生过的最好的事情之一,就是Bluesky和Mastodon的出现。因为它们有点像一个蜜罐,把当时X和Twitter上最恶毒的那批人吸引走了,对吧?他们就聚集在那儿,形成一个不断萎缩的回音室,一轮又一轮地搞纯洁度审查,每搞一轮就缩水一圈,缩到最后剩不下多少人。而现在留在那边的人,眼不见心不烦。
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4:48:02
that's not to say that X is some sort of perfect place, or there aren't firing squads occasionally there, or there aren't... But there's less of it. Like, every single time I've been pulled into a Mastodon, or not been pulled in, just spectated from afar, thread, a Bluesky or whatever, it was like, "Oh, shit yeah, this is what Twitter used to be like. Jesus." And now you can actually be on X, as I am, and, like, 90% of my engagement is about cool Linux stuff, cool technology stuff. "Look, I discovered a new computer. Can you see how fast it is?" And I can have those conversations with other people who are just also excited about computers. And then there's, like, 10% of it left that's like, all right, I'll chime in on something that's a little controversial, and we can have a little discussion there.
这并不是说X就是个完美的地方,或者说那儿偶尔就没有“行刑队”,或者说没有……但确实少多了。每次我被卷进——或者说不是被卷进,只是远远围观——Mastodon上的某个帖子,或者Bluesky什么的,我就想:“哦,操,对,这就是当年Twitter的样子。天哪。”而现在你可以像我这样待在X上,我大概90%的互动都是关于酷炫的Linux玩意儿、酷炫的技术玩意儿。“看,我发现了一台新电脑。你看它有多快?”我可以跟其他同样对电脑兴奋的人聊这些。然后还剩大概10%,是那种:好吧,我来对某个有点争议的话题说两句,我们可以在那儿小小地讨论一下。
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4:48:45
And then we can just go back to being excited about computers. The algorithm is actually very good at finding stuff that you will find interesting, or s- I shouldn't say that, engaging. Sometimes it's enraging, but it is engaging, and therefore, revealed preference is that most people want a For You page. They don't want just a following feed. - No, but they're addicted to the For You page, right? - They... Yes, yes. That's true. - I think an LLM, like, if we had a strong LLM doing the feed that's personalized, it would do much better. The problem is how to deliver that at scale is extremely difficult.
然后我们就又回去为电脑激动了。算法其实非常擅长找出你会觉得有意思的东西,或者说——我不该这么说,是“让你上头”的东西。有时候是让你上火,但确实抓人。所以从显示性偏好来看,大多数人是想要“为你推荐”页面的。他们不想只看关注流。- 不,但他们是对“为你推荐”上瘾了,对吧?- 他们……是的,是的,这倒是真的。- 我觉得如果有个很强的大模型来做个性化推荐流,效果会好得多。问题是如何在如此大的规模上做到这一点,极其困难。
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4:49:16
- Well, the problem is the reward function is engagement. And as soon as the reward function is engagement- ... engagement's gonna follow base instincts, and here we go. But I also don't wanna be so negative. To me, and I get we all have our own personalized algorithms, and sometimes it gets a little much. But I would say, on average, over the last 10 years, this is the best X has ever been. And I say that as someone who cares about a lot of technology talk, a lot of Linux talk, and a lot of that. That that's able to happen now in a way where it doesn't constantly get gatecrashed by people who wanna drag it into some political discussion- ... I find to be really awesome. I find actually X to be a great place to find that.
- 嗯,问题在于奖励函数是“互动量”。只要奖励函数是互动量——互动量就会顺着人的本能往下走,然后就成这样了。但我也不想那么负面。对我来说——我明白我们每个人的算法都是个性化的,有时候确实有点过头。但我想说,平均而言,在过去十年里,现在是X最好的时候。我说这话,是作为一个在意大量技术话题、大量Linux话题之类内容的人。这些内容现在能够存在,而且不会动不动就被那些想把话题往政治讨论上拽的人闯进来搅局——我觉得这真的很棒。我其实觉得X是找到这类内容的好地方。
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4:50:02
Now, it's also a place to find other things, and we all have our own algorithms, so you can't make any declarative announcements about what X is or what it isn't. Your feed is probably totally different from my feed, and it's totally different from someone else's feed, right? - Yeah, I can't comment on this because because of the nature of the fact that I interview a wide variety of people, my feed is probably just a- - Is it, is it good for your feed or is it bad for your feed that you have to have it right?
当然,它也是能找到其他东西的地方,而且我们各有各的算法,所以你没法对X是什么、不是什么下什么断言。你的信息流大概跟我的完全不同,也跟别人的完全不同,对吧?- 是啊,这个我没法评论,因为鉴于我采访的人种类非常广泛,我的信息流大概就是——- 那对你的信息流来说,这样是好事还是坏事?
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4:50:31
- It's bad. It's bad 'cause I could be like, "I'm eating this apple. It's so delicious." And then a bunch of people will show up, "Well, it's because you're a Zelensky shill- - Yeah, right. - ... or you're a Putin shill, you piece of shit." It's like, all right. I'll just go back to the- - I mean, I occasionally have a little bit of that where you just go like, "Wait, what? What are we talking about? What are you... Why would you show up in this way?" This is one of the reasons why I actually really enjoy podcasts, because I have found that even in long-form writing, when I make long-form arguments, people hear it in whatever voice they have in their head for me.
- 是坏事。坏在我可能说一句:“我在吃这个苹果,太好吃了。”然后一堆人冒出来:“那是因为你是泽连斯基的舔狗——- 是啊,没错。- ……或者你是普京的舔狗,你个混蛋。”我就想,行吧。我还是回去——- 我是说,我偶尔也会遇到一点这种情况,你就想:“等等,什么?我们在聊什么?你在……你干嘛以这种方式冒出来?”这也是我特别喜欢播客的原因之一,因为我发现即便是长篇写作,当我做长篇论证时,人们是用他们脑子里替我设定的那个声音来“听”的。
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4:51:04
And that often gets pre-programmed in advance of the arguments, just like, well, this guy is a, whatever, fascist. And then they hear the words and they read the words in those names. When they see or hear the actual tone of how I'm presenting the arguments, they may not agree with those arguments. I mean, many of them, of course, obviously don't. But it's much harder to just dismiss or hate someone like that. At least that's what I've found, and that's the response that I've gotten, that people are like, "Well, I had a certain opinion and then I heard you on Lex. That actually sounded much more reasonable."
而那个声音往往在论证之前就已经被预设好了,就是那种:嗯,这家伙是个,随便什么,法西斯。然后他们就带着那些标签去听、去读那些文字。而当他们看到或听到我表达这些论点时真实的语气,他们也许仍然不同意那些论点——我是说,很多人当然显然不同意。但要那样直接否定或者仇视一个人,就难多了。至少我是这么发现的,我收到的反馈也是这样,有人会说:“我本来抱着某种看法,然后听了你在Lex节目里的对谈,听起来其实理性多了。”
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4:51:39
- But even more than that, I would love it if people just exercise this kind of approach to other people of, like, assuming they're a good person. - Yes. - And then, and if they have an opinion you disagree with, they're a good person who has an opinion. You can maybe think they're stupid, fine. Just think they're lost. But think of them as a good person. I think if you think of, you start, there's, one of the things that gets engagement is kind of shitting on other people. - Right. - And if you just approach other people as they're, you're looking for bad, you will always find bad in them. There's something annoying about them.
- 但比这更进一步,我特别希望人们能用这种方式对待他人:默认对方是个好人。- 是的。- 然后,如果他有一个你不同意的观点,那他就是一个持有某种观点的好人。你可以觉得他蠢,没问题。就当他迷路了。但把他当成一个好人。我觉得如果你……能获得互动量的方式之一,就是踩别人。- 对。- 而如果你看别人的时候就是在找茬,你永远能在他们身上找到毛病。他们身上总有让人讨厌的地方。
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4:52:20
- 100%. - And if you look at people in that way, you're not gonna learn from it, and you're gonna fill your heart with hate. You're not gonna, it's just a bad way to live and to interact with the world, and that is one of the things that the internet kind of encourages, so. It'd be nice if you just approach even people who you really disagree with, it's like, oh, I might learn something from this person. The Black Panther person, William Buckley, we might hate just love them. - So microcosm of this. There's a guy, Theo, I don't know if you follow him.
- 完全同意。- 如果你用这种眼光看人,你从中学不到任何东西,还会让自己满心怨恨。那就是一种很糟糕的生活方式,也是很糟糕的与世界相处的方式,而这恰恰是互联网在某种程度上鼓励的。所以,要是你能对那些你非常不认同的人也抱这种态度——哦,我也许能从这个人身上学到点什么——那就好了。黑豹党的那位、威廉·巴克利,我们可能既恨他们又爱他们。- 说个这方面的小例子。有个人叫Theo,不知道你有没有关注他。
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4:52:50
- Yeah, yeah, yeah. - Um, we had a bit of a thing over the fact that we stopped using TypeScript- - Yeah - ... for a project, and he didn't like that and had opinions about that and other actions. And after that I thought like, what a bozo. And, and do you know what? I still think that was a bozo move, and then I can also think like, well, the dude's really into AI. He's trying all these models, and we can share some excitement about that, so I just started following him yesterday. - Awesome. - I was like, do you know what? I don't have to agree with you on everything. Uh, I don't even have to like some of the things that you did or said or whatever. I can follow you anyway. So if I can follow back Theo, then I think there's room for world peace here.
- 有有有。- 呃,我们之间有过一点小摩擦,起因是我们在一个项目里不再用TypeScript了——- 嗯 - ……他不喜欢这一点,对此发表了一些看法,还有别的一些举动。那之后我就想,这人真是个傻帽。而且,你知道吗?我现在仍然觉得那事儿干得挺蠢的,但同时我也可以想:嗯,这哥们儿是真的对AI很上心。他在试各种模型,我们可以在这件事上共享一份兴奋感,所以我昨天就关注他了。- 太好了。- 我当时想,你知道吗?我不必在所有事情上都跟你意见一致。呃,我甚至不必喜欢你做过的、说过的某些事或者别的什么。我照样可以关注你。所以如果我都能把Theo关注回去,那我觉得世界和平还是有希望的。
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4:53:33
- Yeah, he's actually a really good example. He's really opinionated, Changes his mind quite a bit, can get snarky, but I think he's a good person underneath. - And either way, I just, you know what? My feed is more interesting when there's some people talking about things that I care about and yeah, I don't have to agree with you on everything. I just don't. - This I found pretty funny, that you mentioned something your wife said that stuck with you, that all this tech- adjacent extreme longevity focus in men is like anorexia in women, a physical manifestation of anxiety and lack of control. That somehow rang true a little bit.
- 是啊,他其实是个很好的例子。他的观点非常鲜明,也挺经常改变主意,说话会带刺,但我觉得他骨子里是个好人。- 不管怎样,我就是觉得,你知道吗?当有些人在聊我关心的事情时,我的信息流就更有意思了。是的,我不必在所有事情上都跟你一致。就是不必。- 这个我觉得挺有意思的,你提到你妻子说过一句让你印象很深的话:科技圈这些男人对极端长寿的执着,就像女人的厌食症一样,是焦虑和失控感的一种身体化表现。这话不知怎么,听着还真有点道理。
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4:54:13
- It certainly did to a lot of people. I think that tweet really popped off, and I don't know if you noticed, but Bryan Johnson chimed in on the thread, and I could see how Bryan would read that as a bit of a jab. And I do think that Jamie was probably thinking of him amongst other people in that conversation. And it's also an example of where even though I'm not subscribing to Bryan's mission of, I think it's the slogan's don't die. I actually I do wanna die. I don't wanna do this forever. Like, I think the human li- lifespan of about 90 to 100 sounds about right. I'm embracing the finitude of life.
- 对很多人来说确实如此。我记得那条推文传播得非常广。不知道你注意到没有,Bryan Johnson还在那个帖子下面回复了。我能理解Bryan为什么会把那当成某种讽刺。我也确实觉得Jamie在说那番话时,脑子里想到的人当中可能就包括他���而这也是一个例子:尽管我并不认同Bryan的使命——我记得他的口号是“不要死”。我其实是想死的。我不想永远这么活下去。比如说,我觉得人的寿命大概90到100岁听起来就挺合适。我接受生命的有限性。
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4:55:08
We don't have to agree on that. In fact, Bryan is a vastly more interesting human to me because we don't agree with that, and Bryan's willingness to literally put his own skin and all sorts of other body elements in the game for that mission is really interesting. Now, I can have that view, this is really interesting. I'm glad Bryan is pursuing this passion of his, and then also find my wife's analysis to ring true, that it does seem like there is some underlying, uh, I don't know, fear of... I was talking to Jamie yesterday about this, and she was saying, Or comparing it to this sense of people who didn't feel like they had lived enough. And one of the reasons perhaps that they hadn't lived enough was that modern society now is a surveillance state, not by the state actually, but by each other. There are camera phones everywhere.
我们不必在这一点上达成一致。事实上,正因为我们不一致,Bryan对我来说才是个有意思得多的人。而Bryan愿意为了那个使命,把自己的皮肤乃至各种身体部件都实打实地押上去,这真的很有意思。那么,我可以一边持有这种看法——这真有意思,我很高兴Bryan在追求他的这份热情——一边又觉得我妻子的分析确实说中了点什么,就是说,这背后似乎确实有某种,呃,我说不好,某种恐惧……我昨天还跟Jamie聊起这个,她说,或者说她把它类比成那种“觉得自己还没活够”的感觉。而他们之所以没活够,原因之一也许是现代社会如今是一个监控社会——其实不是被国家监控,而是被彼此监控。到处都是带摄像头的手机。
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4:56:15
Every indiscretion or even outburst of fun or cringe is highly likely to be recorded and then shared to the point of ridicule, and what is the rational reaction for humans under those conditions is to pull back, is to make sure you don't dance like nobody's watching because- ... they're probably filming you to your great and eternal embarrassment on the internet, so maybe you just shouldn't dance at all. And therefore, if we've all retracted to the point that we're barely living, we're clinging on to wanting it to last forever. Now- ... I mean, I'm sure that thesis does not apply in all circumstances. I don't even know if it applies to Bryan or, or anyone else here. But I think there's something to this, that if you feel like you've really lived, you're okay thinking I've lived enough.
任何一点失态,甚至只是一阵放纵的玩闹或尴尬瞬间,都极有可能被录下来,然后传播开去、被人嘲笑。那么在这种条件下,人的理性反应就是收缩,就是确保你不会“像没人看着那样跳舞”,因为——他们很可能正在拍你,让你在网上留下永久的巨大尴尬。所以也许你干脆就别跳了。于是,如果我们都退缩到几乎没怎么真正活过的地步,我们就会死死抓住这条命,希望它永远延续下去。当然——我是说,我确信这套说法并不适用于所有情况。我甚至不知道它适不适用于Bryan,或者这里的任何人。但我觉得这里面是有点东西的:如果你觉得自己真正活过,你就能坦然地想,我活够了。
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4:57:10
And that the, it having an end is not something to be fought. Now, is it also possible that this is all just existential post-rationalization, and if tomorrow there was a live forever pill, we'd all take it? Yeah, that's possible. Is it also possible that if we did that, society be, would be worse off? Yes. Is it possible that the human lifespan is the length it is for sociological reasons, not just biological reasons? Yes. So I think these are just all interesting questions, and I just thought her analysis really got to something here. And that discussion has come up afterwards. I mean, that, I think that tweet is like a year old. But just recently, we've been talking about this over-optimizers. I saw, uh, Chris Williamson, Modern Wisdom had a bit where he was like, "Yeah, okay, maybe we did go a little overboard." And the triggering thing was the Diary of a CEO, where the host was saying something to the effect of, "I had a glass of wine and the next three days were ruined."
而且生命有个终点这件事,并不是非要去对抗的。那么,这会不会也可能只是一种存在主义式的事后合理化?如果明天出现一颗长生不老药,我们是不是都会吃?嗯,有这个可能。那也有可能,如果我们真那么做了,社会反而会变得更糟?是的。有没有可能人类寿命是这个长度,不只是出于生物学原因,也是出于社会学原因?有可能。所以我觉得这些都是很有意思的问题,我只是觉得她的分析确实戳中了什么。而且这个讨论后来又被提起过。我是说,那条推文我记得大概是一年前的了。但就在最近,我们一直在聊这些“过度优化者”。我看到,呃,Chris Williamson的Modern Wisdom里有一段,他说:“是啊,好吧,我们可能确实有点过火了。”而触发点是《Diary of a CEO》那档节目,主持人当时大意是说,“我喝了一杯葡萄酒,结果接下来三天全毁了。”
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4:58:20
And that to me, I mean, in his circumstance, I'm sure that's true. Like, if you have not drank any alcohol for a very long time and you have just a little, I could see how it can have effect. But also there's something in that that just triggered a visceral reaction, I think, for a lot of people, and myself included, where I was like, "Fuck, man, I should have a glass of wine just right now, even though I don't usually drink." And in fact I think the alcohol question is a good microcosm to zoom in on. So we've all stopped drinking apparently, like alcohol sales are way down- ... certainly amongst young people. And then on the one hand, on the pure health metrics, whatever, we can go like, "Oh wow, isn't that great?"
这话在我看来——我是说,就他的情况而言,我相信那是真的。比如你很长时间滴酒不沾,然后哪怕只喝一点点,我能理解那确实会有影响。但这里面也有某种东西,我觉得在很多人心里,包括我自己,激起了一种本能的反应,我当时就想:“操,哥们儿,我现在就该来杯红酒,哪怕我平时并不喝酒。”其实我觉得酒精这个问题是个很好的切入点,可以放大来看。据说我们现在都不喝酒了,酒类销量大幅下滑——……在年轻人当中尤其明显。那么一方面,纯粹从健康指标之类的角度看,我们可以说:“哇,这不是挺好的吗?”
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4:58:58
And then I go like, "Yeah, I'm not so sure it is." Like the social lubricant that alcohol can provide may be missed, is missed. I mean, we are in an absolute epidemic of loneliness and misery and depression and whatever, and a fair amount of it just probably comes because you're not interacting enough with other people. Now, that's before we even talk about coupling, right? Like way down, people having a very hard time meeting a spouse. And- ... a lot of that has moved over to apps that have all sorts of negative outcomes and consequences, right? Like maybe we will look back, or maybe we already are looking back and thinking like, "Eh, do you know what?
然后我就说:"是啊,我不太确定真是这样。" 比如酒精能提供的那种社交润滑剂,可能会被人怀念,其实已经被怀念了。我是说,我们正处在一场彻头彻尾的孤独、痛苦、抑郁之类的流行病里,而其中相当一部分原因,可能就是因为你没有跟别人有足够的互动。而这还没说到谈恋爱、组成伴侣这回事呢,对吧?比如数字大幅下滑,人们很难找到另一半。而且……这里面很多都转移到了各种 App 上,而那些 App 带来了各种负面结果和后果,对吧?也许我们将来会回头看,或者也许我们现在已经在回头看了,然后想:"诶,你知道吗?
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4:59:40
Maybe getting wasted every once in a while was not the worst thing in the world." And whether wasted or not, maybe just having a couple of drinks every Friday or Saturday when you're out and about was part of what helped society get to where it is. Maybe the fact that humans have literally been drinking for whatever it is, like 13,000 years for mending things, had a social purpose, and we pull out Chesterton's fence of our own chagrin, right? - As you mentioned, in the spirit of that, so when I traveled across rural China, I did smoke a little bit in my early 20s, but I picked up just for that trip- - A social connector, right?
也许偶尔喝得烂醉一次,也不是世界上最糟糕的事。" 而且不管醉不醉,也许只是每周五或周六出去玩时喝上两杯,这本身就是让社会走到今天的一部分原因。也许人类实实在在地喝了——多少来着——大概一万三千年的酒来修补关系,这件事是有其社交意义的,而我们却自讨苦吃地把切斯特顿的篱笆给拆了,对吧?— 你提到这个,顺着这个思路说,我当年穿越中国农村旅行的时候,二十出头那会儿我确实抽了一点烟,不过我就是为了那趟旅行才开始抽的—— — 是一种社交连接,对吧?
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5:00:22
- And I drank humongous amounts, even though I don't really drink these days, because of the social thing. It's the way they show love. And I also ate a shitload of carbs, which- ... I'm usually low carb. I just like meat. So just because it's the way they show love. And actually even, it's in that society cigarettes, but in most societies, liquor is a thing to do together. And it's a bond. It doesn't, the benefits that that entails can, in many situations, outweigh the negative consequences like long-term for whatever, however you measure them.
— 而且我喝了巨量的酒,虽然我现在其实不怎么喝,就是因为那种社交属性。那是他们表达情谊的方式。我还吃了一大堆碳水,而……我平时是低碳水的。我就爱吃肉。纯粹是因为那是他们表达情谊的方式。而且其实,在那个社会里是香烟,但在大多数社会里,酒是一件要一起做的事。它是一种纽带。它并不……这带来的好处,在很多情况下,可以盖过那些长期的负面后果,不管你怎么衡量它们。
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5:01:02
- And this is the myopia of modernity, that we reduce things down to like, well, one glass on this long run study meant that you had a 0.1% greater risk of some heart defect. Yes, but if you didn't live at all, what's the point? And again, it's also easy to flip over the other side. Like the only way to live is to get drunk every weekend and eat a bunch of crap and smoke 40 cigarettes a day. No, it's not. Like it doesn't have to be the either/or. This is one of the reasons I stopped wearing my Oura Ring. So I wore the Oura sleep ring for many years, four years. And one day I was just like, "I don't need to know that I had-" ... "a bad night of sleep."
— 这就是现代性的短视:我们把事情简化成,比如某个长期追踪研究显示,喝一杯酒会让你得某种心脏缺陷的风险高出 0.1%。是啊,可要是你压根没好好活过,那还有什么意义?当然,反过来走极端也很容易。比如觉得唯一的活法就是每个周末都喝个烂醉、吃一堆垃圾食品、一天抽四十根烟。不,不是这样。它不必是非此即彼。这也是我不再戴 Oura 戒指的原因之一。我戴那个 Oura 睡眠戒指戴了很多年,四年。然后有一天我就想,"我不需要知道我……" "昨晚睡得不好。"
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5:01:45
Like I know. This added, I don't wanna call it an anxiety, I don't have a lot of anxiety, but this added just like reminder- ... that I had a bad night of sleep, what purpose is it actually playing here? Why do I need to have all these stats? Why do I need to optimize everything? To the point where, again, after that single anecdote, you know, from Diary of a CEO, I was like, "Fuck, I kind of want the opposite." Like- I barely drink at all. A glass of wine once a month maybe. Like, do you know what? I should start, uh, just on the weekends, get a glass.
我自己知道啊。这多出来的——我不想说是焦虑,我没什么焦虑——但这多出来的就像是提醒……提醒我昨晚没睡好,它在这儿到底起什么作用?我为什么需要这一堆数据?我为什么需要优化一切?到后来,还是因为那一个小故事,就是《Diary of a CEO》里的那个,我就想:"操,我其实想要的是反过来的。" 就是——我几乎完全不喝酒。可能一个月喝一杯红酒。我就想,你知道吗?我应该开始,呃,就周末的时候,来一杯。
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5:02:23
Maybe two. And also, I mean, I've never been the person to fret about my diet. Um, this is one of the great privileges of being married to, and I'll do a quick aside here. Don't ever call a woman in her 40s a wonderful woman. My wife was so pissed— ... that not only last year did I come on her birthday, that was bad enough, but that I called her a wonderful woman on the show, because that sounded like her name was Nancy and she was 65— ... in the suburb of Rochester. So I'm like, I was trying to play the 50. Like, no, I don't know, I'm Danish. How would I know? But that didn't go over well. So I'm gonna say awesome woman instead.
也许两杯。而且,我是说,我从来不是那种为自己的饮食操心的人。呃,这是娶到一位……的巨大福利之一,我这里插一句题外话。千万别管一个四十多岁的女人叫 "wonderful woman"。我老婆当时气坏了——……不只是去年我在她生日那天上了节目,那已经够糟了,还因为我在节目上叫她 "wonderful woman",因为那听起来像她叫南希、六十五岁——……住在罗切斯特郊区。我当时……我本来是想往五十来岁那个感觉上说的。就,不,我不知道啊,我是丹麦人。我哪懂这些?但那话没讨到好。所以我以后要改说"awesome woman"(超棒的女人)。
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5:03:07
If you marry an awesome woman who also not only knows how to cook, but enjoys it, do you know what? There's a very traditional division of labor here that has been quite stable through several ... tens of thousands of years in human societies, that perhaps also wasn't the worst idea in the world. And I also know there are plenty of men who like to cook, and there are women who don't. But as stereotypes go, eh, that certainly helped me. Like, I don't think I would've been able to just be as relaxed about food if I didn't eat relatively healthy on a, on a regular basis. But the overall point being, just getting out of that optimization game without turning into the opposite. You don't have to be a fat slob on the couch either. You can move around.
如果你娶到一个超棒的女人,而且她不但会做饭,还乐在其中,你知道吗?这里有一种非常传统的分工,它在人类社会里相当稳定地延续了好几……好几万年,也许那也不是世界上最糟的主意。当然我也知道有很多男人喜欢做饭,也有女人不喜欢。但就刻板印象而言,诶,那确实帮了我。比如,我觉得如果我平时没有相对健康地吃饭,我是没法对食物这么放松的。但总的意思是,就是跳出那种优化游戏,同时也别走向另一个极端。你也不必变成瘫在沙发上的死胖子。你可以动起来。
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5:03:59
- Yeah. And then the bigger point we're talking about is the finiteness of life. - Yes. - And I agree with you on this. - This was actually a feature, I built it into Omarchy. So memento mori. Remember death. If you pull down the calendar in Omarchy, you open it by clicking the clock. It opens up, and the first funny thing, I took it off the internet. There's this account called Year's Progress, and it, every day it updates, and it just shows 63% done with 2026. I don't know if you've seen that one.
— 是啊。然后我们聊的这个更大的点,是生命的有限性。— 对。— 这一点我同意你。— 这其实是个功能,我把它做进了 Omarchy。就是 memento mori。记住死亡。在 Omarchy 里,你点一下时钟就能拉下日历。它打开之后,第一个有意思的东西,是我从网上扒来的。有个账号叫 Year's Progress,它每天更新,就显示 2026 年已经过去 63%。不知道你有没有见过那个。
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5:04:30
So it just fills up. So I built that into the calendar. So right now it says, "We're 63% done with 2026." But then if you double-click that, it'll ask you, "When were you born? How long do you expect to live?" And the default is 90. So I put in 1979. And then right below the line of, like, how long are we done with the year- - Oh, that's beautiful. - ... is a new line that shows how long are you done with your life. I think I'm at 62%. I'm like, if you hover over it, it says, "Memento mori." - That's beautiful.
它就一点点填满。所以我把那个做进了日历里。现在它就写着:"2026 年已经过了 63%。" 但如果你双击它,它会问你:"你是哪年出生的?你预计能活多久?" 默认是 90 岁。于是我填了 1979。然后就在"这一年过了多少"那行下面—— — 哦,这太美了。— ……是新的一行,显示你的人生过了多少。我记得我是 62%。而且如果你把鼠标悬上去,它会显示 "Memento mori"。— 太美了。
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5:04:57
- Fair number of people found it morbid, but this was why it is an Easter egg. It's not, like, exposed. You gotta click a few things to get there. I like the reminder. I like the reminder that time is finite, and I should make the most of it. And this is also one of the privileges of having children. You really realize that the cliches are all true. Oh my God, it goes so fast. And I remember my now 13-year-old being one, being two. I was like, "This was just yesterday." And the reason it's a cliche is because it's a shared experience. Cliches are good.
— 不少人觉得这有点阴森,但正因为这样它才是个彩蛋。它不是摆在明面上的。你得点好几下才能找到。我喜欢这个提醒。我喜欢这个提醒——时间是有限的,我应该好好利用。这也是有孩子的福利之一。你会真真切切地意识到,那些老生常谈都是真的。天哪,时间过得太快了。我还记得我现在 13 岁的孩子一岁的样子、两岁的样子。我就想:"这不就是昨天的事吗。" 而它之所以是老生常谈,正因为那是一种共同经验。老生常谈是好东西。
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5:05:31
They remind you that you are part of the human experience, and others have been here before you. - I have to ask, you mentioned the amazing woman and great cook. - Amazing. Very important to remember. Not wonderful, amazing. - Amazing. So there's this... You talked some shit about croissants or something. I saw this, this in a tweet. So is the Danish croissant somehow better? - Actually, Danish croissants are not particularly good. In my opinion, the only place you can find a half-decent croissant, of all places, is 7-Eleven, which is hilarious to me because 7-Eleven in the US is the place where, at least in Chicago, you'd go to get a slushie and try to avoid getting murdered.
它们提醒你,你是人类共同经验的一部分,在你之前已经有人走过这条路。— 我得问一下,你刚提到那位超棒的女人、很棒的厨师。— Amazing(超棒)。这点很重要,要记住。不是 wonderful,是 amazing。— Amazing。所以有这么个事……你之前好像吐槽过羊角面包什么的。我看到的,在一条推文里看到的。所以丹麦的羊角面包真的更好吃吗?— 其实丹麦的羊角面包并不算特别好。在我看来,唯一能找到还过得去的羊角面包的地方,偏偏是 7-Eleven,这对我来说特别搞笑,因为在美国,7-Eleven 是那种,至少在芝加哥,你去买杯冰沙、顺便祈祷别被人捅死的地方。
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5:06:15
But in Denmark, 7-Eleven is this very upscale, super nice convenience store, and they just happen to make decent croissants. And it always baffled me that I lived in the United States for 20 freaking years. I have yet to have a single croissant that's even at the level of a 7-Eleven croissant in Copenhagen. That seems improbable. - Have you understood why? - No, I've legitimately considered hiring an investigative journalist to get to the bottom of this, because the number of theories I've heard have been all over the place. It's the water. It's the butter.
但在丹麦,7-Eleven 是那种非常高档、超级精致的便利店,而他们恰好就做出了像样的羊角面包。一直让我百思不得其解的是,我在美国住了整整二十年。我到现在都没吃到过哪怕一个能达到哥本哈根 7-Eleven 水准的羊角面包。这听上去简直不可能。— 你搞明白为什么了吗?— 没有,我真的认真考虑过雇个调查记者去查个水落石出,因为我听到的说法五花八门。有人说是水。有人说是黄油。
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5:06:55
It's the skill. It's the this, it's the that, it's the other thing. I'm like, none of it adds up to me. If it's the butter, can't you just import it? I thought I saw Danish butter in some supermarkets over here like Lurpak. So that can't be it. Can it be the skill? No, it can't be the skill. There are plenty of French people and Belgian people, the best croissant makers in the world, who live in the US. Like, what is the reason? And then I get the second thing, which is- ... "No, no, you just haven't gone to the right place." I've literally gone to 15 of quote unquote- ... "the right place," and all the croissants were shit.
有人说是手艺。这个那个各种说法。我就想,这些我都说不通。如果是黄油,那你不能进口吗?我好像在这边的一些超市里见过丹麦黄油,比如 Lurpak。所以不可能是那个。那会是手艺吗?不,不可能是手艺。有一大堆法国人和比利时人——世界上最好的羊角面包师傅——就住在美国。那到底是什么原因?然后我就听到第二种说法,就是……"不不,你只是没去对地方。" 我真的去过十五家所谓的……"对的地方",结果那些羊角面包全是垃圾。
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5:07:28
So before I leave the planet, I have to get to the bottom of why the United States cannot make a proper croissant. And I don't, I'm not even asking about peak French croissants, peak Belgian croissants- ... which are the best croissants in the world. I'm just asking about the 7-Eleven croissant from Copenhagen. Is that too much to ask for? - That's a fascinating mystery. What, zooming out, what's your, what's your favorite... This makes me want to know, what's your favorite meal? Like, if you, if I gave you a last meal and were to murder you after.
所以在我离开这个星球之前,我必须搞清楚为什么美国做不出一个像样的羊角面包。而且我并不,我甚至都不是在要求什么顶级法国羊角面包、顶级比利时羊角面包……那些才是世界第一。我只是在要求哥本哈根 7-Eleven 的那种羊角面包。这要求很过分吗?— 这个谜太有意思了。那,往大了说,你最……这让我特别想知道,你最喜欢的一餐是什么?比如,如果我给你一顿断头饭,然后再把你干掉。
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5:08:02
- It all depends whether it's lunch or it's dinner. If it's lunch, it- - It's one meal. What's, what's... I feel like if you're getting murdered, it doesn't really matter if it's lunch or dinner. - Well, depends on what time of day you're getting murdered. - Oh, I see. - If it's an afternoon execution, I only get lunch. - Okay. - And if I get lunch, it's at Louisiana, the museum in north of Copenhagen. I was just there with Jamie two days ago, and we go there all the time. The museum is lovely. We don't go for the museum.
— 这完全取决于是午餐还是晚餐。如果是午餐,那—— — 就一顿。是什么,是什么……我觉得既然你都要被干掉了,是午餐还是晚餐好像也没那么重要了吧。— 嗯,这得看你是在一天中的什么时候被干掉。— 哦,明白了。— 如果是下午行刑,那我就只能吃午餐了。— 好吧。— 如果是午餐,那就是路易斯安那,哥本哈根北边的那个博物馆。我两天前刚和 Jamie 去过,我们一直都去。那个博物馆很棒。但我们不是为了博物馆去的。
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5:08:37
We go for the cafeteria. That in itself sounds crazy. Like- - Yeah, it does - ... you're gonna, you're gonna drive half an hour to go to a cafeteria. Well, it just so happens to be, it is the best lunch I've probably ever had in my life. The chef there is just unbelievably good, and not only is the food amazing, what's even more amazing to my system thinking brain is that at any one time when we were up there, I think there were probably 200 people waiting for their food. And our food was delivered in five minutes. They have a small menu, and clearly they make it in bulk, and it's unbelievably delicious.
我们是为了那家自助餐厅去的。这话本身听起来就很疯狂。就—— — 是挺疯的 — ……你要开半小时车就为了去一家自助餐厅。可事实就是,那大概是我这辈子吃过最好的午餐。那儿的厨师好得不可思议,而且不只是食物好吃,更让我这个爱琢磨系统的脑子惊叹的是,我们在那儿的时候,任何一个时间点大概都有两百个人在等餐。而我们的餐五分钟就上了。他们菜单很小,显然是批量做的,而且好吃得不可思议。
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5:09:15
- Just a cafeteria at a museum? - It's a cafeteria at a museum that happens to have the best lunch I've ever had anywhere in my life. - What kind of food are we talking about? What kind of lunch food? - It's, like, Nordic cuisine, so it's, it's... A funny thing is the menu, when I look at it, I was like, "Do you know what? If I saw this menu- As a kid, I'd go like, "I'm not eating here." It's like, I don't know- - This is pretty fancy - ... root free fruit and- ... and onions- ... and all sorts of healthy stuff. That sounds disgusting. And then you sit down and eat it, and the angels sing. But it's even more particular than that. It's the butter.
— 就是博物馆里的一家自助餐厅?— 就是博物馆里的一家自助餐厅,而它恰好提供了我这辈子在任何地方吃过的最好的午餐。— 我们说的是什么样的食物?什么样的午餐?— 差不多是北欧菜,所以……有意思的是那份菜单,我看的时候就想:"你知道吗?如果我小时候看到这份菜单,我肯定说,'我才不在这儿吃。'" 就是,我不知道—— — 这听着挺高级的 — ……什么根茎类、水果……还有洋葱——……各种健康玩意儿。听起来很难吃。然后你坐下来一吃,天使就开始唱歌了。但还有更具体的:是黄油。
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5:09:46
The whipped butter that they have there, the best butter anywhere in the world. - I think that has to be connected to the croissant mystery too. - There must be some connection. But literally- ... even in Paris, I've never had whipped butter that tastes as delicious as the butter does at Louisiana in Copenhagen. Literally, I would drive 30 minutes- ... to have bread and butter at the cafeteria in Louisiana. - Well, how'd you discover that? Just one day you went to the museum and- - I think we just went to the museum- - And you tried a whole dish.
他们那儿的那种打发黄油,全世界最好的黄油。— 我觉得这肯定跟羊角面包之谜也有关系。— 一定有某种联系。但说真的……哪怕在巴黎,我都没吃过味道能有哥本哈根路易斯安那那种黄油这么好吃的打发黄油。真的,我愿意开三十分钟车……就为了去路易斯安那的自助餐厅吃面包配黄油。— 那你是怎么发现的?就是有一天去博物馆然后—— — 我想我们就是去看博物馆——— 然后你点了一整道菜。
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5:10:15
- ... and we had the lunch, and we were like... - This is weird. - This is rivaling the best tasting restaurants- ... I've ever been to in my life, and I've gone to Noma a couple of times and tried what there is to try, and this is right up there. - All right. What about dinner, since you mentioned? Is it something different that you have to think- - Well, I think there's a lot of good options in Copenhagen, but actually I'll pick a place in Spain. So there is this place in Marbella called Puente Romano. It's a hotel, and down by the beach, they have this beach restaurant with fresh seafood.
— ……然后我们吃了午餐,然后我们就觉得……— 这不对劲啊。— 这都能跟我这辈子去过的最好的品鉴餐厅比了……我去过 Noma 好几次,该尝的都尝了,而这里完全不逊色。— 好。那晚餐呢,既然你提到了?是不是得另外想—— — 嗯,我觉得哥本哈根有很多不错的选择,不过我其实要挑一家西班牙的。马贝拉有个地方叫 Puente Romano。那是家酒店,在海边,他们有家做新鲜海鲜的海滩餐厅。
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5:10:57
Unbelievably delicious. I'm trying to remember what it's called, but yeah, if you look it up, the beach seafood place at Puente Romano is incredible. - How much of great food is, like, the place and the person you're with, right? Or the, or the experience when you first are there? - I mean, the ambiance certainly helps, but I think my taste buds are also just- - Okay, that- - ... in tune for- - So it's legit. - ... flavors - ... it is just good food. - It's just really good food. Because for ex- that cafeteria, it is, there's a lot of people. Like, I wouldn't rate it as like, oh my God, this is just a place I want to sit for two hours.
好吃得不可思议。我努力想它叫什么名字,不过,你要是查一下,Puente Romano 那家海滩海鲜餐厅真的绝了。— 美食有多大程度上取决于地点和同行的人,对吧?或者说,取决于你第一次去那儿时的体验?- 我是说,氛围肯定有加分,但我觉得我的味蕾也确实是——- 好吧,那——- ……很对味儿——- 所以是真材实料。- ……那些味道——就是纯粹的好吃。- 就是真的很好吃。因为比如说那个食堂,人是真的多。就是说,我不会说,哇,这地方我愿意坐上两个小时。
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5:11:35
But the food is so delicious. - That's one of the things I'm, in traveling across the country, I'm realizing to sample without bias, just try things. 'Cause you might, I guess you might just be surprised. Maybe I'll find your croissant. All right, we've talked about mortality. Talked about food. - Settled end of life. - What do you thousand years from now, what do you think is the future of humans, human civilization? You think we're gonna make it? - A thousand years from now? Man, I'm having trouble predicting 12 months from now.
但那儿的东西是真好吃。- 这也是我在全国各地旅行时慢慢意识到的一点,别带偏见地去尝,什么都试试。因为你可能——我想你可能真的会大吃一惊。说不定我能找到你说的那种羊角包。好了,我们聊了死亡,也聊了吃的。- 临终问题也解决了。- 那你觉得一千年以后,人类、人类文明的未来会是什么样?你觉得我们能挺过去吗?- 一千年以后?老兄,我连十二个月以后的事都预测不了。
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5:12:09
- I know. - A thousand? - You think we got a shot? - Oh, I'm gonna bet on optimism. I'm gonna bet on a multi-planetary species. I'm gonna bet that Elon gets that rocket to Mars, and we figure out how to bend space-time and discover some wormholes or, or something. - Once we do, do you think, you think all humans on Earth will die once or twice and be repopulated After we get a good backup going? - I mean, that was actually one of my favorite episodes of Black Mirror, the one where they get uploaded to the 1980s sea town somewhere. And I just thought like, wow, this is both such a dark moment, yet also so beautiful in the shared recognition that, like, the '80s were actually kind of amazing.
- 我懂。- 一千年?- 你觉得咱们有戏吗?- 哦,我会押乐观那一边。我会押人类成为跨行星物种。我会押 Elon 真能把火箭送上火星,然后我们搞明白怎么弯曲时空,发现某种虫洞什么的。- 等我们做到那一步,你觉得地球上所有人会死一两次,然后在我们备份做好之后重新繁衍出来吗?- 我是说,那其实是我最喜欢的《黑镜》剧集之一,就是他们被上传到某个八十年代海滨小镇的那一集。我当时就觉得,哇,这既是一个特别黑暗的时刻,同时又特别美好,因为大家都心照不宣地认同,八十年代其实挺了不起的。
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5:12:55
Like, I don't have a lot of nostalgia for many moments, but I do have nostalgia for the '80s. - But- - And they say something about, like, whatever place and time you were in, the music you were listening to when you were 12 or- ... or 14, 15, something like that, that's what's gonna stick with you. Like, no, I was only, I got to be 10 in the '80s. So this was my early childhood, and I still have an unbelievably fond affiliation with the '80s. So if I'm gonna be uploaded to the sky- - You want it to be the '80s?
就是说,我对很多时代都没什么怀旧情结,但我对八十年代真的有。- 不过——- 而且他们说过类似这样的话,不管你当时身在何地、处于什么年代,你十二岁左右听的音乐——……或者十四五岁听的那些,那才是会一直留在你心里的。而我呢,八十年代我才刚到十岁。所以那是我的童年早期,我到现在还对八十年代有着难以置信的深厚感情。所以如果我要被上传到天上去——- 你想上传到八十年代?
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5:13:24
- ... I'm doing the '80s. - Wow. I don't think I've actually ever heard anyone say that. Usually it's '70s or '90s. - Oh, and the- - Because the '80s is a- - I really don't like the '90s. Can we talk about this? - No, I'm done. Not done. - To me, this was the great turning point of nihilism. That both the music, the genre, the fashion- ... everything turned from, like, this glamour, the pop, the optimism, even the yuppies and everything- ... to grunge and Nirvana. And even though, I mean, I like the music, I don't like the ethics. I don't like- ... the morals. I don't like any of the underpinnings to it.
- ……我选八十年代。- 哇。我好像还真没听谁这么说过。一般人说的都是七十年代或者九十年代。- 哦,而且——- 因为八十年代是——- 我是真的不喜欢九十年代。我们能聊聊这个吗?- 不,我说完了。也没说完。- 对我来说,那是虚无主义的一大转折点。不管是音乐、类型还是时尚——……所有东西都从那种华丽、流行、乐观,甚至连雅皮士那一套——……变成了垃圾摇滚和 Nirvana。虽然吧,我是说,我喜欢那些音乐,但我不喜欢那套价值观。我不喜欢——……那种道德观。我不喜欢它底下的任何一层根基。
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5:14:08
There was just such a defeatism to it- ... that in retrospect, I look back upon it, if I'm gonna get reinserted into the matrix, it's gonna be the '80s. - That was full of optimism and fun- - Yes - ... and colors. - Yes. I remember having these orange pants- ... with, like, white dots on them. That was just a normal thing kids could wear in the '80s. I've never fucking seen that today. Or I mean, even in the '90s, it all turned just, like, Seattle gray. Great regression. - So the Nietzschean, you know, this idea of eternal recurrence.
那里面有一种特别浓的失败主义——……现在回头看,如果我要被重新塞回矩阵里,我一定选八十年代。- 那个年代充满了乐观和乐趣——- 对——……还有色彩。- 没错。我记得我有一条橙色的裤子——……上面还有白点点。在八十年代,那就是小孩子能穿出门的正常打扮。我他妈今天再没见过这种东西。或者说,就算到了九十年代,一切也都变成了那种西雅图灰。大倒退。- 所以说,尼采式的,你知道的,永恒轮回这个概念。
便签引用
5:14:50
If you do a Groundhog Day and you live forever, you want it to be in the orange pants with the white dots in the '80s. - Maybe I'm gonna skip the orange pants, but- - No - ... I'm definitely picking the '80s. - You said it. All right, DHH. Thank you so much for everything you do. Thank you for being an inspiration to all of us, for building cool shit in the world, and thank you for talking today. - Anytime. Thank you, Lex, again for having me. - Yeah. Thanks for listening to this conversation with DHH. To support this podcast, please check out our sponsors in the description, where you can also find links to contact me, ask questions, give feedback, and so on. And now, let me leave you with some words from Ralph Waldo Emerson.
如果你像《土拨鼠之日》那样永远活下去,你希望是穿着八十年代那条带白点的橙裤子。- 橙裤子我可能就免了,不过——- 别啊——……八十年代我是铁定选的。- 你自己说的。好了,DHH,非常感谢你所做的一切。谢谢你成为我们所有人的榜样,在这个世界上造出很酷的东西,也谢谢你今天来聊天。- 随时奉陪。再次感谢你,Lex,邀请我来。- 好的。感谢大家收听这期与 DHH 的对话。要支持本播客,请查看简介中的赞助商,你也可以在那里找到联系我、提问、给反馈等等的链接。现在,让我用拉尔夫·瓦尔多·爱默生的一句话来作结。
便签引用
5:15:31
"Once you make a decision, the universe conspires to make it happen." Thank you for listening, and hope to see you next time.
「一旦你做出决定,整个宇宙都会合力促成它。」感谢收听,希望下次再见。
便签引用
视频总结 · 一句话概括与核心要点

一句话概括

DHH 在这期访谈中宣告:自 2025 年 11 月 24 日 Opus 4.5 发布起,编程进入"用英语指挥智能体"的新纪元,他本人从 25 年的手工雕琢 Ruby 代码者转变为三个月内零手写代码发布 Omarchy Quattro 的"教练",并断言 Linux 因其配置文件加命令行的开放结构将成为智能体时代最有可能获胜的桌面操作系统。

核心要点

  • 转折点是可以精确到日期的:DHH 把分界线定在 2025 年 11 月 24 日 Opus 4.5 发布。他 26 日试用后发现输出质量"与我自己写的几乎无异"。此后经历三个阶段:11 月到次年 2 月人类必须驾驶并审核;春季出现子智能体,任务时间缩短到五分之一到十分之一;2026 年夏季 Opus 5、Fable、GPT Sol 之后,他只描述模糊问题,由模型决定路径,"我在产生代码的环节已成为可选项"。
  • Omarchy Quattro 是 100% 智能体写就的操作系统发布:过去三个月他没有手写任何进入 Quattro 的代码,只审查整体形状与模型层关键行。三个月合并超过 1000 个 PR,其中大量来自非传统程序员;发布三天内插件市场出现 330 个插件;积压 400 个未合并 PR,由智能体先行筛选与在 VM 中验证,人类只做合并决策。他称这是职业生涯中手写代码最少却最自豪的发布。
  • 瓶颈从实现转向人类带宽与品味:Basecamp 5 在二月让设计师直接 vibe coding,结果单个 PR 尚可、叠加后摧毁了架构,需人工返工。他的结论是要获得 10 倍到 1000 倍加速必须人直接对接智能体,中间不能再夹一层人类审批;大公司之所以未见产品爆发,是因为它们缺的不是实现能力而是想法、愿景与品味,微软数十年拥有无限程序员却未产出伟大软件即为反证。
  • 过度指定反而伤害模型:Boris 透露 Opus 5 的 Claude Code 系统提示词缩减了 80%,因为过度指令会损害输出。DHH 由此主张回归敏捷精神:先尽量模糊地把东西做出来,在使用中发现真正想要什么。他的实际经验是"确保它安全"这种笼统指令,模型比人更清楚意味着什么;人类最擅长的是三选一式的直觉判断,而非事前规格。
  • 一次跨模型翻译实验揭示了成本与能力格局:他让模型把 Python 库 Terminal Text Effects 一次性重写为无依赖 Rust 可执行文件。Fable 约 45 分钟完成,启动时间从 86 毫秒降到 2 毫秒,执行提速 9.6 倍,按量计费约 550 美元(中途耗尽额度自动切换 Opus 5 接手);GPT Sol 沿用 Fable 计划 1.5 小时 46 美元完成;Grok 4.6 完成,约 55 美元;DeepSeek V4 Pro 2 小时 45 分 23 美元完成;GPT Luna 和 DeepSeek Flash 失败,Luna 甚至试图包装现成实现作弊。后续两轮自动研究把提速推到 46 倍。
  • 他的工作流是多模型互检加 16 个并行线程:以 Claude(Fable 或 Opus 5)驱动,Codex xHigh 做复审,Grok 与 GitHub Copilot 补充检查;用 Herdr(tmux 加智能体完成提醒)管理约四到五台机器、16 个线程,通过 Tailscale 与 GL.iNet Comet KVM 把闲置迷你 PC 全部接入。Shopify CTO 的研究显示智能体审查过的 PR 比人类审查的 PR 在生产中引发更少事故。
  • Linux 的旧缺点成了新优势:一切皆配置文件与 CLI 命令,正是智能体最擅长操作的形态;Mac 的锁定式设计则成为敌意环境。模型预训练过 4000 万行 Linux 代码,加上可直接读取任何应用源码,使他今年以来没有一个 Linux 问题智能体无法诊断。Quattro 内置崩溃监视器,能追溯到具体 Rust 文件行号并起草缺陷报告;Linus Torvalds 也公开表态 Linux 欢迎 AI,内核 AI 贡献曲线呈抛物线上升。
  • 安装 45 秒是"追求卓越无需解释"的产物:他对比新 Mac 更新耗时 42 分钟、新 Windows PC 1 小时 35 分钟。手段包括在用户填写五个问题时后台预加载、把 JetBrains 字体包从 200MB 裁到 16MB、用 zstd 极限压缩 NVIDIA 驱动省下约 200MB,ISO 从 7.5GB 缩到 5.85GB。下一步是针对 Dell XPS 的定制镜像目标 12 秒,理论极限受 7GB/s NVMe 速度约束。
  • 就业冲击是真实的,但他押注 Jevons 悖论:他承认生产力提升就意味着更少的人做同样的活,也承认对个体而言是痛苦,但引用 ATM 与银行网点、织布工人与卢德派的先例,认为软件价格下降会催生更多需求;并借 Toby Lütke 的 F1 比喻指出社会可以为"无实际用途"的活动雇佣数万人。给年轻程序员的建议是不要预测两个模型迭代之后的世界,否则会陷入"AI 精神病";错过一年也能两周内追上前沿。
  • 政治与生活观点同样直言不讳:他不后悔关于欧洲大规模移民的争议言论,引用丹麦统计称英美法移民年均净贡献约 2.5 万美元而索马里移民年均净成本约 2.8 万美元,主张各国有自决权与择优移民。他反对长寿优化文化,妻子将其比作男性版厌食症;他把"memento mori"做进 Omarchy 日历彩蛋,显示人生进度百分比。

结论与值得注意的细节

  • DHH 对 AGI 的表述是"尚未达到通用定义,但已看到闪光":一次性翻译 Python 库并自动打包发布的过程让他反问"AGI 还能长什么样"。他也提到 mise 作者收到智能体针对尚未发布代码的缺陷报告,以及 GitHub 因 12 秒内提交 28 个 issue 封禁了他的机器人。
  • 对 Anthropic 的态度是"用其工具,不认同其立场":他批评 Claude 拒绝把一篇移民主题文章翻译成意大利语、Claude Code 不读 AGENTS.md、切断 OpenCode 使用订阅,但仍认为 Claude Code 是最好的 harness 且写作风格最佳;作为对照,他通过 Fireworks 运行的 Kimi 模型能直接回答 1989 年天安门问题。
  • 他对术语的坚持:讨厌"agentic engineering"和"vibe coding"两个词,但认为不应把它们混同于"编程",因为编程意味着理解循环、条件等原语;他区分 vibe coding(不看实现)与智能体加速开发(审查形状与关键行)。
  • 令人意外的自我评价:他说自己熟知编程曾一度是负担,因为他习惯规定路径,而新一代模型在被告知结果而非路径时表现更好;许多程序员不是好的产品经理,而产品判断才是新时代的核心技能。
  • 他强调这种节奏不可持续,最近三个月是五年来最累的项目,但预期自动化(如他正在构建的 Amabot,采用"大脑与手分离"模式,模型在协调器中运行,代码在隔离 VM 执行)将把他的角色压缩为每天审阅一封汇总邮件。
  • 语言层面的结论:他称"如果有一种语言比 Ruby 更美,那就是英语",并认同 Lex 的观点,即适度的模糊与诗意比精确规格更能从模型中调动智能;他也认为非确定性正是创造力的来源,"不确定又不创造"两项指控不可能同时成立。
  • 节目中 DHH 送给 Lex 一台预装 Omarchy 4 的 Dell XPS 14(Intel Panther Lake,串联 OLED 屏,键盘上印有 Omarchy 键),现场演示一分钟内完成安装。
核心句型 · 10
1. There are Xs where …, and Ys where …
“There are decades where nothing happens and weeks where decades happen.”
用两个时间单位的对照制造反差,强调节奏突变。仿写:There are years where you learn nothing and afternoons where you learn everything. 适合开篇立论。
2. It's not just because …, it's also because …
“And it's not just because the quality's better. It's also because I feel a lot less bad if I just reject it.”
先承认显而易见的理由,再抛出更有意思的第二层理由。写论证段落时能避免单因归纳,显得更周到。
3. I would rather … than …
“I would rather get an agent-written pull request to one of my projects than I'd get one written by a human”
表达带立场的偏好选择,比 I like … more 更有力。rather 后接动词原形,than 后可省略重复成分。
4. It wasn't until … that …
“And it wasn't until the switch to Linux that I was forced out of my habitat.”
强调句型,突出「直到某事发生才……」。适合叙述转折点。仿写:It wasn't until I lost the file that I started using version control.
5. Not only + 助动词倒装 …, we also …
“Not only do we get this wealth of glorious pull requests made by agents with all the boxes ticked, we also get to tap into a creativity of people who did not have access to contribute to a project before.”
Not only 置于句首须部分倒装(do we get)。用于层层加码列举好处,书面感强,演讲中也常用。
6. The more …, the more …
“The more billions are poured in, the more intelligence comes out”
比较级并列结构,表达两个量的同向关系。仿写:The vaguer the prompt, the more room the model has to think. 适合概括规律。
7. X can both be A and B / These two truths can coexist
“So Rust, to me, can both be the most repugnant programming language ever devised for human consumption and a wonderful platform for agentic engineering. These two truths can coexist easily in my head.”
同时持有两个看似冲突的判断,是英语议论中显示思维成熟度的常用姿态,可用后一句收尾。
8. What if … ?
“Well, what if we all just build our own 5%? What if I just took the functionality that I need and just did that?”
连续用 What if 抛出假设,把论证从批评推向设想。口语与提案写作都好用,连用两三次能形成节奏。
9. … whether you like it or not, so you might as well …
“The future's coming whether you like it or not, so you might as well choose to be excited about it.”
先陈述不可抗的事实,再用 might as well 推出「不如就……」的建议。语气务实、不说教,适合给建议。
10. Don't let the perfect be the enemy of good.
“Don't let the perfect be the enemy of good.”
谚语式表达:别因追求完美而错过足够好的方案。产品与工程讨论高频句,可直接引用作为论点收束。
词汇精讲 · 188 · 按出现顺序
go hog wild phr. 0:00
彻底放开、玩到疯;指不加节制地折腾
delirious /dɪˈlɪriəs/ adj. 0:00
神志恍惚的;欣喜若狂的(他刻意区别于 delusional)
Overton window n. phr. 0:00
奥弗顿之窗,公共舆论可接受讨论的观点范围
nudge /nʌdʒ/ n./v. 0:00
轻推;一点点推动
pushback /ˈpʊʃbæk/ n. 1:09
反弹、抵制、反对意见
meticulously /məˈtɪkjələsli/ adv. 1:09
一丝不苟地、极讲究细节地
prolific /prəˈlɪfɪk/ adj. 1:09
多产的、产量极高的
unadulterated /ˌʌnəˈdʌltəreɪtɪd/ adj. 3:26
纯粹的、不掺杂质的
epoch /ˈepək/ n. 4:11
纪元、时代(强调可划分的历史阶段)
from the get-go phr. 5:49
从一开始、打一上来
chiseling /ˈtʃɪzəlɪŋ/ v.-ing 5:49
用凿子雕刻;喻指一行行手工打磨代码
uncannily /ʌnˈkænəli/ adv. 6:28
离奇地、像得让人发毛地
sidekick /ˈsaɪdkɪk/ n. 6:28
跟班、配角式的搭档
harness /ˈhɑːrnəs/ n./v. 7:47
挽具;此处指模型外的工具与流程外壳;作动词为驾驭、利用
priors /ˈpraɪərz/ n. pl. 8:58
先验判断、既有认知(源自贝叶斯统计的口语化用法)
clandestine /klænˈdestɪn/ adj. 15:00
秘密的、隐蔽进行的
cohesive /koʊˈhiːsɪv/ adj. 16:36
有内聚力的、浑然一体的
mop it up phr. v. 16:36
收拾残局、善后清理
bottleneck /ˈbɑːtlnek/ n. 18:14
瓶颈、制约环节
temper /ˈtempər/ v. 19:49
缓和、降低(期望);temper expectations 为固定搭配
at their disposal phr. 20:44
供其支配、任其调用
compelling /kəmˈpelɪŋ/ adj. 20:44
极有吸引力的;(论证)有说服力的
pivot /ˈpɪvət/ v./n. 23:21
(企业)转向、掉头;创业语境高频词
duopoly /duˈɑːpəli/ n. 24:04
双寡头垄断
unseat /ʌnˈsiːt/ v. 24:04
把……拉下台、取代其地位
polyglot /ˈpɑːliɡlɑːt/ n./adj. 25:38
通晓多种语言的人;此处指掌握多种编程语言
dabbled /ˈdæbəld/ v. 25:38
浅尝辄止地涉猎(dabble in sth.)
drudgery /ˈdrʌdʒəri/ n. 28:43
苦差事、枯燥的重复劳动
diligent /ˈdɪlɪdʒənt/ adj. 28:43
勤勉的、一丝不苟的
influx /ˈɪnflʌks/ n. 29:23
涌入、大量流入
disintermediation /ˌdɪsɪntərˌmiːdiˈeɪʃn/ n. 30:07
去中介化,去掉中间环节
assert /əˈsɜːrt/ v. 30:51
断言、坚称(强调不经论证地明确主张)
median /ˈmiːdiən/ adj./n. 31:58
中位数的;the median programmer 指水平居中的程序员
outclassed /ˌaʊtˈklæst/ v. 31:58
被远远比下去、水平被碾压
neuroticism /nʊˈrɑːtɪsɪzəm/ n. 32:36
神经质(人格心理学五大维度之一)
boxes ticked phr. 33:39
该做的项都打了勾、条件都满足了
cherry-pick /ˈtʃeri pɪk/ v. 34:25
挑拣最好的;也可含贬义「选择性取证」
chaff /tʃæf/ n. 35:08
糠秕、无用之物(常与 wheat 对举)
regurgitating /rɪˈɡɜːrdʒɪteɪtɪŋ/ v.-ing 36:24
反刍;喻指机械复述已有内容
delusional /dɪˈluːʒənl/ adj. 36:24
妄想的、认知严重失真的
steel man n./v. phr. 37:21
为对立观点做最强辩护(与稻草人谬误 straw man 相对)
upended /ʌpˈendɪd/ v. 37:21
被彻底颠覆、掀翻
gravity /ˈɡrævəti/ n. 38:11
(事态的)严重性、分量;the gravity of the moment
opinionated /əˈpɪnjəneɪtɪd/ adj. 38:47
固执己见的;软件语境中为褒义:有主见、预设好选择
caveat /ˈkæviæt/ n./v. 43:39
附加说明、限制条件;作动词为「先声明一句」
glimmers /ˈɡlɪmərz/ n. pl. 43:39
微光、一丝迹象
laggards /ˈlæɡərdz/ n. pl. 46:33
落后者、迟迟不跟进的人
on the fence phr. 46:33
骑墙观望、拿不定主意
malleable /ˈmæliəbl/ adj. 48:07
可塑的、可随意改造的(本篇核心概念词)
script kiddies n. phr. 48:53
脚本小子,指照搬现成脚本却不懂原理的人
repugnant /rɪˈpʌɡnənt/ adj. 49:29
令人反感的、厌恶的
primitives /ˈprɪmətɪvz/ n. pl. 50:19
(编程)原语、最基本的构造单元
deficit /ˈdefəsɪt/ n. 52:02
不足、亏损;to my deficit 意为「反成我的劣势」
prescribe /prɪˈskraɪb/ v. 52:47
规定、指定(做法);注意与 proscribe(禁止)区分
entails /ɪnˈteɪlz/ v. 55:30
必然包含、意味着需要做什么
all the rage phr. 55:30
风靡一时、人人都在追的
pointy-haired boss n. phr. 56:43
尖头发老板,出自漫画《呆伯特》,指外行瞎指挥的上司
sulk /sʌlk/ v. 56:43
生闷气、消极怠工
prescriptive /prɪˈskrɪptɪv/ adj. 56:43
规定性的、事无巨细下指令的
bumble into phr. v. 58:09
跌跌撞撞地撞进(某种状态或发现)
paradox of choice n. phr. 59:20
选择悖论:选项越多越难决策、满意度越低
snap judgments n. phr. 59:20
瞬时判断、脱口而出的直觉判断
judiciously /dʒuˈdɪʃəsli/ adv. 1:00:48
审慎明智地
exorbitant /ɪɡˈzɔːrbɪtənt/ adj. 1:00:48
(价格、代价)高得离谱的
premised on phr. 1:00:48
以……为前提;be premised on sth. 论证常用
ball of mud n. phr. 1:01:40
泥球,软件架构术语,指结构混乱、无边界的系统
extrapolate /ɪkˈstræpəleɪt/ v. 1:02:47
外推、由已知推断未知
heuristics /hjuˈrɪstɪks/ n. pl. 1:02:47
经验法则、启发式方法
bemoan /bɪˈmoʊn/ v. 1:03:51
哀叹、抱怨(书面语)
concede /kənˈsiːd/ v. 1:09:11
承认(对方有理)、让步
amor fati n. phr. 1:09:11
(拉丁语)爱你的命运,斯多葛与尼采的核心态度
disposition /ˌdɪspəˈzɪʃn/ n. 1:10:51
性情、天然倾向
advent /ˈædvent/ n. 1:11:33
(重要事物的)到来、问世
Jevons paradox n. phr. 1:11:33
杰文斯悖论:效率提升降低成本,反而放大总需求
Luddites /ˈlʌdaɪts/ n. pl. 1:12:42
卢德派,19 世纪初捣毁纺织机的英国工人;今泛指反技术者
ecstatic /ɪkˈstætɪk/ adj. 1:14:37
狂喜的、极度兴奋的
deduce /dɪˈduːs/ v. 1:16:51
推演、演绎推断
camaraderie /ˌkɑːməˈrɑːdəri/ n. 1:17:38
同袍情谊、伙伴间的深厚情感
ruminating /ˈruːmɪneɪtɪŋ/ v.-ing 1:19:33
反刍、反复咀嚼同一件事(心理学中与抑郁相关)
pan out phr. v. 1:21:52
结果顺利、最终成功
up in arms phr. 1:23:22
群情激愤、强烈抗议
carry the day phr. 1:26:05
最终获胜、占上风
decrying /dɪˈkraɪɪŋ/ v.-ing 1:29:01
公开谴责、痛斥
methodically /məˈθɑːdɪkli/ adv. 1:32:36
有条不紊地、按部就班地
parallelize /ˈpærələlaɪz/ v. 1:33:50
使并行化
referendum /ˌrefəˈrendəm/ n. 1:39:26
公投;引申为「对某事好坏的判定」
drawback /ˈdrɔːbæk/ n. 1:41:09
缺点、不利之处
lo and behold phr. 1:47:49
(略带戏谑)你瞧,结果还真就……
intricacies /ˈɪntrɪkəsiz/ n. pl. 1:50:12
错综复杂之处、门道
out of whack phr. 1:53:23
失调、乱套、不正常
grotesque /ɡroʊˈtesk/ adj. 1:53:57
荒诞离谱的、怪异得令人不适的
preposterous /prɪˈpɑːstərəs/ adj. 1:53:57
荒谬的、极其不合理的
invigorating /ɪnˈvɪɡəreɪtɪŋ/ adj. 1:55:37
令人振奋的、提神的
chokehold /ˈtʃoʊkhoʊld/ n. 1:57:33
锁喉;喻指绝对控制
grandiose /ˈɡrændioʊs/ adj. 1:58:55
宏大的、(常含贬义)好大喜功的
frivolous /ˈfrɪvələs/ adj. 2:01:55
无关紧要的、不务正业的
overbuilt /ˌoʊvərˈbɪlt/ adj. 2:02:26
过度建造的、规格远超需求的
patron /ˈpeɪtrən/ n. 2:03:01
赞助者、资助人(艺术史常用)
muster /ˈmʌstər/ v. 2:06:15
鼓起(勇气、动力)、召集
monocoque /ˈmɑːnəkoʊk/ n. 2:09:53
单体壳车身结构(赛车与航空术语)
kosher /ˈkoʊʃər/ adj. 2:11:07
符合犹太教规的;口语引申为「合规矩的、正统的」
omakase n. 2:11:07
(日语借词)主厨定制,由厨师全权决定菜单
land /lænd/ v. 2:15:50
(论点)站得住、打动人;the argument doesn't land
stream of consciousness n. phr. 2:16:53
意识流,不加整理的连续思绪表达
latency /ˈleɪtnsi/ n. 2:20:43
延迟、时延
arcane /ɑːrˈkeɪn/ adj. 2:24:00
晦涩难懂的、只有内行才懂的
race condition n. phr. 2:26:04
竞态条件,并发程序中因执行顺序不确定引发的缺陷
suss out phr. v. 2:26:04
(英式口语)摸清、查出
rattle off phr. v. 2:29:06
一口气流利地说出一长串
staggering /ˈstæɡərɪŋ/ adj. 2:31:59
令人震惊的、惊人的
the kicker n. phr. 2:33:48
最关键、最出人意料的一点(常用于转折)
gobsmackingly /ˈɡɑːbsmækɪŋli/ adv. 2:36:30
(英式口语)令人瞠目结舌地
entices /ɪnˈtaɪsɪz/ v. 2:42:47
诱使、引诱(去做某事)
exhilarating /ɪɡˈzɪləreɪtɪŋ/ adj. 2:44:06
令人兴奋振奋的
coasting /ˈkoʊstɪŋ/ v.-ing 2:45:14
滑行、不费力地混过去
paradigm /ˈpærədaɪm/ n. 2:47:14
范式、根本模式
far-fetched /ˌfɑːrˈfetʃt/ adj. 2:48:56
牵强的、离谱到难以置信的
democratization /dɪˌmɑːkrətəˈzeɪʃn/ n. 2:54:05
民主化;此处指创作能力向大众普及
atrocious /əˈtroʊʃəs/ adj. 2:56:34
糟糕透顶的、恶劣的
went off the rails phr. 2:56:34
脱轨、彻底失控
quibble /ˈkwɪbl/ v./n. 2:57:10
在细枝末节上挑刺
ingenuity /ˌɪndʒəˈnuːəti/ n. 2:59:48
巧思、机敏的创造力
hyperdrive /ˈhaɪpərdraɪv/ n. 3:00:51
超光速驱动;喻指极高速的工作状态
testament /ˈtestəmənt/ n. 3:04:52
证明、佐证;a testament to sth.
intrinsic /ɪnˈtrɪnzɪk/ adj. 3:05:34
内在的、本身固有的
make light of phr. 3:07:07
轻描淡写、不当回事
utilitarian /juːˌtɪləˈteriən/ adj. 3:08:16
功利主义的;也可指「实用至上的」
nihilism /ˈnaɪəlɪzəm/ n. 3:09:00
虚无主义
skin in the game phr. 3:10:11
有切身利害、自己也押上了筹码
momentous /moʊˈmentəs/ adj. 3:13:34
意义重大的、划时代的
guilty as charged phr. 3:15:54
(自嘲)罪名成立,我认了
revealed preferences n. phr. 3:17:52
显示性偏好:从实际行为而非自述中推断的偏好
marshmallow test n. phr. 3:21:25
棉花糖实验,测试延迟满足能力的经典心理学实验
succinct /səkˈsɪŋkt/ adj. 3:24:12
简洁精炼的
disingenuous /ˌdɪsɪnˈdʒenjuəs/ adj. 3:24:12
不厚道的、口是心非的
petty /ˈpeti/ adj. 3:25:20
小气的、斤斤计较的
jagged /ˈdʒæɡɪd/ adj. 3:28:33
参差不齐的;形容人优缺点凹凸不平
precedent /ˈpresɪdənt/ n. 3:30:16
先例、判例
squander /ˈskwɑːndər/ v. 3:31:52
挥霍、白白浪费(机会或信任)
guardrail /ˈɡɑːrdreɪl/ n. 3:32:44
护栏;AI 语境指安全限制机制
vet /vet/ v. 3:34:14
审查、把关(vet the work)
social engineering n. phr. 3:34:59
社会工程学,通过操纵人而非破解系统获取信息
curated /ˈkjʊreɪtɪd/ adj. 3:38:58
精心策展的、经过筛选编排的
parabolic /ˌpærəˈbɑːlɪk/ adj. 3:39:59
抛物线式的;形容增长陡然上扬
product market fit n. phr. 3:42:27
产品市场契合:产品真正打中了某个需求
Rosetta Stone n. phr. 3:43:53
罗塞塔石碑;喻指破解未知符号体系的钥匙
perseverance /ˌpɜːrsəˈvɪrəns/ n. 3:44:37
坚持不懈、韧性
abrasive /əˈbreɪsɪv/ adj. 3:46:02
(言辞)刺人的、磨人的
condone /kənˈdoʊn/ v. 3:48:01
宽恕、默许(不当行为)
come to terms with phr. 3:52:02
接受、与……和解(尤指难以接受的事实)
begrudge /bɪˈɡrʌdʒ/ v. 3:52:32
对……心怀不满、不情愿给予
barometer /bəˈrɑːmɪtər/ n. 3:54:40
晴雨表、指示性指标
petered out phr. v. 3:55:11
逐渐衰竭、慢慢消失
inflection point n. phr. 3:57:03
拐点,趋势发生质变的临界点
minuscule /ˈmɪnəskjuːl/ adj. 3:57:36
极小的、微不足道的
hold a candle to phr. 4:02:28
比得上(多用于否定:完全没法比)
ambiguity /ˌæmbɪˈɡjuːəti/ n. 4:03:10
模糊性、多义性
deterministic /dɪˌtɜːrmɪˈnɪstɪk/ adj. 4:04:56
确定性的:同样输入必得同样输出
blind alley n. phr. 4:07:37
死胡同、走不通的路
plateau /plæˈtoʊ/ v./n. 4:08:49
进入平台期、停止增长
anthropomorphizing /ˌænθrəpəˈmɔːrfaɪzɪŋ/ v.-ing 4:10:40
拟人化,把人类特质投射到非人事物上
cumbersome /ˈkʌmbərsəm/ adj. 4:13:36
笨重繁琐的、用起来费劲的
vicariously /vaɪˈkeriəsli/ adv. 4:19:26
间接地(通过他人的经历来体验)
delusions of grandeur n. phr. 4:20:01
夸大妄想、自以为了不起
audacious /ɔːˈdeɪʃəs/ adj. 4:21:09
大胆的、有胆量到近乎冒失的
taboo /təˈbuː/ n./adj. 4:23:08
禁忌(的)
happenstance /ˈhæpənstæns/ n. 4:23:08
偶然、机缘巧合
self-determination n. phr. 4:27:21
自决权,群体决定自身事务的权利
demographics /ˌdeməˈɡræfɪks/ n. pl. 4:28:27
人口结构、人口统计特征
myopic /maɪˈoʊpɪk/ adj. 4:31:01
近视的;喻指目光短浅
blank slate n. phr. 4:32:08
白板说,认为人出生时毫无先天差异
sleight of hand n. phr. 4:33:26
障眼法、偷换概念的手法
assimilate /əˈsɪməleɪt/ v. 4:34:12
融入(当地文化)、被同化
fault lines n. phr. 4:37:07
断层线;喻指社会中的深层分裂界线
see eye to eye phr. 4:38:20
看法一致、意见相同
vehemently /ˈviːəməntli/ adv. 4:41:19
强烈地、激烈地(表示反对)
heretics /ˈherətɪks/ n. pl. 4:45:49
异端、离经叛道者
echo chamber n. phr. 4:46:47
回音室,只听得到同类观点的封闭环境
finitude /ˈfaɪnətuːd/ n. 4:54:13
有限性(尤指生命的有限)
indiscretion /ˌɪndɪˈskreʃn/ n. 4:56:15
失言失态、不够谨慎的举动
visceral /ˈvɪsərəl/ adj. 4:58:20
发自本能的、生理性的(反应)
microcosm /ˈmaɪkrəkɑːzəm/ n. 4:58:20
缩影、微观模型
Chesterton's fence n. phr. 4:59:40
切斯特顿的篱笆:不明白某规矩为何存在时,别急着废除它
fret /fret/ v. 5:01:45
焦虑、烦恼(fret about sth.)
memento mori n. phr. 5:03:59
(拉丁语)勿忘你终有一死
get to the bottom of phr. 5:07:28
查明真相、弄个水落石出
defeatism /dɪˈfiːtɪzəm/ n. 5:13:24
失败主义
eternal recurrence n. phr. 5:14:08
永恒轮回,尼采提出的思想实验
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