How to Control Your Inner Voice & Increase Your Resilience | Dr. Ethan Kross · 苏菲拉底
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How to Control Your Inner Voice & Increase Your Resilience | Dr. Ethan Kross

节目发布 2024-11-25 · Andrew Huberman
安德鲁·休伯曼 伊森·克罗斯
EDITED TRANSCRIPT · 依据现场录音编译整理,可划线生成便签

凌晨两点的絮语,到早上七点就没那么糟了。所以当你跳进这台心理时间机器,问自己明天早上、下周、明年、十年后会怎么看这件事,它就激活了一种理解:你正在经历的事,再糟也是暂时的,终将消退。这对一颗被絮语吞没的心有强大的作用:它把音量调低了。对我来说,往往只要这样就能重新入睡。这件工具的正式名称不是心理时间旅行,叫「时间距离化」(temporal distancing),它很灵活,你在为一个问题挣扎时,可以问自己明天、下周、十年后会怎么看它。这是拓宽视角的另一种方式,另一种有大量科学依据的距离化工具。这就是我自己用的两种认知方法,它们把我经历的絮语中的相当一部分扼杀在萌芽状态。

我要补充一句:正因为我知道絮语是什么,知道这些工具如何起作用,我在察觉絮语酝酿的那一刻就极有策略地动用它们。人们常问:你也会有絮语吗?当然,掐我一下,我是个活生生的人,有时候会有。但我很擅长察觉它,然后近乎自动地启用工具:如果絮语袭来,我就用自己的名字和「你」引导自己走过这个问题,并且跳进心理时间机器问自己将来会怎么看。如果还不够,我就进入第二级响应:天气允许的话,去一个安全的自然环境里散步。我总觉得有必要加上「安全」这个限定,因为我在布鲁克林长大,那里的自然环境是你被抢劫的地方,并不安全。但公园对我有恢复作用,有大量研究强调绿地的恢复功能。此外我还会打电话给我的「絮语顾问团」。我有几个人,我仔细想过他们在我遇到问题时能为我做什么,关键在于他们不只是让我发泄情绪。很多人以为好受一点的关键是把情绪发泄出来,这方面有研究:发泄有利于加强人与人之间的纽带,让人知道我们是朋友了,我遇到困难可以打给你,你会听我说,跟我共情,这对关系很好。但如果你只是认可我正在经历的事,不再进一步帮我看更大的图景、解决问题,我离开这场谈话时会对我们的关系感觉很好,可问题还在那儿。只发泄最终导致我们所说的「共同反刍」(co-rumination),那可能相当有害。我絮语顾问团里的人知道先认可,先共情,先了解我在经历什么,让我知道他们站在我这边,他们把这一点传达得很有力,然后开始跟我一起拓宽视角,思考那个在絮语震耳欲聋时我自己很难想清楚的问题。通常到了这一步,我就已经相当好了。

睡眠结构与时间感

休伯曼: 我喜欢你处理絮语的这些例子。我问你几点睡,是因为十一点左右上床、凌晨两三点醒来这种非常普遍的问题,据我理解反映了这样一个事实:入夜之初我们的睡眠以慢波深睡眠为主,快速眼动睡眠较少,而到了某个过渡时刻,不一定正好是两三点,但假定你已经睡了三四个小时,快速眼动睡眠相对于深慢波睡眠的比例会急剧变化,梦的强度也急剧变化,梦变得更富情绪。而这整个做快速眼动梦的过程,与早上醒来时情绪负荷的卸除密切相关。我们知道这一点,是因为可以选择性地剥夺人前半夜或后半夜的睡眠。我提这个是因为,有一件工具我确实觉得有用,其实是两件。第一,人们只要理解,自己凌晨两三点突然醒来的一个原因,是正在从一种睡眠转入另一种睡眠,几乎是换了一头完全不同的野兽,而心跳加快、满载情绪的念头,正是他们此刻在睡眠结构周期里理应所处位置的特征。第二,是你提供的进入心理时间旅行的工具。我想在「睡眠与做梦中的时间感知」这个概念上再深挖一下。时间是非常流动的,你可以一会儿在一个环境,一会儿在另一个,时间被压缩,短时间里发生很多事。我们白天陷入絮语时,它在多大程度上改变了我们对时间的感知?我问这个有很具体的理由。我相信,当我审视应对抑郁、焦虑等问题的工具时,几乎所有工具,写日记、冥想,甚至某些药物,有一个统一的特征:把人带入一种不同的时间感知模式。这个想法有点抽象,但它可能跟絮语的一些问题相通:当我们处在一种对当下不利的心理框架里,该睡的时候清醒着,想平静的时候焦虑着,改变时间感知似乎是我们能做的最有用的事,至少是最有用的之一。那么,絮语和时间感知之间是什么关系?

克罗斯: 先说说你说的时间感知是什么意思。

休伯曼: 我们把时间切得多粗或多细。我们知道,随着自主神经唤醒升高,叫它压力也行,清醒度和唤醒度上升,我们会把时间切得更细。瞳孔放大,景深改变,我们看到的东西变少了,但分辨率更高。这在演化上完全说得通:我们能把更少的事处理得更好,而通常那正是我们盯住不放或反复咀嚼的东西。放松的时候,想想躺在沙滩上看云飘过,你的帧率就慢了。所以更高的帧率就像慢动作,这就是为什么经历创伤或车祸的人常觉得事情像慢动作一样。它不是慢动作,是你在把时间切细。运动员就是这样学会玩弄自己的自主唤醒水平的:拳手能看到拳头以近乎慢动作的速度打来,却能全速反应,网球运动员也这样描述。所以我们说的是动态地改变一个人体验的帧率。

克罗斯: 这是个很有意思的问题,据我所知,没有多少数据直接把絮语跟你描述的这种时间感知联系起来。但让我想到的是心流(flow)体验,很多方面可以把它看成絮语的反面:你就在此刻,时间不费力地流过,情境的要求跟你带来的技能完全匹配。这几乎是你所描述的东西的反面。当我想到絮语中的时间时,最先浮现的是我们的一个倾向:非常狭窄地聚焦在絮语的对象上,聚焦在引起痛苦的那件事上。这当然很有道理,因为我们从小就被教导,遇到问题该怎么办?

休伯曼: 想它,分享它。

克罗斯: 对,第一次就答对了。放大,聚焦问题,挽起袖子,弄清根源。你就那样钻进去,看得极其细致。很多时候这确实管用,但事实证明,往方程里注入大量情绪之后,这样做会变得很麻烦。这时就需要拉远,采取更宽的视野,不管是通过视觉方式还是通过想象的方式,比如心理时间旅行。你可以像我刚描述的那样去未来,也可以回到过去。我在逆境中挣扎时常这样做:回到过去,想起我自己或我认识的人生命里另一段更糟的日子,他们挺过来了。要是那都挺过来了,这个当然也能挺过来。这就是在拓展我们对时间的感知,去看那个更大的图景,以此度过眼前的困境。

走神与心理时间旅行

休伯曼: 你觉得人们有多少时间处在负面或正面的幻想里?我相信这跟絮语有关,如果无关我们可以另找时间谈。我相信有人做过研究,问人们在想什么。他们在想的东西有多少跟正在做或应该做的事有关?还是在想周末干什么,甚至在构建一整套并不存在却希望存在的叙事?我们偶尔会看到那种嘴里嘟嘟囔囔自言自语的人,看上去嘟囔的不是什么愉快的事。

克罗斯: 那是因为他们刚被期刊编辑拒稿。每个科学家都有的经历。

休伯曼: 而且当然永远是二审的错,他们没仔细读论文。当然,我们谁也没当过二审。这是学术圈的内部笑话。你看到有人自言自语,看上去不像在念叨愉快的事。我们不知道他们在对自己说什么,但我猜,要是拍拍他们问「你刚才在嘟囔什么」,超过一半的时候是在为什么事恼火。这其实挺难旁观的。

克罗斯: 有人研究过这个。我记得有篇很棒的论文,好像发表在《科学》上,题目大概是「走神的心是不快乐的心」。综合这篇论文和很多类似的研究,可以推断人们醒着的时间里有三分之一到二分之一没有聚焦在当下。也就是说,有三分之一到二分之一的时间我们在飘走,想别的事。而这篇论文把这个过程与「想让你感觉更糟的事」联系了起来。不过我认为其中的差异巨大。沉浸在思绪里可以是美妙的体验,我太爱走神了,我觉得这是我的强项之一。它是我产生想法的源泉,也是我调节情绪的源泉。我的「安眠药」,打个比方,就是心理时间旅行:离开当下,幻想未来,想那些可能发生的好事、各种可能性;或者回到过去,回味一些美好的事,想孩子进球的那场足球赛,想发生在我认识的人或我自己身上的好事。对我来说,这是入睡的美妙方式,这就是心理时间旅行,这不是活在当下。这引出另一个我很想谈、也想听你看法的重要观点。流行文化里常说「活在当下」很重要,这已经成了一种文化格言,「活在此刻」,而且这个想法常常被灌输得如此强烈,以至于我们不在当下时会觉得自己有毛病,得训练注意力把它拉回来。活在当下在很多情境里很有用,当然,我们经历絮语、担忧未来或反刍过去时,把注意力重新聚焦到当下,聚焦到呼吸、一句咒语,有大量数据支持这样做的效用。但我总喜欢提醒大家,人类的心智演化出了在时间中旅行的能力,很多了不起的事伴随着这个过程。如果我不能回到过去,我不但不能回味那些给生活增添欢乐和活力的美好经历,也不能从我的失误中学习,而失误在我身上遗憾地相当频繁。我是通过重访过去从错误中学习的。如果我不能去未来,我就不能规划,不能模拟,不能幻想。所以我们不想关闭心理时间旅行,我想我们要学的是怎样更有效地在心里穿越时间,别让这台时间机器在过去抛锚,那就是我们困在某段经历里的情形,也别让它在未来抛锚,那就是我们对某件焦虑的事念念不忘的情形。活在当下可以很好,但它不是我们始终该追求的终点。

短信时代的情绪宣泄

休伯曼: 你认为短信和智能手机,主要是短信,在多大程度上干扰了经过几十万年检验的、让我们处理情绪和思绪、找到更好的思考方式、感受方式、存在方式的机制?如今你上了火车、飞机,坐进网约车,或者走向自己的车,脑子里冒出一个念头,那份经费申请,那个想法,太容易就进入发短信的模式,进入一种被动参与,也许是刷社交媒体,再说一次,不是绝对的坏事,但你会进入一种近乎半解离的状态:你已经不完全在停车场里了,一半在手机里,一半在停车场。发短信,向周围人「投票」,而不像所谓「过去的日子」,你必须自己跟这些东西搏斗。听你描述你用来应对絮语、处理信息、跟自己的思绪和情绪打交道的工具,你在我看来是一个内心有着丰富游乐场的人,有一套工具箱,需要的时候还有紧急开关。而多数人,我想,只有手机:你要打给谁,发给谁,上谷歌搜什么。这不可能是好事。

克罗斯: 常常不是好事,但它可以被驾驭。我是这样看短信,以及更广义地,社交媒体给我们随时与人沟通的机会是如何给我们管理自身情绪的方式投来了一记曲线球,有时还无意间影响了不只是他人,而是群体和社会的情绪的。当我们体验情绪时,我们常常有强烈的动力去跟别人分享。比利时心理学家伯纳德·里梅(Bernard Rimé)有一个精彩的研究项目,他一生都在研究人有了情绪之后会做什么。几十年的研究发现,你有动力把它说出来。原因有几个:我们想与他人建立联系,获得支持,但通常也想借此处理它。在社交媒体之前的时代,分享情绪通常需要两件事:首先得找到一个人来分享;而找人的过程,无论是面对面还是打电话,时间在流逝。关于时间我们知道的是,随着时间推移,情绪总体上会消退。关于情绪体验的持续时间有一些很好的研究:所有情绪体验都遵循一条共同的轨迹,世界上或我们脑子里发生了某件事,我们想象了某个有刺激性的东西,情绪被触发,然后随着时间过去最终消散。取决于人和所处的境况,有人峰值更高消退更快,有人峰值较平消退更慢,但都遵循这条基本轨迹。回到社交媒体之前:你得找人谈,找人的过程中时间在流逝,这在削弱情绪。找到人之后,无论是面对面还是打电话,你一开口,就浸泡在各种情绪反馈里,比如来自对方的脸,你现在就在给我各种信息,你要是能笑一笑我会更受益,谢谢,我是开玩笑的,听音频的朋友。我从你身上获得信息,打电话的话,对方的语调也在向我传达他的感受,这也在约束我们与他人的沟通方式,我认为这通常让我们的情绪保持在可控、平衡、合乎比例的范围内。社交媒体把时间剥掉了,也把这种情绪反馈剥掉了。这让我们能以远为不加过滤的方式释放情绪,我想这就是为什么常有人在短信或网上说出他们绝不会当面或在电话里对另一个人说的话。我认为这是助长社会上一些相当负面力量的因素之一,比如网络霸凌,比如围绕某些议题的道德义愤的扩散,而那些义愤如果在别的场合表达,也许会采取更有建设性的形式。这不是说社交媒体对传播某些需要关注、值得集体忧虑的信息没有用,它可以是带来必要变革的极其有用的工具。但我认为我们确实需要意识到,与这种技术的互动已经从根本上改变了我们传递情绪信息的方式。

AI 与更清醒的自我

休伯曼: 当我想到梳理一个真实或想象的问题的各种方式,想到网络搜索的作用,它立刻把我带到社交媒体,或者 Reddit,或者某篇二零一九年写的、发在网上的文章。这些东西会重新浮出来,他们总在回收利用这些东西,我不知道为什么。我今早刚收到一封邮件,要核实我二零一九年做的一次采访。我想互联网上有存档材料,不是一切都转瞬即逝,这挺好的。在播客领域,我们也希望这个播客上的信息是可存档的,可以随时间更新。这把我带到一个很具体的问题:关于 AI。有了 AI,网络搜索正在根本性地改变,你不再被带到某个指定的网站,而是得到一份把大量信息汇合起来的答案,通过大语言模型,那些模型本身也在不断变化,再经由你的搜索行为、你的偏好过滤。所以网络搜索不再是去某个目的地的旅程,而是一份经过过滤和组合再交还给我们的信息配方。这让我想到,AI 也许能提供一种「伪自我」,在任何时刻都比我们自己更清醒,或者可能更清醒,因为它获取信息不依赖身体状态的变化。凌晨两点半、三点半,一个小问题会显得巨大,一个大问题会显得彻底压垮人,到早上七点就不同了。现在你上网搜「怎样度过破产」,假设有人正面对破产,有信息可看。但 AI 可以用对你最有意义的形式、从对你最有意义的来源给你信息,而且哪怕对你来说是凌晨两点半,AI 是清醒的,它不需要睡觉。在我看来这是相对于我们自己的心智的一个明显优势。我知道 AI 有争议,它会不会比我们更聪明,会不会让我们去干坏事,那是另一场讨论。但在我看来,AI 可能相当擅长,甚至极其擅长帮我们解决问题,因为它没有这些状态变化,而且真正为我们量身定制。

克罗斯: 它可以做到,我把 AI 看作一件有惊人潜力的新工具。我其实认为,它有潜力帮我们在一个像我这样的心理学家目前卡住的问题上取得进展。回顾过去二三十年关于情绪调节的研究,我说的不只是管理絮语,而是管理我们在生活中可能遇到的整套不想要的情绪状态,我可以指出若干有实证支持、有科学依据的单个工具。科学家在刻画单个工具的作用机制上做得很好,常常深入到大脑层面,在干预情境里考察过它们,以及介于两者之间的一切。所以我们对单个工具如何起作用有相当清楚的认识。但我们现在正在认识到,单个工具不是关键,因为我们管理情绪时常常同时做好几件事,而每个人使用的工具组合在不同情境下的变化方式,我们并不完全理解,人与人之间也有差异。哪种工具的「调配」或「鸡尾酒」对我们最有益,仍有待阐明。所以有人带着问题来找我,我可以把工具箱里的所有工具过一遍,但我没法开出组合处方,没法说:对于你遇到的这类问题和你这样的人,你该做这四件事;而那边那个人该做那六件事。我认为 AI 在有了正确的输入之后,有潜力帮我们了解那些模式,弄清如何在个人层面上优化情绪调节。对这项技术来说,这是一个极其诱人的可能性。

想象中的朋友

休伯曼: 你提到你有孩子。我姐姐比我大三岁,她小时候有一个想象中的朋友,叫拉里。父亲讲过这个故事:拉里是个女孩,住在一栋紫色的房子里。这个想象中的朋友拥有一个不受命名等各种障碍限制的孩子心智的全部成分。父亲说,姐姐会在房间里跟拉里玩上几个小时,一边跟拉里说话,一边玩她的娃娃屋和玩具。有一天,父亲很喜欢这个故事,我不知道为什么,他站在她门外,她正跟拉里玩,跟拉里说着话,然后她停下来,转过身,父亲问:「拉里怎么样?」她说:「拉里死了。」从此再也没提过拉里。这像是幻想生活与真实世界的一次碰撞,我是这么理解的,然后就结束了。

克罗斯: 可怜的拉里。

休伯曼: 可怜的拉里。不过也许是时候了,她快七岁了,也许拉里已经完成了使命。我一直想问人这个问题,我想你是该问的人:想象中的朋友在孩子身上常见吗?想象中的朋友是不是我们与自我内心对话的原初形态?有没有一些成年人保留着想象中的朋友?我再加一个背景,这对本节目的听众尤其相关:去年差不多这个时候,戈金斯就坐在你现在坐的位子上,谈他怎么推动自己完成极其艰难的事。那场谈话里有一点很清楚:戈金斯有一组不同的声音,都是他自己,但各司其职。听他把这个讲出来是很了不起的事,因为在外人看来,我们观察到的是一个人,而他构建了一个精巧的内心世界,来装备自己去做他做的那些事。我不禁想,想象中的朋友这整件事,只要不把我们带进精神病和妄想的领域,会不会其实是有用的?

克罗斯: 这是多么普遍的人类经验,而多数人从不跟任何人谈起,因为它太私密了,这不是很奇妙吗?我常用网球名将拉斐尔·纳达尔的一句话开始演讲。有人问他最难对付的是什么,他说:「是管理我脑子里的那些声音。」声音,复数。我问听众:要是聚会上有人走过来跟你说,他正为脑子里的那些声音而苦恼,你会怎么做?那通常是个警示信号,对吧?也许出了什么问题,这个人需要帮助。可这是人类经验里一个极为常见的特征,我们却从不触及。回答你的问题:孩子有想象中的朋友、自言自语常见吗?常见。我相信这叫「假装游戏」(pretense)研究。按苏联著名心理学家列夫·维果茨基(Lev Vygotsky)的说法,自我控制最初的学习方式之一正是通过自我对话。过程是这样的:你小时候会听到父母叫你做这做那,「安德鲁,你该这样,别那样,这样坐,别那样坐」。孩子常常会自己走开,把这类信息大声重复给自己听。要是你在小孩子身边待过,大概见过他们大声自言自语,或者玩娃娃:「不,吉米不该这样,吉米该那样。」有些孩子不是对着真实的玩具,而是在脑子里有一个想象中的朋友,跟它进行这些互动。按这个理论,孩子在这些情境里做的是练习自我控制:他们在重复照料者告诉他们的信息,以这种方式强化它。随着时间推移,正如你姐姐所展示的,那个外部的声音变成了我们内心的声音,我们此后一生都有能力调用它。但有意思的是,在极端压力的时刻,很多人报告说自己会真的大声跟自己说话。这方面的研究很少,多半是轶事,但我跟很多人交谈时听到:「是的,有时候我真的会开始大声跟自己说话,我以为自己出了毛病。」而这总是发生在他们面对重大压力源的时候。回到学术圈的二审:我记得有一次写了一篇约稿,一位审稿人在回复里说的话很不客气,那太冒犯了。我记得自己在街区里走来走去,嘴里念叨着「你怎么不当着我的面说」,重复审稿人的话,排练着,越来越生气,最后才慢慢想通。在真正的压力时刻,我们似乎会退回到小时候最先练习的那种原初的自我调节方式,也就是自我对话。

至于戈金斯,按你的说法,他极其擅长调用不同的声音来应对面前的挑战。我听过戈金斯几次谈话,我想这里有另一个重要的点:我很确定,戈金斯激活不同声音的时候,那些声音并不总是很温和地鼓励他放轻松、对自己好一点。有时是,有时不是。这很重要,因为负面的自我对话常常被等同于有害的结果。负面情绪在合适的比例下被激活时是有功能的,有时对自己严厉一些相当有效。我锻炼时上课,教练让我做很痛苦的动作,有时我对自己挺狠的,我在引导我高中摔跤教练的声音,他对我很严厉:「你最好振作起来,不许在这儿软掉。」那对我起到了激励的作用。所以调用一些负面的声音本身并不坏,坏的是开始循环,那才是我们真正要跟絮语画等号的东西:困在那些思维循环里,负面情绪被调得太强或太久,事情才变得有害。

绿地与敬畏

休伯曼: 我们几次谈到身体活动和心理活动的关系,尤其是散步和走进绿地。你说有大量文献支持用绿地让自己平静,我听了很高兴。数据显示的基本就是这个吗?

克罗斯: 比平静还多一点。是的,有数据把在美丽的环境里散步与感觉更好联系起来。但科学家走得更深,去理解与绿地及其他环境互动能帮助我们的各种机制。我常讲两条主要路径。一是与绿地互动可以在认知上起恢复作用。前面说过,人陷入絮语或其他强烈情绪时,注意力常常固着在眼前的问题上,我们拼命聚焦想解决它,这会耗尽宝贵的注意力资源。而当你在一个安全的自然环境里散步,周围都是以一种很温和的方式抓住你注意力的有趣线索:花,树,气味,声音,注意力常常飘到环境的这些特征上。我们多数人不会拿着放大镜研究叶子和花的几何结构,只是把它们纳入眼中,但周围环境足够有趣,足以抓住我们的注意力,这就给了我们恢复那份宝贵资源的机会。有大量研究显示,在安全的自然环境里散步在认知上有恢复作用。另一条路径,从研究角度看实在太酷了:在自然环境里散步常常引发敬畏(awe)这种情绪。那是我们置身于某种宏大而难以言表、感觉比自身更大的事物面前时的体验。我家附近的植物园里有些树已经生长了几百年,抬头看着它们,你会想:你在这里的时间比我、比我父母、比我祖父母都长得多,大概还会比我所有的后代都长久。这拓宽了我的视角。壮丽的日落也一样。你也可以通过创新的壮举体验这种情绪。我算是个科学迷,对我来说两个最大的敬畏触发器,一是最新的望远镜拍到的星系图像。物理学家和工程师不知怎么就弄明白了怎样拍下宇宙几十亿年前的样子,我不懂那物理,但我们能看到它在那么久以前的模样。二是我们现在有一辆相当于 SUV 的车正在火星上漫游,给我们传回那颗行星的画面。想到我们真的把一辆车降落在了另一颗行星上,我就被敬畏充满。当我们体验到那种宏大而难以言表的东西时,这是终极的视角拓宽器,它带来我们所说的「自我的缩小」:在思索某种宏大而难以言表的东西时,我们觉得自己变小了。而当我们觉得自己变小了,猜猜还有什么也变小了?我们的问题。所以这是利用周围世界有力地管理情绪的一个简便办法。我喜欢这项研究的地方在于,它凸显了有些工具就藏在众目睽睽之下,等着被利用,你要是知道往哪儿看,往往就能找到。

空间与依恋之地

克罗斯: 顺便说一句,自然不是唯一的环境工具,你可以有策略地与环境互动来让自己好受的方式有很多。比如我们会对地方产生依恋。你大概熟悉「依恋对象」(attachment figure)的概念:童年时那些我们通常,虽不总是,安全依恋的人,他们是安全和安慰的来源,在我们生活里扮演着强大的调节角色。我们的伴侣,如果关系良好,像我这样,爱你,说给我妻子听,她就是我的依恋对象。我们也会跟地方形成这类联系,有时地方也能成为安全和安慰的来源,在痛苦的时候回到那些地方会非常提振人心。我认识一个人,发现自己的关系里出现了不忠,真正帮他控制住局面的,是回到童年的家,睡在自己小时候的卧室里。那是让他重新找到方向的转折点。这就是地方对我们的力量。我们有多少次会想:哪些地方是我的情绪绿洲,需要的时候可以去?我们也可以构建自己的环境。你我此刻隔着桌子谈话,桌上没有手机。

休伯曼: 我的不在桌上,甚至不在这个房间里。

克罗斯: 我的也不在房间里。要是手机在这儿,屏幕朝上,我们会分心,对不对?

休伯曼: 毫无疑问。哪怕屏幕朝下,我想这方面有文献。

克罗斯: 它仍是一个线索,一根认知上的绳索。

休伯曼: 因为这个东西预示着某种特定的奖赏和某套特定的行为。就像一支笔,笔能做的事大概很多,但通常只有一件,我们说的不是《疾速追杀》里的用法,不在这些物件上搞创新。

克罗斯: 手机在场,哪怕面朝下,也在提示打电话、收短信、看社交媒体、刷网页、看看又发生了什么的机会。把手机留在空间之外,我们就是在用一种直白而有效的方式管理情绪。我上研讨课时,笔记本电脑屏幕一打开,我就知道这场仗已经输了,因为这个物件、这个刺激太诱人了,哪怕我是世界上最迷人的教授,我不是,我渴望是,我知道跟屏幕比我永远会输。

休伯曼: 你会要求他们合上吗?

克罗斯: 我的课上不许用笔记本电脑。

休伯曼: 反响如何?

克罗斯: 目前还好。我会向他们解释背后的科学,解释我为什么这样做。我说,如果我是你,笔记本开着,这就是一项分散注意力的任务,我不可能像合上它时那样专注。我教的课以讨论和思考为主,他们不太需要打字记笔记应付考试,这让我更容易做到。像这样有策略地改造空间,是我们工具箱里另一件宝贵的工具。我住在安娜堡,那里常有人聚在一起看橄榄球。我最爱的食物是披萨,安娜堡有一家很棒的纽约风味披萨店。我会订很多,远超所需,比赛结束后我坚持让每个人打包带走,因为我知道,要是它留在冰箱里,晚上我打开冰箱想拿杯水,看到披萨盒,那个线索会引发一种情绪反应,一种想吃披萨的重复冲动,而那不是我从健身或情绪调节角度想要的。所以我一直在有策略地构建我的空间,给自己达成调节目标的最好机会。

混乱与补偿性控制

休伯曼: 很高兴你提到披萨、纽约披萨,以及你来自纽约,原因如下。我再举一个个人例子,只是给大家一个对照自己的模板,看它跟你的情况吻合还是不吻合。我热爱身处自然,热爱在优胜美地、在乡下、在海边。在自然的安静里,我的心慢下来,思绪和情绪进入一种非常舒缓的节奏。我也热爱身处纽约。我第一次去纽约大概五六岁,我记得对来自另一座大城市布宜诺斯艾利斯的父亲说,我不敢相信这种地方存在,我们能再来吗?我发誓要尽可能多地回去。尽管纽约有很多问题,它仍是一座美妙的城市。在纽约,活动无穷,刺激无穷,可我发现我的心同样能达到那种慢下来的节奏。再来一个平行的例子,然后我提具体的问题。我跟一些教授共事过,比如我的博士后导师和博士导师,两位都极其高效,超级专注,才华横溢,真正的才华横溢,遗憾的是两位都已过世,而他们的办公室是彻底的灾难。我们说:「本,你得收拾一下办公室。」他说:「不不不,什么都别动,不然我就找不到东西了。」我说,你怎么可能在这堆东西里找到任何东西,看上去像昨天刚经历了地震。他说什么都别碰。他确实能在那种令人眩晕的凌乱里找到东西。他是那种凌晨两点驼着背坐在键盘前的教授的典型,那时候我也工作到很晚,走进本的办公室打个招呼,他就在混乱中进行着有条理的思考。纽约的例子与此平行,而在另一个极端,自然似乎也能带来同样的效果。两个具体问题。有没有一种连续谱,就说白天吧,先不管半夜,一种白天默认的絮语水平?我把它想成汽车的转速:发动车子坐在那儿,如果变速箱和一切都正常,它会平稳地嗡嗡响,不会飙红。有些人似乎一直在飙红,而他们在杂乱的环境里反而平静下来。所以,在其他条件相同、休息充足等等的前提下,我们有没有一种絮语的设定点?其次,为什么外部环境与内部絮语的匹配似乎能调整那个内部设定点?我知道这很抽象,但对我来说,思考我的心在哪里进入最愉快、最高效的状态,是很有用的。

克罗斯: 你导师的例子跟我自己太共鸣了。

休伯曼: 你的办公室乱吗?

克罗斯: 完全取决于我的心理状态。在真正涉足这个领域之前,我不明白为什么我的办公室有时一团糟,有时又干净整洁得不可思议。让我讲讲这方面的研究,我想它跟你的问题有关。很多人发现,自己经历絮语时会反射性地开始整理空间。我就是个绝佳的例子。这辈子,要是现在给我母亲打电话,请别打,她能作证:从浴室到我卧室总有一路的毛巾和衣服,到处都是,我的办公室也一样,成堆的论文和书。那是日子好的时候,我自由流动,投入其中,有创造力,冒出各种想法,不太在意周围的一切。事实上我通常很擅长屏蔽周遭,专注于手头的任务,咖啡馆也行,几乎哪儿都能工作,我很享受。可当我经历絮语的时候,从小就这样,我总会开始把东西收起来,整理它们,弄得整整齐齐。我的办公室一尘不染。有时还不止,现在我经历絮语时,先收拾办公室,再去厨房确保那儿也整洁,要是真的很糟,我会去收拾孩子的房间。这是很常见的体验:经历絮语时,你觉得自己不在掌控之中,不在驾驶座上,念头和感受接管了一切,把你推向你不想去的方向和地方。这是一种令人厌恶的状态,而对很多人来说它被长期激活。人类总体上渴望控制,我们喜欢知道世界有序而可预测,那向我们传达着生存价值:如果知道事情是确定的、按可预测的方式进行,我们就安心。在周围创造秩序,补偿了内心感受到的秩序和控制的缺失。这叫「补偿性控制」(compensatory control),这是对为什么我们这么多人会改造空间来抵消,在这里是抵消情绪状态的常见解释。不知道这是否完美回答了你的问题,但对我来说,它凸显了我们在某些情境下与周围环境的紧密捆绑:不经历絮语的时候,地方整洁与否真的无所谓;可当我被驱使着以某种特定方式去想、去感受、去行动时,环境就变得更重要了。

休伯曼: 军队是一个很鲜明的例子:人们把装备收拾得井井有条,才能继续执行任务。不管人们怎么评价军队,军队的结构和等级为人们提供了一种结构和秩序,让他们从混乱的生活走向有结构的生活。这是个极端的例子,但把一切安排妥当是这类事情之一。几年前我考了潜水证,最初几次潜水我就意识到,如果装备没收拾好、没把一切理清楚,事情可能出大错。潜在后果的严重性是个很好的提醒,让人把一切检查到位。这不是那种可以忘带一件装备或者不检查一个阀门的事,它可能关乎生死,而这起到了适应性的作用。有这样一项活动其实挺好的。相比之下我们上车,开出车道,沿街走,你就看到人们一边开车一边发短信,希望随着时间推移会少一些,也许开出四分之一英里才系上安全带。我总是先系安全带,至少记得的时候。现在肯定会有人抓到我没系安全带的样子。我们为整理自己、整理环境、整理自己与环境的关系所采取的那些身体步骤,似乎确实把我们的大脑变成了一个不同的大脑。

文化也是转换器

克罗斯: 我划分情绪调节领域的方式是:存在多种转换器。有些在我们内部:我们谈过的感官转换器;注意力转换器,还没谈到,我们可以把心里的聚光灯打在引发情绪的东西上或者从它上面移开,而且可以有策略地这样做;视角转换器,我们思考自己处境的方式,重新框定,拉开距离。这些都在内部。但也有存在于我们外部的转换器:在我们的关系里,他人可以把我们的情绪推向不同方向,有时他人是巨大的资产,有时是巨大的负担;物理转换器,在我们的空间里,刚谈过。再往外一层,可以谈文化作为转换器。人们说文化是我们呼吸的空气,我们一生处在不同的文化里,有时一天之内就从一种文化转到另一种。你去实验室,或者在斯坦福校园里,那是一种非常具体的文化,有特定的价值观、规范,也许还有些古怪的做法。这不是针对斯坦福,是学术界普遍有些古怪的做法。然后你来到播客团队,我们此刻所在的这间录音室,这里有一种不同的文化,塑造着你在这里运作的方式。我们所属的这些文化有力地塑造着我们的情绪生活,它们影响我们看重哪些情绪体验,也就是我们有动力去拥有哪些情绪体验,它们也给我们提供满足这些情绪调节目标的做法和仪式。这是另一种我们不常想到、却相当强大的影响。

休伯曼: 这又把我带回智能手机。智能手机把无数种情境带进我们所处的各种环境:我们在火车上,注意力却可以在海外的某件事上。今早在飞机上,我惊叹于这架坐得满满当当的飞机上屏幕的数量。大概四年级的时候,有个孩子带来一台迷你电视,我记得心想:天哪,那是台迷你电视。它长得像对讲机,分辨率极差,当然是黑白的,我小时候已经有彩电了,只是还没做到迷你电视上。而我们现在基本上是整天带着一台小电视走来走去,频道近乎无限,再加上短信。太疯狂了。

克罗斯: 了不起的科学。如果把时钟拨回我们小时候,想想现在我们口袋里、手腕上,有些人眼镜上的东西,我们小时候大概不会相信这是可能的。

休伯曼: 我同意。我惊叹于我们的大脑能适应这些,但我想多数人大概都在琢磨:最优的活法是什么?「最优」这个词有时会让人有点应激,信不信由你。我不是在说什么能让人进入最佳表现模式,不是在说生物黑客,我说的是那个古老的问题:什么是好的生活?那是另一期完全不同的播客,我们改天该做一期。但它大概包括能够专注、活在当下,也能让心飘一会儿,能在社交上在场,有各种关系,等等。你认为,如今这么多情境随着口袋里的手机跟着我们到达一个场合,我们在默认模式下是不是更受挑战了?就像你说的,来到录音室,只要手机面朝下或者不在身边,我就在录音室里,否则我把整个世界都带来了。

克罗斯: 这个问题常有人问,也很难回答,因为我们当然没有跨越几个世纪追踪人们的絮语和情绪失调水平。我认为千真万确的是,我们现在有了新的技术形式,它们不断向我们提出需要想办法克服的挑战,但它们也提供着机会。说清楚:我认为社交媒体和技术能够、也确实造成很多伤害,同时也能够、也确实带来很多好处。我们此刻面临的真正挑战是弄清怎样在这些数字技术景观里行走,我想我们大概是没带使用指南就跳得太快了,十五年之后,或者不管多少年,我们才刚开始认识到这一点。但至少就我自己而言,我认为净效果是正面的,这些技术带来了很多好处。回望几个世纪以前,我并不觉得那时的世界不是个艰难的地方:人们动辄打架拔剑,再往前,入侵是家常便饭,还有疾病的威胁,我们的寿命远没有现在长。我们很容易忘记作为一个物种我们已经走了多远。但有一个「但是」,我认为非常重要,我也常想这个问题:我们今天在这个播客上谈的这些议题,怎样管理我们的情绪生活,这个问题很可能自我们以现在的形态在地球上行走以来就一直困扰着我们。因为人类一直在演化出新技术,我们一直被环境挑战,而环境在不断演变,给我们带来需要学习应对的新威胁。

环锯与脑叶切除术

克罗斯: 为了写《转换》,我深挖情绪调节的历史,当我回头看有史以来第一件外科工具时,简直不敢相信。你知道那是什么吗?环锯术(trepanation)。

休伯曼: 环锯术就是在颅骨上钻个洞,放出一些液体。

克罗斯: 一些液体,或者一些脑组织。如果回到八千到一万年前,这项技术刚成为尖端技术的时候,相当于当年的新款 iPhone,环锯是为了灵魂:人们相信它的一个用途是让邪灵逃出去,那些邪灵也许正引起严重的情绪失调。那是某个时刻我们用来管理情绪的尖端工具。再跳进时间机器,去二十世纪四十年代末,情绪调节创新时间线上另一个大高峰,你猜我要说什么。

休伯曼: 我猜你要说脑叶切除术。

克罗斯: 对,额叶切除术(frontal lobotomy)。一位葡萄牙医生发明了脑叶切除术,我想最初叫「脑白质切断术」。

休伯曼: 基本上就是在额叶皮层上开几个洞,从眼眶进去,穿过眼睛,来回扫动。这不只是门诊手术,还是流动手术,他们会上门到人们家里做。我可能记错,但我记得脑叶切除术得过诺贝尔奖。

克罗斯: 就是这样。它缓解了焦虑,可惜也「缓解」了很多别的东西,缓解了人们追求很多事情的兴趣,造成了极其严重的功能损害。说清楚,这不是一种被提倡的情绪调节干预,很久以来都不是了。

休伯曼: 所以我才说别打拳击。前额叶皮层损伤是一个常见特征。我甚至听说,需要有人核实,有些经常用头顶球的足球运动员遗憾地出现了额叶相关的痴呆症状,我猜那大概跟某种遗传易感性有关,因为至少在我看来足球不算很硬。当然还有打了一辈子橄榄球的人,还有拳击,头部经常挨打的人常常出问题,总的来说不是好事。

克罗斯: 回到脑叶切除术,让我惊讶的是它当年被视为如此重大的进展,居然拿了诺贝尔奖,因为它让人平静下来。我提这些,是想指出我们为寻找有效管理情绪的工具已经挣扎了很久很久。快进到今天,情绪调节的谜题我们还没解开,但我认为我们在识别非侵入性、有科学依据的工具上取得了重大进展,这些工具可以用来帮助人们过上更有成效的情绪生活。

好生活的公式

克罗斯: 你早些时候问什么是有成效的生活、什么是好的生活,我认为回答这个问题,部分关乎我怎么定义自我控制或情绪调节,或者说,不只是怎么定义它,而是它的组成部分是什么。我们整场谈话都在谈工具,各种转换器,用来推动情绪或絮语。那是有效调节的一个核心部分,另一个核心部分是我们的动机或目标。动机和工具缺一不可。我可以知道科学家发现的地球上所有工具,但如果我没有动力去管理情绪,我不会用它们。反过来,如果我有很强的动力去调节情绪,却不知道工具是什么,我就不会很有效,甚至可能做一些坏事,比如用不健康的工具,我说的是物质滥用,那些东西能强有力地调节我的情绪,却有负面后果。所以关键是:我对自己的情绪生活有什么目标,我是否拥有实现这些目标的工具。我认为这就是好生活的公式:这些是我的目标,如果它们是健康、有益的目标,而我有实现它们的手段,那应该带给我一种满足感。当然我们的目标有时不是最优的,又用了那个也许有争议的词,我们一生中也会改变目标,但关键在于为自己找到合适的一组目标,然后找到能让这些目标开花结果的工具。

休伯曼: 沿着人类为调节情绪而使用的工具的这条历史弧线,你提到环锯术、额叶切除术,再想想一种看上去野蛮、但在合适的人手里其实相当有效、至今仍常用的手术:电休克治疗。在机制层面我们并不真正理解它,它似乎导致一大批神经调质,多巴胺、血清素,近乎胡乱地大量倾泻。如今又有很多兴趣,说不上热情,还需要更多研究,围绕致幻剂,特别是裸盖菇素和 MDMA,分别针对抑郁和创伤后应激障碍。虽然它们更多走血清素通路,我对数据的解读是,它们在静息状态下创造了更广泛的全脑连接。这些仍然是相当粗糙的工具,你在大幅改变某些神经调质的水平,人们经历着各不相同的体验,没有任何定向。斯坦福的诺兰·威廉姆斯(Nolan Williams)正把这些跟经颅磁刺激结合起来,试图在致幻旅程中及之后突出特定回路的活动,这类东西正在变得更具体。但我要说,即使在今天,我们在情绪方面并没有真正好的药物或手术工具,当然,现在有很出色的神经外科手术。而说到行为工具,情绪调节的行为工具,我觉得心理学家,你和你的同事们,做了了不起的工作,还有那些姑且称之为古老传统的东西,以及健康社区的东西,比如延长呼气、生理性叹息、冥想,纽约大学温迪·铃木(Wendy Suzuki)的实验室显示每天十三分钟冥想能改善专注和情绪状态。所以在我看来,行为工具在特异性、安全性,也许还有效力上,远远走在了手术甚至药物工具的前面。你愿意谈谈你认为最有价值的情绪调节工具吗?你今天已经触及了一些,散步、绿地、心理时间旅行、幻想,我还可以再列几个。这些也许看上去像是顶层轮廓性的东西,但它们管用,对吧?数据说它们管用。写日记。

克罗斯: 它们管用,而且在机制上,我们理解这些工具带来益处的底层机制。它们容易实施,不是全部,但很多都容易,我认为这正是它们力量的一部分来源。我们仍在努力理解大脑如何运作,你知道,你对此有贡献,我自己也做过一点。大脑是一个极其复杂的器官,我们还有很多要学。我很赞成在不同的分析层面理解情绪这类现象:在思维和感受的心理层面,也在神经活动模式、激素等等的生物层面。所以我抱有很大希望,将来我们能通过多种干预来源帮助人们管理情绪:药理层面、行为层面、人际层面。但眼下这是一个非常混乱的领域,我认为一个大问题在于,这部分牵涉到关于科学以及科学如何进行的更大问题:跨越分析层面很难,有多重现实约束在起作用。要有足够大的样本、合适的合作者,来考察不同类型的干预如何相互作用,在不同人群中开展工作。我们往往不做那些更复杂的设计,因为难做得多,要多得多的钱、时间和精力,而科学家常常受制于时间表和引导他们工作类型的激励结构。但从大局看,将来的大问题是这些不同的干预如何相互作用。好消息是,对于任何正在看或听、此刻就有动力管理情绪的人,有很多事现在就可以开始做。第一步是了解这些工具是什么,然后开始试验这些工具。我用「试验」这个词不是随口说的,我不会提倡拿有严重副作用的东西试验,比如你前面说的那些生物干预,那类工具我认为应该在医疗监督下使用。但我们谈的很多其他工具,思考、行为、与环境互动方式上的小改变,人们现在就可以开始做。

侵入性念头

休伯曼: 这些年我收到的最常见的问题之一,尤其在 YouTube 上,是怎样停止侵入性的声音。有时人们提这些问题时会说,某个父母或前任之类的人,会在脑子里像法官一样发声,他们不知道那是自己的声音还是那个人的声音,但它就在脑子里,非常不舒服。我推测这可以追溯到童年创伤或其他创伤,但不管起源如何,有没有专门应对侵入性念头和思维模式,甚至类似强迫症的思维模式的工具?

克罗斯: 几点回应。首先,我认为第一步是认识到:如果你听到另一个声音,比如你能在脑子里听到你父亲的声音,那不是你父亲在你脑子里,那是你在进行的一次模拟,你的大脑有能力制造它。对那些好奇这些内心世界的人,我想这一点是有启发的。我不是指幻听,我指的是某个人的语言,也许不是那个人的嗓音,但你听到的是,也许不是「你是个坏人」,而是「你永远不够好」「这不够」,或者就是觉得因为这些侵入性的负面声音,享受不了生活里的好东西。

这里有件事,我希望听众和观众会觉得极其解脱,因为我自己仅仅从了解这些科学中就得到了解脱。我在《转换》里谈到这些侵入性念头,它们极其正常。有研究考察人们过去一周、一个月或两个月里经历侵入性念头的频率,经历过这类黑暗念头的人的比例高得惊人,具体百分比我记不清,在我书里,但接近上限。我在本科课堂上做过一个练习,让学生匿名描述过去一周有没有经历过黑暗的念头,几乎所有人都能写出来,有些念头真的非常黑暗。我自己在健身房锻炼时常有一个非常黑暗的侵入性念头。你现在带着好奇和一点担忧看着我。

休伯曼: 不是担忧,只是着迷。我对为什么会这样有些想法,但我很着迷,我不记得自己在健身房有过黑暗的念头。

克罗斯: 我的黑暗念头是这个,以后在健身房看到我可要小心:当我提着一只很重的哑铃从凳子走向架子时,有时会闪过一个念头,把它砸在旁边垫子上某个人的脸上。

休伯曼: 天哪,这太黑暗了。

克罗斯: 可怕的念头。我为什么会有这个念头?最可能的解释是,大脑在模拟最坏的情况,以防止我去做。我当然不想把哑铃砸在谁身上,我从没这样做过。这是为什么这类念头如此正常的一种解释:有一种理论认为,大脑在不断模拟各种可能发生的事,这些模拟绝大多数成为现实的概率极低,微乎其微,但偶尔会有某个古怪的模拟逃进意识,我们就得到了一个关于伤害某人、以相当恶劣的方式做违法的事,或者像我这样把哑铃砸在正在拉伸的人脸上的黑暗念头。让我解脱的是理解到这就是我的大脑的运作方式。这不意味着我作为人有毛病,不意味着我在道德上有任何败坏。我的大脑有时会制造这类黑暗念头,我不会照着做,只要我不照着做,一切都好。这就像人们了解焦虑的生理反应之前,那种体验常常极其痛苦:突然胃在翻搅,手心在出汗。而研究显示,如果你告诉人们「这只是你的身体在做准备,好让你适应性地应对眼前这个不确定的处境」,你就彻底翻转了框架:现在我是一辆兰博基尼,我在迎接挑战,我的身体正在做它该做的事,好让我在这里出色发挥。理解侵入性念头的频率和起源,对人们能有同样的翻转。所以第一步就是认识到:如果你有时会有侵入性念头,再说一次,欢迎来到人类境况,那是大脑运作方式里的一个小波动。

此外,我们谈过的很多工具也被证明有助于把重复性思维扼杀在萌芽状态。当你遏制絮语时,你也在降低反复纠缠的可能性。我们之所以常常对正在经历的问题反复纠缠,是因为我们有强烈的动力去理解这些处境,好继续过我们的生活,而我们拥有的这个奇妙的解决问题的器官,大脑,会不停地运转直到解决那个问题,在此期间它会到处浮现出各种相关的念头,直到你到达那里。一旦你解决了问题,那些念头往往也随之消退。

休伯曼: 我有两点,本质上都是问题。我想人们站在桥上、大坝上或者某个很高、可能致命坠落的地方时,相当普遍地会有这个念头:是什么阻止我跳下去?而事实上他们绝对不想跳。这似乎是另一个例子:它在登记危险和后果的严重性。我也意识到它帮助我们理解风险的程度。亚历克斯·霍诺德(Alex Honnold)无保护独攀酋长岩的那部电影很了不起,顺便说一句,就我们谈的这个话题而言,那部电影的构建方式,金国威(Jimmy Chin)和同事们做得太出色了,不只是摄影,你从一开始就知道他活下来了,可看整部片子仍然心惊胆战,那是一小时四十五分钟的、正是我们所谈之事的一次远征。我记得片中霍诺德说明了对风险和后果的评估:风险的程度,后果的程度,这是要评估的关键参数。他显然为自己做了这个评估,也成功了,我希望他永远别再做了,因为他看上去是个很可爱的人,让他留在这个世界上挺好,他现在也在做别的重要工作。我想说的是,用一种「感觉黑暗」的方式评估风险和后果是很自然的事,但透过我们谈的这个视角,它其实高度适应。这是第一点。

克罗斯: 就这一点我插一句,为大家再把它正常化一点。家人对我来说非常特别,对多数人也一样。大女儿出生时,我们住的房子二楼有一处,不知道该不该叫天桥,反正下面直通一楼。我记得夜里要把女儿抱进卧室喂奶或换尿布的时候,我会有这样的侵入性念头:抱着她,然后把她掉下去,啪地一声。半夜里这不是什么愉快的念头。它印证了你说的:那很可能是我的大脑在锁定我生命中一件极其重要、我要确保永远永远不会发生的事。它不是我道德败坏或者极其黑暗的标志,它是我大脑的运作方式。

休伯曼: 对,你在以适应性的方式评估风险和后果。想起来很迷人。

心流与能量

休伯曼: 第二点,也是问题,我很想听你的想法。我有过一只斗牛犬,我老提起它,斗牛犬和獒犬的混血。它有一个默认行为,做不了就会焦虑:它喜欢啃,喜欢啃东西。小时候它会在后院啃砖头磨牙,我心想天哪,看着太疼了,有时候会咬穿嘴唇。斗牛犬表型的一部分就是脸上的很多痛觉感受器被育种育没了,我出去看到它,为它给自己造成的疼痛而心疼,那显然比我感知到的轻,但这个啃咬行为,你能看出来,给它带来多大的快乐。给它一样可以啃的东西,你能看到焦虑从它身上溶解掉。我认识不少强度相当高的人,说话快,思维密度、信息密度高,至少在外表上是这样,他们说自己内部有一种高转速。我随一天里的时间和一年里的时间变化,但多多少少把自己归入这一类。从事一项能占据我全部注意力的活动,也许可以叫心流,反正是占据全部注意力的活动,对我来说是难以置信的满足,难以置信的满足。我想有两个原因。一是做这些活动本身的好处:学习、研究、做播客、做科研,以一种真正定向的方式与某人连接,像我们现在这样跟对方一起钻进那条隧道,这是正面的一面。另一面是一种负面的解除:那些转速不再在背景里嗡嗡作响。我想对很多人来说,比如超长跑者,我认识很多从前的成瘾者开始跑马拉松,并且保持了清醒。身体活动或认知活动能把我们带进那种专注的层面,既让我们高效、更健康,也解除了这个内心的声音,就像放掉了张力,就像我看到科斯特洛通过啃砖头、啃生皮之类的东西把张力放掉一样。所以我的问题是,我假定身体和心理之间存在一种关系:我们基本上是不是有一定量的能量,人与人之间不同,我们需要驾驭并调整这个能量水平,而且最好用那些能让我们谋生、或者让我们的社会关系更紧密的方式来做?

克罗斯: 这当然在身体情境里成立,如你所描述的,但正如你提到的,在认知情境里也成立:当情境的要求,也就是你所处的处境确实有挑战性,无论身体上还是认知上,与你带到这个处境里的资源完全匹配,那是一个耗费心力的处境,但你能完全投入其中。这就是「被困在」,用词不对,是「沉浸在」这类心流状态里的公式,对很多人来说,这是他们在娱乐和职业生活里追求的目标。作为一个理想情况下能跟嘉宾进入这类心流状态的人,我希望也想象是这样,那一定感觉很好。你跟人谈很长时间,进行这些谈话时感觉时间长吗?

休伯曼: 不,时间感完全变了。我每周做两三个小时的访谈,做单人节目时,最长的一次录了十一个小时,当然剪短了,通常在九十分钟到四小时之间,或者是一场现场活动。我说不出来,时间就那样溶解掉了。

克罗斯: 那是因为你如此专注于当下,如此专注于应对那个处境的挑战,你的全部注意力都被调动到那一刻,就没有多少空间留给絮语在背景里翻腾。人们可能会想,超级马拉松,正确的叫法是什么?

休伯曼: 叫「超马」。房间里有几位铁人三项运动员,我们的制片人罗布·穆尔坐在我左边,超马是什么长度?他点头了,任何比马拉松长的都算超马。

克罗斯: 那是很长的一段时间独自面对自己的思绪,你可能觉得那正是絮语滋生的土壤。但它同时也是一项极具挑战性的身体壮举,你得投入大量资源去应对那些身体上的要求,这能把你推进心流状态,再加上「跑者高潮」,一点提升情绪的化学加成,于是就有了人跑一百三十英里之类的事,我夸张了,到底多长?

休伯曼: 有人跑过二百英里、一百五十英里的超马。我和罗布有个朋友肯·赖德奥特(Ken Rideout),他在戈壁沙漠跑这类比赛,事先没有在沙漠里做过任何训练。肯是个精力极其旺盛的人,如果肯不跑那么多,我会为他和他的家人担心,不是担心安全,是担心他们的神志,因为他就是得把那股劲儿烧掉,他有那么多能量。「能量」这个概念我越来越感兴趣:随着年龄增长我们的能量往往变少,那是什么?大概是线粒体的密度和功能。但我们这里谈的是一种「认知速度」,不是正式术语,但我最近越来越常用它。大家可以试试,我很好奇你有没有做过:坐下来读一页书,努力记住内容,也许是技术性的,也许不是,然后翻页,试着用比舒适速度略快一点的速度读同一本书的下一页,同时努力保留信息。我发现阅读有一个甜蜜点,有点像跑步的甜蜜点,跑快一点有时反而感觉更省力。

克罗斯: 有意思,我其实经常做这个练习。我不断在为工作阅读,不是读期刊论文,就是为研究读书,我也在写书。我常常用听的形式,把语速调到两倍,通常能调多高就调多高,那么快我也能保留大量信息,但它要求我非常警觉,非常仔细地专注于那本有声书。所以度假时想为乐趣读一本书的时候,我不会这样做,那时候我只想慢慢地让段落从眼前流过,慢慢地吸收,甚至品味页上的文字。但在其他场合我确实会把速度调高,那可以极其投入,也可能很耗人。当你进行那些你觉得极其有回报的谈话,认知速度,我喜欢这个词,达到十分之十的时候,结束以后你会觉得有点累吗?

状态的转换

休伯曼: 不是马上累。但我人生的个人挑战是我不太擅长转换状态:进入一个状态要花一会儿,然后就待在那里。所以我从这里出去还会继续想着它,跟自己或跟别人谈着它,大概持续半小时到几个小时。这些年我了解了自己这一点,它对科学和某些事很有效,对生活的其他领域就没那么有效。我学会了一些更快转换的办法,但要是同一周里录了一期单人节目、一期访谈,再加几段开场,到周六我的脑子就像白噪音。我很久以前就觉得应该有,我以前叫它「低皮质醇日」,一天什么都不干,就发呆。

克罗斯: 那些天你大概更累吧?

休伯曼: 对,就让自己重置。我本来的问题清单里有一条就是问你关于重置的,进入一种无言的状态,让一切自己流淌一个小时,不去控制任何东西,除了基本的机能,什么都不去控制。烹饪节目,恶作剧视频。

克罗斯: 那是你的,这是我的。我们也常常忽略,眼前的电视也是一种情绪调节装置,做节目的人是在刻意把你的情绪推向特定方向,从电影配乐到新闻。我不想在睡前让我的情绪被推向跟我的目标相反的方向。我一整天通常都处在高速度水平,从早上的身体活动和锻炼,到认知上的东西,到各种周旋和科学报告。晚上终于处理完邮件之后,我要一个小时完全无脑的发呆,它让我进入一种美妙的安宁状态,然后溜上床,跳进心理时间机器,幻想或回味,然后入睡。所以我真的很珍视技术在那里帮我做的事,我认为这是对这种高速度体验的平衡。我有时一口气教三个小时,跟我们现在做的差不多,那极其投入、极有回报,我入这行就是为了这个:进行精彩的对话,希望改变人们看事情的方式,让他们发现兴趣,所有这些好东西。几个小时后回到家,首先我需要一小段不应期,从工作生活切换到家庭生活,这在个人层面常常有挑战,因为孩子们在等着,小女儿在等着,大女儿现在在自己房间里做自己的事,但她们想马上一起玩,而我需要一点时间来减压,然后才能更深地进入那个状态。这也是转换,理解怎样转换。那是一种不同的转换,但归根结底都是转换我们的状态以满足我们的目标,并试图理解怎样做好这件事。我认为这是我们此刻谈的一切的潜台词。

休伯曼: 这是生活中如此重要的一面。我确实认为每个人都该为自己评估一下,不是打分,而是看看自己进入和退出各种状态有多快或多慢,把多少思绪、情绪和体验从一个情境带到了下一个。我常想这个问题,也在努力练习,尤其是回到家,家里有人,你想以某种特定方式投入。

WOOP:从知道到做到

克罗斯: 有一个框架能帮人做这件事,我很喜欢。有意思的是你早些时候提到军队,有一个很好的对应。我这辈子常常经历这种事:看到科学里的某样东西,跟另一个组织,这里是军队,为帮助人们实施的某种做法相互印证。首先是识别,在我们谈的语境里,自己的情绪调节目标、转换目标是什么,然后是怎样从有目标走到实现目标。军队里,比如特种部队,在复杂行动之前,他们会先想:我们的目标是什么,我们希望达成的结果是什么?然后,有哪些可以预见的障碍可能破坏我们达成目标的能力?他们会在房间里挨个问,负责人会像点名一样冷不丁点人:潜在的障碍是什么?然后针对识别出的每一个障碍,他们制定非常具体的「如果这样,我们就那样」,每个障碍都有多套「如果,那么」计划。回到研究领域,有一种技术叫 WOOP,你听说过吗?WOOP 是个缩写词,我保证过不用缩写词,但这个有用,它是帮你记东西的助记符。怎样从知道走到做到?WOOP 就是为此设计的,它明确针对目标追求常常崩溃的每一个环节。第一步,你的愿望(Wish)是什么,你希望达成的事是什么,把这个目标说清楚,我们常常连停下来想想自己具体的目标是什么都不做。有了目标,给自己一个机会来激发能量:实现这个目标后你希望达到的结果(Outcome)是什么?这是在给我们动力,让我们更有劲头去追求它。有了结果,现在得现实一点:障碍(Obstacle)是什么,哪些内部障碍可能阻止我达成那些目标?比如我的愿望是下班后跟家人在一起。我希望达到的结果是做一个更好的父亲、更好的丈夫,在这些方面有更丰富的社交生活。障碍是什么?内部障碍我多得很:忍不住想查邮件,想在睡前把收件箱清零;或者我热爱我的科学,也想做点那方面的工作;或者朋友打电话来让我分心。所有这些都是可能妨碍我达成「跟家人更在场」这个目标的障碍。最后一步,制定一个「如果,那么」计划(Plan):如果我在七八点以后忍不住想查邮件,那么我就提醒自己做父亲有多重要,这是一个小小的重新框定。如果九点以后有人打电话来而我正跟孩子一起做什么,那么我就礼貌地拒绝。你可以想象制定各种复杂程度不同的计划。这些「如果,那么」计划的作用是让情绪调节变得自动:它们识别出一个具体的触发条件,也就是「如果」,然后把这个触发条件跟一个反应配对,也就是「那么」。你排练它,这样当触发条件出现时,砰,你不必停下来想我该怎么做、该怎么表现,你有计划,直接执行。��有针对絮语的「如果,那么」计划:如果絮语袭来,那么我就做距离化自我对话和心理时间旅行。如果絮语太汹涌,这两件工具不管用,那么我就去自然里,去找我的絮语顾问。我有这些跟目标挂钩的「如果,那么」计划。这是一项重要的技术,我想我们可以邀请人们在自己的生活里试着运用,让他们更有可能达成调节目标。

休伯曼: 我喜欢。WOOP,W、O、O、P。如果我没记错,W 是愿望,你的目标是什么。第一个 O 是给自己一个围绕实现这个愿望激发能量的机会,也就是动机。

克罗斯: 对,你希望达到的结果是什么。

休伯曼: 好,你说的更短。第一个 O 是你希望达到的结果。第二个 O 是你能预见的障碍。

克罗斯: 对。研究领域里主要是个人障碍,但你可以推广出去,就像海豹突击队那样,我刚才说的就是那个军种,他们用类似的框架来,现在你让我对「优化」这个词都自觉了,来优化他们对任务和挑战的反应。他们显然不只是处理内部障碍,也处理外部世界的障碍。

休伯曼: 别担心用「优化」这个词,你用得很优化,我们很快就会在这期节目里把围绕「优化」的贬义全部扫除。WOOP 里的 P 是计划,一个「如果,那么」计划。

克罗斯: 对,不是模糊的计划,是非常具体的计划,让你确切知道 A 发生、B 发生、C 发生时该实施哪些策略和步骤。这是一个通用的框架,我想这部分是它如此有价值的原因,有研究显示它能帮人达成各种目标。当然会有很多你没有为之制定 WOOP 的情境,那没关系,因为你的工具箱里还有所有其他工具,可以在那些情境出现时随机应变。而一旦你遇到新情境,发现了哪些工具有效,你就学到了,你就创建自己的 WOOP,将来就能更有策略、更自动、更不费力地运用它们。

注意力的灵活运用

休伯曼: 你早些时候提到注意力的聚光灯,我对此很着迷。多数人听说过我们不能多任务,但灵长类,再说一次我们属于旧世界灵长类,尤其能做「隐蔽注意」(covert attention):如果我不完全专注于你,我可以把一束注意力的聚光灯打在你和你的声音上,同时监测房间里的一些元素。我可以合并这些聚光灯,也可以分开它们。但要同时产生三束相容的注意力聚光灯非常难,我们似乎只有两束,也许有人能管三束,我打赌多数人管不了三束以上。

克罗斯: 我认为,当你经历一场本质上劫持了你注意力的情绪事件时,连管住一束都变得格外困难。注意力很重要,有几个原因。第一,作为一个物种,我们拥有地球上最精密的注意力部署系统:我们能有策略地部署注意力,可以有意地把它放在想要的东西上,或者从不想要的东西上抽走,或者让它来回跳跃。可说到情绪,我们常被教导某些关于如何部署注意力的格言,我认为它们有时会成问题,因为它们属于「灵丹妙药」式的处方建议。比如我们常听到,面对絮语或真正强烈的情绪,那些让你焦虑或恐惧的事,你不该回避问题,你该聚焦于它。这方面有很多研究,我们学到的是:一方面,长期回避不好,跟情绪生活乃至身体健康的各种负面结果相关;但另一方面,适应性地应对情绪曲线球的典型特征,是能够聚焦眼前的问题,然后把注意力部署到别处,休息一下,再回来。

这一点其实是我从祖母那里无意中学到的。我祖母是个很有意思的女人,二战期间在波兰长大,全家在战争中被屠杀,是那种毁灭性的经历,在森林里躲了好几年,来来回回,各种可怕的事,家人被屠戮,等等。她从战争里活了下来,搬到美国。我小时候对她经历了什么、怎么挺过来的极其好奇,可每当我问她这些,她总是说:「别问我为什么,别问发生了什么。『为什么』是个歪字母。」这很有意思,因为她英语说得很差,口音很重,却掌握了这个奇特的成语:「为什么」是个歪字母(why is a crooked letter)。换句话说,翻旧账或者非要弄明白,没什么好处。你的生活很美好,你在一个安全的地方,有一个爱你的家庭,好好享受生活吧。她是在保护我。所以我认识她的那些年里,一年中的大多数时候她从不聚焦于她经历的那场恐怖,除了一年里的一天,纪念日,我们全家挤进犹太会堂,他们谈起自己的经历,或者说我听他们谈,情绪会涌出来。她是在给自己对情绪信息的接触定量。事实证明,她是在有策略地部署注意力:在对她有益的时候聚焦于情绪议题,在不利于她的时候,用其他念头和体验占住注意力。现在正在浮现的一大批文献显示,面对情绪挣扎的来源,这种灵活运用注意力的能力是一项非常有用的资产。所以我认为有必要提醒大家,那些「永远直面问题」或者「永远回避问题」的直白处方并不总是对的,情绪调节的魔力,我说的魔力不是超自然的,是它的美妙之处,常常在于我们能多么灵活地部署注意力。

休伯曼: 很感谢你分享这段个人经历。我长期以来困扰于我们从小被灌输的那么多谚语,比如「距离产生美」,可我也听过「眼不见,心不烦」,到底是哪个?

克罗斯: 对。

休伯曼: 所以我最终成了科学家,因为两个都对。你在营养和运动领域也能看到这一点,有某些核心真理,目标总是抵达那些核心真理,然后围绕它们有一定的灵活性,有误差范围。我喜欢她说的:「为什么」是个歪字母。这让我想起鲍勃·迪伦那句「别回头看」。这些是深刻的问题:我们该用多少意识来强制自己不花时间想过去,以免错过当下、错过创造一个可能的未来;同时又不想让过去的元素在心里发酵,然后以破坏性的方式冒出来。这是一支复杂的舞。

克罗斯: 我们的情绪生活绝不简单,但我们确实有路标来引导注意力的部署。我喜欢用并向大家描述的几条常用经验法则:比方说发生了一件坏事,你把注意力转开,用一种正面的、无害的分心来转移,然后问题没有再浮出来,那就继续,你不必回过头去。我在这个问题上跟父亲有些摩擦。我父母离了婚,我早年就处理过围绕那段经历的包袱,现在想起来不会难过,我理解为什么会那样,我爱我的父母双方,我已经走出来了,我适应得很好。可我父亲喜欢常谈这件事,每次我们说话他都会提起,他提起的时候我就说:我们不必谈这个,我真的完全没事,这不是持续的痛苦来源。有时候我们能够理解发生在自己身上的事,然后继续过自己的生活,那是我们的认知机器运转得很好的表现,我们不必回去重访每一件事。另一方面,如果我们想让心歇一歇,正在分散注意力,却发现关于那些经历的念头不断闯入意识,造成干扰,那就是一个提示:好,那就聚焦于它。一旦你聚焦于它,当然有多种方式去应对那段经历。有时让自己浸泡在情绪痛苦里可以促进我们所说的习惯化(habituation):习惯那种不适,意识到跟那些负面念头共处并没有那么糟。也许你想重新框定你对那件事的看法,我们有出色的认知装置来帮我们重新框定:可以换不同的角度看,可以聚焦于一线希望,可以把它放进背景里。所以一旦重新聚焦,你有很多工具可以用来应对,但你并不总是需要重新聚焦于问题。所以要灵活,灵活地部署注意力,这是基于我对这一切运作方式的了解,我个人奉行的箴言。有几个附带说明:我说的分心和回避,是健康的分心、健康的回避,有些不健康的回避形式我们明确知道没有益处,比如物质滥用。我们也知道,如果你采用一条直白的规则,永远长期回避,那不好。所以要平衡。

休伯曼: 可以往倾向于不健康的回避工具清单里再加一项吗?这不是我的默认做法,但有人告诉我,她的默认做法是过度消费故事,有声书之类,不是说有声书不好,而是小说有声书,遇到问题时不去处理问题,而是过度沉迷于那些吞噬心神的叙事。我想任何让我们不去处理那个大概需要挠一挠的痒处的行为,至少一小段时间里,长远看大概都是不适应的。

克罗斯: 如果问题一直回来,你要听你的身心在告诉你什么。如果你发现问题不断浮出来,那就是提示:你需要投入进去处理它。但我们每天有很多不算正面的经历,负面的经历,随着时间过去,有时那就是我们继续生活所需要的全部。我们在文献里也看到,当你把一种特定的看法强加给人们,比如「你必须这样做」,往往效果不好。

情绪传染

休伯曼: 我们今天讨论的多数是一个人的情绪生活和体验,絮语,与自我、与环境、与技术、与自然的内在叙事,某种程度上还有关系。但情绪的一个强大方面,我想很多人好奇并且坦白说也在参与的,是情绪传染(emotional contagion)的概念,正面和负面的。我想到橄榄球,你提到橄榄球,在密歇根。

克罗斯: 那是我住的这座城市的宗教。

休伯曼: 一场比赛有多少人去看?

克罗斯: 我们的球场叫「大房子」,是全国最大的橄榄球场,将近十一万人。

休伯曼: 那是很多人。

克罗斯: 很多人,我们齐声歌唱。搬到安娜堡之前我对橄榄球没什么兴趣,现在我拥抱它了。夺得全国冠军当然有帮助,我们去年是冠军,今年还在努力。

休伯曼: 恭喜。也许哪天我去看一场比赛。我不讨厌橄榄球,我喜欢橄榄球,只是我想我从没看过职业橄榄球比赛。

克罗斯: 那你该来,我们一定请你来,非常好玩。

休伯曼: 那我就跳过哈林队的一场比赛,去看密歇根队。情绪传染发生在橄榄球场,发生在消化新闻的时候,我们刚经历了一场选举,选举后有大量朝着基本相反方向的情绪传染,等等。关于情绪传染我们知道什么?我明白为什么我们如此容易被传染,但它的「减速带」,打个开车的比方,和「沟」在哪里?减速带是你开始偏向沟里时的警示,沟显然是朝负面、不适应的方向失控。我们怎样开始识别情绪传染中的减速带?

克罗斯: 情绪传染是一种非常强大的现象,情绪可以在几秒之内传播。当我们不确定在某个情境下该怎么想、怎么感受时,我们往往更快地被传染,因为那种时候我们常常参照他人作为信息来源。我们周围的人当然是丰富的信息来源,这也是为什么我们那么频繁地拿自己跟别人比较:我们在试图学习怎样反应。我们知道它能产生级联效应,在日常生活里,正面和负面方向都有;在数字世界里,我们也看到情绪能传播得非常快。所以这是一种非常强大的现象。我走进教室时常常很留意这一点:你在教课的时候,不希望一种负面情绪在听众中传开,所以你会对可能传达那种情绪反应的某些表情或语调很敏感。我认为我们需要越来越意识到这一点,尤其在任何群体情境中工作时。当你在一个团队里工作,如果你是领导,或者哪怕只是一个投入的成员,保持团队处在你觉得最有成效的情绪基调上非常重要,因为如果它掉到那以下或冲到那以上,都可能破坏你们的表现,这方面有大量研究。

休伯曼: 从多年主持实验室,从教学,当然还有从播客,我们是一个七人小团队,我熟悉你刚描述的。还有当夏令营辅导员,那大概是我最早学到这一点的地方,大学时我做过夏令营辅导员:要是有两三个孩子对接下来几个小时要做的事很恼火,可以把一切都带偏,你得立刻把它扼杀在萌芽状态,你得去修复。我在群体情境里对此非常非常留意,尤其是我在带领那些群体、团队、实验室的时候,真的要确保那种负面情绪不会传开。你觉得如今大学校园里,学生是不是更倾向于举手说「我们来谈一个议题」?先说个背景:我本科时给一位生理学家打工,他告诉我,越战时期他上课,讲到一半,讲他的专长冷刺激产热生理学,会有人突然站起来说:「越南的战争怎么办?」我记得他讲这个故事时我想,太离谱了,真的吗?他说,是啊,经常有,你得停下来,承认它,让他们表达。我当时想,太狂野了。现在我们生活的时代,这在大学课堂上、校园里、网上已经不算稀奇。所以六十年代那个例子如今又非常切题。我们让人们宣泄吗?我做夏令营辅导员时,有人把我拉到一边说:这些孩子精力很旺,我唯一的建议是,做一条渠道,别做一座水坝。我从没忘记这句话,它在生活的其他领域也很有用。当人们真的需要把负面的东西外化出来,而这有情绪传染的可能时,怎样做一条渠道而不是一座水坝?

克罗斯: 我没有亲身经历过你描述的课堂现象,但我很多同事经历过,我们看到它在很多大学上演。这是动荡的时代,动荡会激活情绪。回到我们谈话的早些部分:人们经历强烈情绪时,常有动力跟他人分享,那常常采取说出来的形式,而那会在群体中引发传染。我们现在才开始真正理解情绪过程是怎样穿过人群、群体和社会的。那种情况下该怎么做?我想这在很大程度上取决于情境,取决于情绪反应的性质,情绪是不是正在变得真正适得其反或有害,而关于何时介入、如何介入,看法各不相同。但我认为总的来说,你要带着那本「永远先认可」的剧本:你的情绪体验是你对这个处境的真实反应,在多数情况下是这样。我们可以试着虚伪地、刻意地表演一种情绪,但我们谈的这类现象多数情况下就是诚实的情绪反应,这确实是艰难的时代。我认为,试着理解这些情绪从何而来,往往是很好的第一步。开始之前我跟你提过,最近我请了一位很出色的冲突调解人来我的课上讲:怎样不只是跟情绪化的群体打交道,而是同时跟几个因为彼此而情绪化的群体打交道。她在调解生涯里发现非常成功的方法,是要求人们,训练他们,不要带着改变对方想法的目的进入谈话,而是带着谦逊、好奇和真诚的兴趣进入谈话,首先只是试着理解另一方的立场。我自己没这样做过,但在我看来这是就困难议题展开对话的一个相当可行的第一步。这让我想到我们实验室常常怎样定义智慧。智慧这个概念衡量的是你处理涉及不确定性的社会情境的能力:我们不知道这些社会情境会怎样发展,而有智慧的人善于在这些处境里行走。

智慧的定义

休伯曼: 你们怎么定义智慧?它有哪些特征?

克罗斯: 它的几个核心特征是:谦逊,承认我不是什么都懂;对换位思考的承诺,把自己放进对方的处境;辩证思维,认识到世界处在不断的变化之中,环境在改变,我们需要意识到这一点;还有一种朝向社会之善的总体取向,在世界上做好事。在我看来,带着这种心态进入那些困难的处境,对弥合分歧可能是有成效的。

休伯曼: 我很喜欢这个,这是一个多么合适的收尾之处。眼下事情显然很紧张,但你今天谈的这些,至少就我对人类心智在情绪上、在观察他人上、在可能的传染上如何运作的理解而言,这些工具真的能帮我们做得更好。它们不只是研究论文,是可以实施的知识块,在某些情况下,比如你今天谈的这些,是真正的珍宝。你是研究者、教师、父亲、丈夫,你做很多事,还能去看橄榄球赛,还能进健身房,在那里你不会故意把哑铃砸在别人脸上,因为你明白后果的严重性。你在世界上做了大量出色的工作。我很久以前就听说并读了《絮语》,我认为你把一直在人们脑子里、在人们心上的东西带到了人们的注意力面前,这没有双关的意思,这很了不起。我想你们领域里还有别人在做类似的事,但我想代表我自己和所有听众、观众专门感谢你,为这个我们叫做絮语、内心的声音和情绪调节的东西投入了如此细致的研究和公众教育,因为这真的构成了我们的生活。在我看来,它跟心血管健康或者心理、身体健康的任何其他方面同样重要。请再来,因为你的研究在演进,我们很想听到下一步。我们会提供你的研究以及二零二五年二月出版的新书的链接。你愿意告诉我们书名吗?

克罗斯: 书叫《转换:管好情绪,别让情绪管你》(Shift: Managing Your Emotions So They Don't Manage You)。它已经可以预购了。它的写法是把关于情绪的这本书打开:情绪是什么,我们常常在哪些地方误解了它们,我们有哪些工具来驾驭它们。我希望它能回应一个我认为我们面对已久的大问题:怎样驾驭那些有时占了上风的情绪。

休伯曼: 我会亲自预购一本,我坚持这一点,我不收免费的书,我买书,因为我相信书。谢谢你写了《转换》,请再来跟我们谈。

克罗斯: 谢谢邀请,这是一场精彩的谈话。

休伯曼: 我也这么觉得。非常感谢。

本期讲者
安德鲁·休伯曼斯坦福大学医学院神经生物学与眼科学教授,Huberman Lab 播客主持人,节目以科学工具的公众普及著称。
伊森·克罗斯密歇根大学心理学教授,情绪与自我控制实验室主任,畅销书《Chatter》作者,新书《Shift》2025 年 2 月出版;以「抽离式自我对话」研究闻名。
章节 · 点击跳转视频
0:00 开场与赞助商 ▶ 正在看
5:45 内心声音:瑞士军刀般的工具 ▶ 正在看
10:04 感官转换器:音乐、触碰与隐形支持 ▶ 正在看
27:54 写作加护栏,答案从潜意识冒出 ▶ 正在看
50:41 絮语如何劫持注意力 ▶ 正在看
55:59 拉开距离:直呼其名与凌晨两点策略 ▶ 正在看
1:12:50 时间感知、走神与社交媒体的变化球 ▶ 正在看
1:32:47 假想朋友与自我对话的起源 ▶ 正在看
1:40:20 绿地、敬畏与空间的补偿性控制 ▶ 正在看
2:01:22 从颅骨钻孔到行为工具的演进 ▶ 正在看
2:15:56 阴暗念头、心流与 WOOP 预案 ▶ 正在看
2:43:54 注意力的灵活部署与情绪传染 ▶ 正在看
本期论点
本期回应
其他论点
1:47
向他人倾诉负面情绪往往会放大而不是化解坏情绪 安德鲁·休伯曼
7:16
内心絮语只是内心声音的阴暗面,内心声音本身对人类是一大福音 伊森·克罗斯
17:01
任何情绪只要强度适当、持续不过久,都有其功能性价值 伊森·克罗斯
21:28
在对方没有开口求助时主动提供帮助,往往传递出「你没能力处理自己的处境」 伊森·克罗斯
38:06
书写之所以疗愈,是因为它给杂乱无序的意识流强加了一种结构 伊森·克罗斯
50:52
内心杂音像海绵一样吸走有限的注意力资源,让人无法解决真正重要的问题 伊森·克罗斯
58:05
用自己的名字加第二人称「你」来梳理问题,会自动把视角切换成给别人提建议 做法伊森·克罗斯
1:06:26
凌晨两点到五点之间冒出来的念头不值得相信 安德鲁·休伯曼
1:22:23
活在当下并非心智的终极目标,真正该练的是更有效地在心里穿越时间 伊森·克罗斯
1:27:17
社交媒体抽掉了倾诉前的时间延迟与面对面的情绪反馈,使人宣泄得远为不加过滤 伊森·克罗斯
1:44:14
敬畏体验带来的「自我缩小」感,是最有力的视角拓宽器 伊森·克罗斯
1:55:09
整理外部空间,其实是在补偿内心失去的秩序与掌控感 伊森·克罗斯
2:19:49
阴暗的侵入性念头只是大脑在模拟最坏情况,不说明一个人道德败坏 伊森·克罗斯
2:24:35
把具体触发点与固定反应配对的「如果—那么」预案,能让情绪调节自动化 做法伊森·克罗斯
2:46:06
适应性应对情绪冲击的标志,是能先聚焦问题、再移开注意力休息、之后再回来 伊森·克罗斯
01开场与赞助商
0:00
welcome to the huberman Lab podcast where we discuss science and science-based tools for everyday [Music] life I'm Andrew huberman and I'm a professor of neurobiology and Opthalmology at Stanford school of medicine and I'm wearing these red lens wind down Roa glasses because we are recording this late at night which is unusual for us and bright light in particular short wavelength bright light in the blue and green part of the spectrum quashes melatonin and it makes it hard to sleep and I want to sleep tonight these red lens glasses filter out the green and blue short wavelengths that would otherwise disrupt my sleep my guest today is Dr Ethan cross Dr Ethan cross is a professor of psychology at the University of Michigan and the director of the emotion and self-control laboratory he is also the author of the bestselling book chatter the voice in our head and how to harness it today's discussion is a really special one because we discuss something that each and all of us have which is a voice in
欢迎收听 Huberman Lab 播客,在这里我们讨论科学以及基于科学的日常[音乐]生活工具。我是 Andrew Huberman,我是斯坦福大学医学院神经生物学和眼科学的教授。我现在戴着这副红色镜片的助眠眼镜,因为我们是在深夜录制这期节目,这对我们来说不太寻常。而强光,尤其是短波长的强光,也就是光谱中蓝色和绿色的部分,会抑制褪黑素,让人难以入睡,而我今晚是想睡觉的。这副红色镜片的眼镜可以过滤掉那些原本会干扰我睡眠的绿光和蓝光短波。今天我的嘉宾是 Ethan Kross 博士。Ethan Kross 博士是密歇根大学的心理学教授,也是情绪与自我控制实验室的主任。他还是畅销书《Chatter:我们脑中的声音,以及如何驾驭它》的作者。今天的讨论非常特别,因为我们要聊的是我们每个人都有的东西,那就是我们
便签引用
1:00
our head that is our voice and that voice can range from encouraging to discouraging it can be repetitive in ways that can be very intrusive and it has a profound effect on our emotional state our confidence our levels of anxiety and indeed what we are capable of achieving in life Dr Ethan cross's laboratory has done groundbreaking research to understand what is the origin of this voice in our heads and can and should we control it and indeed the answer is yes today's discussion gets into many things that people struggle with and many things that you can do to improve your life such as how to regulate the chatter in your head how to overcome ruminations and intrusive thoughts and we also discuss what to do with your actual voice for instance data pointing to the fact that venting your negative emotions to others is actually bad it tends to amplify bad emotions we talk about that research we also talk about other forms of outward speech and inward speech that inner voice that you can partake in in order to improve your
脑中的声音,那是我们自己的声音。这个声音可以从鼓励到打击不等,它可能会不断重复,重复到具有很强的侵扰性,而且它对我们的情绪状态、自信心、焦虑水平,乃至我们在人生中能够取得的成就,都有着深远的影响。Ethan Kross 博士的实验室做了开创性的研究,来理解我们脑中这个声音的源头是什么,我们能否、又是否应该去控制它。答案确实是肯定的。今天的讨论涉及许多人们苦苦挣扎的问题,以及许多你可以用来改善生活的方法,比如如何调节脑中的碎碎念,如何克服反刍思维和侵入性想法。我们还讨论了该如何处理你真实发出的声音,比如有数据表明,向他人倾诉负面情绪其实是有害的,它往往会放大糟糕的情绪。我们会聊到这项研究,我们还会聊其他形式的外在言语和内在言语,也就是那个你可以借助来改善
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emotional state and shift your emotional state so today's discussion really centers around common questions and common scenarios and common challenges that everybody grapples with and of course we all have a voice in our head today you're going to learn to listen to it to regulate it and indeed to steer it in the direction of mental health physical health and performance I'm also excited to tell you that Dr Ethan cross soon has another book coming out entitled shift managing your emotions so they don't manage you and I tremendously enjoyed chatter his first book and I very much look forward to reading shift when it comes out we provide links to the work in Dr Ethan cross's laboratory as well as links to his previous and forthcoming book in the show note captions before you begin I'd like to emphasize that this podcast is separate from my teaching and research roles at Stanford it is however part of my desire and effort to bring zero cost to Consumer information about science and science related tools to the general
情绪状态、转变情绪状态的内心声音。所以今天的讨论真正围绕的是每个人都会遇到的常见问题、常见情境和常见挑战。当然,我们每个人脑中都有一个声音,今天你将学会去倾听它、调节它,并把它引向心理健康、身体健康和高效表现的方向。我还很高兴地告诉大家,Ethan Kross 博士很快会有另一本新书出版,书名是《Shift:管理你的情绪,别让情绪管理你》。他的第一本书《Chatter》我读得非常尽兴,我非常期待《Shift》出版后能读到它。我们在节目简介中提供了 Ethan Kross 博士实验室研究工作的链接,以及他已出版和即将出版的书籍的链接。在开始之前,我想强调一下,本播客与我在斯坦福的教学和研究工作是彼此独立的。不过,它确实是我希望并努力向公众提供零成本科学信息和科学相关工具的一部分。秉承这一宗旨,我
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2:58
public in keeping with that theme I'd like to thank the sponsors of today's podcast our first sponsor is expressvpn expressvpn is a virtual private Network that keeps your data secure and private it does that by routing your internet activity through their servers and encrypting it so that no one can see or sell your data now I'm personally familiar with the effects of not securing my data well enough several years ago I had one of my bank accounts hacked and it was a terrible amount of work to try and have that reversed and the account secured so after that happened I talked to my friends in the tech community and they told me that even though you may think your internet connection is secure often times it is not especially if you're using Wi-Fi networks such as those on planes in hotels at coffee shops and other public areas in fact even when you're on the internet at home your data may not be as secure as you think the great thing about expressvpn is that I don't even notice that it's running since the
要感谢今天这期节目的赞助商。我们的第一个赞助商是 ExpressVPN。ExpressVPN 是一个虚拟专用网络,能让你的数据保持安全和私密。它通过把你的网络活动经由他们的服务器转发并加密来实现这一点,这样就没人能看到或出售你的数据。我个人很清楚数据保护不到位是什么后果。几年前我的一个银行账户被黑了,为了撤销那些操作、把账户重新保护起来,我费了极大的功夫。所以在那之后,我跟科技圈的朋友聊过,他们告诉我,即使你以为你的网络连接是安全的,但很多时候其实并不安全,尤其是当你使用飞机上、酒店里、咖啡店以及其他公共场所的 Wi-Fi 网络时。事实上,就算你在家里上网,你的数据也可能没有你以为的那么安全。ExpressVPN 最棒的一点是,我甚至察觉不到它在运行,因为它提供的连接速度非常快。我在
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3:50
connection it provides is so fast I have it on my computer and on my phone and I just keep it on whenever I'm connected to the internet if you want to start protecting your internet activity using expr VPN you can go to expressvpn.com huberman and you can get an extra 3 months free again that's expressvpn.com huberman to get an extra 3 months free today's episode is also brought To Us by eight sleep eight sleep makes Smart mattress covers with cooling Heating and sleep tracking capacity one of the best ways to ensure that you get a great night's sleep every single night is to control the temperature of your sleeping environment and that's because in order to fall and stay St deeply asleep your body temperature actually has to drop by about 1 to 3° and in order to wake up feeling refreshed and energized your body temperature actually has to increase by about 1 to 3° eight sleep makes it easy to control the temperature of your sleeping environment by allowing you to program the temperature of your
电脑和手机上都装了它,只要我连着网就一直开着。如果你想开始用 ExpressVPN 保护你的上网活动,可以访问 expressvpn.com/huberman,就能额外获得 3 个月免费。再说一遍,访问 expressvpn.com/huberman,今天就能额外获得 3 个月免费。本期节目还由Eight Sleep 赞助播出。Eight Sleep 生产智能床垫罩,具备制冷、加热和睡眠追踪功能。要确保自己每天晚上都能睡个好觉,最有效的方法之一就是控制睡眠环境的温度。这是因为,为了入睡并保持深度睡眠,你的体温实际上需要下降大约 1 到 3 度;而为了醒来时感觉神清气爽、精力充沛,你的体温实际上需要上升大约 1 到 3 度。Eight Sleep让控制睡眠环境温度变得很容易,你可以分别设定
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4:46
mattress cover at the beginning middle and end of the night I've been sleeping on an eight Sleep mattress cover for nearly 4 years now and it has completely improve the quality of my sleep eight sleep has now launched their newest generation pod cover the Pod 4 ultra the Pod 4 ultra has improved cooling and heating capacity higher Fidelity sleep tracking technology and even has snoring detection that will automatically lift your head a few degrees to improve your air flow and stop your snoring if you'd like to try an eights Sleep mattress cover go to 8sleep.com huberman to access their Black Friday offer right now with this Black Friday discount you can save up to $600 off on their pod 4 ultra this is eight8 sleep's biggest sale of the year eight sleep currently ships to the USA Canada the UK select country in the EU and Australia again that's 8sleep.com huberman and now for my discussion with Dr Ethan cross Dr Ethan cross welcome great to be here right before we went hot mics as they say uh we were talking
床垫罩在夜晚开始、中段和结束时的温度。我用 Eight Sleep 的床垫罩睡觉已经快 4 年了,它彻底改善了我的睡眠质量。Eight Sleep 现在推出了他们最新一代的床垫罩——Pod 4 Ultra。Pod 4 Ultra 的制冷和加热能力更强,睡眠追踪技术的精度更高,甚至还有打鼾检测功能,能自动把你的头部抬高几度,改善你的气流,让你停止打鼾。如果你想试试 Eight Sleep 的床垫罩,请访问 8sleep.com/huberman,就能享受他们现在的黑五优惠。有了这个黑五折扣,你在 Pod 4 Ultra 上最多可以省下 600 美元。这是 Eight Sleep一年中力度最大的促销。Eight Sleep 目前发货到美国、加拿大、英国、欧盟部分国家和澳大利亚。再说一遍,8sleep.com/huberman。现在进入我和 Ethan Kross 博士的对话。Ethan Kross 博士,欢迎你。很高兴来到这里。就在我们开麦之前——就是所谓的“热麦”状态——我们在聊互相打断这件事,还有你是纽约人这一点。我
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02内心声音:瑞士军刀般的工具
5:45
about interrupting one another um and the fact that you're from New York I'm going to try not to interrupt you because the audience doesn't like that however I am very interested in what um you're going to tell us about emotion regulation but especially this thing that you call chatter the voice in our heads and prior to learning about your work I always thought that chatter and the voice in our heads was you know overwhelmingly negative that's what we hear how do you combat that negative voice in one's head but you have some very interesting ideas about the utility of chatter like maybe how it even arose and what it's for so maybe we start there yeah so I think this is a a great question because um the inner voice is something that we carry with us wherever go but we don't tend to learn what it is right and actually sometimes I I get up there and speak to people and um they often wonder like what is a purported serious scientist doing talking about a squishy topic like the voice inside our heads and it turns out
会尽量不打断你,因为观众不喜欢那样。不过我非常感兴趣的是你要跟我们讲的情绪调节,尤其是你所说的这个“chatter”(内心絮语)——我们脑袋里的那个声音。在了解你的研究之前,我一直以为这种内心絮语、脑袋里的那个声音绝大多数是负面的。我们听到的都是这种说法:怎么对抗脑子里那个负面的声音。但你有一些非常有意思的观点,关于内心絮语的用处,比如它是怎么产生的、它的作用是什么。所以也许我们就从这里开始。好。我觉得这是个很棒的问题,因为内心的声音是我们走到哪儿都带着的东西,但我们通常不会去了解它到底是什么。其实有时候我上台跟大家演讲,他们常常会想:一个号称严肃的科学家,怎么在谈论“脑袋里的声音”这种软绵绵的话题?而事实证明,
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6:48
that this is a remarkable tool of the human mind so when I use the term inner voice when I'm talking about is our ability to silently use language to reflect on things in our lives and it turns out that's a type of Swiss army knife that we possess it lets us do many different things so just from the outset let me distinguish chatter from other inner voice operations I think of chatter as a dark side of the inner voice and we'll get to that in a little bit but having the ability to silently use language that is a boon to The Human Condition so I'll give you a couple of benefits that it serves what's your favorite sport sports team um the Harlem Globe Trotters because they're undefeated as I understand oh yeah best record in in any sport I don't think they've ever lost a game did they ever play against other teams the the Washington generals okay sorry for the Washington generals um so if you were to go to a uh game and root for them what would you say um go Globe Trotters go Globe TRS okay can you repeat that
这是人类心智一个了不起的工具。我用“内心的声音”这个词时,指的是我们在内心默默用语言去反思生活中各种事情的能力。事实证明,这是我们拥有的一种瑞士军刀,它能让我们做很多不同的事。所以一开始,先让我把内心絮语和内心声音的其他功能区分开。我把内心絮语看作内心声音的阴暗面,这个我们等一下会谈到。但拥有在内心默默使用语言的能力,对人类境况来说是一大福音。我举几个它带来的好处。你最喜欢的运动队是哪支?嗯,哈莱姆花式篮球队(Harlem Globetrotters),因为据我所知他们从没输过。对,任何运动项目里最好的战绩。我觉得他们好像从来没输过一场比赛。他们跟别的队打过吗?跟华盛顿将军队(Washington Generals)。好吧,替华盛顿将军队默哀一下。那如果你去看一场比赛给他们加油,你会喊什么?嗯,“Go Globetrotters”,“GoGlobetrotters”。好,你现在能不能在心里默念这句话三遍?可以。好,你刚刚就用了你的
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7:53
phrase silently three times in your head right now yes okay you you've just used your inner voice so your inner voice is part of what we call our verbal working memory system basic system of the human mind that lets us do something that I think is both extraordinary but totally ordinary also your verbal working memory system it's a mouthful lets you keep information active for short periods of time so before we had cell phones how did you memorize phone numbers like what would you do repeated in your head yeah and it had sort of a song to it yeah right I can remember my childhood phone number still even though that number is long since long since gone I mean the whole area codee's gone in fact really well it the number is probably still there but under a different area code I know because I try calling it every once interesting well it's funny when I when I uh go through this content I give talks or workshops I often say 20951 repeat that in your head three times that's my childhood phone number
内心的声音。你的内心声音是我们所说的“言语工作记忆系统”的一部分,这是人类心智的一个基础系统,它让我们能做一件我觉得既非凡又极其平常的事。你的言语工作记忆系统——这词儿有点绕口——能让你把信息在短时间内保持激活状态。所以在还没有手机之前,你是怎么记电话号码的?你会怎么做?在脑子里重复。对,而且还带点旋律。对,没错。我到现在还记得我小时候家里的电话号码,虽然那个号码早就不存在了。我是说,连整个区号都没了。真的吗?其实那个号码可能还在,只是换了个区号。我知道,因为我偶尔还会打过去试试。有意思。说起来挺好玩的,我讲这部分内容的时候,做演讲或工作坊时,我常说“20951,在脑子里重复三遍”,那是我小时候家里的号码,我就说,去试试吧,给他们打个
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8:57
I'm like go give it a shot give them a call so for all I know that person may be getting lots of phone calls it's not it's not my phone number um but that's your verbal working memory system you go to the grocery store and you try to remember what you supposed to get most people don't do that out loud like oh crap what was I supposed to get milk cheese eggs repeat that silently in your head so that's one thing your inner voice allows you to do keep information active verbal information your inner voice also helps you Sim and plan so before presentations or interviews a lot of people report going over what they're going to say before that event do you ever ever do this yeah I mean my mode of preparation for things like solo podcasts and talks is um it's not scripted out line by line in advance but I have a structure in my mind and it's more like remembering the first line of each paragraph in my head and then the rest just kind of falls out yeah we have a very similar similar style I will I
电话。所以说不定那个人现在接到一堆电话。那不是——那不是我现在的号码。但那就是你的言语工作记忆系统。你去超市,想记住自己要买什么,大多数人不会大声说出来,比如“糟了,我要买什么来着?牛奶、奶酪、鸡蛋”,你会在心里默念。所以这是内心声音让你做的一件事:把信息——言语信息——保持激活。你的内心声音还能帮你模拟和计划。很多人说,在做演讲或面试之前,他们会先把要说的话过一遍。你会这样做吗?会啊。我准备独白类播客和演讲的方式,嗯,不是提前一行一行写好稿子,而是脑子里有个结构,更像是在心里记住每一段的第一句话,然后剩下的自然就出来了。对,我们的风格很像。我会把关键观点列成要点,只要我能把这些要点列出来,我
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03感官转换器:音乐、触碰与隐形支持
10:04
will bullet out what the key ideas are and as long as I could bullet that out I am good to go but I will also rehearse those bullets in my head AB BC D so uh that's you using your inner voice as well now before a big presentation like a live event I will go over the opening to my presentation and sometimes just carry that dialogue through when I'm going for a walk around the hotel before the event may I ask about the walk um when I prepare for Live Events or solo podcasts and long before I was involved in either of those activities um for lectures of any kind or classroom discussions where I had to stand up in front of the class I would find that walking and listening to a song would maybe simultaneously maybe separately would dramatically shape the kind of cadence and energy of the delivery of the the talk yeah I love the fact that you brought up songs there so if you want to take a little detour here um so in in in my new book shift we talk about or I talk about how the different shifters that exist to push your
就没问题了。但我也会在脑子里把这些要点排练一遍:A、B、C、D。所以这也是你在用你的内心声音。现在,在做大型演讲比如现场活动之前,我会把开场部分过一遍,有时候就这么一路把那段独白想下去——比如活动前我在酒店周围散步的时候。我能问问散步这件事吗?我在准备现场活动或独白播客时——其实早在我做这些之前,准备任何讲座、或者需要站在全班同学面前发言的课堂讨论时——我发现一边走路一边听一首歌,可能是同时进行,也可能是分开进行,会极大地塑造我讲话的节奏和能量。对,我很高兴你提到了歌曲。如果你愿意,我们可以在这里稍微岔开一点。在我的新书《Shift》里,我们谈到——或者说我谈到——有哪些不同的“调节器”可以推动你的情绪,而感官
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11:15
emotions around and sensation sensory experiences are one powerful and I would argue often overlooked modality for shifting our emotions so if you ask people why do you listen to music what do you think most people say it makes me feel good feel right it's about emotions feel good so one study the the number was around like 95 96% of participants who were asked said exactly gave the answer that you just gave but then if you look at in other studies hey the last time you felt anxious or angry or sad what did you do to push your emotions around the number of people who report using music to modulate their experience drops way down 10 to 30% music is a a really powerful tool for modulating our emotions I actually um uh an unintentional parenting victory for me was when my youngest daughter was around five or six and I was coaching soccer I lived for these soccer games on the weekend I wasn't one of these overbearing coaches who would you know go crazy on the sidelines it was just such joy to just watch these these kids
体验就是其中一种强大的、我认为常常被忽视的情绪调节方式。所以如果你问别人,你为什么听音乐,你觉得大多数人会怎么说?因为它让我感觉好。对,是关于情绪的,让人感觉好。有一项研究中,大概有 95%、96% 的受访者给出的正是你刚才给的答案。但如果你看另一些研究,问“你上一次感到焦虑、生气或难过时,你做了什么来调节情绪”,说自己用音乐来调节体验的人的比例就大幅下降,只有 10% 到30%。音乐其实是调节情绪非常强大的工具。我自己有过一次无心插柳的育儿胜利。那时我小女儿大概五六岁,我在带足球队。我特别期待周末的这些足球比赛。我不是那种在场边发疯、咄咄逼人的教练,看着这些孩子踢球
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12:26
play and typically my daughter was was really excited to go to the game but one morning she was just like not into it at all she was bum like she was bummed out it was bumming me out I was you know catching her emotions we can talk about emotional contagion later and um got into the car and it just so happened that my my cell phone was connected and the next song on the playlist happened to be Journeys Don't Stop Believing so you know the song I presume uh don't judge me for having this on my playlist please the song comes on and you know I start jamming out to it you know singing out loud like an embarrassing dad and then I look in the back seat and I find her bopping her head and then the chorus comes we get really excited and then I pull up to the soccer field and she just bursts out of the car and is like invigorated that is the power of music to impact us so I will often also have songs on prior to Big talks that I'm I'm getting ready to you know get in that mental frame of mind and I don't think
就是一种纯粹的快乐。通常我女儿去比赛都特别兴奋,但有一天早上她就是完全不想去,她情绪很低落,这也让我跟着低落,你知道,我被她的情绪传染了,我们之后可以聊聊情绪传染。然后我们上了车,碰巧我的手机连着车载音响,播放列表里下一首歌正好是 Journey 的《Don't Stop Believin'》。我猜你知道这首歌吧?别因为我播放列表里有这首歌就笑话我。歌一放出来,我就开始跟着嗨,跟着大声唱,像个丢人的老爸。然后我往后座一看,发现她正跟着点头,接着副歌来了,我们都特别兴奋。等我把车开到足球场,她整个人从车里冲出去,精神抖擞。这就是音乐影响我们的力量。所以在准备大型演讲之前,我也经常会放歌,让自己进入那种心理状态。我觉得很多运动员也这么做,这绝不是巧合。
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13:38
it's a coincidence that many athletes do this as well they've stumbled onto this tool that is quite powerful for pointing our emotional experience or our emotional trajectory in the direction we wanted to to point so it's interesting I I was thinking about music in reference to um shifting emotion as you just gave an example of you know feeling like a motivated and then your daughter's motivated by the yeah don't stop right yeah okay I'm not going to sing it going we'll do it together we not do that someone will cut the clip and they'll run it out they'll spool it out and then no I have a truly terrible singing voice but um I Wonder has the study ever been done or something similar to this where um people who are feeling pretty good or very good are exposed to sadder music and vice versa people are feeling sad exposed to um to sort of um ecstatic music or or positive lyrics um because I've often wondered whether or not humans like or dislike when things or people try and shift their state you I know in myself
他们无意中发现了这个相当有效的工具,可以把我们的情绪体验、或者说情绪走向,引导到我们想要的方向。挺有意思的,我刚才在想音乐和情绪转变的关系,就像你刚举的例子,你自己被激励起来,然后你女儿也被激励起来,对,“don't stop”,对吧。好,我不会唱的。我们一起唱?还是别了,会有人把那段剪出来,反复播放。不行,我唱歌真的非常难听。不过,我想知道,有没有做过这样或类似的研究:让心情不错甚至很好的人去听比较悲伤的音乐,反过来让心情低落的人去听那种很欢快、很振奋的音乐或积极的歌词?因为我常常在想,人到底喜不喜欢别的事物或别人试图改变自己的状态。我知道我自己,当我为某件事不开心时,我并不想
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14:49
when you know I'm like feeling upset about something I don't want to feel upset I don't think anyone wants to feel upset but if I hear a song there's like that's positive there's there's a moment where I'm like I can feel it kind of pulling on me and you sort of know like I could follow that trajectory and probably get out of this and sometimes one does and sometimes one doesn't you know we're and this gets to I think a more fundamental issue which is why I'm asking uh which is are we supposed to feel our emotions as a way to you know sort of dissolve them when we don't want them kind of the cathartic approach or with listening to sad music when we're sad just amplify the sadness these are great questions and um I have a couple of they touch on a couple of amazingly important issues that we need to get into so let's just do them serially so number one has the the study been done where you expose people to different kinds of emot um music sad versus arousing you know happy music do you see that push people's emotions
不开心,我觉得没人想不开心,但如果我听到一首很积极的歌,会有那么一个瞬间,我能感觉到它在拉着我,你隐约知道,我可以顺着那个方向走,大概就能走出这个状态。有时候人会顺着走,有时候不会。这其实涉及我觉得更根本的一个问题,这也是我问这个的原因:我们是不是应该去感受自己的情绪,以此来消解那些我们不想要的情绪,也就是所谓的宣泄式做法?还是说,难过时听悲伤的音乐只会放大这种难过?这些问题都很好。它们涉及几个特别重要的议题,我们得好好聊聊。我们一个一个来。第一,有没有做过这样的研究:让人们接触不同情绪类型的音乐,悲伤的对比让人兴奋的、欢快的音乐,是否会推动人们的
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15:45
around yes in fact sensory tools like music or visual images are one of the most powerful tools that we have in our Arsenal for pushing people's emotions around in the context of experiments so we want to induce a particular kind of state we can play certain kinds of music or show people images that are designed to elicit positive or um negative emotional experiences so images being another sensory modality Vision so so that's number one number two there's this very interesting phenomenon where when we are in a particular emotional state let's say we're feeling sad we often don't reflex L seek out the happy music we don't go to Journey instead we go to Adele right we're going to Chicago I'm giving you my age bracket here right like the music that has sad associations for me so there's this mood congruency if I'm feeling a certain way I'm going to go deeper into that state and have the music facilitate me why on Earth would we do that are we all masochistic do we just want to feel even worse this gets at I think a critically
情绪?有的。事实上,像音乐或视觉图像这样的感官工具,是我们在实验中用来推动人们情绪最有力的工具之一。所以如果我们想诱发某种特定的状态,我们可以播放某类音乐,或者给人们看专门设计用来引发积极或消极情绪体验的图像。所以图像就是另一种感官通道——视觉。这是第一点。第二点,有一个非常有意思的现象:当我们处于某种特定情绪状态时,比如我们感到悲伤,我们往往不会本能地去找欢快的音乐。我们不会去听 Journey,而是去听 Adele,或者去听 Chicago——这暴露我的年龄段了——就是那些对我来说带有悲伤联想的音乐。所以存在一种“情绪一致性”:如果我现在是某种心情,我就会更深地进入那个状态,并让音乐推我一把。我们究竟为什么要这么做?难道我们都是受虐狂,就想让自己感觉更糟?我觉得这触及了一个极其重要、却不常被
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16:58
important point that is not always talked about which is all emotions are functional when they're experiencing the right proportions not too intensely and not too long so sadness as an example is an emotion we experience when we've experienced some loss that we can't we can't Rectify right away like something has happened and you can't fix that so you've lost someone and so what does this emotion do well it it it hijacks the way we are thinking feeling and our bodies are responding so it motivates us to introspect to turn our attention inward to reflect on this situation to now try to make sense of it right something really important in my life has happen I now have to change the way I'm thinking about my life so I can find meaning and move on my physiology is slowing down so I can engage in that slow introspection but what's also really interesting about sadness is it's also impacting my facial display giving a sign to all of the people in my environment to say hey maybe we should check up on that person
谈起的点:所有情绪在以适当的程度被体验时都是有功能的——不过于强烈,也不过于持久。比如悲伤,这种情绪出现在我们经历了某种无法立刻挽回的失去时,就是说有些事已经发生了,你没法修正它。比如你失去了某个人,那么这种情绪起什么作用呢?它会“劫持”我们思考、感受的方式,以及我们身体的反应方式。它促使我们内省,把注意力转向内心,去反思这个处境,试着去理解它。对吧,我生命中发生了某件非常重要的事,我现在必须改变我看待自己人生的方式,才能找到意义并继续前行。我的生理机能会慢下来,这样我才能进行那种缓慢的内省。但关于悲伤还有一点很有意思:它也会影响我的面部表情,向周围所有人发出信号,让他们觉得:嘿,也许我们该去关心一下那个人,
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18:11
that guy cuz he looks like he's on his own in a corner right so can you detect when someone is sad if you see like a sad facial expression yes um when I used to teach these summer courses at Cold Spring Harbor in Northshore of Long Island that students would come in from all over the world and I've been there it's a great Sumer camp for scientist Al Laboratories all year and um my I eventually was director of a course there and my co-director and I used to have this um debrief at the end of the first day or two where we would talk to one another and we would you know go over the list of names and we'd say um and she was remarkably good at this just uh extraordinary like a superpower at saying you know I think everyone's settling in well but I noticed that so and so was kind of like might not be adjusted to the lag or might not be acclimating so well it's a very tight-knit group and the course is quite long for a course like that but it's important that everybody kind of feel engaged early on yeah um and people have
那家伙,因为他看起来一个人缩在角落里。那么,你能看出一个人是不是在难过吗?如果你看到一张悲伤的脸?能。我以前在长岛北岸的冷泉港(Cold Spring Harbor)教暑期课程,学生来自世界各地。我去过那儿,那真是科学家的绝佳夏令营。那些实验室全年都在运转。后来我成了那里一门课程的负责人,我和我的联合负责人会在第一天或第二天结束时做个复盘,我们会互相交流,把名单过一遍,然后说——她在这方面特别厉害,简直是超能力——她会说,我觉得大家适应得都挺好,但我注意到某某好像有点……可能还没倒过时差,或者可能适应得不太好。这是个关系非常紧密的群体,而且这门课相当渴望有这样一门课,但重要的是让每个人在早期就都有参与感,是的,嗯,而且有些人
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19:11
a tendency to dominate in those intellectually you know competitive environments and and she could just pinpoint who it was that was feeling a little bit outside the group we knew how to amarate that really quickly and from her I learned a bit of how to recognize the signs and it was rarely um just facial expression included that and some other cues that she just seemed to have a unconscious or conscious genius around um so uh for me I learned some of that from her I like to think I got better at it but I think some people are are just extraordinarily good at that detection and it enhances social interactions and so some people are really good at detecting it others are really good at displaying it I'm going to go back to my my my daughter so you know if something happens where she feels sad she exhibits this exaggerated response like she'll stick out her lower lip and even if I'm kind of upset at her like it is amazing the power that that has on me I have over it is so so beautifully manipulative manipulative
在那种智力上比较有竞争性的环境里容易占据主导,而她能一眼就看出谁感觉自己有点被排除在group之外,我们知道怎么很快地缓解那种情况,从她身上我学到了一点如何识别那些信号,而且很少只是面部表情,包括面部表情还有一些其他的线索,她似乎在这方面有一种无意识或有意识的天赋,嗯,所以对我来说,我从她那里学到了一些,我愿意认为自己在这方面变好了,但我觉得有些人就是特别擅长这种察觉,而且这会提升社交互动,所以有些人非常擅长察觉,另一些人非常擅长表现出来。我要再回到我女儿的例子,你知道,如果发生了什么事让她感到难过,她会表现出一种夸张的反应,比如她会撅起下嘴唇,即使我当时有点在生她的气,那种反应对我的影响力真是惊人,它太美妙地有操控性了,操控性,你知道,嗯,操控性,而且
便签引用
20:17
you know no man manipulative and um it it's it's a testament to the power that these displays can have on us so I want to go back to one other um question you raised in your last comment and we'll go back to the inner voice and its functionality um you raised the question about being shifted by others other people and perhaps either just our surroundings music or spaces sometimes you don't want to have your emotions be shifted and in fact when other people try to do that it can elicit what we call reactants like you get defensive because I don't want you pushing me in the particular direction I think that's a really important point that we need to be aware of as people living and working in these social environments where we're often well-intentioned but sometimes our well-intentioned behaviors can backfire and so there's this this beautiful research which shows that if you see someone suffering and you volunteer to help them and they haven't asked you to help them that can blow up in your face because that what a
这正好证明了这些表情对我们能产生多大的力量。所以我想回到你上一段话里提到的另一个问题,然后我们再回到内心的声音和它的功能。嗯,你提到了一个问题,关于被别人转变情绪,也许只是被我们周围的环境、音乐或空间转变,有时候你并不想让自己的情绪被转变,事实上当别人试图这么做的时候,会引发我们所说的抗拒反应,就是你会变得有防备心,因为我不想让你把我往某个特定方向推。我觉得这是一个非常重要的点,我们需要意识到,作为在这些社会环境中生活和工作的人,我们常常是出于好意的,但有时候我们出于好意的行为会适得其反。有一项很漂亮的研究显示,如果你看到某人在受苦,然后你主动提出帮他们,而他们并没有请你帮忙,这可能会让你自讨没趣,因为这么做
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21:28
does is it often communicates to people that you are thinking that they're not capable of handling their own circumstances and most of us like we're motivated to think that we're capable of handling ourselves and so there are still ways you can help people in those circumstances it's called providing invisible support which involves providing support to the person who can genuinely benefit from it but not shining a spotlight on the fact that that is what you are doing so how might this transpire there's some really simple things you could do so let's say my wife is um really overwhelmed with stuff and she hasn't asked me for help but I know she is at her Wits End work and kids and other kinds of stuff that are on her plate I can I can proactively do things to lessen her burden if it's her turn to pick up the dry cleaning and the groceries I'm doing that voluntarily I'm I'm doing that and I'm not coming home and saying hey sweetie look what I did today I did all these things you know can I have a pad on my back that's
往往会向对方传达出:你认为他们没有能力处理自己的处境。而我们大多数人都倾向于认为自己有能力搞定自己的事情。所以在那种情况下,你仍然有办法帮助别人,这叫做提供「隐形支持」,也就是给那个确实能从中受益的人提供支持,但不要把聚光灯打在「我正在帮你」这件事上。那具体会是什么样呢?有一些很简单的事你可以做。比如说我太太真的被一堆事情压得喘不过气,而她并没有开口向我求助,但我知道她已经到了极限——工作、孩子,还有其他各种事情堆在她身上——我可以主动做一些事情来减轻她的负担。如果本来轮到她去取干洗和买菜,我就自愿去做,我就默默去做了,而不是回到家说「亲爱的你看我今天干了什么,我做了这么多事,能不能夸我一下」,我们说的不是这个。或者说你的团队、你的实验室正在
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22:36
not what we're talking about it's about your group your your your lab is working under a deadline right to submit a Grant application and they don't have time to eat and you proactively have pizza delivered to the lab it's those little things that can help give you two more examples let's say that um someone on your team is really struggling with their their ability to translate their work for for popular audiences and that's something they're motivated to do really important skill for scientist to be able to translate what they do for others to consume before you pull them aside and say Hey you know I notice that you're stumbling on a few different issues and here are a couple of things I think you can do better before you do that direct intervention you might have a team meeting where you share out best practices hey what are the two things that I've learned that really have benefited my ability to communicate with different audiences what you're doing there is you're getting people the the
赶截止日期,要提交一份经费申请,他们连吃饭的时间都没有,你主动叫披萨送到实验室,就是这些小事能起作用。再给你举两个例子,比如说你团队里的某个人在把自己的工作转述给大众听众这件事上很吃力,而这是他们很想做好的事,对科学家来说,把自己做的事翻译成别人能消化的语言是非常重要的技能。在你把他们拉到一边说「嘿,我注意到你在几个地方卡住了,有几件事我觉得你可以做得更好」之前——在你做那种直接干预之前——你可以开一个团队会议,在会上分享最佳做法,比如「有哪两件事是我学到的、真正提升了我跟不同听众沟通能力的」。你这么做,是把他们能受益的资源给到他们,但
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23:38
resources they can benefit from but you're not shining a spotlight on the fact that you are directing it to them so it's kind of a back doorway of of helping or of Shifting the last uh the last tool I'll mention brings it back to sensation one of the most powerful ways we can shift other people is is through touch tactile sensation um you know what's the first thing that you do with a child to suo them when they are born hold them hold them skin- to- skinin contact I remember uh both times my my kids were born it was like you know I want to get in on that like you know cuz my wife got first first dibs with with both of our daughters like I want some of that you know skin- to- skinin contact uh that doesn't end after we leave the womb the the comfort that we experience the release of stress fighting chemicals that occurs when affectionate Embraces are registered uh that continues throughout the lifespan so if my daughters who don't particularly like Dad to volunteer advice to them on most things nowadays
你没有把聚光灯打在「我是专门冲着你说的」这件事上,所以这算是一种帮助或者转变情绪的迂回方式。我要提的最后一个工具又回到了感官——我们能转变他人情绪的最有力的方式之一,就是通过触碰、触觉。嗯,你知道,孩子刚出生时,你做的第一件事是什么,去安抚他们?抱着他们,抱着他们,肌肤相贴的接触。我记得我两个孩子出生的时候,我都是那种「我也想参与进来」,因为我太太在我们两个女儿身上都是第一个抱的,我就想「我也想要一点」,你知道,那种肌肤相贴的接触。而这种需求并不会在我们离开子宫之后就结束,我们体验到的那种安慰、当带着感情的拥抱被感知到时所释放的抗压化学物质,会延续一生。所以如果我的女儿们——她们如今在大多数事情上并不太喜欢老爸主动给建议——
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24:47
uh if I know they're having a bad day like I'll go over and you know I'll rub their back in a totally UNC creepy way that is an important caveat we should give to everyone who's listening what we're talking about here is affectionate but not creepy or unwanted touch it is touch that is mutually desired and there is some research which shows actually that when it is not desired you don't get these benefits and in fact you get the opposite Plus usually like lawsuits as well yeah sure no I I um I definitely believe that as a primate species which we are we are old Old World primates um I think they call it allopathic grooming like you'll see these images of these monkeys and lots of different species of of primates um you know just sitting nearby one another where one just has its even just its um I said its hand yes it's PAW it's hand it's PAW on the on the one next to it and they'll just sit like that for long periods of time yeah and then sometimes they're doing like an active grooming of of removing you know
如果我知道她们今天过得不好,我会走过去,用一种完全不让人不舒服的方式给她们揉揉背,这是一个很重要的说明,我们应该对所有在听的人讲清楚:我们说的是带着关爱的触碰,而不是让人不适的或者对方不想要的触碰,它必须是双方都愿意的触碰。而且确实有研究显示,当对方并不想要时,你不但得不到这些好处,反而会得到相反的效果,外加通常还有官司。是啊,当然。不,我,嗯,我完全相信这一点。作为灵长类物种——我们本来就是——我们是旧世界灵长类,嗯,我记得他们把那叫做相互理毛,你会看到那些猴子还有很多不同种类的灵长类的图片,嗯,就是彼此挨着坐着,其中一只只是把它的……甚至只是它的,嗯,我说「手」,对,它的爪子、它的手、它的爪子搭在旁边那只身上,它们就那样坐很长时间。是啊,然后有时候它们会做那种主动的理毛,比如去除寄生虫,这在灵长类世界里是非常重要的,
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25:55
parasite this is very important in in uh primate world uh as we know but you know grooming and and and you know picking and these kinds of things you see it in couples it's actually can be kind of endearing I suppose at its extremes it's kind of gross but you know it's it's rather endearing to see um somebody kind like remove a piece of lint off somebody somebody you know their partner's uh jacket or you know just or even just touch that is it's not doesn't look like it's geared towards any specific outcome yeah right it's uh and it doesn't necessarily appear romantic or that it's grooming so maybe the lint example isn't the best one but where you just see people that are just like actually on the flight down this morning cuz I had to fly in early it was I was sitting on the aisle seat in the middle was a a boy he was probably 14 15 and his mom was at the window seat and I went up to uh to use the restroom came back and he had fallen asleep on his mom's shoulder and I I took a look it was a very endearing
我们都知道。但你知道,理毛、挑挑拣拣这类行为,你在情侣身上也能看到,其实还挺让人觉得温馨的。我觉得到了极端的程度会有点恶心,但你知道,看到有人帮对方、帮自己伴侣的夹克上摘掉一点线头,还是挺让人觉得温馨的,或者只是那种看起来并不指向任何特定目的的触碰。是啊,没错,而且它不一定显得浪漫,也不一定是在理毛,所以也许线头那个例子不是最好的例子。但就是你看到有些人……其实今天早上飞过来的航班上,因为我得早点飞过来,我坐在靠走道的座位,中间坐着一个男孩,大概十四五岁,他妈妈坐在靠窗的位置。我起身去上洗手间,回来的时候他已经靠在他妈妈肩上睡着了,我看了一眼,那是个非常温馨的时刻。然后飞机落地的时候我说,你知道,能在任何地方睡着
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26:56
moment and then when we landed I said you know the ability to sleep anywhere as a superpower and he said I I learned it from my dad he said and it was a moment where I just thought it was just a very pleasant thing to see them in this touch on on the plane he clearly felt comfortable enough to do that remember thinking like yeah humans were a lot like the we're a lot like the other primates yeah there's there's a beauty to it and you know it is it is a tool it is one kind of shifter that has to be obviously used in the appropriate context all of our sensory modalities are powerful tools for I would argue relatively effortlessly shifting our emotions and I think that's really important because people often think that regulating our emotions is hard work to the extent that they believe you can regulate your emotions at all we'll talk about that in a little bit too I'm sure but but it all you know self-control emotion regulation like let me like roll up my sleeves and really kind of get in there yes it can at times
是一种超能力。他说,我是跟我爸学的。那一刻我就觉得,那真是一件让人愉快的事,在飞机上看到他们之间的那种触碰,他显然是足够放松才会那样做。我记得当时想,是啊,人类跟其他灵长类真的很像。是啊,这里面有一种美,而且你知道,它确实是一种工具,是一种转变情绪的方式,但显然必须在合适的情境里使用。我们所有的感官通道都是强有力的工具,我认为它们能相对不费力地转变我们的情绪,我觉得这一点非常重要,因为人们常常认为调节情绪是件很费力的事——如果他们还相信情绪是可以被调节的话。这个我们待会儿肯定也会聊到。但你知道,自控、情绪调节,好像得「让我卷起袖子真正下场干一番」。是的,有时候管理我们的情绪确实可能极其困难,而我们手上的一些工具
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04写作加护栏,答案从潜意识冒出
27:54
be extraordinarily difficult to manage our emotions and some of the tools that we have are effortful one example would be expressive writing this wonderful tool for working through problematic experiences you sit down just let yourself go for 15 to 20 minutes a day for 1 to 3 days this is the penny Baker this is the penny Baker writing effect this is this is a a just a remarkably wonderful um side effect free You could argue intervention for helping you deal with curveballs that life throws at you you vast amounts of data supporting the practice you vast amounts of data Benny Baker really deserves in my opinion uh if not a the psychology equivalent of a Nobel Prize I don't know what that is but um it deserves real deep praise for um developing that method because it's essentially zero cost takes a little bit of time and there's just what hundreds of studies hundreds of studies showing that these 15 10 to 15 minute cathartic writing just free associate writing usually with as I understand with a with
确实是费力的。一个例子就是表达性写作,这是处理困扰性经历的绝妙工具,你坐下来,让自己自由地写15到20分钟,每天一次,连续1到3天,这就是彭尼贝克,这就是彭尼贝克写作效应。这是一种极其出色的、可以说是没有副作用的干预方法,能帮你应对生活扔给你的那些变化球。有大量数据支持这种做法,大量数据。在我看来,彭尼贝克真的应该得到——如果不是心理学界相当于诺贝尔奖的东西的话,我也不知道那到底是什么,但他确实值得非常深切的赞誉——因为他开发了这个方法,而这个方法基本上零成本,只需要一点点时间,而且有多少来着?上百项研究,上百项研究显示这种10到15分钟的宣泄式写作,就是自由联想式的写作,据我了解通常是用手写的方式。嗯,我们做过一期节目,
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28:56
a writing better um we did an episode where I I talked about this and and received a note from um from him and um was grateful that we didn't get anything badly wrong in fact he was pleased with it I think that um he deserves a lot of credit we a powerful tool for selfhealing we actually just re um restarted a a prestigious speaker series at Michigan the cats newcome speaker series which is um designed to honor luminaries in the field and we actually kicked it off with Jamie coming to speak about his extraordinary work um because this is really a gift I think not just to the field but humanity and the butt though here is that it's an effortful tool it takes 15 minutes to use there is nothing wrong with that lots of things that we do in life are effortful but we also know that we don't like exerting effort as a species we like to conserve our resour sources as much as possible so if there are easy things you could do as well it's good to know about what those are and these sensory shifters
我在里面讲过这个,然后收到了他发来的一封信,嗯,我很庆幸我们没有讲错什么大的地方,事实上他对那期节目很满意。我觉得,嗯,他值得很多赞誉,这是一个强大的自我疗愈工具。我们其实刚刚重新启动了密歇根大学一个很有声望的讲座系列——卡茨·纽科姆讲座系列,它的设立是为了致敬这个领域里的杰出人物。我们的开场就是请杰米来讲他那些非凡的工作,因为这真的是一份礼物,我觉得不只是对这个领域,而是对全人类。但这里的「但是」在于,它是一个费力的工具,用一次要花15分钟。这本身没什么问题,我们生活中很多事都是费力的,但我们也知道,作为一个物种,我们不喜欢付出努力,我们喜欢尽可能地节省自己的资源。所以如果还有一些轻松的事你也可以做,那了解那些是什么就很有价值。这些感官转换器——
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30:07
music um you know looking at images right these are modality taste touch these are ways of pushing your emotions around pretty effectively for short periods of time that in a pinch like when your your daughter's not in a great mood or when you want to get pumped up before an important event can be useful and we often just go through our lives not recognizing how we can strategically harness them so that's my plug for uh for s for sensory shifters I'd like to take a quick break and acknowledge our sponsor ag1 ag1 is a vitamin mineral probiotic drink that includes prebiotics and adaptogens I've been drinking ag1 since 2012 and I started doing at a time when my budget was really Limited in fact I only had enough money to purchase one supplement and I'm so glad that I made that supplement ag1 the reason for that is even though I strive to eat Whole Foods and unprocessed Foods it's very difficult to get in a vitamins and minerals micronutrients and adaptogens from diet alone in order to make sure
音乐、看图片,对吧,这些是不同的通道,味觉、触觉,这些都是能相当有效地在短时间内推动你情绪的方式。在紧要关头,比如你女儿心情不太好的时候,或者你想在一个重要场合之前让自己兴奋起来的时候,它们都很有用,而我们常常就这样过着自己的生活,没有意识到可以有策略地利用它们。所以这就是我为感官转换器做的推荐。我想稍作休息,感谢我们的赞助商AG1。AG1是一款含有益生元和适应原的维生素矿物质益生菌饮品。我从2012年就开始喝AG1了,而且我开始喝的时候预算真的很有限,事实上我当时只有足够的钱买一种补剂,我很庆幸我选的那种补剂是AG1。原因在于,尽管我努力吃全食物和未加工食品,但只靠饮食很难摄入足够的维生素、矿物质、微量营养素和适应原。为了确保
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31:10
that I'm at my best meaning have enough energy for all the activities I participate in from morning until night sleeping well at night and keeping my immune system strong when I take ag1 daily I find that all aspects of my health my physical health my mental health my performance recovery from exercise all of those improve and I know that because I've had lapses when I didn't take my ag1 and I certainly felt the difference I also notice and this makes perfect sense given the relationship between the gut microbiome in the brain that when I regularly take ag1 that I have more mental Clarity and more mental energy if you'd like to try ag1 you can go to drink a1.com huberman to claim a special offer for this month only November 2024 ag1 is giving away a free one-month supply of omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil in addition to their usual welcome kit of five free travel packs and a year supply of vitamin D3 K2 as I've discussed many times before on this podcast omega-3 fatty acids are critical for brain health mood cognition
我处于最佳状态——也就是从早到晚都有足够的精力参与我所有的活动,晚上睡得好,并保持免疫系统强健——当我每天服用AG1时,我发现我健康的各个方面,身体健康、心理健康、我的表现、运动后的恢复,所有这些都有改善。我之所以知道,是因为我也有中断的时候,那些没吃AG1的日子我确实感觉到了差别。我还注意到——考虑到肠道菌群和大脑之间的关系,这完全说得通——当我规律服用AG1时,我的头脑更清晰,脑力也更充沛。如果你想试试AG1,可以去 drinkag1.com/huberman 领取本月的特别优惠。仅限本月,2024年11月,AG1将赠送一个月量的鱼油omega-3脂肪酸,此外还有他们通常的欢迎礼包:五包免费旅行装和一年量的维生素D3 K2。正如我在这个播客里多次讨论过的,omega-3脂肪酸对大脑健康、情绪、认知等等都至关重要。再说一次,去 drinkag1.com/huberman 领取这个特别优惠。
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32:08
and more again go to drink a1.com huberman to claim this special offer today's episode is also brought To Us by ju ju makes medical-grade red light therapy devices now if there's one thing that I've consistently emphasized on this podcast is the incredible impact that light can have on our biology now in addition to sunlight red light and near infrared light have been shown to have positive effects on improving numerous aspects of cellular and organ Health including faster Muscle Recovery improv skin health and wound healing improvements in acne reduced pain and inflammation improved mitochondrial function and even improving Vision itself now what sets juv lights apart and why they're my preferred red light therapy devices is that they use clinically proven wavelengths meaning they use specific wavelengths of red light and near infrared light in combination to to trigger the optimal cellular adaptations personally I use the ju whole body panel about 3 to four times a week and I use the juv handheld
今天这期节目还由Juve赞助。Juve生产医用级红光治疗设备。如果说有一件事是我在这个播客里反复强调的,那就是光对我们的生物机能能产生的惊人影响。除了阳光之外,红光和近红外光也被证明能在改善细胞和器官健康的诸多方面产生积极效果,包括更快的肌肉恢复、改善皮肤健康和伤口愈合、改善痤疮、减轻疼痛和炎症、改善线粒体功能,甚至改善视力本身。而Juve的灯之所以与众不同,也是我之所以首选它们作为红光治疗设备的原因,在于它们使用经过临床验证的波长,也就是说它们组合使用特定波长的红光和近红外光,以触发最佳的细胞适应性反应。我个人大概每周用三到四次Juve的全身面板,而且在家和出差时都会用Juve的手持灯。如果你想试试Juve,可以去
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33:05
light both at home and when I travel if you'd like to try ju you can go to juv spelled jv.com huberman juv is offering Black Friday discounts of up to $1,300 now through December 2nd 2024 again that's ju jv.com huberman to get up to $1,300 off select ju products let's go back to um just close the loop on the inner voice and the benefits that it provides so we talked about two verbal working memory right keeping in verbal information active for short periods of time and we talked about simulating and planning things like going over what you're going to say before an interview or um an important presentation let's turn to self-control and motivation so you exercise can you've talked about exercising no I I try to exercise um six days a week although some are short workout some are longer yeah you ever talk to yourself when you exercise oh all the time so let's hear it the world wants to know Andrew what do you say to yourself on your exercise depends on how well rested I am how motivated I am um
juve拼作 j-o-o-v-v,joovv.com/huberman。Juve正在提供最高1300美元的黑五折扣,从现在起到2024年12月2日。再说一次,joovv.com/huberman,最高可省1300美元,适用于部分Juve产品。让我们回到刚才的话题,把内心声音以及它带来的好处这条线收个尾。我们谈到了两点:言语工作记忆,对吧,就是在短时间内把言语信息保持在活跃状态;我们还谈到了模拟和计划,比如在面试或者一个重要演讲之前把你要说的话过一遍。现在我们来谈谈自控和动机。你健身——你提过你健身对吧?我尽量每周锻炼六天,虽然有些是短时训练,有些比较长。是啊,你锻炼的时候会跟自己说话吗?哦,一直都在说。那我们来听听,全世界都想知道,安德鲁,你锻炼的时候会对自己说什么?这取决于我休息得好不好,动力有多足。嗯,我举两个例子,分别处在动机量表的两个极端。两周前我在
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34:20
I'll give two examples at the opposite poles of uh the motivational scale I was traveling two weeks ago and I um was doing some exercises for that there's a muscle on the back of the shoulder the rear deltoid it's um I don't think anyone's favorite muscle to train but it's a very important one that's when you do this one you're right for shoulder posture and stability and got to train those uh that muscle group because otherwise people tend to get this inward rotating like you know thumbs pointing toward belly button and shoulders rolling forward thing and there are a number of reasons why it's important so you got to do the rear delt thing and I sat down to do the first work set after a couple warm-ups and I remember thinking like I love training I love training I have since I started training when I was 16 and I thought to myself for some reason I don't want to do this this morning and then I thought okay David gogins would probably start swearing at himself in his head so I started that a little bit and that
出差,嗯,当时在做一些训练动作。肩膀后侧有一块肌肉,叫后束三角肌,嗯,我觉得它不是任何人最喜欢练的肌肉,但它非常重要,练它是为了肩部的姿态和稳定性,必须得练那块肌群,否则人们往往会出现就是那种内旋、你知道的,大拇指朝向肚脐、肩膀往前含的姿势,而这件事重要的原因有好几个很重要,所以你得练后束三角肌。做完几组热身后,我坐下来准备做第一组正式组,我记得当时心里想,我热爱训练,我热爱训练,从我16岁开始练就一直是这样,然后我又想不知道为什么,今天早上我不想练。接着我想,好吧,大卫·戈金斯这时候大概会开始在脑子里骂自己,于是我也稍微试了一下,结果对我不太管用,对不起了大卫,呃
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35:15
didn't really work for me sorry David um and then I thought I'm going to go through every possible inner voice I can think of so I heard Joo willing voice I'm friends with Joo and her just saying like yeah whatever you're just weak you know or just uh like do it anyway kind of mentality and I just started cycling through all all of them and I made a deal with myself that when I ran out of voices to use that's when I would stop the set and I probably tripled the number of repetitions that I would normally get with that weight so it was it was like one part motivation one part distraction one part frustration and I was just pulling from the um catalog of possible voices of um kind of Coach like voices and uh it worked out pretty well yeah and then then at the Other Extreme I can recall many times because I put effort into it where I'm well rested I'm hydrated get appropriate amounts of caffeine in my system which I love and sit down to train and I absolutely love to train under those conditions the sun is shining music's
然后我就想,那我把我能想到的每一种内在声音都过一遍吧,于是我听到了 Jocko Willink 的声音我和 Jocko 是朋友,他会说那种,随便啦,你就是弱,你知道的,或者就是那种「不管怎样先做了再说」的心态。我就开始一个一个地轮着来,我还跟自己约定,等我把所有能用的声音都用完的时候我才停下这一组。结果那一组的次数大概是我用那个重量平时能做的三倍,所以那那感觉就像是一部分动力、一部分分散注意力、一部分挫败感,我就是在从脑子里那个「声音库」里调取各种可能的、呃,有点像教练那样的声音,然后,呃,效果还挺不错的。对,然后在另一个极端,我也能想起很多次——因为我在这上面是花了心思的——那种我休息充分、水分充足、摄入了适量咖啡因(我很喜欢咖啡因),然后坐下来训练的状态,在那种条件下我是真的特别享受训练,阳光正好,音乐
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36:16
playing and I just remember this was during a set this was a leg day always the hardest day set of heavy hack squats and just thinking I love this but I have this inner voice where every time I I start a repetition I go through thing where I brace my midsection so I don't hurt my back and I always look directly at the ceiling and I think about my Bulldog Costello and I think I'm gonna do this one for you I'm gonna do this one for you and I know at those moments my inner voice goes to he would probably just be sitting there like why are you working this hard Bulldogs don't like to work um so I I'm not really in a complete sentence generation inner voice kind of thing um but you have a very rich inner world right you are you're you know um verbal working memory stream is filled with with words when you are working out yeah and I'll tell you this I was going to ask you this later in the episode but um maybe it's relevant now I think it is when I was a kid after my parents would tuck me in to go to sleep
放着。我就记得那是在做一组的时候,那天是练腿日,永远是最难的一天,一组很重的哈克深蹲我就在想,我爱这个。但我有这么一个内在声音:每次我开始做一次动作之前,我都会走一遍流程绷紧核心,免得伤到腰,然后我总是直直地看着天花板,想着我的斗牛犬 Costello,心里想,这一下是为你做的,这一下是为你做的。我知道在那些时刻我的内在声音会变成:它大概只会趴在那儿,心想你干嘛这么拼啊,斗牛犬可不喜欢干活。呃,所以我其实不太是那种会在脑子里生成完整句子的内在声音类型。呃,但你的内心世界非常丰富,对吧,你是,你的你知道的,呃,言语工作记忆流在你训练的时候是充满了词语的。对,而且我跟你说我本来打算在节目后面再问你这个的,但,呃,也许现在就挺应景的,我觉得是。我小时候,在我爸妈晚上把我掖好被子哄睡之后,我常常躺在床上,把白天听到的各种声音在脑子里复演一遍,我感觉我
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37:14
at night I used to lie in bed and rehearse voices that I had heard throughout the day and I felt like I could hear them in their tone of voice and then I'd make them say different things just for my own entertainment so could have them say whatever I wanted but in a particular voice and um my friend sometimes teas me that I'll give people voices like I'll give someone like a Marge Simpson Voice or something I'll just they're like she doesn't sound like that at all but I'll just sort of create a narrative in my mind so yeah lot of lot of um chatter in there a lot of lot of voices yeah but not super organized it's not like I'm constructing a play it's just kind of you know it feels like things geys are up I you know I toour with them maybe and then but it's kind of a mish mash it's not super regimented these aren't complete sentences well you know one of the reasons why the penny Baker effect is believed to be so useful is because it imposes a structure on the stream going through our head which is often times
能听到他们说话的那种语调,然后我会让他们说一些别的话,纯粹是为了自娱自乐,所以我可以让他们说任何我想让他们说的话,但用的是某个特定的嗓音。呃,我朋友有时候会拿这个打趣我,说我会给别人配音,比如我会给某个人配成玛姬·辛普森那种声音之类的,他们就会说,她根本不是那样说话的好吗。但我就是会在脑子里编出一整套叙事,所以是的,脑子里有很多很多,呃,杂音,很多很多声音。对,但不是特别有条理,并不是说我在写一出戏,就是那种,你知道的,它感觉像是有些东西冒出来了,我大概会跟它们玩一会儿,然后,但那是一锅大杂烩,不是特别规整,这些都不是完整的句子。嗯,你知道吗,彭尼贝克效应之所以被认为这么有用,原因之一就是它给我们脑子里流淌的那股意识流强加了一种结构,而那股流通常是没有条理的。当你发现那股
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38:10
not organized and when you find that inner verbal stream going in the negative Direction so negative selft talk so the chatter right you're an idiot such an idiot or you're looping over a problem without making any progress putting those words in you know actually taking that inner stream and and making a story out of it is essentially what the penny Baker writing cues you to do because we are taught when we write we write in sentences there's a structure to our writing that we impose on our thinking up here in our minds it's a free-for-all it can go in all sorts of directions and that chaos is in part what can make chatter so aversive so glad you're bringing this up our very first guest ever on this podcast was a guy named Carl dth bioengineer he's a practicing psychiatrist he's one of The Luminaries of Neuroscience he developed these um light sensitive uh channels to be able to manipulate neurons in animal models but also now in human clinical work as well and one thing that he shared was
内在的言语流朝着消极的方向走,也就是消极的自我对话,也就是「杂音」,对吧,「你就是个白痴,真是蠢透了」,或者你在一个问题上反复打转却毫无进展,把那些话写下来,你知道的,真正把那股内在的流拿出来,把它变成一个故事,这本质上就是彭尼贝克式书写引导你去做的事,因为我们从小被教的是,写东西的时候要写成句子。我们的书写是有结构的,是我们强加给自己思维的结构;而在我们这上面的脑子里,那就是一片自由混战它可以朝各种方向乱跑,而这种混乱在某种程度上正是让「杂音」如此令人难受的原因。真高兴你提到这个我们这档播客的第一位嘉宾是一个叫卡尔·戴瑟罗斯的人,生物工程师,他也是执业精神科医生,是神经科学界的泰斗之一。他开发出了那些,呃,光敏感的,呃,通道,可以在动物模型中操控神经元而现在在人类临床工作中也用上了。他分享的一件事是,在他把孩子们哄睡之后——我
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39:19
that after he puts his kids to sleep I think now they're grown but um in the evening he'll sit deliberately sit still completely bodily still close his eyes and force himself to think in complete sentences for maybe an hour or so maybe more and I thought to myself wow like that that's a very disciplined practice it also speaks to what you're saying which is that typically thinking in complete sentences is not the default the mind so I don't know what his specific reason for doing that is he shared a few of them on that uh podcast episode but I'm sure there are others as well uh but I tried it it's very difficult to especially with eyes closed to not drift into multiple narratives kind of that the stream sort of split into your tributaries and then you know it sort of you dissolve into sleep or meditation experience almost dream likee state where you're you know these Lial States well that's I think where the writing provides a tool to structure your thinking talking is is a has a similar modality so when we talk to
想现在孩子应该都长大了——但,呃,到了晚上他会刻意地坐着,身体完全一动不动,闭上眼睛逼自己用完整的句子思考,大概持续一个小时左右,也许更久。我当时心想,哇,这这真是一种非常有纪律的练习。这也印证了你刚才说的,就是通常来说,用完整句子思考并不是大脑的默认模式。所以我不知道他这么做的具体原因是什么,他在那期,呃,播客节目里分享了几个,但我相信肯定还有别的原因。呃,不过我试过,这非常难,尤其是闭着眼睛的时候很难不飘到多条叙事线上去,就是那股流会分叉成好几条支流,然后你知道的你就有点溶解进睡眠或者冥想体验里,几乎是一种近似做梦的状态,你知道的,那种阈限状态。嗯,我觉得这正是书写能提供一个工具来给思维建立结构的地方。说话也是一种类似的方式,所以当我们跟
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40:25
people there is a structure to the way way we converse where we're not if I were to just talk to you the way I pinball in my mind you wouldn't be able to understand me and you would think I'm out of my bleeping mind right because I would be unable to have a a meaningful conversation with you so there's some research which shows that if you get people to think of um to recall a chatter provoking experience so think about something negative that's happened to you and then you randomly assign them to just think about it work it through in their mind versus write about it so I.E a penny Baker writing like condition or talk about it to someone else the talking and the writing both do better in terms of how they feel when they're done as compared to the just thinking because there's no guard rails to the way we think that we are taught I should add because we're going to give people guard rails later in this episode so in addition to using the penny Baker approach and by the way we'll provide link to some um resources
别人说话时,我们交谈的方式是有结构的,我们不会——如果我就照着我脑子里那种弹珠乱撞的方式跟你说话,你根本听不懂我在说什么,你会觉得我他妈疯了,对吧,因为我根本没法跟你进行一场有意义的对话。所以有些研究显示,如果你让人们去回想一段会引发「杂音」的经历,也就是去想一件发生在你身上的负面的事,然后把他们随机分配到不同条件:一种是就在脑子里想,在心里把它捋一遍;另一种是把它写下来,也就是彭尼贝克式书写那样的条件;再一种是跟别人说出来。结果说出来和写下来这两种,在结束之后的感受上都要比单纯在脑子里想更好,因为我们的思维方式是没有护栏的。我得补充一句,是「我们被教过的」护栏,因为在这期节目后面我们会给大家提供一些护栏所以除了使用彭尼贝克的方法之外——顺便说一句,我们会提供一些,呃,资源的链接
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41:29
for the penny Baker journaling because there's some free online resources that I think are really powerful for people to use if they want to use that as a template um for cathartic reasons or just you know get one's mind around a problem or something I'm very familiar with waking up and just feeling like everything is kind of not a storm in there but a a bit too disorganized to um to get my head right you know and so I need things to get my head right sometimes it's music sometimes it's writing I sounds like journaling is just a really useful prce practice overall um it's a it's a useful practice and it's an underutilized practice so we did um two pretty large studies during Co to look at how people how are people regulating their emotions on a daily basis to deal with the anxiety surrounding Co and we gave them a series of tools that they could check off if they use the tools that day and we learned a couple of really interesting things uh number one there are no one size fits-all solutions for folks so
关于彭尼贝克式书写日记的,因为网上有一些免费的资源,我觉得对大家来说真的很有用如果他们想把那个当作一个模板来用的话。呃,用于宣泄情绪,或者只是,你知道的,把自己的思路理清楚,去面对某个问题之类的。我太熟悉那种感觉了:早上醒来,就感觉脑子里一切都有点——不是说一团风暴而是有点太杂乱了,呃,没法让我的头脑进入状态,你知道的,所以我需要一些东西来让头脑进入状态有时候是音乐,有时候是写作。听起来写日记总体上就是一个非常有用的练习,呃这是个很有用的练习,而且是个被低估、没被充分利用的练习。所以我们在新冠期间做了,呃,两项规模相当大的研究看看人们在日常生活中是如何调节情绪、应对围绕新冠的焦虑的,我们给了他们一系列工具,如果他们那天用了某个工具就可以打勾,然后我们学到了几件非常有意思的事情,第一,对大家来说并没有一刀切的解决方案,所以适合A这个人和适合B这个人的
便签引用
42:27
remarkable variability characterized the tools that work for person a versus person B uh number two it was seldom the case that people used one tool in general people used on average three or four tools each day which I think is another really important take-home because I am often asked as for example what is my favorite tool for managing emotions I don't have a favorite tool because I'm typically using multiple tools and most people are doing exactly the same so it's it's kind of like what we're learning about emotion regulation is in some ways it's it's similar to physical exercise you you're not only going to work out your rear deltoids with the same exercise every day you would have like funky looking shoulders if you did right and you'd probably be pretty weak in lots of other parts of your body you're doing multiple things and the multiple things that you do to exercise I'm guessing are different from the multiple things that I do to exercise yet we we may well be equally fit well you may be a little bit more
工具差异非常大;第二,人们很少只用一种工具,总体来说大家平均每天会用三到四种工具,我觉得这是另一个很重要的收获,因为我经常被问到,比如说我管理情绪最喜欢的工具是什么,我没有最喜欢的工具,因为我通常都是同时用好几种工具,大多数人也完全是这样,所以我们对情绪调节的认识在某种程度上有点像体育锻炼,你不会每天都用同一个动作去练你的后束三角肌,如果那样练,你的肩膀形状会很奇怪,对吧,而且你身体很多其他部位可能都会很弱,你得做多种训练,而你用来锻炼的那一套动作,我猜和我用来锻炼的那一套是不一样的,但我们的体能水平很可能是差不多的,好吧,你可能比我稍微强一点,但我不太信,你懂我的意思,所以我们在管理自己的内心世界时
便签引用
43:32
fit than me but I doubt it you get you get the drift so there's this beautiful uh variability to how we manage our inner worlds to bring it back to expressive writing we found that expressive writing when people used it was really really useful it moved the needle on their Co anxiety but it was an underutilized tool people didn't do it very much and I think that's in part because it is somewhat effortful I want to ask another question about movement that falls on the other end of the spectrum to what we're talking about now which is structuring one's thoughts in the form of writing in order to parse an idea or work through an emotional state in 2015 I by the way I use these anecdotes not because um I want to focus on me but just as generalizable anecdotes okay the specifics here don't matter but I think probably most people are familiar with having an important decision where they have to weigh um you know path a versus path B and I was in that place I was I was actually choosing between a job at
存在这种美妙的多样性;回到表达性写作,我们发现表达性写作只要人们真的去用,效果非常非常好,它确实改善了他们的新冠焦虑,但这是一个被低估、用得不够多的工具,人们并不怎么去做,我想部分原因是它多少有点费力。我想问另一个关于运动的问题,它正好处在我们现在讨论的这件事的另一个极端,也就是把自己的想法用写作的形式组织起来,以便理清一个念头或处理某种情绪状态。2015年我——顺便说一句,我讲这些个人经历不是因为我想聊我自己,而只是把它当作有普遍性的例子,好吧,具体细节并不重要,但我想大多数人应该都经历过要做一个重要决定、必须权衡,你知道,A路线还是B路线,我当时就处在那种状态,我其实是在两份工作之间做选择,一个机构和另一个机构,两边都有巨大的优势,
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44:34
one one institution another institution Each of which had tremendous advantages neither had any you know like striking disadvantages but it was a really hard decision and those close to me at that time will tell you that it was just brutal been there yeah I made everybody around me suffer tremendously to the point where people are just like flip a coin now I'm not an indecisive person I think um you know it's one of these things where big decisions I think deserve a time and attention and and it was a time constraint thing so I was pouring over this procons list I was watching YouTube videos trying to figure out best ways for decision making I was trying to I actually um isn't isn't it amazing by the way when we're in those situations and I know exactly what you're talking about because I was pretty sure I was in exactly the same position the things you do in those circumstances to get some insight are are wacky like I'm sure you were Googling things that you had no business Googling these kinds of
哪边都没有什么特别明显的劣势,但这个决定真的非常难,当时跟我亲近的人都会告诉你,那段时间简直折磨人。我也经历过。是啊,我让周围所有人都跟着受了很大的罪,到了大家都说“你干脆扔硬币吧”的地步。我并不是一个优柔寡断的人,我觉得,你知道,这属于那种重大决定,我认为值得花时间和精力去想,而且当时还有时间上的限制,所以我不停地翻那个利弊清单,我看YouTube视频,想搞清楚做决策的最佳方法,我还试着——我其实——顺便说一句,这难道不神奇吗,当我们处在那种情境里的时候——我完全知道你在说什么,因为我很确定我当时处在一模一样的处境——在那种情况下你为了找到一点头绪而做的事情都挺离谱的,我敢肯定你当时在谷歌上搜一些根本不该搜的东西,什么决策树之类的,我是说,其实确实
便签引用
45:30
decision trees and I mean it turns out they mathematical models that um like there's the the the um actually my colleague at uh NYU Tony mavin I forget the name of the model but there's a model about how many um towns you should evaluate it's an old kind of old example of towns you should um evaluate in terms of where to start a business like is it two is it three and and there's an optimal strategy there in any event most of it wasn't helping I do believe that at some point you don't want too many committee members because it just gets confusing so the the two best pieces of of information came from the following practices one was a colleague said forget all the superficial proon stuff and I actually think this is proved to be very useful in all domains of life for me he said take yourself through a typical weekday in one place versus the other wake up where you going to go how are you going to travel take yourself through the practicals of the day because because everything else Falls away once you're
有一些数学模型,就是那个——其实我在纽约大学的同事Tony Mavin——我忘了那个模型叫什么名字了,但有一个模型是关于你应该考察多少个城镇,这是一个很老的例子,就是你在选择在哪里创业时应该考察多少个城镇,是两个还是三个,这里面有一个最优策略。总之,这些大部分都没帮上忙。我确实认为,到了某个程度你不希望有太多“委员会成员”,因为那只会让人更糊涂。所以最有用的两条信息来自下面这两种做法。一个是有位同事说,把那些表面的利弊清单都忘掉吧——我现在觉得这一点被证明非常有用,在我生活的各个方面都是——他说,你在脑子里把在这个地方和在那个地方的典型工作日过一遍,早上醒来,你要去哪儿,你怎么通勤,把一天里那些实际的琐事都过一遍,因为一旦你真正到了某个地方,或者进入某种关系,其他的东西都会褪去。把某一天完整地过一遍,别只想着
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46:28
at a place or you're in a type of relationship take yourself through a given day don't think about the relationship or the institution that you're going to work for the school you're going to go to that's important but take yourself through the entire day so I did that and then he said also do it on a weekend because you know well in our profession uh we tend to work all the time but occasionally you take a day off and so that was very useful the other thing that was very useful which was completely surprising to me was at that time um I was training in a boxing gym and I was doing some speed bag work and decent at it you know you get into a rhythm and and what's so great about speed bag work is that you get into a rhythm where you forget that you're trying to do the movement in a particular way these um Central pattern generators as we call them in Neuroscience take over and you're just kind of you know turning your hands over and away and you're like every once a while you can think okay you need to put
那段关系,或者你要去工作的机构、你要去上的学校——那当然重要,但要把一整天都过一遍。所以我照做了。然后他还说,周末也这么过一遍,因为你知道,在我们这个行业,我们往往是全天候工作的,但偶尔你也会休一天,所以这非常有用。另一件非常有用、但完全出乎我意料的事情是,当时我在一家拳击馆训练,我在练速度球,而且打得还不错,你知道,你会进入一种节奏,速度球最棒的地方就在于你会进入一种节奏,让你忘记自己在刻意用某种方式做这个动作,神经科学里我们所说的那些中枢模式发生器接管了,你就只是不停地翻转双手、一下一下地打出去,偶尔你会想,好,这里得多加一点转胯,或者多一点头部移动,练一下
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47:22
a little more hip swivel into this or a little more head movement and practice my slips or something but it's largely unconscious after a certain point and I was doing that and all of a sudden boom a thought just geyser to the surface and I made my decision and that was my final decision yeah and I never went back from that decision and so it was in the act of not trying to parse things through words that words sprung up from my whatever unconscious somewhere in my brain cortical or something cortical I don't know and it was like that's it and and I I I was overwhelmed by that and again I don't share all that because I I think it's speed bags or it's the example I gave before that's going to solve it for everybody but that that these answers to hard problems seem to come from very diametrically opposed approaches verbal construction of complete sentences with paper or deliberately like daero does and then also like not trying to get an answer at all Boom the answer shows up what in the world is that so it speaks
我的闪避之类的,但过了某个阶段之后,它基本上是无意识的。我当时就在打,突然砰的一下,一个念头像间歇泉一样喷到意识表层,我就做出了决定,那就是我的最终决定,是的,之后我再也没有推翻过那个决定。所以恰恰是在我没有试图用语言去梳理事情的时候,那些话语从我的——不管是什么——潜意识里冒了出来,来自我大脑里某个地方,皮层还是什么皮层结构,我不知道,感觉就像“就是它了”,我当时被那种感觉震住了。我再说一次,我讲这些不是因为我觉得打速度球、或者我前面说的那个例子能解决所有人的问题,而是说,这些难题的答案似乎来自两种完全相反的路径:用纸笔刻意地把完整的句子组织出来,像Dalio那样做;或者反过来,根本不去找答案,砰,答案自己出现了。这到底是怎么回事?这说明了这样一个观点:首先,对于
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48:24
to this idea that first of all there are no one fits all solutions to addressing many of the big kinds of problems and decisions we have to face so there are different modalities to self-discovery and insight and yes you can think very rationally and work it through and write about it and have conversations with other people and then you can also allow your unconscious problem solving Machinery to to do its thing we don't understand completely how this works but we do know that your experience is not infrequent many people report having moments of insight when they are when they are not otherwise engaged and and you know one line of thinking is that we are doing problem solving behind the scenes that we're not aware of and the and the solutions are bubbling up to awareness so I actually this may be the wrong usage of terms but I weaponize this process for myself so uh before I exercise before I get on the treadmill or or row or do whatever I'm going to do I will load up the particular issue that
我们必须面对的很多重大问题和决定,并没有一刀切的解决方案,所以通往自我发现和洞察有不同的路径。是的,你可以非常理性地思考、把它推演一遍、写下来,跟别人交谈,同时你也可以让你那套无意识的问题解决机制去发挥作用。我们还不完全明白这是怎么运作的,但我们确实知道你这种经历并不罕见,很多人都说自己是在没有专注于别的事情的时候产生了顿悟。你知道,一种思路是,我们在幕后进行着自己意识不到的问题解决,然后解决方案会冒到意识层面。所以我其实——这个词用得可能不太准确——我把这个过程“武器化”为己所用,就是说,在我锻炼之前,在我上跑步机之前或者划船,或者随便做点什么——我会先把我正在寻找解决方案的那个具体问题装进脑子里
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49:33
I'm trying to find a solution for sometimes it's how to word a a paragraph it might be if I'm working on a book how to find the right kind of story if it's a uh an interpersonal issue that I've got to smooth over I load that up and then I just get on the device it's usually an aerobic exercise that I'm doing and I just I just I don't really hard think about it in any fixed way but inevitably the ideas the potential Solutions bubble up into awareness that is a real valuable tool that I possess that I think allows me to to have success in various areas of my life it also identifies one of the reasons why chatter can be so unbelievably pernicious so we didn't get to all the benefits of the there's one more benefit of the inner voice that I want to get to but I'm going to take a detour here for a second CU I think this is really important if we think of chatter as the dark side of your inner voice you're basically continuing to Loop over the same problem in your head without making any progress what if this
有时候是某个段落该怎么措辞,如果我在写书,可能是怎么找到合适的故事;如果是一个需要我去化解的人际问题,我就把它装进脑子里,然后上器械,通常我做的是有氧运动我就只是……我并不会以某种固定的方式去苦苦思索它,但那些想法、那些可能的解决方案总是会自己浮现到意识里。这是我拥有的一个非常有价值的工具,我认为它让我能在生活的各个领域取得成功。它也揭示了为什么内心的杂音会如此难以置信地有害。我们还没讲完所有的好处——关于内心声音,还有一个好处我想讲,但我要先岔开一下,因为我觉得这真的很重要。如果我们把杂音看作你内心声音的阴暗面,你基本上就是在脑子里对同一个问题反复循环却毫无进展。万一发生这种情况怎么办?这为什么会发生?我真是个蠢货。你就只是不停地
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05絮语如何劫持注意力
50:41
happens why did this happen I'm such a imbecile you're just continually going over that negative phenomenon or experience you're not making any any Headway one of the things that that does is it consumes our our attentional resources it acts like a sponge that soaks up those limited resources and so what that means is when I get on the treadmill or rowing machine and that's typically the time that I spend innovating right coming up with solutions that allow me to progress personally and professionally I don't have my mind's not working to solve those problems instead it is stuck dealing with this other muck where I'm not getting it anywhere and and so we actually see if you look at the literature that one of the ways that chatter undermines people is it interferes with their ability to to focus and solve problems and that's a that's just one way it undermines people but that is a huge huge liability is there an association between trauma and elevated levels of internal chatter uh I would say even more than an
翻来覆去想那个负面的现象或经历,一点进展都没有。这样做的后果之一是,它会消耗我们的注意力资源。它就像一块海绵,把那些有限的资源全都吸走了。这意味着,当我上跑步机或划船机时——那通常是我用来创新的时间,对吧,想出那些让我在个人和职业上有所进步的解决方案——我的大脑却没有在解决那些问题相反,它被困在这一团别的烂泥里,哪儿也去不了。所以我们确实看到,如果你去看文献,杂音削弱一个人的方式之一,就是干扰他们专注和解决问题的能力。这只是它削弱人的一种方式,但这是个巨大的、巨大的负担。创伤和内心杂音水平升高之间有关联吗?我会说这不只是关联那么简单。我们常常把杂音看作
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51:51
association so we often think of chatter as uh what we called is a a trans diagnostic mechanism so it's a mouthful that predicts various kinds of mood disorders so what that means is Chatter refers to a process a process of looping turning the same material over and over in your head the content of that looping can take many different forms you could inject some sad cognitions in there I'm a such a is it okay to say should I say sure people I mean David Goggins was on this podcast yeah I mean pretty much anything goes typically we don't swear at each other but I'm pretty thick skinned if you need to you know I've been called way worse than anything youve been boxing I I actually boxed in high school I don't recommend people box unless they're you know they're professional and even then I mean I must say as a neuroscientist it's a lot of fun yeah and on W Wednesday nights I'd Spar a little bit but I will say this it's um there are other sports where you can go level 10 out of 10 yeah more safely
我们所说的一种“跨诊断机制”——这词有点绕口——它可以预测多种心境障碍。这意思是,杂音指的是一个过程,一个循环的过程,把同样的素材在脑子里翻来覆去。而这种循环的内容可以有很多种形式。你可以往里注入一些悲伤的认知:我真是个……可以这么说吗?我该说吗?当然可以,人们……我是说大卫·戈金斯(David Goggins)都上过这个播客。是啊,基本上什么都行。通常我们不会互相爆粗口,但我脸皮挺厚的,如果你需要的话。我被骂过比这难听得多的……你练过拳击。我其实高中练过拳击。我不建议人们打拳击,除非你是,你知道,职业的;就算是职业的……不过我得说,作为一名神经科学家,这确实挺有意思的。是啊,周三晚上我会打打对练。但我要说,嗯,还有别的运动可以让你全力以赴打到十分满,是啊,而且安全得多,对大脑安全得多,比如巴西柔术之类的
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52:57
much more safely for the brain like Brazilian jiu-jitsu and things like that you know where you techically don't want to insult the brain yeah I I as a neuroscientist I can't encourage people to Bo I I I I would agree um in any case uh I promise not to LEAP across the table if you do the same fair enough deal Fair Deal um so basically chatter refers to this this process of looping over and over if you inject some sad cognitions in there I'm an imbecile how can I you know I'm never going to live up to to my potential I don't belong here like so then you get if you take that to an extreme high intensity and you perseverate over time then you're getting towards depression if you inject anxiety provoking cognitions oh my God what if this happens and what if that happens and you go down that path of uncertainty and and fear well that leads you to more of the anxious route and if you are are filling that loop with traumatic memories and reminders of really painful experiences you can get pushed towards trauma too so
你懂的,那种技术上不会伤到大脑的。是啊,我作为神经科学家,实在没法鼓励大家去打拳。我同意。嗯,不管怎样,我保证不会跳过桌子扑向你,只要你也保证。好,成交成交,说定了。嗯,所以基本上,杂音指的就是这种反复循环的过程。如果你往里注入一些悲伤的认知:我是个蠢货,我怎么可能……你知道,我这辈子都达不到我该有的水平,我不属于这里——那么你就会如果你把这个推向极端的高强度,并且长时间地反复咀嚼,你就会走向抑郁如果你注入那些引发焦虑的念头——天哪,万一发生这个怎么办,万一发生那个怎么办——然后你就顺着那条不确定和恐惧的路走下去,那这就会把你带向更焦虑的方向;而如果你往那个循环里填的是创伤性的记忆,是那些真正痛苦经历的提醒物,你也可能被推向创伤。所以这是一个贯穿
便签引用
54:03
it is a it is a process that cuts across many different really serious conditions that we grapple with in society but I want I want to also be clear to to folks who are listening that if you experience chatter that does not mean you have any of those disorders If you experience chatter Welcome to The Human Condition my friends because most of us do at times and so we often don't experience it as intensely or for long stretches of time which tends to characterize some of those clinical groups I'd like to take a quick break and thank one of our sponsors function I recently became a function member after searching for the most comprehensive approach to lab testing while I've long been a fan of blood testing I really wanted to find a more in-depth program for analyzing blood urine and saliva to get a full picture of my heart health my hormone status my IM immune system regulation my metabolic function my vitamin and mineral status and other critical areas of my overall health and vitality function not only provides
许多种我们社会中所面对的、非常严重的疾患的过程。但我也想向正在收听的朋友们说清楚,如果你经历过这种内心絮语,并不意味着你就患有其中任何一种障碍。如果你有内心絮语,那欢迎来到人类的共同处境,朋友们,因为我们大多数人时不时都会这样。而我们通常不会像某些临床群体那样,把它体验得那么强烈,或是持续那么长的时间。我想先短暂休息一下,感谢我们的赞助商之一 Function。我最近成为了 Function 的会员,因为我一直在寻找最全面的实验室检测方案。我一直很推崇血液检测,但我真正想找到的是一个更深入的项目,能分析血液、尿液和唾液,从而全面了解我的心脏健康、激素水平、免疫系统调节、代谢功能、维生素和矿物质状况,以及其他关乎我整体健康与活力的关键方面。Function 不仅提供 100 多项对身心健康至关重要的生物标志物检测,还会
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55:05
testing of over 100 biomarkers key to physical and mental health but it also analyzes these results and provides insights from talk doctors on your results for example in one of my first tests with function I learned that I had two high levels of mercury in my blood this was totally surprising to me I had no idea prior to taking the test function not only helped me detect this but offered medical doctor informed insights on how to best reduce those mercury levels which included limiting my tuna consumption because i' had been eating a lot of tuna while also making an effort to eat more leafy greens and supplementing with Knack and acetyl cysteine both of which can support glutathion production and detoxification and worked to reduce my mercury levels comprehensive lab testing like this is so important for health and while I've been doing it for years I've always found it to be overly complicated and expensive I've been so impressed by function both at the level of ease of use that is getting the tests done as
分析这些结果,并由专业医生针对你的结果给出解读。比如在我用 Function 做的头几次检测中,我发现自己血液中的汞含量偏高,有两项指标都高。这完全出乎我的意料,在做检测之前我根本不知道。Function 不仅帮我发现了这一点,还提供了由医生给出的建议,告诉我如何最好地降低汞水平,其中包括限制金枪鱼的摄入量,因为我之前吃了很多金枪鱼,同时还要努力多吃绿叶蔬菜,并补充 NAC(乙酰半胱氨酸),这两者都能支持谷胱甘肽的生成和排毒,从而帮助降低我的汞水平。像这样全面的实验室检测对健康非常重要,虽然我已经做了很多年,但我一直觉得它过于复杂又昂贵。Function 让我印象非常深刻,无论是在使用的便捷性上——也就是把检测做完这件事——还是在检测的全面性和可操作性上,以至于我最近
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06拉开距离:直呼其名与凌晨两点策略
55:59
well as how comprehensive and how actionable the tests are that I recently join their Advisory Board and I'm thrilled that they're sponsoring the podcast if you'd like to try function go to function health.com huberman function currently has a weight list of over 250,000 people but they're offering Early Access to hubman lab listeners again that's function health.com huberman to get early access to function if you had to hire light for now and we'll get back to others in a moment the best maybe one or two ways to combat chatter yeah what would those be well that's um let me tell you about a couple of things that I do personally because like so like as we we try to regulate lots of different emotional experiences different tools work for different people and different situations there are you know upwards of two dozen or more science-based tools that that I that I covered when I wrote chatter when I got into shift the broader train of regulating your emotions there are even more tools out
加入了他们的顾问委员会,也很高兴他们能赞助这档播客。如果你想试试 Function,请访问functionhealth.com/huberman。Function 目前的候补名单上有超过 25 万人,但他们为Huberman Lab 的听众提供优先体验的机会。再说一次,访问 functionhealth.com/huberman 就能优先体验 Function。如果你现在必须挑出——其他的我们稍后再聊——最好的一两种对抗内心絮语的方法,那会是什么呢?嗯,那个……让我说几件我自己会做的事情,因为就像我们试图调节各种不同的情绪体验一样,不同的工具适合不同的人和不同的情境。你知道,光是我在写《Chatter》那本书时讲到的,就有二十多种甚至更多有科学依据的工具,而当我进入到情绪调节这个更宽泛的主题时,外面还有更多的工具。所以我不想想当然地认为对我管用的工具就一定会
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57:04
there so I don't want to presume that the tools that work for me are going to work for everyone uh my my first line of defense when it comes to chatter are two distancing tools so when I'm using the term distancing what I'm talking about is not avoidance per se we should talk about avoidance later but what I'm talking about when I say dist ing is the ability to step back and view myself from a uh a slightly more objective perspective and it turns out there are many different tactics that exist for doing this one tactic that I find very powerful is is language so I can manipulate the words I use to refer to myself so I will often use my name and the second person pronoun you to try to think through a problem Ethan how are you going to manage this situation if you think about when use words like you they are the verbal equivalent of pointing a finger at someone else and what when you use your name and you to work through a problem it's automatically switching your perspective it's getting you to
对每个人都管用。说到内心絮语,我的第一道防线是两种拉开距离的工具。我说“拉开距离”这个词的时候,我指的并不是回避本身——回避我们可以待会儿再聊——而是我说的“拉开距离”,指的是能够退后一步,用一种呃稍微更客观的视角来看待自己来看待自己,结果发现,做到这一点有很多不同的策略,其中一个我觉得非常有效的策略就是语言。我可以调整自己用来称呼自己的词,所以我经常会用自己的名字,再加上第二人称代词“你”,来尝试想清楚一个问题——“伊桑,你打算怎么处理这个情况?”你想想,当我们用“你”这类词的时候,它在语言上相当于用手指着另一个人。而当你用自己的名字和“你”来梳理一个问题时,它会自动切换你的视角,让你像是在给别人提建议一样看待自己,结果证明这是一个非常有力的工具
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58:11
relate to yourself like like you're giving advice to someone else and it turns out that's a really powerful tool because one of the things we know about human beings is we are much better at giving advice to others than we are taking that advice ourselves have you ever experienced this Andrew gosh no yes of course absolutely I mean our our Optics are just much clearer when we're um in observation than when we're internally unless I find um that I dedicate some real minutes or hours basically a sort of meditation not unlike the complete sentence construction exploration that we were talking about before just going Inward and really saying okay let's let's have a conversation about this true and having a conversation with myself in there and that always leads to an obvious truth yeah or sometimes a decision node that isn't clear to me yet but it leads some place that feels like forward yeah um but you're taking Special Steps to be able to to to align yourself with the advice that you would
因为我们对人类的一个了解是:我们给别人提建议的能力,要远远强于我们自己听从这些建议的能力。安德鲁,你有过这种体验吗?天哪,不——有,当然有,绝对有。我是说,我们的视角在观察别人的时候要清晰得多,比向内看自己的时候清晰得多,除非我发现自己拿出实实在在的几分钟或几个小时,基本上做一种冥想,有点像我们之前聊过的那个完整句子构建的练习我们之前聊过的那个,就是向内看,真正地说:好,我们来就这件事谈一谈没错,在心里和自己对话,那往往会引出一个显而易见的真相,是的,或者有时候是一个我还看不清楚的决策节点,但它会把我带到某个感觉像是在往前走的地方。是的,嗯,但你是采取了特别的步骤,才能让自己去遵从你会给别人的那种建议,而如果只是凭本能反应
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59:20
give to someone else like reflexively sometimes we stumble right oh absolutely I mean I and and the number of different ways that we can distract ourselves this is what I was going to ask in a few moments but I'll take the opportunity now I I am wondering as we're talking about this today if one of the more powerful hooks of social media is the scroll aspect that with essentially zero effort we can pick up a device and scroll through images and movies and it it will update us according to update the uh the imag and topics of course according to what it senses as our dwell times on certain pages and all of a sudden we don't have to think about what's in our head yeah uh my dad used to refer to um surfing the internet because at that time it was that and scrolling social media as kind of a a cognitive chewing gum it keeps us busy but it doesn't provide any real nutrition well you know it's interesting if you go back to um when Facebook first came on the scene one of the early prompts that it would use to get people
我们有时候是会摔跟头的,对吧?哦,绝对是。我是说,我们能用来分散自己注意力的方式实在太多了,这本来是我打算过一会儿再问的,不过我现在就借这个机会问吧。我在想,就在我们今天聊这个话题的时候我在想,社交媒体最强大的钩子之一,是不是就是“滑动”这件事——几乎不需要任何力气,我们就能拿起一台设备,滑着看图片和视频,而它会不断更新,根据呃更新图片和话题,当然是根据它感知到的我们在某些页面上的停留时长,然后突然间我们就不用去想自己脑子里有什么了。是的,呃我爸以前常说“上网冲浪”,因为那个年代是那么叫的,还有刷社交媒体,他说那是一种“认知口香糖”——让你嚼得挺忙,但不提供任何真正的营养。嗯,你知道,有意思的是如果你回想一下呃Facebook刚出现的时候,它早期用来促使人们
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1:00:25
to contribute textual information to do you remember what this was what is on your mind so you would be cued to share what is on your mind and you know it in in some ways you could think of various forms of social media as providing people with a giant megaphone for their inner voice right is literally asking you or it did what is on your mind right now so that's in terms of posting like what's on your mind but in terms of consuming information which I think most people on social media seem to be consumers more than creators um I mean it's remarkable to me how I can you know pick up the phone and I have a specific phone with Instagram and x on it and it's those apps are not on any other phones so that it's segregated from yeah if somebody sends me a tweet or sends me an Instagram post on I'm not going to I'm not going to open it I can't open it on those phones right and that's helped a lot we should come back to that because that's also modifying your your spaces which is another tool that I think is underutilized so we
贡献文字内容的提示语之一——你还记得是什么吗?“你在想什么?”所以你会被引导去分享你心里在想什么。你知道,从某种意义上说,你可以把各种形式的社交媒体看成是给人们提供了一个巨大的扩音器,用来放大他们的内心独白,对吧?它就是字面意义上在问你——至少当年是——“你现在在想什么?”所以那是从发帖的角度说的,就是“你在想什么”,但从消费信息的角度看,我觉得社交媒体上大多数人似乎更多是消费者而不是创作者。嗯,我是说,对我来说很不可思议的一点是,我怎么会拿起手机,而我有一台专门装了Instagram和X的手机,那些应用不在我任何别的手机上,所以它是被隔离开的是的,如果有人给我发一条推文,或者发一个Instagram帖子,我是不会去打开的,我在那些手机上打不开,对吧。这帮了大忙。我们待会儿得回到这个话题,因为这其实也是在改造你的空间,而那是另一个我认为被严重低估的工具,所以我们也该聊聊那个。我们肯定会呃谈到的。我发现的是
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1:01:30
should talk about that too we'll definitely um touch on that what I find is I'll say okay I'm going to take six minutes at six minutes till the hour take six minutes this and what's incredible is how fast six minutes seems to go by that's what's so striking it's it's remarkable and not always bad so we often talk about social media like it is a de facto harm to society there are negative features of social media that are well documented uh there are also some I would argue Redemptive qualities to it uh I'll give you one of my my personal ones which is you know sometimes like to unwind before bed I'm thinking all day I want to just watch some ridiculously funny short reels yeah raccoon videos yeah I mean you know my wife looks over at me she's like what are you laughing at and then I sometimes I show her and she goes why are you laughing at that right so but but you know the algorithm has learned the specific kinds of funny videos that I like and know I'm not going to tell you what they are and it it it it just
我会说,好,我要花六分钟,在离整点还有六分钟的时候,花六分钟做这个,而不可思议的是六分钟过得有多快六分钟过得飞快,这才是最让人吃惊的。确实很惊人,而且也不总是坏事。我们常常谈论社交媒体,好像它就是对社会不言而喻的危害。社交媒体确实有一些被充分记录的负面特征,呃但我认为它也有一些可取之处。呃我给你举一个我个人的例子:有时候我睡前想放松一下,我一整天都在动脑子,我就想看几个荒谬搞笑的短视频。是啊,浣熊视频。是啊,我是说,你知道,我太太会看着我,说“你在笑什么?”,然后我有时候给她看,她就说“你笑这个干嘛?”对吧?但你知道,算法已经学会了我喜欢的那类特定搞笑视频,我可不打算告诉你是哪类。这就是让人卸下负担,所以这是一种我非常有策略地使用社交媒体的方式,用来在特定时候把我的情绪
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1:02:36
lightens the load and so that's a way that I'm using social media very strategically to shift my emotions in a Direction I want them to be shifted at a certain time I think when we talk about social media and our our emotional lives the real challenge we face is how to learn how to navigate these new digital environments in ways that serve us rather than serve against us and undermine our goals we we we basically got thrown into social media without any rule book yeah we're the experiment we're the experiment and but if you think about it's a it's a new environment we were born into this physical world and our our parents our caretakers from the time we are able to understand things and probably before they are teaching us they're social I izing us how to navigate this space profitably they don't just like Lord of the Flies throw us into the world and let us let us kind of figure it out outcomes wouldn't be likely as good as they are for us if we didn't have the kind of instruction that we receive and
朝我希望的方向推。我觉得,当我们谈论社交媒体和我们的情绪生活时我们面临的真正挑战,是怎么学会在这些新的数字环境里导航,让它们为我们服务而不是反过来对我们不利、破坏我们的目标。我们基本上是被扔进社交媒体的,没有任何规则手册。是啊,我们就是那个实验对象。我们就是实验本身。但你想想,这是一个全新的环境。我们出生在这个物理世界里,而我们的父母、我们的照料者,从我们能理解事物的那一刻起,可能更早他们就在教我们,他们在把我们社会化,教我们如何有效地在这个空间里生存。他们不会像《蝇王》那样直接把我们扔进世界,让我们自己摸索。如果没有我们所受到的那种指导,结果不太可能有现在这么好。而我们现在才刚刚开始建立那样一个知识
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1:03:43
we're only now developing that knowledge base to understand hey here are the healthy versus harmful versus benign ways of navigating social media and I'm talking about social media now like it's this unitary environment different social media applications of course have their own norms and rules of the games you could think of them as like little different countries they have their own little micr cultures that you want to learn how to navigate and scientists are really busy trying to understand how they function But It's Tricky and It's tricky because creators can change how these applications govern by a press of a button right you could change the way the algorithm works and then you've got to start over to some extent I've been told that by people in my life that one of the main reasons they get onto their phone in the middle of the night if they happen to wake up is that it allows a very um soothing distraction compared to trying to wrestle with the you know fire hose of thoughts in their head yeah and that
体系,去弄明白:嘿,在社交媒体上,哪些做法是健康的、哪些是有害的、哪些是中性的。而我现在说“社交媒体”的时候,好像它是一个单一的环境,但当然不同的社交媒体应用有各自的规范和游戏规则,你可以把它们想成一个个不同的小国家,它们有自己的微文化,你得学会怎么在里面周旋。科学家们正在非常忙碌地试图搞清楚它们是怎么运作的,但这很棘手。棘手在于,开发者可以按一个按钮就改变这些应用的运行规则对吧?你可以改变算法的工作方式,然后你在某种程度上就得从头再来。我身边有些人跟我说过我身边有些人说,他们半夜如果醒来,会拿起手机的主要原因之一是相比去跟脑子里那股消防水管一样喷涌的念头搏斗,手机提供了一种非常呃抚慰人心的分心方式。是啊,而且
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1:04:51
yeah it's kind of like the way you describe these funny videos that you won't disclose to us that sounds like um you know they typically involve pranks oh okay noted um we used to hear um that people um you know would have a drink after work to just kind of like you know take the edge off or something like that I feel like social media is doing that for a lot of people yeah the way you describe it fits with that idea and that I I certainly believe that from everything we know about the Circadian Health literature that you want to avoid looking at your phone um between the hours of 11:00 p.m.
是啊,这有点像你刚才描述的那些你不肯向我们透露的搞笑视频,听起来嗯它们通常是恶作剧类的吧?哦,行,记下了。嗯我们过去常听说,人们呃下班后会喝一杯就是为了,你知道,缓一缓神之类的。我觉得社交媒体对很多人来说正在起同样的作用。是啊,你描述它的方式和这个想法是吻合的。而且我确实相信,从我们对昼夜节律健康文献的所有了解来看,你应该避免在晚上11点之后看手机
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1:05:24
and 4:00 a.m. most nights nobody's perect but that if you wake up in the middle of the night one of the worst things you can do is get on your phone and start scrolling social media but I'm guessing people do it because it feels even worse to just sit there with your thoughts in the dark it's a shifter but this is a perfect um segue back to you know you asked me about the tools that you recommend for fighting chatter and I'm telling you about the ones I use so there's a second tool that I will use automatically when I I detect the chatter brewing and I call it my 2 a.
大多数晚上都是凌晨四点,没人是完美的,但如果你半夜醒来,你能做的最糟糕的事情之一就是拿起手机开始刷社交媒体。但我猜人们之所以这么做,是因为在黑暗中独自面对自己的思绪感觉更难受。这挺微妙的,不过这正好可以引回到你刚才问我的问题——你问我推荐哪些对抗内心絮语的工具,我正在跟你讲我自己用的那些。有第二个工具,一旦我察觉到絮语要开始酝酿我就会自动用上,我把它叫做我的凌晨两点
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1:05:54
chatter strategy and I call it my 2 a.m. chatter strategy because every I seemingly like four to 6 weeks I will go to bed happy and content and then I'll wake up at 2: a.m. and like it is all going to hell really fast what time do you typically go to sleep uh usually around 11 11:30 interesting yeah this is a common problem for a lot of people and there are some tools like long exhale breathing and things that that clearly work I I long ago made a ision I refuse to believe any thought that occurs between the hours of 2: a.m.
絮语策略。我之所以叫它凌晨两点絮语策略,是因为大概每四到六周,我就会开开心心、心满意足地上床睡觉然后凌晨两点醒来,感觉一切都在飞速崩塌。你通常几点睡觉?呃,一般十一点、十一点半左右。有意思。是啊,这是很多人都有的common问题,也确实有一些工具,比如长呼气呼吸法之类的,明显是有效的。我很久以前就做了一个决定:我拒绝相信任何在凌晨两点到五点之间
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1:06:31
and 5: a.m. I just refuse I don't believe it it's it's as if somebody's lying to me in my head yeah and one could argue well maybe that's where the truth is coming out because your forebrain is not so good at suppressing these you know unconscious uh thoughts and sure all good but as you point out they are rarely the kind of thoughts that one can work with positive or negative so the tool that I use actually um implicitly activates an idea like the one you are describing so at 2 a.m. when the chatter strikes and by the way you say like this is common this is more than common when I present to audiences and you know thousands and thousands of people over over the years and I ask hey you ever you ever get 2 a.m. chatter maybe 2:30 a.m. all the hands go up this is a I don't want to say Universal Affliction but it is an incredibly common problem that people struggle with like the chatter at night so what I do is I use something called mental time travel mental time travel into the future and
冒出来的念头。我就是拒绝,我不相信它,那感觉就像脑子里有人在骗我。是啊,当然也有人会说,也许那才是真相浮现的时候,因为你的前脑没那么有能力压制那些无意识的念头,这也没错,都挺好。但正如你指出的,那些念头很少是你能拿来用的那一类,无论正面还是负面。所以我用的这个工具其实隐含地激活了一个跟你描述的类似的想法。所以凌晨两点,当絮语袭来——顺便说一句,你说这很常见,它可不止是常见。当我面对观众演讲时,这些年下来,成千上万的人,我问大家:嘿,你有没有过凌晨两点的絮语,或者两点半的?所有人都举手。这是一个——我不想说是全人类的顽疾,但确实是个极其常见的、大家都在挣扎的问题,就像夜里的絮语。所以我做的是,我会用一个叫做心理时间旅行的方法,向未来做心理时间旅行。
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1:07:31
what I do is I I ask myself and I typically use my own name to do it so I'm blending another distancing tool distance selft talk I said Ethan how are you going to feel about this tomorrow morning no matter how bad the chatter ever is at 2 a.m. to your point when I wake up the next morning and my my brain is fully fully awake and I have access to my my prefrontal C text and I could think constructively about things it is never as bad that next morning as it is in the middle of the night we of course have learned that over time because how many how many mornings have we woken up in our lives we could do the math if I was more sophisticated I'd do it on the flight I can't right but like many many mornings we have experienc this like chatter at 2: a.m. at 7:00 a.m. not so bad so when you jump into this mental time travel machine and you ask yourself how am I going to feel about this tomorrow morning next week next year 10 years from now what that does is it activates this understanding that what you are
我具体会做的是,我问我自己,而且我通常会用自己的名字来问,所以我其实是把另一个拉开距离的工具也糅进来了——抽离式自我对话。我会说:伊森,明天早上你会怎么看这件事?不管凌晨两点的絮语有多糟糕,正如你说的,当我第二天早上醒来,我的大脑完全清醒了,我能调用我的前额叶皮层,我能建设性地思考问题时,第二天早上的情况从来都不像半夜时那么糟。我们当然早就知道这一点了,因为我们这辈子醒来过多少个早晨?我们可以算一算,如果我更厉害一点,我会在飞机上算出来,我算不出来。但就是说,很多很多个早晨,我们都经历过这种情况:凌晨两点是絮语,早上七点就没那么糟了。所以当你跳进这台心理时间旅行机器,问自己:明天早上我会怎么看这件事?下周呢?明年呢?十年后呢?这么做会激活一种认知:你正在经历的事情,无论看起来多糟糕,
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1:08:38
going through as bad as it may seem it is temporary it will eventually subside and that does something very powerful for a mind that is consumed with chatter it turns the volume down on it which for me is often all I have to do to get back to bed so the official name for this tool is not mental time travel it is called called temporal distancing and it's a flexible tool you can you can ask yourself if you're struggling with a problem how you're going to feel about it tomorrow next week 10 years from now and it's another way of of broadening your perspective it's another kind of distancing tool that has a lot of science behind it so those are the those are two the two of the cognitive things that I do on my own and that nips a significant chunk of the chatter that I experien in the bud when it happens and I should add that because I know about what chatter is and I know about how these tools work I am exceptionally strategic in utilizing those tools the moment I detect the chatter Brewing so
都是暂时的,它终将平息。而这对一个被絮语占据的大脑来说,作用非常强大——它把音量调小了。对我来说,这往往就足以让我重新入睡。所以这个工具的正式名称不叫心理时间旅行,它叫做时间抽离。而且这是个很灵活的工具,如果你正被某个问题困扰,你可以问自己:明天、下周、十年后,我会怎么看这件事?这是拓宽你视角的另一种方式,是另一种有大量科学依据支撑的心理距离化工具,所以这就是那两个那是我自己会用的两个认知层面的方法,它们能在负面内心对话刚冒头时就掐掉很大一部分我经历的那种内心杂音。我还要补充一点,因为我了解什么是内心杂音,也了解这些工具是怎么运作的,所以我在一察觉到杂音正在酝酿时,就会极其有策略地去使用这些工具
便签引用
1:09:40
people will often ask hey do you ever um do you ever experienced chatter like yeah of course pinch me I'm a living breathing human being I do at times but I'm really good at detecting it and then implementing Tools in an almost automatic manner if this happen s if the chatter strikes then I'm going to coach myself through the problem using my own am andu and I'm going to jump into the mental time travel machine and ask myself how am I going to feel about this in the future if that's not sufficient then I'll go to like the level two response which consists of if weather permits I'll go for a walk in a in a safe natural setting I always feel the the the need to give the caveat about safe and natural because where I grow grew up in Brooklyn like the the natural settings were the place you you got mugged so they were not safe but you know a park I I find restorative and there's a ton of work highlighting the restorative features of green spaces but then what I'll also do is I will um I'll I'll I'll dial up the the chatter
人们常会问,嘿,你自己会不会也经历内心杂音?当然会啊,掐我一下,我也是活生生的有血有肉的人。我有时候也会有,但我很擅长察觉到它,然后几乎是以自动化的方式去实施这些工具。如果这种情况发生了,如果内心杂音袭来,那我就会用我自己的名字来给自己做心理疏导,然后我会跳进心理时间旅行机,问问自己:将来回头看这件事我会是什么感受?如果这还不够,那我就会进入所谓的第二层应对,内容是:如果天气允许,我会去一个安全的自然环境里散散步。我总觉得有必要加上这个前提,就是安全的自然环境,因为在我长大的布鲁克林,所谓的自然环境是那种你会被抢劫的地方,所以它们并不安全。但你懂的,公园我觉得是有恢复作用的,而且有大量研究强调绿地的恢复性作用。不过我还会做的是,我会去启动我的
便签引用
1:10:42
Advisory board so I have a couple of people that I have carefully thought about what these people do for me when I have a problem and they importantly don't just let me vent my emotions or or cathect to use that term before just I don't just get it out a lot of people think that the key to feeling better is to venture emotions there's research on this venting is good for strengthening bonds between people it's good to know that you know we're buddies now I could call you up if I'm struggling you're going to listen to me and empathize with me that's great for our relationship but if all you do is just validate what I'm going through and you don't take the next step to additionally help me look at that bigger picture and problem solve I leave the conversation feeling really good about my relationship with you but the problem is still there so just venting ends up leading to what we call co- rumination which can be pretty harmful the people on my chatter Advisory Board they know to First validate empathize with me learn about
内心杂音顾问团。我有几个人选,我仔细想过这些人在我遇到问题时能为我做什么而且重要的是,他们不会只是任由我宣泄情绪,或者用刚才那个词说,只是让我尽情发泄不要只是把情绪发泄出来,很多人以为想让自己好受一点,关键就是宣泄情绪,也确实有研究表明这种倾诉有助于增进人与人之间的联结,这很好,你会知道我们现在是好哥们了,我遇到困难的时候可以给你打个电话,你会听我说,会共情我,这对我们的关系非常有好处,但是如果你所做的只是认可我正在经历的一切,却没有更进一步帮我去看到从更宏观的角度去看问题、解决问题,我离开这场对话时,会对我和你的关系感觉非常好,但是问题依然还在那里。所以单纯地发泄情绪,最后会导致我们所说的「共同反刍」,这可能是相当有害的。我那个「内心对话顾问团」里的人,他们知道要先肯定我、共情我,了解我正在经历什么,他们支持我,并且很有力地表达出这一点,
便签引用
1:11:47
what I'm going through they've got my back they communicate that powerfully but then once they do that they start working with me to broaden the perspective to try to think through that problem which I'm having difficulty doing sometimes when the chatter is really really loud and you know typically when I get to that stage um I'm in pretty good shape I love your examples of how you deal with chatter your example of going to sleep and the reason I asked when you go to sleep at about 11: p.m. and waking up at 2:00 or 3: and that being a very common issue is as far as I understand reflective of the fact that early in the night our sleep is dominated by slow wave deep sleep with less rapid eye movement sleep and then somewhere right about that transition time it's not necessarily 2 or 3 a.m. per se but given that you asleep for about 3 4 hours after about 3 4 hours of sleep the proportion of our sleep that is rapid eye movement sleep relative to deep slow wave sleep shifts dramatically the intensity of our dreams shifts
但在做完这些之后,他们就会开始和我一起拓宽视角,试着帮我理清那个我自己很难想明白的问题有时候脑子里的杂音真的非常非常吵的时候我就会这么做,通常等我到了那个阶段,我的状态其实已经相当不错了。我很喜欢你举的那些应对杂念的例子,比如你讲到入睡的那个例子,而我之所以问你几点睡,是因为大约晚上11点入睡、然后凌晨两三点醒来,这是一个非常常见的问题,据我理解,这反映的是:夜里前半段我们的睡眠以慢波深睡眠为主,快速眼动睡眠比较少,然后差不多就在那个转换的时间点——倒也不一定非得是凌晨两点或三点——但考虑到你已经睡了大约三四个小时,在睡了三四个小时之后,快速眼动睡眠在整体睡眠中所占的比例相对于深度慢波睡眠会发生剧烈的变化,我们梦境的强烈程度也会剧烈变化,梦会变得更带有情绪色彩,而整个这个过程
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07时间感知、走神与社交媒体的变化球
1:12:50
dramatically they become more emotionally Laden and that whole process of having those rapid eye movement um sleep Associated dreams is strongly associated with the removal of an emotional load in the morning when we wake we know this because if you selectively deprive people of early night versus late night sleep and so on the reason I mentioned this is that um one tool that I certainly have found useful is that well two tools really if people just understand that one of the reasons they'll wake up Suddenly at 2 or 3: a.m. is that they're undergoing this transition from a one kind of one form of sleep to another it's almost like a different Beast altogether and that heart racing emotionally lateen thoughts is characteristic of where they're supposed to be in the Sleep architecture cycle and so for me so that's that's um number one the other is that um the tool that you provided of of getting into this mental time travel I I'd like to just double click on this um notion of time perception in sleep and dreaming I
拥有那种快速眼动睡眠——嗯——相关的梦境,与我们早上醒来时情绪负担的卸除有着很强的关联,我们之所以知道这一点,是因为如果你选择性地剥夺人们上半夜的睡眠、下半夜的睡眠等等。我之所以提到这一点,是因为,嗯,有一个我个人觉得很有用的方法——其实是两个方法——首先是让大家明白,他们会在凌晨两三点突然醒来的原因之一,是他们正处在从一种形态向另一种形态转换的过程中从一种睡眠状态到另一种,简直就像完全不同的另一种东西,而那种心跳加速、情绪激烈的思绪正是他们在睡眠结构周期中所处阶段的典型特征,所以对我来说,这就是,嗯第一点。另一点是,嗯,你提供的那个进入这种心理时间旅行的方法,我想再深入聊聊睡眠和做梦中的时间感知这个话题。我是说时间非常有弹性,你可以是一
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1:13:52
mean time is very fluid you can be one environment than another it seems compressed a lot happens in a short amount of time when we are in chatter in the daytime to what extent does it alter our perception of time um and I have a very specific reason for asking this because I believe that one of the main uh got of unifying features among the tools for dealing with depression anxiety Etc When I Survey the research is almost all of them journaling meditation even some of the medications for that matter involve taking people into a different sort of um time perception mode and it's a kind of an abstract idea but I I think um this this may resonate with some of the issues related to chatter that when we're in a mental frame That's not healthy for where we want to be at that moment awake when we need to sleep you know anxious when we want to be calm and so forth that changing our time perception seems to be the most useful thing that we can do or at least among the most useful so what's the relationship between chatter
环境比另一个环境更……感觉时间被压缩了,短时间内发生了很多事。当我们白天陷入内心的絮叨时,它在多大程度上改变了我们对时间的感知?我问这个问题有一个非常具体的原因,因为我相信其中一个主要的呃,在应对抑郁、焦虑等问题的各种工具中,一个共通的特点是——我梳理相关研究时发现,几乎所有方法,无论是写日记、冥想,甚至某些药物,都涉及把人带入一种不同的、呃,时间感知模式。这是个有点抽象的概念,但我觉得,呃,这可能和内心絮叨相关的一些问题产生共鸣——当我们处在一种对当下并不健康的心理状态时,比如该睡觉时却很清醒,该平静时却焦虑,等等——改变我们的时间感知似乎是我们能做的最有用的事做的,或者至少是最有用的之一。那么话痨式的内心独白和时间感知之间有什么关系?跟我讲讲
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1:14:52
and time perception and tell tell me more about what you mean by time per ception uh uh how broadly or finely we are binning time so we know that as autonomic arousal let's call it stress but wakefulness and autonomic arousal goes up we're F slicing time in fact the pupils get bigger we actually see you know depth of field changes we get higher resolution image of much less this is it makes every bit of evolutionary sense you know we can deal with fewer things better yeah and typically it's the thing that we're fixated or ruminating on when we're relaxed think about like sitting back on a beach and you're watching the clouds go by it's almost like you're rate yeah is slower so your you know higher frame rate is like slow motion this is why people who experience trauma often feel like things are or a car crash like see it in slow motion it's not in slow motion you're fine slicing time yeah it's kind of a remarkable thing right this is also how athletes learn to play with their levels of autonomic arousal Fighters can see
再多说说你所谓的时间感知是什么意思——呃,呃,就是我们把时间切分得多粗或多细。所以我们知道,当自主神经唤醒——我们姑且叫它压力吧,但其实是清醒度和自主神经唤醒——升高时,我们对时间的切分会变细,实际上瞳孔会变大,我们其实能看到景深发生变化,我们会对少得多的东西获得更高分辨率的画面,这完全符合进化逻辑,你知道,我们能把更少的事情处理得更好,是的,而且通常就是我们所盯住或反复琢磨的那件事。当我们放松的时候,想想比如躺在海滩上看着云飘过,那几乎就像是你的帧率,是的,变慢了,所以你知道,更高的帧率就像是慢动作。这就是为什么经历创伤的人常常觉得事情是——或者说出车祸的时候像是在看慢动作。其实并不是慢动作,是你把时间切得很细。是的,这挺不可思议的事情就是这样,运动员也是这样学会驾驭自己的自主神经唤醒水平的。格斗选手能看到拳头打过来,几乎像是
便签引用
1:15:46
punches coming in at it's almost like slow motion but they can react with full speed likewise with tennis players will describe this so what we're talking about is dynamically changing the frame rate of one's experience yeah it's a very interesting question and there's not much data that I'm aware of directly linking chatter with these um with time perception and the way you're describing it but what does come to mind are are experiences of flow which in many ways you might you might consider the opposite of chatter flow being this state where um you know you're just in the moment and and and time is effortlessly passing your the demands of the situation completely match the skills that you bring to bear it almost seems like the antithesis of what you're describing when I think about time in chatter what what I becomes most accessible for me is this tendency that we have to really zoom in very narrowly on the object of the chatter on the thing that is causing that distress and we focus you know so
慢动作一样,但他们能以全速做出反应。网球运动员也会这样描述。所以我们说的其实是动态改变一个人体验的帧率。是啊,这是个非常有意思的问题,据我所知,直接把内心絮语和时间感知联系起来的数据并不多,也没有你描述的那种研究,但我脑子里浮现出来的,是心流的体验——从很多方面看,你可以把它当作内心絮语的反面。心流就是那种状态,你知道的,你完全活在当下,时间毫不费力地流逝,情境对你的要求跟你所能调动的技能完全匹配。当我想到这些时,它几乎像是你所描述的那种状态的对立面说到内心杂音,我最容易注意到的一点,就是我们特别容易把注意力放大、聚焦死死盯着引发杂音的那个对象、那件让我们痛苦的事,我们会非常狭隘地盯着它不放,这当然也
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1:16:47
narrowly on it which of course makes a great deal of sense because what are we taught to do from the time we're little kids when we have a problem think about it share it yeah there you go you got it on try number one zoom in focus on the problem roll up your sleeves and get to the bottom of it and so that's that kind of really you're getting in there in fine grain detail and um you know some that does work for us a lot of the time but turns out when you inject a lot of emotion into the equation that can get really troubling and that's where this zooming out taking this broader view whether you do that through Visual modalities IM ination modalities like mental time travel you could time travel into the future like I've just described you can also go back in time like I do this quite a bit when I'm struggling with some kind of adversity I will go back in time and think of another experience in my life or someone else's life that I I know of when times were even worse and they got through it and oh if I got through that
很好理解,因为我们从小到大被教导的是什么?遇到问题就去想、去琢磨,然后跟人倾诉,对,你说对了你一次就答对了:放大、聚焦在问题上,卷起袖子,非要弄个水落石出于是你就一头扎进去,抠那些细枝末节,嗯,有时候这确实对我们管用,很多时候都管用,但事实证明,一旦你往这个等式里注入大量情绪,事情就会变得非常棘手这时候就需要「拉远镜头」,用更宏观的视角来看,不管你是通过视觉的方式,还是想象的方式比如心理上的时间旅行。你可以像我刚才说的那样穿越到未来,也可以回到过去。我自己就经常这么做,每当我遇到某种困境,我会回到过去,想起我人生中的另一段经历或者我知道的别人的某段经历,那时候情况更糟,但他们还是挺过来了,然后就会想:既然那都挺过来了
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1:17:48
well sure as heck I can get through this and so that's expanding our perception of time are are are looking at that bigger picture to work through something in the present moment how often do you think people and I do believe this is related to chatter but if it's not we can set this aside uh for another day uh how often do you think people are in kind of negative or positive fantasy like as they move through their day I'm sure a study has been done asking people what they're thinking about I me how often is it actually tied to what they're doing or they're supposed to be doing or are they think about like what they're going to do this weekend or maybe even constructing entire narratives of things that are like non-existent that they would like to exist or you know occasionally we'll see this person I think we've all seen this person kind of mumbling to themselves and it doesn't look like they're mumbling Pleasant things that's because they've just been rejected by a journal editor their article the experience of
那这点事我当然也能挺过去。这其实就是在拓展我们对时间的感知,去看那个更大的图景,从而化解当下的困扰。你觉得人们有多少时候,我确实认为这跟内心杂音有关,如果没关系,那我们可以先放到一边,改天再聊。你觉得人们在一天当中,有多少时候是处在某种消极或积极的幻想里?我相信肯定有研究做过,就是去问人们他们在想什么,我是说,这些念头有多少真正跟他们正在做的事,或者本该做的事有关,还是说他们在想别的什么他们这个周末要做什么,甚至可能会编造出一整套根本不存在、但他们希望它存在的故事情节。或者你知道的,我们偶尔会看到这种人——我想我们都见过这种人——自己在那儿嘟嘟囔囔,而且看起来他们嘟囔的不是什么好话。那是因为他们刚刚被期刊编辑拒稿了——这是每个科学家都有的经历。当然,这永远是二号审稿人的错,他们
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1:18:45
every scientist um and it's of course always reviewer number two's fault they didn't read the paper carefully enough of course and none of us have ever been reviewer number two by the way we've all been review number too um little academic inside inside ball humor there um you know you'll see somebody mumbling to themselves and it and it doesn't it doesn't look like they're mumbling Pleasant things yeah we don't know what they're saying to themselves but I'm guessing if we tap them and said hey what were you m mumbling I I would guess that more than 50% of the time it was um kind of frustration with stuff you kind of see this like the frustrated person it's it's a hard thing to observe actually yeah so so um people have looked at this and my memory of this wonderful paper I think was published in science I think I think the title was a Wandering mind is an unhappy mind and um basically the Takeover from the article was that people spend between well if you look at this paper and lots of
没有仔细读那篇论文,当然了。顺便说一句,我们谁都没当过二号审稿人,我们都当过二号审稿人。这是一点学术圈内部的小玩笑。你知道,你会看到有人在那儿自言自语,而且看起来他们嘟囔的不是什么好话。是啊,我们不知道他们在对自己说什么,但我猜如果我们拍拍他们说,嘿,你刚在嘟囔什么?我猜超过50%的情况下,那都是某种对某些事情的沮丧。你大概能看出来,就是那种很懊恼的人,其实这挺难观察到的。是啊。所以呢,有人研究过这个,我记得有一篇很棒的论文,我想是发表在《科学》上的,标题好像是《游离的心灵是不快乐的心灵》。基本上这篇文章的核心结论是,人们花在……嗯,如果你看这篇论文以及很多类似的研究,我们可以推断出的
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1:19:42
others like it what what we can deduce is that people spend between 1/ half and onethird of their waking hours not focused on the present so between 1 half and one/ third of the time we're drifting away and we're thinking about other things and this one particular paper link that process with thinking about things that cause you to feel worse I think there's huge levels of variability there though um I think a like being lost in thought can be a wonderful experience I love love love love mind wandering I think it's one of my strengths it is the source of idea generation for me it is also the source of emotion regulation I will one of you know my sleeping pill metaphorically speaking is is mental time travel it's getting away from the present it is fantasizing about the future right thinking about the good things that could happen the potentialities or going into the past and savoring some of the the positive things that happen I'm thinking about you know the the the soccer game where my kids scored goals
是,人们清醒时间里有二分之一到三分之一是不专注于当下的。所以有二分之一到三分之一的时间,我们是在走神,在想别的事情。而这篇特定的论文把这个过程和思考那些让你感觉更糟的事情联系了起来。不过我觉得这里面的个体差异非常大。我觉得,比如说,陷入沉思也可以是一种美妙的体验,我太喜欢、太喜欢思绪漫游了,我觉得这是我的强项之一,它是我灵感的来源对我来说它也是情绪调节的来源,我会说——你们知道的,我的安眠药,打个比方说,其实就是心理时间旅行,是从当下抽离出来,是幻想未来,对,想着那些可能发生的好事那些可能性,或者回到过去,细细品味曾经发生过的一些美好的事,我会想起,你知道的,那场我孩子进球的足球赛,或者我认识的某个人身上发生的好事
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1:20:45
or something good happened to someone I know or to me and and and that to me is a wonderful way of going to bed that is mental time time travel it is not being in the moment which actually raises another really important point that I want to get in there and I'd love to get your take on this because in popular culture we often hear that it's really important to be in the moment this has emerged as a type of cultural Maxim like be in the now and and this idea is often conveyed so strongly that if you're not in the moment we sometimes think there's something wrong with us like oh we got to train attention to bring it back to the present being in the present can be very useful in many contexts and certainly when we experience chatter we start worrying about the future or ruminating about the past refocusing on the present our breath a mantra yes lots of data support the utility of that but I always like to remind people that the human mind evolved to be able to travel in time and lots of amazing things
或者发生在我身上的好事,对我来说这是一种非常棒的入睡方式,那就是心理时间旅行,它并不是活在当下,这其实引出了另一个我很想谈的非常重要的点,我也很想听听你的看法,因为在大众文化里我们经常听到,活在当下非常重要,这已经变成了一种文化箴言,比如“活在此刻”,而且这个观念常常被传达得如此强烈,以至于如果你没有活在当下,我们有时会觉得自己是不是哪里出了问题,比如“哦我得训练注意力,把它拉回到当下”。活在当下在很多情境下确实非常有用,尤其是当我们陷入内心絮语时,我们开始担忧未来或反刍过去,这时重新聚焦于当下、聚焦呼吸、聚焦某句咒语——是的,有大量数据支持它的作用。但我总喜欢提醒大家,人类的大脑之所以进化出穿越时间的能力是有原因的,这个过程还伴随着很多了不起的东西。如果我不能回到过去,我不仅无法品味
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1:21:52
accompany that process if I can't go into the past not only am I not savoring positive experiences which add joy and vitality to my life I'm also not learning from my screw-ups which sadly happened to me on a somewhat regular basis right I'm learning from my mistakes by revisiting the past and if I'm not going into the future then I'm not I'm not planning I'm not simulating I'm not fantasizing so we want to be we don't want to shut down mental time travel I think what we want to learn how to do is how to travel in time in our minds more effectively without that time travel machine breaking down in the past which is what happens when we get stuck on an experience or in the future when we just find ourselves fixating on something that we're anxious about so um so being in the moment can be good but it is not the end point I think we always want to strive for to what extent do you think that texting and smartphones but namely texting has interfered with sort of time tested meaning over hundreds of
那些给我的生活增添快乐和活力的积极体验,我也无法从我的失误中学习——很遗憾,我还挺经常犯错的,对吧。我通过重访过去从错误中学习;而如果我不去往未来,那我就无法规划,无法推演无法幻想。所以我们要的不是关掉心理时间旅行,我觉得我们真正要学会的是如何在脑海中更有效地穿越时间,而不让这台时间机器在过去抛锚——那就是我们卡在某段经历里的时候;或者在未来抛锚——就是我们发现自己反复纠结于某件让自己焦虑的事的时候。所以,呃,活在当下可以是好事,但我认为它并不是我们始终要追求的终点。你觉得,发短信和智能手机——主要是发短信——在多大程度上干扰了那些经过几十万年检验的、让我们处理情绪和想法的机制,从而找到
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1:23:02
thousands of years uh time- tested mechanisms for us to process our emotions and our thoughts to arrive at better ways of thinking feeling being um you know nowadays if you get on a train or a plane or you're in an Uber or you're walk into your car and you have a like a thought about something oh that grant that idea it's so easy to just get into a mode of texting passive passive participation maybe through social media scrolling again not universally bad but you can go to passive kind of almost semi- dissociative State like you're not you're not really in the parking lot anymore you're half in your phone and half in the parking lot um and texting polling people around you as opposed to you know quote unquote in the old days where you had to actually grapple through this stuff as you describe your um the tools that you use to deal with chatter and to process information and to you know work with your thinking and your emotions you strike me as somebody who um has a rich Jungle Gym of things
更好的思考、感受和生活方式?呃,你知道,现在如果你上了火车、飞机,或者坐在优步里,或者走进自己的车里,脑子里冒出一个念头,哦那个项目、那个点子,这时候太容易直接进入发短信的模式了,被动的、被动的参与,也许是刷社交媒体,同样不是绝对的坏事,但你可能进入一种被动的、近乎半解离的状态,就好像你已经不真的在停车场了,你一半在手机里一半在停车场。还有发短信去问周围的人,而不是说,你知道,所谓“过去的年代”里你必须真正自己去琢磨这些事。听你描述你用来应对内心絮语、处理信息、以及处理自己的思维和情绪的那些工具时,你给我的感觉是一个内心有一整套丰富“攀爬架”可以玩的人,对,有一整套工具箱,还有一个应急开关,需要的时候
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1:24:01
to play with in there yeah and a toolkit and uh an emergency switch if you need it and all that stuff whereas most people I think um just they have their phone who you going to call who you going to text what what site are you going to Google Google search to um I mean it can't be good well um it often isn't but it it it can be harnessed and and here's what the way I think about texting and really how social media and the opportunities it gives us to communicate with others whenever we want how this has thrown a curveball into the way we manage our own emotions and sometimes inadvertedly affect the emotions of not just other people but groups of people and societies so when we experience emotions we are often intensely motivated to share those experiences with others there's this wonderful research program by a Belgium psychologist by the name of Bernard R who spent his whole life looking at what do you do when you experience emotions and and he found over many decades of work that you're
就能用,诸如此类。而我觉得大多数人呢,他们只有手机:你要给谁打电话、给谁发短信、你要去谷歌搜哪个网站。呃,我是说,这不可能是好事吧。嗯,通常确实不是,但它是可以被善加利用的。我是这么看待发短信的,还有社交媒体,以及它给我们提供的随时和别人沟通的机会这一切给我们管理自身情绪的方式抛来了一个变化球,有时还会无意中影响到的不只是别人的情绪,还有群体和整个社会的情绪。当我们体验到情绪时,我们往往有强烈的动机想把这些体验分享给别人。有一个很棒的研究项目,是一位比利时心理学家做的,他叫Bernard Rimé,他一生都在研究:当你体验到情绪时你会做什么。经过几十年的研究他发现,人会有
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1:25:10
motivated to verbalize it to get it out and there are a couple of reasons for that we want to relate to other people get their support but we also want to usually process it in the pre-social media era um two things had to happen typically to share our emotions first you had to find someone to share them with uh and typically in the process of looking for someone either to find someone face to face or or via phone time would pass now what we know about time is that as time proceedes our emotions in general tend to fade so there's this wonderful work on the duration of emotional experiences and our emotional experiences all follow a common trajectory so something happens in the world or in our mind we imagine something that is provoking in some way our emotions get triggered and then as time goes on they eventually Peter out and depending on who the person is and what they're dealing with you know some people may Peak more intensely than others and fade more quickly some maybe have shallower Peaks and take longer to
强烈的动机把它说出来、把它宣泄出来,原因有几个:我们想和别人产生连接,得到他们的支持,但我们通常也想借此加工这段经历。在社交媒体出现之前,要分享我们的情绪通常得先满足两件事:首先你得找到一个可以分享的对象,而通常在寻找这个人的过程中——无论是找人面对面聊还是打电话——时间会流逝。而我们知道,随着时间推移,我们的情绪总体上会逐渐淡去。关于情绪体验持续时长有一项很棒的研究,我们的情绪体验都遵循一条共同的轨迹:世界上发生了某件事,或者我们在脑海里想象出某种有挑动性的东西,我们的情绪被触发,然后随着时间推移,它最终会慢慢消退。当然这取决于人是谁、他们在面对什么,你知道,有些人的峰值可能比别人更强烈,消退也更快;有些人的峰值比较平缓,但消退得更慢。可他们都遵循这个基本
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1:26:19
subside but they all follow that basic trajectory over time so let's go back to the pre-social media era right so you got to find someone to talk to and while you're trying to find someone to talk to time is passing that's acting to temper our emotions now once you find someone to talk to either face to face or via phone the moment you start talking you are now a wash in all of this feedback this emotional feedback whether it's coming from your face like you're giving me all sorts of information right now I would benefit from smiling if you could there we go thank you I'm just joking for those who are listening but I'm getting information from you and if I'm talking to someone on the phone likewise I'm getting their vocal tone is expressing to me how they feel that is also working to constrain how we communicate with others and it's typically keeping our emotions I would argue in check in balance in proportion we're stripping away time with social media and we're also stripping away that kind of emotional
的时间轨迹。那我们回到社交媒体之前的年代,对吧,你得先找到一个能说话的人,而在你找人的过程中时间在流逝,这本身就在缓和我们的情绪。然后,一旦你找到了人聊天,不管是面对面还是通过电话,从你开口的那一刻起,你就沉浸在各种反馈里,各种情绪反馈,不管它来自你的表情——比如你现在就在给我传递各种信息,你要是能笑一下对我会更有帮助,好,来了谢谢,我开玩笑的,各位听众——但我确实在从你身上获取信息;如果我是在跟人打电话,同样地,我会从他们的语调里感受到他们的情绪状态,这些同样在约束着我们与他人沟通的方式,而我认为它通常让我们的情绪保持在合理范围内、保持平衡、保持分寸。而社交媒体剥夺了时间这一层也剥夺了那种情绪反馈,这让我们能以一种远为不加过滤的方式释放情绪,
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1:27:23
feedback this enables us to release our emotions in a much more unfiltered way and I think this is why you often have situations that people are saying things via text or online that they would never say to another person's face or over the phone and I think this is one of the factors that can promote some uh pretty negative forces in society so cyber bullying and um you know the spread of moral out AG surrounding certain issues that might take a more constructive form if they were done in a different context now that is not to say that social media isn't useful for spreading certain kinds of of messages that require attention and are deserving of collective distress it can be an amazingly useful tool that brings about needed change but I think we do need to be conscious of how interacting with this technology has really fundamentally altered the way we communicate emotional information when I think about the different ways to parse a a problem a real or imagined problem um and I think about the role of web searches um it
我想这就是为什么经常出现这种情况:人们在短信里或网上说的话,是他们绝不会当面或在电话里说出口的。我认为这是能助长社会上某些相当负面力量的因素之一,比如网络霸凌,还有围绕某些议题的道德义愤的扩散,而这些议题如果换个场合表达,本可能采取更有建设性的形式。当然这并不是说社交媒体对传播某些需要被关注、值得引发集体愤慨的信息没有用,它可以是一个极其有用的工具,能带来必要的改变。但我认为我们确实需要意识到,与这项技术互动从根本上改变了我们传递情绪信息的方式。当我想到剖析一个问题的不同方式时——一个真实的或想象出来的问题——呃,我想到网络搜索的作用,它会立刻把我带到社交
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1:28:42
immediately takes me to either social media or to it could be Reddit could be some article that was written and posted online in 2019 you know these will resurface they repurpose these things all the time it's I don't why they do that I just got emailed this morning about an interview to fact check that I did in 2019 go figure I mean it's cool that there's um I guess that there's um archival material on the internet that not everything is fleeting um certainly in the podcast space you know we like to think that the information on this podcast will archival um and we can update it over time and and that actually brings me to the the the very specific question which is about AI you know with AI web searches are now changing fundamentally they're you're no longer being brought to a site that is just a designated site you're getting information back that's the you know the the amalgam of a lot of information funneled through presumably the large language models are changing all the time but funneled through U kind of your
媒体,或者可能是 Reddit,也可能是某篇 2019 年写好发到网上的文章,你知道这些东西会不断被重新翻出来,它们总是被反复再利用,我不知道为什么会这样。我今天早上还收到一封邮件要我核实一篇 2019 年做的访谈,你说巧不巧。我是说,挺酷的,呃,我想是的,呃互联网上有存档的资料,不是所有东西都转瞬即逝。呃,当然在播客这个领域,你知道我们也希望这个播客里的信息能成为可以长期存档的内容,呃,而且我们可以随时间更新它。这其实引出了我那个非常具体的问题,是关于人工智能的。你知道,有了 AI,网络搜索正在发生根本性的变化,你不再是被带到某一个特定的网站,你拿回来的信息是,你知道的,大量信息的综合体,经由——大概是不断在变化的大语言模型——过滤,但也经由,呃,你的
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1:29:43
search Behavior your preferences Etc so web searches are no longer just um site destination uh Journeys they are you know uh recipes of information that are filtered and combined and given back to us which makes me think that maybe AI can provide a kind of pseudo self that is wiser than ourselves in any moment or potentially wiser than we are in any moment because they can access information that is not dependent on like bodily State shifts like like at 2:30 in the morning 3:30 in the morning a a small problem can seem huge and a huge problem can seem absolutely overwhelming just crushing us mhm at 7:00 A.M it's different when we search on the web now like how to you know how to get through bankruptcy let's say somebody's dealing with bankruptcy they're going to there's information to go to but with AI it can give you the information in the form and in the and from the sources that are most meaningful to you and it doesn't even if it's 2:30 in the morning for you the AI is fresh it doesn't need
搜索行为、你的偏好等等来过滤。所以网络搜索不再只是,呃,通往某个网站的旅程,它们是,你知道,一种信息的“配方”,被筛选、被组合,然后交还给我们。这让我想到,也许 AI 能提供一种伪自我,一个在任何时刻都比我们自己更明智的自我,或者说有可能比我们更明智,因为它能获取那些不依赖于身体状态变化的信息。比如说,在凌晨两点半、三点半一个小问题会显得巨大无比,而一个大问题会显得完全压得你喘不过气,把你彻底压垮,嗯,可到了早上七点感受就不一样了。现在我们上网搜索,比如说搜“怎么,你知道,怎么熬过破产”,假设有人正在经历破产,他们会去查——网上有信息可看;但有了 AI,它能以对你最有意义的形式、用对你最有意义的方式、从对你最有意义的来源把信息给你,而且哪怕是凌晨两点半对你来说很煎熬,AI 依然精神抖擞,它不需要睡觉,对吧。在我看来这相对于我们自己的大脑是个明显的优势。
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1:30:44
to sleep right that seems to me like a distinct advantage over our own minds and I know AI is controversial is it going to get smarter than us is it going to tell us to go do bad things kind of thing okay that's a whole different discussion but seems to me the AI could be pretty good maybe even terrific at helping us resolve problems because it doesn't have these State shifts and it's really tailored to us well it it can be and I think you know AI I think of it as a as a new tool that is has you know amazing potential um and I actually think it has the potential to help us advance on a problem where psychologists like myself currently find ourself fixed so if I if I look back at the last 20 30 years of research on emotion regulation I'm talking here not just about managing chatter but managing the whole Suite of unwanted emotional states that we might encounter in our lives what I can do is I can point to several individual tools that are empirically supported science-based tools and scientists have
我知道 AI 是有争议的,它会不会变得比我们更聪明,会不会叫我们去做坏事,诸如此类的问题,好吧,那是另一个话题了。但在我看来,AI 可能相当擅长,甚至可能非常出色地帮我们解决问题,因为它没有这些状态波动,而且它是真正为我们量身定制的。嗯,它确实有这个可能,我觉得,你知道,我把 AI 看作一种新工具,它具有,你知道,惊人的潜力。而且我其实认为它有潜力帮我们在一个像我这样的心理学家目前卡住的问题上取得进展。如果我回顾过去二三十年关于情绪调节的研究——我这里说的不只是管理内心絮语,而是管理我们生活中可能遇到的一整套不想要的情绪状态——我能做的是我可以指出好几种单独的工具,它们都是有实证支持的、基于科学的工具,而科学家们也很好地刻画了
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1:31:47
do done a really good job profiling how these individual tools work mechanistically they've often gone down to the to the brain level they've looked at them in intervention context and everything in between so we have a pretty good sense of how individual tools work but what we are now learning is individual tools are not the name of the game because we are often doing multiple things to manage our emotions and the combinations of tools we use within people they often vary across situations in ways that we don't completely understand and there's variability between people as well so the the Blends or cocktails of tools that are most beneficial to us remain to be illuminated so if someone comes to me with a problem I can go through all the tools in the toolbx what I can't do is I can't prescribe combinations of tools and say hey for the kinds of problems that you are experiencing and the kind of person that you are here are the four things that you should do but that person over there they should do these
这些单独的工具在机制层面是如何起作用的,他们常常深入到大脑层面,也在干预情境中研究过它们,以及介于两者之间的各种研究。所以我们对单个工具如何起作用有相当好的了解。但我们现在越来越意识到,单个工具并不是关键所在,因为我们往往会同时做好几件事来管理情绪,而我们使用的工具组合,哪怕在同一个人身上,也常常因情境而异,而其中的规律我们还没有完全搞清楚,人与人之间也存在差异。所以哪些工具的混合或者说“鸡尾酒配方”对我们最有益,还有待揭示。所以如果有人带着问题来找我我可以把工具箱里的工具一个个过一遍,但我做不到的是,我没法开出工具的组合处方,说“嘿,针对你正在经历的这类问题,以及你这样的人,你应该做这四件事;而那边那个人,他应该做这六件事”。我认为 AI 有潜力,
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08假想朋友与自我对话的起源
1:32:47
six things I think AI has the potential with the right inputs to help us learn about those patterns that explain how to optimize emotion regulation on an individual basis and that is a remarkably tantalizing possibility for that technology you mentioned you have kids yeah um when my sister who's three years older than I am uh was a kid my dad tells the story that um she had an imaginary friend Larry Larry was a girl lived in a purple house you know this imaginary friend Larry had all the the um the components of a a child's mind that is unrestricted by all the barriers of naming and things like that you know um and my dad said that my sister used to play with Larry in her room for hours just talking to Larry and like you know with her doll houses and her toys and her things and doing and then one day my dad uh he loves this story I don't know why he loves the story in particular but he he was standing outside her door and she was playing with Larry her imaginary friend talking to Larry and then she
在有合适输入的前提下,帮我们弄清那些规律,从而在个体层面上优化情绪调节,这对这项技术来说是个极其诱人的可能性。你提到你有孩子是的。嗯,我姐姐比我大三岁,在她还是小孩的时候,我爸爸讲过一个故事,说她有一个假想朋友叫 Larry。Larry 是个女孩,住在一栋紫色的房子里。你知道,这个假想朋友 Larry 具备了呃,一个不受命名之类各种条条框框限制的儿童心智的全部特征,你知道的,呃。我爸爸说我姐姐以前会在她房间里跟 Larry 玩上好几个小时,就一直跟 Larry 说话,还有,你知道,用她的娃娃屋、她的玩具和她的那些东西玩。然后有一天,我爸爸——呃,他特别爱讲这个故事,我不知道他为什么偏偏那么喜欢这个故事——他站在她房门外,她正在跟她的假想朋友 Larry 玩,跟 Larry 说话,然后她停了下来,转过身,我爸爸就说,呃,Larry 怎么样了?她说,Larry 死了。
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1:33:55
stopped and turned around and he said um how's Larry and she said Larry's dead and he she never talked about Larry again like it was this sort of collision between Fantasy Life and real world this is how I interpret it and that was it yeah Larry was done yeah poor Larry poor Larry well maybe it was time you know I mean she was maybe going to be seven soon and maybe maybe it served her well so I've always wanted to ask somebody this question I think you are the person to ask this question are Imaginary Friends common in children and are Imaginary Friends the primordial form of our internal dialogue with our self just fascinated by and are there some adults who maintain imaginary friends and the re and I'll set an additional context which which will be especially relevant to the listeners of this podcast which was in the very seat that you're sitting about this time last year David Goggins was here and he was talking about you know how he pushes himself through tremendously hard things and during that discussion it became
从那以后她再也没提过 Larry。就好像这是幻想世界和现实世界的一次碰撞,我是这么理解的,然后就结束了。是啊,Larry 就这样没了。是啊,可怜的 Larry。可怜的 Larry。嗯,也许是时候了,你知道,我是说她当时可能快七岁了,也许,也许这段经历对她是有益的。所以我一直想问某个人这个问题,我觉得你就是该问的那个人:假想朋友在儿童中常见吗?假想朋友是不是我们与自我进行内在对话的最原始形式?我就是特别着迷于这个。还有,有没有一些成年人一直保有假想朋友?我再补充一个背景,这对本播客的听众来说会特别相关:大概去年这个时候,就在你现在坐的这个位置上,David Goggins 来过,他当时谈到,你知道,他是如何推着自己熬过极其艰难的事情的。在那次对话中,有一点变得非常清楚:David 有一整套
便签引用
1:34:55
very clear that David has a an array of different voices that are all him but that serve different roles yeah and it was a remarkable thing to hear him articulate that because to to those of us on the outside we observe as like one person but he's constructed in an elaborate inner world to be able to equip himself to do the things he does and I just have to wonder whether or not this whole thing of imaginary friends provided it doesn't take us into the realm of psychosis and delusion could actually be useful yeah isn't it remarkable that this is um this is such a common human experience and for most people they never talk about this with anyone else because this is such a private experience so I often start start presentations with a quote from rapael Nadal the tennis great uh him answering a question about what's the hardest thing that he struggles with and he says it's it's managing the voices plural in my head and I and I go to the audience and I say hey what do you do if someone comes up to you at a party and
不同的声音,它们都是他自己,但各自扮演不同的角色。是的,听他把这一点讲出来非常震撼,因为对我们这些外人来说,我们看到的就像是一个人,但他在内心构建了一个极其精细的内在世界,好让自己有能力去做他所做的那些事。我不禁想知道,假想朋友这整件事——前提是它没有把我们带进精神病性和妄想的范畴——是不是其实可能是有用的。是的,很不可思议吧,这是,呃,这是如此普遍的一种人类体验,可是对大多数人来说,他们从不跟别人谈起这件事,因为这太私密了。所以我做演讲时经常会先引用一段拉斐尔·纳达尔的话,那位网球巨星,他在回答一个问题:你最难对付的东西是什么?他说,是管理我脑子里的那些声音——复数。然后我就问台下的听众,嘿,如果有人在派对上走过来跟你说,呃,他正在跟脑子里的声音较劲,对吧,就像那样
便签引用
1:35:52
says Uh there's struggling with the voices inside their head right like that is typically warning sign right that maybe something is aai here and someone needs support yet this is a very common feature of the human experience that we just never really touch on so to answer your question is a common to for kids to have imaginary friends and maybe talk to themselves yes um uh I believe this is called the study of pretense um according to one famous Soviet Psych ol ologist named Lev votsi one of the ways self-control is first learned is actually through selft talk and so what happens is you you as a child will hear your parents telling you to do things Andrew you should do this or don't do that and sit this way and not that way and then what children will often do is go off on their own and they will repeat those kinds of messages out loud to themselves and so if you've ever been around young kids you've probably seen them talking out loud to themselves or playing with dolls and no Jimmy shouldn't do this Jimmy should do that
这通常是个警示信号,对吧,说明这里可能有点不对劲,这个人需要支持,但其实这是人类经验中非常普遍的一个特征,只是我们从来没真正去谈论过。所以回答你的问题:孩子们是不是常常会有想象中的朋友,还会自言自语?是的,嗯,我记得这叫做「假装行为」研究,嗯根据一位著名的苏联心理学家列夫·维果茨基的说法,自我控制最初被习得的方式之一其实就是通过自我对话。具体发生的是,你小时候会听到父母告诉你该做什么「安德鲁,你应该这样做」或者「别那样做」「要这样坐,不能那样坐」,然后孩子们常常会做的是自己一个人跑到一边,把那些话大声地重复给自己听。所以如果你曾经待在小孩子身边,你大概见过他们大声自言自语,或者玩娃娃时说「不行,吉米不该这么做,吉米应该那么做」
便签引用
1:37:00
some kids do it in the form not of with an actual toy but they have an imaginary friend in their mind that they are engaging with these different interactions and what the kids are doing in those contexts according to this idea is they are they're practicing self-control they are they are repeating the things the messages that their caretakers have told to them right they are rein forcing it in those ways and then as time goes on and your sister demonstrated this that outer voice becomes our inner voice and we have the capacity to recruit that inner voice then throughout our lives but it is interesting that during moments of extreme stress many people sometimes report actually talking to themselves out loud right and there's very little research on this and a lot of this is um anecdotal but I have um when speaking to a lot of individuals say yeah sometimes I will actually just start talking to myself out loud and I thought something was wrong with me and it's always when I'm struggling with uh like a major
有些孩子不是对着真实的玩具这么做,而是在脑子里有一个想象中的朋友,他们跟这个朋友展开各种各样的互动。按照这个理论,孩子们在那种情境下所做的其实是在练习自我控制,他们在重复照顾者对他们说过的那些话、那些信息,对吧,他们在用这些方式强化它。然后随着时间推移——你妹妹就展示了这一点——那个外在的声音变成了我们内在的声音,而我们就有了在一生中随时调用那个内在声音的能力。但有意思的是,在极度压力的时刻,很多人有时会报告说自己真的会大声自言自语,对吧。关于这一点的研究非常少,很多都是,嗯轶事性的。但我在跟很多人交谈时,他们会说:是啊,有时候我真的就会开始大声跟自己说话,我还以为自己哪里出问题了。而且总是发生在我正被某个重大
便签引用
1:38:01
stressor so if we go back to reviewer number two right in the academic world I remember once I wrote this invited article and um a reviewer did not say very nice things to me in this in this response and I remember just walking I was I was it was so offensive I remember walking around the neighborhood and I why don't you say that to my face you know and I was just repeating what they said and I was rehearsing it I was getting more and more upset and then ultimately working through it but it almost seems like in real moments of stress we revert back to this very primordial way of regulating ourselves that we first exercised when we were kids which is this selft talk and so so David has become exceptionally skilled at harnessing different voices according to you to manage the challenges that he is facing uh I've heard David talk on a number of occasions and uh I think there is another important point to to bring up here which is I'm pretty sure that when David is activating different voices they're not always a very gentle
压力源折磨的时候。所以回到「二号审稿人」那个话题,在学术圈里,我记得有一次我写了一篇受邀撰写的文章,嗯,有位审稿人在回复里说了些很不客气的话。我记得我就那样走着,我当时真的,那太冒犯人了。我记得我在小区里绕圈走,一边说「你怎么不当着我的面说这话」然后我就一直重复他说的话,一遍遍地排练,越想越生气,然后最终才慢慢消化掉。但这几乎说明,在真正有压力的时刻,我们会退回到那种非常原始的自我调节方式也就是我们小时候最先用过的那种——自我对话。所以说,大卫已经变得极其擅长按你的说法,调动不同的声音来应对他面临的挑战。呃,我听大卫讲过好几次,呃,我觉得这里还有一个很重要的点要提出来,那就是我很确定当大卫激活不同声音的时候,那并不总是一个很温柔的、鼓励他放轻松、
便签引用
1:39:10
voice that is encouraging him to take it easy and be kind to sometimes yes and sometimes this is important because negative selft talk is often equated with harmful outcomes negative emotions are functional when they're activate in the right proportions sometimes being firm with yourself can be quite effective so if I go to when I'm exercising and I'm doing classes sometimes where coaches are telling me to do really painful things like sometimes I'm pretty tough on myself I'm channeling my high school wrestling coach who is really hard on me right you know you you you you better like shape up you know you can't you know wimp out here that serves an a motivating function for me there so if we're recruiting some negative voices that isn't bad per se what is bad is if we start looping that is the what we really want to equate with chatter it's getting stuck in those thought Loops that's when things get get harmful when those negative emotions are tweaked too intensely or for too long a couple of
对自己好一点的声音。有时候是,有时候不是。而这一点很重要,因为消极的自我对话常常被等同于有害的结果但消极情绪在以适当强度被激活时是有功能的。有时候对自己严厉一点反而相当有效。所以比如我去健身、上课的时候,有时教练会要求我做一些非常痛苦的动作我对自己也挺狠的,我会召唤我高中摔跤教练的声音,他对我要求特别严对吧,那种「你最好给我打起精神来,你不能在这儿当孬种」。那在那种情境下对我起到了激励作用。所以说,如果我们调动了一些消极的声音,这本身并不坏。真正坏的是我们开始陷入循环,这才是我们真正要跟「喋喋不休」画等号的东西——卡在那些思维循环里。那才是事情变得有害的时候,当那些消极情绪被调得太强烈、或者持续太久的时候。我们已经好几次聊到身体活动
便签引用
09绿地、敬畏与空间的补偿性控制
1:40:20
times we've talked about the relationship between pH physical activities and mental activities um in particular taking a walk going into green spaces and I was delighted to hear when you said that there's a vast literature supporting the use of green spaces yeah for calming ourselves is that essentially what the data show well it goes a little bit um Beyond even just calming so yes there is data linking uh going for a walk in a in a beautiful setting with uh feeling better uh but but but scientists have actually gone even deeper to understand the the various mechanisms through which interacting with green spaces and other kinds of environments can help us and so there are two major Pathways that I often talk about one is interacting with a green space can be cognitively restorative so as we talked about earlier when people get stuck experiencing chatter or other kinds of big emotions uh our attention often fixates on on the problem at hand we focus really hard in trying to work through the problem and that can drain
和心理活动之间的关系,嗯,特别是散步、去绿地。我很高兴听到你说有大量文献支持使用绿地,对,来让我们平静下来。数据基本上就是这么显示的吗?嗯其实还不止是平静,嗯,比这更深一点。是的,确实有数据把在美丽环境中散步和感觉更好联系起来。不过,呃,科学家其实挖得更深,想弄清楚跟绿地以及其他各类环境互动能帮助我们的各种机制。我经常谈到两条主要路径。第一条是,与绿地互动可以带来认知上的修复。就像我们前面聊到的,当人们卡在喋喋不休或者其他强烈情绪里时,呃,我们的注意力常常固着在眼前的问题上我们非常用力地聚焦,试图想通这个问题,而这会耗尽我们宝贵的注意力资源
便签引用
1:41:26
us of our precious attentional resources well when you go for a a walk in a safe natural setting you're surrounded by interesting cues that capture your attention in a very gentle way so I'm talking about the flowers and the the the the the trees the scents The Sounds our attention often drifts onto those features of our environment now most of us are not doing the uh equivalent of carrying a magnifying glass and studying this the geometrical structure of the leaves and the flowers right we're just kind of taking it in but the surroundings are are sufficiently intriguing to capture to grasp our attention and that gives us this opportunity to restore that precious commodity so there's work there's a lot of work showing that going for a walk in a safe natural setting um can be cognitively restorative that's another feature nature that or another mechanism through which nature exposure can help us the other pathway that I just find so it's this is so so cool from a research point of view going for walks in in in
那么,当你在一个安全的自然环境里散步时,你周围都是些有趣的线索,它们会以非常温和的方式抓住你的注意力。我说的是那些花、那些树、气味、声音我们的注意力常常会飘向环境中的这些元素。当然,我们大多数人并不是拿着放大镜去研究树叶和花朵的几何结构,对吧,我们只是大致地感受它。但周围的环境足够有趣,足以吸引、抓住我们的注意力,而这就给了我们一个机会去恢复那份宝贵的资源。所以有研究,有大量研究表明,在安全的自然环境中散步,嗯,能带来认知修复。这是大自然的另一个特点,或者说另一种机制让接触自然能够帮到我们。而另一条路径,我觉得实在是,从研究角度看,实在太酷了在自然环境中散步常常会唤起「敬畏」这种情绪,这是我们身处
便签引用
1:42:36
natural settings often elicit the emotion of awe which is an emotion we experience when we're in the presence of of something vast and Indescribable something that just feels bigger than ourselves so in um in the arborium near my house there are these trees that have been there for hundreds of years and you look up at these trees and you think my God like you've been there way longer than me and my parents and my grandparents and you probably will be there longer than all of my progeny like wow that just broadens my perspective or an amazing Sunset you can also experience this emotion through Feats of of innovation so I'm a I'm a science geek I guess you could say and for me the the the two biggest awe triggers are uh number one the images of the Galaxy that the latest telescope produces which if you follow this we sum physicists have sometime somehow figured out Engineers how to take pictures of what the the universe looked like billions of years ago somehow I don't understand the physics we can see what it looked like
某种浩大而难以言表的事物面前时所体验到的情绪,某种感觉比我们自身更宏大的东西。比如说,嗯,在我家附近的树木园里有一些已经存在了几百年的树,你抬头看着这些树,你会想:我的天,你在这儿的时间比我、比我父母、比我祖父母都长得多,而且你大概比我所有后代都活得久。哇,这一下就拓宽了我的视角。或者一场绝美的日落。你也可以通过创新的壮举来体验这种情绪。我算是个科学迷吧,可以这么说。对我来说,最大的两个敬畏触发点是呃,第一,最新的望远镜拍出的星系图像。如果你关注这些,会发现物理学家们不知怎么地,还有工程师们,居然想出了办法去拍下宇宙在几十亿年前的样子我不懂其中的物理原理,但我们竟然能看到那么久远之前它是什么模样
便签引用
1:43:44
this you know vast amounts of time ago and we also of course have the equivalent of an SUV currently roaming on Mars sending us back footage of that planet so when I think of that like we've actually landed a vehicle on another planet this vastly expands like I am filled with awe so when we are experiencing something vast and Indescribable like that this is the ultimate perspective Roder so it leads to what we call shrinking of the self we feel smaller when we're contemplating something vast and Indescribable and when we feel smaller guess what else feels smaller problems are problems so this is a an easy way of utilizing the world around you to powerfully manage your emotions and so what I love about that work is it highlights the fact that there are tools that are just hidden in plain sight they're waiting to be harnessed and if you know where to look you can often find them and the nature by the way isn't the only set of environmental tools that exist there are lots of ways that you can interact with
当然我们还有一台相当于一辆SUV的车目前正在火星上漫游,把那颗星球的影像传回来。所以当我想到这些我们真的在另一颗行星上着陆了一辆车,这极大地拓展了我的视野,我心里充满了敬畏。所以当我们体验到那种浩大而难以言表的事物时,这就是终极的视角拓宽器。它会带来我们所说的「自我的缩小」,我们在思索某种浩大而难以言表的事物时会觉得自己变小了。而当我们觉得自己变小了,猜猜还有什么也变小了?问题,问题也变小了。所以这是一个很简单的方式,利用你周围的世界来强有力地管理你的情绪。我特别喜欢那项研究的一点是,它凸显了一个事实:有些工具就藏在显而易见的地方,等着被我们利用。如果你知道去哪儿找,往往就能找到它们。顺便说一句,大自然并不是唯一一套环境工具,还有很多方式可以让你
便签引用
1:44:53
your environment strategically to help you feel better we often develop attachments to places for example so um have you you're probably familiar with the concept of attachment figures so there are these uh figures from our childhood that um we often though not always securely attach to they are a source of safety and comfort and they serve a powerful regulatory role in our lives and our partners if we're in positive relationships as I am love you um as to my wife she is an attachment figure for me well we also develop these associations with places and so sometimes places can be the source of safety and comfort going back to those places during times of distress can be really rejuvenating um I know I know one person who um discovered that uh you know his there was infidelity in his relationship and what really helped him get a grip on the situation was going back to his childh at home and sleeping in his bedroom at home that was the the turning point that allowed him to reroute his ability to navigate his life um that's
策略性地与环境互动,帮助自己感觉更好。比如说,我们常常会对地方产生依恋,嗯你可能已经熟悉「依恋对象」这个概念了,就是我们童年时期的那些人物,嗯,我们通常——虽然不总是——会与他们形成安全依恋。他们是安全感和慰藉的来源,他们在我们生活中扮演着强大的调节角色。还有我们的伴侣,如果我们处在正向的关系中的话,比如我,爱你嗯,对我妻子说的。她就是我的依恋对象。那么,我们同样也会和「地方」建立这样的联结,所以有时候地方也可以成为安全感和慰藉的来源。在痛苦的时候回到那些地方,可以非常有恢复力。嗯,我认识,我认识一个人他,嗯,发现了他的伴侣出轨。而真正帮助他重新掌控局面的,是回到他童年的家,睡在自己小时候的卧室里。那就是那个转折点,让他重新找回了驾驭自己人生的能力。嗯,这就是地方影响我们的力量的一个例子
便签引用
1:46:10
an example of of the power of places to affect us so so how many times do we think about hey what are the places that are my emotional oases if you will that I can go to when I need it we can also structure our environments like you and I are both talking right now across the table from one another we don't have our cell phones out on the table no not for me not even in the room not in the room for me either if we did and we had it facing up we would be distracted Would we not without question even facing down I think there's some literature on this right still a queue it's still an emo there's a cognitive tether like we're sort of I mean because the thing signals um a particular a particular reward and a and a particular set of behaviors right just like a pen only a few things you can I mean probably many things you do with a pen but typically one this is not John Wick here this one thing that we're talking about we're not we're not getting uh we're not getting Innovative here with with these objects but right
所以我们有多少次会去想:嘿,哪些地方是我的「情绪绿洲」,可以说是这样,是我在需要的时候可以去的?我们还可以去设计我们的环境。比如你和我现在就隔着桌子在聊天,我们没有把手机放在桌上。对,我没有,甚至房间里都没有。我也没放在房间里如果我们放了,而且屏幕朝上,我们会分心,不是吗?毫无疑问。就算屏幕朝下我记得也有一些文献支持这一点,对吧。它仍然是个线索,它仍然是个——存在一种认知上的牵绊,就像我们有点儿,我是说,因为那个东西在发出信号,嗯,指向某种特定的奖赏和一整套特定的行为,对吧。就像一支笔,你能用它做的事只有几样,我是说用笔大概能做很多事,但通常就一样。这里可不是《疾速追杀》,我们说的就是这一件事,我们不是在,我们不是在搞什么创新性的用法。但没错,当那支笔——不好意思,当手机在场时,即使屏幕朝下,它也在提示
便签引用
1:47:10
when the pen excuse me when the phone is present even if it's face down it cues the uh the opportunity to make a call receive a text look on social media scroll the internet find out what's happened to and so by leaving our phones outside of the space we are we are managing our emotions in a very blunt and effective way when laptop screens are open in my seminars I know that I've already lost the battle because I know this this the the object the stimulus is so tempting even if I'm the most captivating professor in the world which I am not I aspire to be captivating but I know that I'm always going to lose compared to the screen the email them to close I as them to yeah no laptops in my in my class wow how is that received so far so good um you know I I explain to them I actually explain to them the science behind this I explain why I'm doing this and I say that hey if I have my laptop open and I'm in your shoes I this is a divided attention task I'm not able to focus as well as if I don't have it open
呃,你可以打个电话、收条短信、看看社交媒体、刷刷网络、看看发生了什么。所以通过把手机放在这个空间之外,我们就是在用一种非常直接而有效的方式管理自己的情绪。当笔记本电脑的屏幕在我的研讨课上打开时,我就知道这场仗我已经输了,因为我知道,这个物件这个刺激太有诱惑力了,哪怕我是全世界最有吸引力的教授——我并不是,我也想做个有吸引力的人——但我知道跟屏幕比我总是会输。所以我让他们合上电脑。是的,我的课上不许带笔记本电脑。哇,学生们反应如何?到目前为止还不错。嗯,你知道,我会跟他们解释,我其实会跟他们讲清楚背后的科学依据,我解释我为什么这么做。我会说,嘿,如果我笔记本开着,而我坐在你们的位置上,这就是个注意力分散的任务,我没法像不开电脑时那样专注。而且在我教的这些课上
便签引用
1:48:17
and in the courses that I teach it's more about discussion and thinking through things so they don't really have a need to you know type notes for exams which I think makes it easier for me um but but modifying our space is really strategically like this is another valuable tool in um in our toolbox like when we have people over for football watching parties let's say it's pretty common where I come from in an arbor and uh I my favorite food in the world is is pizza and we have this wonderful New York City city style pizza place in ant Arbor now I will order vast amounts of it much more than we need and when the the game is over I will insist that everyone take it with them because I know if if it is in the refrigerator and I open the refrigerator later that night to just get some water if I see the pizza box the queue it will elicit a emotional response this desire this repetitive response to consume the pizza which is not the goal that I have from either a fitness or a motion regul regulatory point of view so I am
更多是讨论和思考问题,所以他们并不太需要,你知道,为了考试去打字记笔记。我觉得这让我更容易做到这一点。嗯,不过,策略性地改造我们的空间,这确实是我们工具箱里另一件很有价值的工具。比如说当我们请人来家里看橄榄球比赛的时候——在我住的安娜堡这挺常见的呃,我这辈子最爱的食物就是披萨,而在安娜堡有一家特别棒的纽约风味披萨店。我会点特别多,远远超过我们需要的量。然后比赛一结束,我会坚持要每个人都带一些回去。因为我知道,如果它留在冰箱里,那天晚上我打开冰箱只是想拿点水喝,一看到那个披萨盒——那个线索——它就会引发一种情绪反应,一种渴望,一种重复性的、想吃掉披萨的反应而这无论从健身还是从情绪调节的角度看,都不是我的目标。所以我一直在策略性地
便签引用
1:49:24
structuring my spaces strategically all the time to give me the best chance of being successful at at meeting my regulatory goals I'm so glad you brought up pizza and New York Pizza and the fact that you're from New York here's why um and again I give a personal example only as uh a template for people to think about themselves sure either where it matches or doesn't match what I'm about to ask I love being in nature I love being up in Yos and rural areas and at the coast I was love love being in nature and the quiet of nature I find my my mind slows and my thoughts um and my emotions enter a a pace that just is very soothing I also love being in New York City I was first in New York City when I was about five or six years old and I remember telling my dad who's from another big city Bor Osiris I remember telling him like I can't I can't believe this exists like can we come back here and I I swore that I would go back as many times as I possibly could and I I love going to New York City despite it
布置我的空间,让自己有最大的机会成功达成我的调节目标。我特别高兴你提到了披萨、纽约披萨,还有你是纽约人这件事。原因是这样的,嗯,再说一次,我举个人的例子只是作为一个模板,方便大家对照自己思考。当然,不管跟我接下来要问的是否吻合。我热爱待在大自然里,我喜欢去优胜美地、乡村地区,还有海边。我特别喜欢待在自然中,喜欢自然的安静,我发现我的思维会慢下来,我的念头,嗯,还有我的情绪,会进入一种非常抚慰人的节奏。同时我也很喜欢待在纽约市。我第一次去纽约大概是五六岁的时候,我记得我跟我爸说——他来自另一座大城市,布宜诺斯艾利斯——我记得我跟他说:我简直,我简直不敢相信这样的地方存在,我们能再来吗?而且我发誓我一定要尽可能多地回去。我,我特别喜欢去纽约,尽管它
便签引用
1:50:26
having many problems it's still a wonderful City when I'm in New York there's tons of activity there's tons of stimuli yeah and I also find that my mind achieves that slowed Pace another parallel construction here and then I'll I'll wage the the specific question I've worked with professors U my postt adviser for instance and my graduate adviser worked extremely effectively these are hyperfocused unfortunately both of them have passed but hyperfocused brilliant people truly brilliant and their offices were a complete disaster and we'd say Ben you need to clean your office and he would say no no no don't move anything like otherwise I won't know where anything is and I'm like how can you know where anything is like this this it look it looks like an earthquake hit yesterday and he was don't touch anything and he and he could find things in this like dizzyingly messy environment as some you know he was the The Stereotype of the professor sitting hunched over at his keyboard at 2: in the morning cuz at
有很多问题,它仍然是一座了不起的城市。当我在纽约的时候,那里有大量的活动、大量的刺激,是的。可我同样发现我的思维达到了那种慢下来的节奏。这又是一个平行的构造。然后我会提出那个具体的问题。我曾经跟一些教授共事,呃,比如我的博士后导师和我的博士导师,他们工作效率极高,都是那种极度专注的人,很遗憾他们两位都已经去世了。但那种极度专注、才华横溢的人,是真的才华横溢。而他们的办公室简直是一片狼藉。我们会说:本,你得收拾一下办公室了。他会说:不不不,什么都别动,不然我就找不到东西了我就说:你怎么可能知道东西在哪儿?这看起来就像昨天刚发生过地震一样他说别碰任何东西。而他真的能在那种乱得让人头晕的环境里找到东西。就像,你知道他就是那种典型的教授形象,凌晨两点还弓着背坐在键盘前——因为那时候
便签引用
1:51:28
that time I worked really late you'd go into Ben's office you hey you know and it organized thinking amidst chaos yeah and the New York example would be the parallel and at The Other Extreme nature also seems to bring this about so two specific questions is there a Continuum of let's say daytime let's forget about middle of the night of daytime kind of default of chatter I think of this as kind of RPM in a car like like how is the car idling like when you turn on the car you just sit there like if the transmission's working well and everything's working well it's like hums it a nice it's not redlining yeah some people seem to be redlining all the time yeah and they calm down in t in cluttered environments so how much is do we have a kind of a set point a chatter set point assuming everything else equal well rested etc etc and then why is it that external environment matching our internal chatter somehow like can adjust that internal set point it seems I realize this is very abstract but for me
我工作到很晚——你走进本的办公室,说声嘿,你知道,那是一种在混乱中组织起来的思维。对而纽约的例子就是与之平行的情况。而在另一个极端,大自然似乎也能带来同样的效果。所以有两个具体的问题:是不是存在一个连续谱,比如说白天——我们先不谈半夜——白天这种默认的内心杂音水平,我把它想成汽车的转速表,就是这车怠速时是什么状态,就像你启动车子之后就那么停着,如果变速箱一切正常,所有部件都工作良好,它就是平稳地嗡嗡响,很舒服,不会一直顶到红线区。是啊,有些人好像一直处在红线区。对,而且他们在杂乱的环境里反而会平静下来。那么我们到底有多少是……我们是不是有一个设定点,一个内心杂音的设定点?假设其他条件都一样,休息充足等等。然后为什么说外部环境和我们内在的杂音相匹配,居然能调整这个内在的设定点?我知道这说得很抽象,但对我来说
便签引用
1:52:33
it's very useful to think about where my mind goes into its most Pleasant and effective States yeah um your example of your advisers resonates so strongly with myself is your office a mess well it it entirely depends on my mental state and prior to really getting involved in the space I had no insight into why sometimes my office was a total mess and sometimes it is in Span unbelievably organized and clean uh and so let me share with you some of the research in the space because I think it'll bear on this question you're asking a lot of people find that when they are experiencing chatter they reflexively start organizing their spaces so I'm a great example of this I my entire life if we called my mother up right now please let's not do it but if we did uh she could attest to the fact that there would always be a trail of of towels and clothing from the bathroom to my bedroom and all over the place and my office is similar um piles of papers and books and that's when life is good I'm kind of free flowing I'm
思考自己的大脑在什么状态下最愉悦、最高效,是非常有用的。是啊,嗯,你刚才举的你导师的例子,我特别有共鸣。你的办公室是一团乱吗?这完全取决于我当时的心理状态。在真正深入研究这个领域之前,我根本不明白为什么有时候我的办公室乱成一锅粥,有时候却整洁得不可思议。所以让我跟你分享一下这个领域的一些研究,因为我觉得这和你问的问题有关。很多人发现,当他们内心杂音很多的时候,会条件反射式地开始整理自己的空间。我就是个绝佳的例子。我这辈子——如果我们现在给我妈打个电话,拜托别真打,但如果真打了,她能作证:从浴室到我卧室的一路上,总是散落着一路的毛巾和衣服,到处都是。我的办公室也差不多,堆满了纸和书。而那恰恰是我状态好的时候,我处在一种自由流动的状态,全情投入,有创造力,源源不断地冒出点子,根本不在意周围的一切。
便签引用
1:53:46
getting in there I'm being creative I'm generating ideas and I'm not really worried about everything around me in fact I'm really good at typically like tuning out my surroundings to to focus in on the task at hand I could work in a coffee shop I could work almost anywhere and I I love it when I'm experiencing chatter though and this is true from the time I was little I would always start putting things away I would always start organizing things making them nice and tidy um my office is always spotless sometimes I even take it further presently when I'm experiencing chatter I clean up my office then I go into the kitchen and I make sure that's nice and tidy and if it's really bad like I'll clean up my kids rooms and things like that this is a very common experience when you're experiencing chatter you don't feel like you are in control you're not in the driver's seat the thoughts and feelings are taking over and they're pushing you in directions and to places that you don't want to be it's an aversive State and it's
事实上,我很擅长屏蔽周遭环境,专注在手头的任务上。我可以在咖啡店工作,几乎在哪儿都能工作,而且我很享受。但当我内心杂音很多的时候——从小就是这样——我总会开始把东西收起来,开始整理,把它们弄得整整齐齐、干干净净。我的办公室会一尘不染。有时候我甚至更进一步,现在只要内心杂音一起来,我会先收拾办公室,然后走进厨房,确保厨房也干净整洁。如果真的很糟糕,我还会去收拾孩子们的房间之类的。这是非常普遍的体验。当你内心杂音很多的时候,你会觉得自己失去了控制,你不在驾驶座上,那些想法和情绪占据了主导,把你推向你并不想去的方向和境地。这是一种令人厌恶的状态,而且对很多人来说是长期被激活的。人类总体上渴望掌控感,我们喜欢
便签引用
1:54:47
chronically activated for a lot of people human beings in general We crave control we like to know that the world is orderly and predictable there's s survival value that that communicates to us right if we know things are certain and and you know proceeding in a in a predictable way creating order around us compensates for the lack of order and control we feel inside it's called compensatory control and this is the explanation that is often provided for why so many of us augment our spaces to counteract in this case our emotional state and so I don't know if that perfectly answers your question but it it for me highlights the way that we are tightly Tethered to our surroundings in some circumstances when I'm not experiencing chatter it really doesn't matter if the place is nice and tidy versus not like no big deal but when I move motivated to think feel and behave in a particular way then my circumstances are becoming more important I mean the the military is a very Salient example where people
知道这个世界是有序的、可预测的。这背后有生存价值,它在向我们传递信息,对吧?如果我们知道事情是确定的,是按照可预测的方式推进的……在我们周围创造秩序,其实是在补偿我们内心感受到的秩序和掌控的缺失。这叫做补偿性控制,这也是通常用来解释为什么我们这么多人会改造自己空间的说法——在这个例子里,是为了对抗我们的情绪状态。所以我不知道这有没有完美回答你的问题,但对我来说,它凸显了在某些情况下我们与周遭环境是紧密相连的。当我内心没什么杂音的时候,屋子整不整洁真的无所谓,根本不是事儿。但当我被驱使着想要以某种特定方式去思考、感受和行动时,我所处的环境就变得更重要了。我是说,军队就是一个非常鲜明的例子,大家把自己的装备
便签引用
1:56:03
have have their their um their kit in order yeah um uh in order to essentially be able to proceed with the job right and and people can say what they will about the military but the the structure and the hierarchy of the military has provided a structure and an order for people to um essentially um harness a a take go from a chaotic life to a structured life that's right you know and um it's an extreme example um but having everything squared away is is one of those things I I got certified a scuba dive a few years ago and you know it occurred to me early on in the first Dives that you know if if your kit isn't squared away and you don't have everything worked out things can go badly wrong and the um severity of the of the potential consequences or the potential severity of the consequences uh I suppose it's the right way I say it is a good reminder like to have everything in check this isn't the kind of thing where you can afford to forget a piece of gear or to not check a valve or you know uh it it's potentially life
整理得井井有条。对,嗯,本质上是为了能顺利执行任务,对吧?人们可以对军队有各种各样的看法,但军队的结构和层级确实为人们提供了一种结构和秩序,本质上让人能够从混乱的生活走向有序的生活。没错。嗯,这是个极端的例子,但把一切都收拾妥当,是那种……我几年前考了潜水证,你知道在最初几次下潜时我很早就意识到,如果你的装备没整理好,没把每件事都搞清楚,事情可能会出大问题。而那种潜在后果的严重性,或者说后果的潜在严重程度——我想这样说更准确——是一个很好的提醒:要把每件事都检查到位。这不是那种你可以忘带一件装备、或者不检查某个阀门的事,你知道,那是可能要命的。
便签引用
1:57:13
or death and that serves a an Adaptive role it's it's kind of nice to have a an activity actually where where that's that's the case whereas we get into our cars and we might pull out the driveway and then go down the street and now you see people texting and driving all the time hopefully less as time goes on and you know you see then you might put on your seat belt you know like a you know a quarter mile down the road you might put on first right I always put mine on first when you know when I remember I'm sure now someone will catch me with my seat belt off but um I drive with a seat belt and so on and so on the physical steps that we take to organize ourselves and the environment and our relationship to the environment really do seem to to change our brain into a different brain than were we to not do those things the way I carve up the emotion regulation space is there are multiple shifters that exist some of those shifters are inside us so there are these sensory shifters we talked about there are
而这其实起到了一种适应性的作用。其实有一种活动是这样的,反而挺好的,就是这种情况。而我们上了车,可能倒出车道,开上街,然后你现在经常看到有人边开车边发短信,希望随着时间推移这种情况会越来越少。然后你可能会系安全带,你知道,都开出四百米了才系上。我总是先系上,在我记得的时候。我相信现在肯定会有人抓到我没系安全带,但是嗯,我开车都系安全带,等等等等。我们为了整理自己、整理环境以及我们与环境的关系所采取的那些具体行动,似乎真的能把我们的大脑变成一个不同的大脑,和不做这些事时不一样。我划分情绪调节这个领域的方式是:存在多种「转换器」,其中一些转换器在我们体内。我们刚才谈到了感官类转换器,还有注意力类转换器,这个我们还没聊到,但你知道,我们可以把
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1:58:08
tensional shifters we haven't gotten into that yet but you know we can shine our mental Spotlight on or away from things that are causing emotions and we can be strategic in how we do that there are perspective shifters way we the way we think about our circumstances reframing distancing those are all on the inside but then there are also shifters that exist outside of us in our relationships how other people can push our emotions in different directions sometimes other people can be amazing assets sometimes tremendous liabilities there are physical shifters like in our spaces and we just talked about those you can then go a layer out even further and talk about culture as a shifter people talk about culture as the air we breathe right we are we are in different cultures throughout our lives and sometimes we move from one culture to another within the day so you know if you're going to your your lab or you're on campus at Stanford that's one very specific culture with certain values and
心理上的聚光灯照向或移开那些引发情绪的东西,而且我们可以很有策略地去做。还有视角类转换器,就是我们思考自身处境的方式——重构、拉开距离,这些都是在内部的。但同时也有存在于我们之外的转换器,比如在我们的人际关系中,别人如何把我们的情绪推向不同的方向。有时候别人是极好的资产,有时候是巨大的负担。还有物理性的转换器,比如我们所处的空间,我们刚刚谈了这些。然后你可以再往外推一层,谈谈文化作为一种转换器。人们常说文化就像我们呼吸的空气,对吧?我们一生中会身处不同的文化中,有时候我们一天之内就会从一种文化切换到另一种。所以你知道,如果你去你的实验室,或者在斯坦福的校园里,那是一种非常特定的文化,有特定的价值观、规范,可能还有些奇怪的做法。嗯,这绝不是冒犯斯坦福,
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1:59:11
norms and and and weird practices maybe um that's no offense to Stanford by the way that's more academics Academia has some weird practices if you then go to your podcast Community right the the team in the studio that we're sitting here there are different there's a different culture that characterizes the way you function here and those cultures that we are a part of they powerfully shape our emotional lives they indicate they they they influence what kinds of emotional experiences we value so what kinds of emotional experience are we motivated to have they give us practices rituals to meet those emotion regulatory goals that we have as well so that's another kind of influence that I don't think we often think about but that is really quite powerful it brings me back again to the the smartphone you know the smartphone carries an infinite number of contexts into the different environments with us um so we're on the train but we could be paying attention to something overseas and I was on the plane this morning and
顺便说一句,更多是说学术界——学术界有一些挺奇怪的做法。然后如果你去到你的播客社群,就是我们现在所在的这个录音棚团队,那又是另一种文化,它塑造了你在这里的行事方式。而我们所身处的那些文化,会极其有力地塑造我们的情绪生活。它们指示、影响着我们看重哪些类型的情绪体验,也就是我们有动力去追求什么样的情绪体验。它们还提供了各种做法和仪式,来帮助我们实现自己的情绪调节目标。所以这是另一种影响,我觉得我们平时不太会去想到它,但它其实相当强大。这又让我想回到智能手机。你知道,智能手机把无数种情境带进了我们所处的每一个环境中。嗯,我们人在火车上,但注意力可能在关注海外的某件事。我今天早上在飞机上,
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2:00:19
I I just marveled at the number of screens MH on this um frankly very densely packed plane was like probably fourth grade when a kid brought in a little mini TV and I remember thinking oh my goodness that's like a mini TV it looked kind of like a walkie-talkie and the resolution was terrible and of course it was all black and white they had color TVs by the way when I was when I was young it just hadn't made it to the mini TV and we were basically walking around with little mini TVs all day yeah with near infinite number of channels combined with texting I mean it's wild remarkable science it's science fiction if we were to turn back the clock to when we were kids to think about what we have in our pockets right now or on our wrists or some people the glasses that they are wearing we probably wouldn't have believed that this was possible when we were kids I agree I agree and I I'm just struck by the fact that our brains can adapt to this but I do think that most people probably wonder about about you know
我就惊叹于屏幕的数量之多,在这架说实话挤得满满当当的飞机上。我大概是四年级的时候,有个同学带来了一台迷你小电视,我记得当时心想,天哪,这是个迷你电视,它看起来有点像对讲机,分辨率糟透了,当然还是黑白的。顺便说一句,我小时候已经有彩色电视了,只是还没用到迷你电视上。而现在我们基本上就是整天带着一台台迷你电视到处走。是啊,而且频道数量几乎是无限的,再加上发短信,这太疯狂了。了不起的科技。如果我们把时钟拨回到我们小时候,想象一下我们现在口袋里、手腕上,或者有些人戴的眼镜里装的东西,那简直就是科幻小说。我们小时候大概根本不会相信这是可能的。我同意,我同意。我只是很震撼于我们的大脑居然能适应这一切。但我确实觉得大多数人可能都会好奇,你知道,
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10从颅骨钻孔到行为工具的演进
2:01:22
like what's the optimal way to live and and the word optimal gets people a little you know little triggered sometimes believe it or not I'm not talking about what puts people into their best performance mode or this or that I'm not talking about biohacking I'm referring to you know there's age-old question you know what what is a good life and and that's a completely different podcast that we should probably do at some point but it probably involves being able to pay attention to things and be present but also let one's mind drift and be socially present and have relationships and on and on do you think that we are in fact more challenged nowadays in the default mode of so many contexts arriving with us in our pocket When we arrive in a situation like you said come to the studio I'm as long as my phone's face down or away from me I'm in the studio otherwise I brought the whole world with me yeah this is a question that comes up quite a bit and it's a really hard one to answer because we
什么才是最优的生活方式。「最优」这个词有时候会让人有点不舒服,信不信由你,我说的不是那种让人进入最佳表现状态之类的东西,我说的不是生物黑客。我指的是那个古老的问题:什么是美好的生活?这完全是另一期播客的内容,我们大概什么时候该聊聊。但它大概涉及到能够专注于事物、活在当下,但同时也能让思绪自由游走,能在社交中真正在场,拥有人际关系,等等等等。你觉得我们现在是不是真的面临更大的挑战?因为默认状态下,那么多情境都随着我们口袋里的东西一起抵达。当我们到达某个场合时,就像你说的,来到录音棚,只要我的手机是扣着放的或者离我远一点,我就真的在录音棚里;否则我就是把整个世界都带来了。是啊,这个问题被问到过挺多次的,而且很难回答,因为我们当然没有在几个世纪里持续追踪人们的内心杂音和情绪失调水平。
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2:02:21
haven't of course been tracking people's chatter and emotion disregulation levels over the centuries I think it's absolutely true that we now have um new forms of technology that are perennially now presenting us with challenges that we need to figure out how to overcome but they are also providing us with opportunities so um to be clear I think social media and Technology uh can and does do a lot of harm and I think it can and does do a lot of good for us as well and the real challenge we face right now is figuring out how to navigate those those digital technological Landscapes and I think we probably jumped into them um without a user guide too quickly and we're only learning now 15 years later or whatever the number is that that was the case but um but I don't know that I would I don't know that well I'll speak for myself I think net positive there's a lot of good that has come from these Technologies if we think back centuries ago um it's not clear to me that the world wasn't a a challenging Place either I mean you know
我认为完全可以说,我们现在确实有了新形式的技术,它们不断地给我们带来需要想办法克服的挑战,但它们同时也给我们提供了机会。所以,说清楚一点,我认为社交媒体和科技可以、也确实造成了很多伤害,同时我也认为它们可以、也确实给我们带来了很多好处。而我们现在面临的真正挑战,是如何找到方法去驾驭这些数字技术的版图。我觉得我们大概是没有说明书就太快地一头扎了进去,而我们直到十五年后的今天,或者不管多少年吧,才开始意识到这一点。但是嗯,我不知道我会不会……我不知道……好吧,我就说我自己的看法吧,我觉得净效应是正面的。这些技术带来了很多好处。如果我们回想几个世纪以前,在我看来,那时候的世界也未必就不艰难。我是说,你知道,
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2:03:41
um we used to to get into fights and pull swords and uh there is huge you know people would invade readily if you go back further and we there was the threat of illness and you know we weren't living nearly as long and so I think it's easy to also forget just how far we have come as a species but and this is I think a really important but and I think about this often the issues that we are talking about today on this podcast this question of how we manage our emotional lives this is a question that we have been struggling with likely for as long as we have been roaming the planet in our current form because humans have constantly been evolving new technologies we've always been challenged by circumstances and those circumstances are constantly invol evolving providing new new threats to us that now we need to learn how to manage um when you know when I was digging deep into the history of emotion regulation for for for for shift um I couldn't believe it that when I when I um when I looked back at the
嗯,我们过去会打架、会拔剑,而且如果你再往前追溯,会有大规模的入侵,随时可能发生,还有疾病的威胁,而且我们的寿命远没有现在长。所以我觉得我们也很容易忘记,作为一个物种我们已经走了多远。但是——我觉得这个「但是」非常重要,我也经常思考这个——我们今天在这期播客里谈论的这些问题,也就是我们如何管理自己的情绪生活,这个问题我们大概从以现在这种形态在这颗星球上行走以来,就一直在苦苦挣扎。因为人类一直在不断发展出新的技术,我们一直被各种处境所挑战,而那些处境也在不断演变,带来新的威胁,让我们需要学习如何去应对。嗯,你知道,当我为了写《Shift》而深入挖掘情绪调节的历史时,嗯,我简直不敢相信——当我回头去看有史以来第一件外科手术工具时,你
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2:04:51
first surgical tool ever developed you know what that is trening trening so tonation tell everyone who's listening what that involved trening is where you bore a hole through the skull in order to let out some volume of fluid some volume of fluid or or remove brain or brain or if we go back 8 to 10,000 years ago when this technology was first Cutting Edge right like the new iPhone of the times tonation for Spirits for maybe Spirits right so one of the reasons it was believed to be used was to allow the evil spirits to escape that are may maybe causing tremendous emotion disregulation so that was a Cutting Edge tool at one moment in time that we use to manage our emotions then let's let's jump into the mental time travel ma or just the time travel machine and go to the late 1940s where there was another major spike on the emotion regulation Innovation timeline you know where I'm going with this intended I'm guessing you're talking about the labotomy that's right the frontal labotomy Portuguese
知道那是什么吗?是环锯术。是颅骨钻孔术。跟所有听众说说那到底是怎么回事。环锯术就是在颅骨上钻一个洞,好放出一定量的液体。一定量的液体,或者取出一部分脑组织。或者,如果我们回到八千到一万年前,这项技术当时可是最前沿的,对吧,就像当时的新款 iPhone。颅骨钻孔是为了放出恶灵?也许是为了恶灵,对。据信它被使用的原因之一,就是让那些可能造成巨大情绪失调的恶灵逃出去。所以那在某个时间点上是最前沿的工具,被我们用来管理情绪。那么接下来,让我们跳进心理时间旅行机,或者干脆就是时间机器,去到二十世纪四十年代末,那时候情绪调节的创新时间线上又出现了一个重大高峰。你知道我要说什么吧,我猜你说的是脑叶白质切除术。没错,额叶白质切除术。一位葡萄牙医生发明了这个手术,我记得
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2:06:00
physician develops the labotomy I think it was initially called The Lucy um essentially making some holes in your frontal cortex through going up through the orbit of the eye through the eye sweeping it back and forth this was an an not just an outpatient surgery but a mobile surgery they would arrive to people's homes I think I could be wrong but I think a Nobel prize was given for the labotomy well there you go that's the relieved anxiety unfortunately it relieved a lot of other many other things relieved people's interest in pursuing lots of things it caused major major major um dysfunction and to be clear this is not an advocated emotion regulation intervention it hasn't been for a while well that's why I said don't box you know prefrontal cortical damage is is a common feature of people with or even I don't know if this is true someone needs to check but I I do hear that some sadly some soccer players who head the ball a lot deal with some front uh uh you know frontal cortical related dementia type stuff I'm guessing
最初叫做「白质切开术」。嗯,本质上就是在你的额叶皮层里弄出一些破坏,从眼眶、穿过眼睛进去,然后来回搅动。这不仅仅是个门诊手术,还是个上门手术,他们会到人们家里去。我记得——我可能记错了——但我记得这个白质切除术还拿了诺贝尔奖。这就对了,它缓解了焦虑。不幸的是,它也「缓解」了很多别的东西,缓解了人们对追求许多事情的兴趣。它造成了极其严重的功能障碍。说清楚一点,这绝不是一种被提倡的情绪调节干预手段,已经很久不是了。所以我才说别急着下结论。前额叶皮层损伤是一个常见特征,出现在那些……甚至我不确定这是不是真的,需要有人去核实一下,但我确实听说,遗憾的是有些足球运动员经常用头顶球,会出现一些额叶皮层相关的痴呆类问题。我猜
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2:07:03
that's probably related to some genetic susceptability because at least to me the soccer ball is not very hard it's not like they're you know it's but um and then again there of course people who play a whole career of football yeah um or box less seldom boxing people get hit a lot in the head often have problems yeah they they develop problems yeah generally not a good thing but but you know just to go back to the labotomy what's amazing to me is like that was perceived to be such an advance that it won the Nobel Prize like the Nobel Prize because it calm people down calm people down right and and we so so I rais these issues to to just point that like we've been struggling to identify tools to manage our emotions effectively for a really long time and now fast forward to the present we have not solved the puzzle of emotion regulation yet but I would argue that we have made major advances in identifying non-invasive science-based tools that can be leveraged to help people lead more productive emotional lives and so um you
这可能和某种基因易感性有关,因为至少在我看来,足球并不是很硬,不像是……你知道,但是嗯。当然,还有那些打了一整个职业生涯橄榄球的人,嗯,或者拳击——拳击相对少见一些——经常头部挨打的人往往会出现问题。是的,他们会出现问题。总体来说不是好事。但是,你知道,回到白质切除术,让我震惊的是,它当时竟被视为一项如此重大的进步,甚至拿了诺贝尔奖。就因为它能让人平静下来。让人平静下来,对。我提出这些例子,只是想说明,我们为了有效管理情绪而寻找工具,已经努力了非常非常久。而快进到今天,我们还没有解开情绪调节这个谜题,但我认为我们在寻找非侵入性方法上已经取得了重大进展。这些有科学依据的工具,可以用来帮助人们过上情绪上更有成效的生活,所以,嗯,你前面提到过一个问题,
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2:08:11
know you raised this question earlier about what is a productive life uh what is a good life and uh I think answering that question is in part relev to how I think about how do you like Define self-control in many ways or emotion regulation or or let me not not just how you define it but what are the component parts so we've been talking about tools throughout this conversation all like these different tools that exist these different shifters for pushing our emotions or chatter around that's one core part of regulating effectively but another core part is our motivation or our goals and you need both motivation and tools so I can know about all the tools on the planet that scientists have discovered if I'm not motivated to manage my emotions I'm not going to use those tools if on the other hand I am highly motivated to regulate my emotions but I don't know what the tools are I'm not going to be that effective and I may in fact do some bad things right I may I may you know use unhealthy tools
就是什么才算有成效的人生、什么才算美好的人生,我觉得回答这个问题,某种程度上和我怎么看待你所谓的如何定义自控力有关,从很多角度看,或者说情绪调节,或者……我不只是说你怎么定义它,而是它由哪些部分组成。我们这整场对话一直在聊各种工具,聊这些存在的不同工具,这些用来推动我们情绪或内心絮语的不同「转换器」,那是有效调节的一个核心部分,但另一个核心部分是我们的动机,或者说我们的目标。动机和工具你都需要。所以我可以了解这世界上科学家发现的所有工具,但如果我没有动力去管理自己的情绪,我就不会去用这些工具;反过来,如果我非常有动力去调节情绪,却不知道有哪些工具,那我也不会太有效,而且我实际上可能会做一些不好的事,对吧。我可能会……我可能会用一些不健康的手段,用那些确实作用很强的物质,我说的是物质滥用,
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2:09:23
substances that really can very powerfully M you know substance abuse I'm talking about that can modulate my emotions but has some negative consequences so it's about what are my goals for me for my emotional life and do I possess the tools that allow me to accomplish those goals I think that is a formula for the good life hey here are the goals that I have and if these are healthy productive goals and I have the means to achieve them that should bring me a sense of satisfaction sometimes our goals of course aren't optimal and use that maybe controversial world word but um we do change our goals throughout our life but it's about finding the right set of goals for us as individuals and then identifying the tools that we can use to bring those goals to fruition yeah in keeping with this historical Arc of the tools that humans have used to try and regulate emotion you mentioned trening uh frontal lobotomy think about um a barbaric appearing uh procedure but one that actually is pretty effective in the right hands um
它们确实能很有力地调节我的情绪,但会带来一些负面后果。所以关键在于:我对自己的情绪生活有什么目标,以及我是否拥有能帮我实现这些目标的工具。我认为这就是美好人生的公式——嘿,这就是我的目标,如果这些是健康、有益的目标,而我又有办法去实现它们,那就应该带给我一种满足感。当然,有时候我们的目标并不是最优的,用「最优」这个词可能有争议,但我们确实会在一生中不断改变自己的目标。关键是找到适合我们个人的那一套目标,然后找出能让这些目标变为现实的工具。是啊,顺着人类历来用来尝试调节情绪的那些工具的历史脉络来看,你提到过环锯术、额叶切除术,想想看,这些看起来很野蛮的手术,但在合适的人手里其实相当有效。还有一种今天仍在广泛使用的,
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2:10:27
and that is still commonly used today electric shock therapy um which at a mechanistic level you know we don't understand we don't really understand but it seems to lead to kind of massive dump of a bunch of neuromodulators dopamine serotonin but like you know almost willy-nilly like just um and then nowadays there's a lot of at least interest if not enthusiasm more work is needed on um the very psychedelics in particular psilocybin and MDMA uh for depression and PTSD um more specifically and while those are more in the serotonergic pathway the my read of the data is that you know they they're creating you know more brainwide connectivity at resting state I mean there's still fairly crude tools yeah in terms of you're massively changing the levels of given neurom modulators you people are undergoing variable experiences it's not directed in any any any way Nolan Williams at Stanford is combining those things with transcranial Magnetic stimulations to try and essentially highlight the activity of
就是电休克疗法。从机制层面讲,我们并不理解,我们真的不理解,但它似乎会导致一大批神经调质的大量释放——多巴胺、血清素,不过,你知道,几乎是毫无章法地、就那样。然后如今有很多人至少是感兴趣,甚至是热情高涨,虽然还需要更多研究,就是关于致幻剂,特别是裸盖菇素和MDMA,用于治疗抑郁症和创伤后应激障碍。虽然这些更多作用于血清素能通路,但我读到的数据是,它们会在静息态下产生更多的全脑连接。我是说,这些仍然算是相当粗糙的工具,是的,因为你是在大幅改变某些神经调质的水平,人们经历的体验也各不相同,它没有任何定向性。斯坦福的Nolan Williams正在把这些东西和经颅磁刺激结合起来,试图在致幻旅程中以及之后,凸显特定神经环路的活动,诸如此类。所以它确实变得更
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2:11:30
particular circuits during the Psychedelic Journeys and and after um things of that sort so it's getting more specific but I would say even today we we don't really have great pharmacologic or surgical tools for emotion now there's terrific neurosurgery going on mind you um but when it comes to behavioral tools tools for emotion regulation I feel like the psychologists you all you and your colleagues have done a tremendous job as have the people from you know for lack of a better name the sort of ancient traditions and from the uh Wellness Community you know things like long exhale breathing physiological size meditation Wendy Suzuki's Lab at at NYU showing you 13 minutes a day of meditation improves Focus emotion reg emotional state so it seems to me that the behavioral tools are getting way out ahead of the surgical and even pharmacologic Tools in terms of their specificity their safety and maybe even their potency would you care to reflect on on what you see as the most valuable tools for emotion
精准了,但我要说的是,即便到今天,我们在情绪方面其实也没有特别好的药物或手术工具。当然,现在有很了不起的神经外科手术,这一点要说明。但说到行为学工具,说到情绪调节的工具,我觉得心理学家们,你和你的同行们,做出了了不起的贡献,还有那些,姑且这么叫吧,来自古老传统的人,以及来自健康养生圈的人,比如长呼气呼吸法、生理性叹息、冥想,纽约大学WendySuzuki的实验室就发现,每天13分钟的冥想能改善专注力、情绪调节和情绪状态。所以在我看来,行为学工具在特异性、安全性,甚至可能在效力上,都已经远远走在了手术和药物工具的前面。你愿不愿意谈谈你认为最有价值的情绪调节工具是什么?你今天已经提到了一些,但我是说,比如去
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2:12:36
regulation uh you've touched on some of them today but already but I mean taking a walk green spaces time you know mental time travel fantasy I listed a few more of these off I mean these might seem kind of uh more modal you know you know top level Contour things but they work right I mean the data say they work journaling yeah they I mean and they're they're mechanistically we you know we understand the mechanisms that that are underlying the benefits of these tools um they are easy to implement and in not always but for a lot of them they're easy and I think that's in part where their power resides um we are still trying to understand how the brain functions as you will know you've contributed to this I've worked on this a little bit myself too the brain is a remarkably complicated organ and and we still have a lot to learn um I'm a big fan of trying to understand how phenomena like emotion play out at different levels of analysis at the psychological level of thinking and feeling but also at the biological level
散步、绿色空间、时间,还有心理时间旅行、幻想,我又列举了几个。我是说,这些听起来可能有点太笼统、太表层了,但它们确实有效,对吧,数据说明它们有效,还有写日记。是的,它们……我是说,从机制上讲,我们确实理解这些工具带来益处背后的机制,而且它们容易实施——不是全都如此,但很多都很容易——我认为这也是它们力量的一部分来源。我们仍在努力理解大脑是如何运作的,你会知道这一点,你自己就为此做过贡献,我也做过一点。大脑是一个极其复杂的器官,我们还有很多要学。我非常支持去理解像情绪这样的现象在不同分析层次上是如何展开的——在心理层面上的思考和感受,也在生物层面上表现为神经活动模式、激素等等。
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2:13:44
in terms of patterns of neural activity and hormones and so forth and so on and so I think there's great hope that we will be able to eventually down the road try to help people manage their emotions through multiple different sources of intervention through the pharmacological level through the behavioral level through the interpersonal level but it's a messy messy space right now and I think one of the big problems is and this is in part gets to bigger questions about science and how science is done it can be hard to cross levels of analysis and there are multiple practical constraints that become active here so having the you know large enough samples and the right collaborators to look at how different kinds of interventions interact with one another working different populations and so we tend not to do those more complicated designs because they're a lot harder to do they take a ton more money a ton more time and effort and often times scientists are on timelines and their incentive structures that guide the kind
所以我觉得很有希望,将来我们最终能够通过多种不同的干预途径来帮助人们管理情绪——药物层面、行为层面、人际层面。但现在这还是一个非常混乱的领域。我认为一个大问题是,这在某种程度上也牵涉到关于科学以及科学怎么做的更大的问题:跨越不同分析层次是很难的,而且这里会出现很多现实的限制。比如要有足够大的样本量,要有合适的合作者,才能研究不同类型的干预如何相互作用、在不同人群中如何起作用。所以我们往往不去做那些更复杂的设计,因为它们难做得多,要花多得多的钱、多得多的时间和精力,而科学家常常受制于时间表和激励结构,这些又会引导他们
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2:14:55
of work that they do but big picture down the road I think the the the big questions are about how do these different kinds of interventions interact with one another the good news is though that for any person who is watching or listening who's motivated to manage their emotions right now there are many things you can do to start and it begins step one learning about what these tools are and then starting this process of experimenting with the tools I don't use that word experimenting lightly I wouldn't Advocate experimenting with with agents that have serious side effects of the sort that some of the biological interventions you articulated earlier do those kinds of tools I think should be used in the context of of medical supervision but a lot of these other tools that we're talking about small changes and how you think and behave and interact with your environments those are things people can start doing right now one of the most common questions I've received over the years is on YouTube in
去做什么样的研究。但从大局和长远看,我认为最重要的问题是这些不同类型的干预之间如何相互作用。不过好消息是,对于任何正在观看或收听、并且有动力去管理自己情绪的人来说,现在就有很多事情可以开始做。第一步就是了解这些工具是什么,然后开始用这些工具去试验。我用「试验」这个词不是随口一说——我不会建议你去试验那些有严重副作用的手段,就是你前面提到的那些生物层面的干预。那类工具我认为应该在医疗监督下使用。但我们谈到的其他很多工具,那些在思维方式、行为方式以及与环境互动方式上的小改变,这些是人们现在就可以开始做的。这些年我收到的最常见的问题之一,尤其是在YouTube上,
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11阴暗念头、心流与 WOOP 预案
2:15:56
particular is how to stop intrusive voices and occasionally when people ask these questions they'll highlight that some parent or an ex or something will kind of a judge voice in there and they don't know if it's their voice or the other person's voice but it's in their head and it's very unpleasant um presuming this uh circles back to Childhood traumas or other forms of traumas but irrespective of the origins are there any tools specifically to deal with intrusive thoughts and and thought patterns maybe even OCD like thought patterns um so a couple of of responses to that so uh first of all I think Step One is recognizing that if you are hearing another voice uh like if you can hear your your dad's voice in your head it's not your dad who is in your head that is a simulation that you are engaging in that your brain is capable of producing and so that I think can be informative for for people who are curious about these inner worlds like I can I'm not referring to auditory hallucinations I'm referring to you know
就是如何停止侵入性的声音。有时候人们问这些问题时会提到,那是某位家长的声音,或者前任的声音,或者某种带评判意味的声音,他们分不清那是自己的声音还是那个人的声音,但它就在脑子里,而且非常难受。假设这可以追溯到童年创伤或其他形式的创伤,但不管起源是什么,有没有专门用来应对侵入性想法和思维模式,甚至是强迫症式思维模式的工具?嗯,对此我有几点回应。首先,我认为第一步是意识到,如果你听到另一个声音——比如你能在脑子里听到你爸爸的声音——那并不是你爸爸在你脑子里,那是你自己在进行的一种模拟,是你的大脑有能力产生出来的东西。所以我觉得这对那些好奇自己内心世界的人来说是有启发的。我可以……我说的不是幻听,我指的是那种别人的话语,可能不是用
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2:17:07
the language of somebody maybe not in their that person's voice but they're hearing like maybe not you're a bad person but like you're you're never good you're not good enough like it's not enough or or or just feeling like so you know they can't enjoy what the the good things in life because of these intrusive negative voices here's something that I hope listeners and viewers will find exceptionally liberating as I have found liberating from just knowing the science so actually I talk about these intrusive thoughts in in shift um they are incredibly normative and so there's research which looks at like how frequently have you experienced an intrusive thought over the past week or month or two months the proportion of people who experience these dark thoughts is exceptionally High uh I don't remember the exact percentage but it is in my book and it is like near ceiling I will do an exercise with my my classes my undergraduate classes where I will ask them to anonymously uh describe the whether
那个人的声音,但他们会听到,比如,也许不是「你是个坏人」,而是「你永远不够好」、「你不够好」、「这还不够」之类的,或者只是觉得……所以他们没法享受生活中那些美好的东西,因为这些侵入性的负面声音。有一件事我希望听众和观众会觉得特别解放,就像我自己单是了解了背后的科学就觉得很解放一样。其实我在《Shift》里就谈到了这些侵入性想法。这些想法极其普遍。有研究会问,比如在过去一周、一个月或两个月里,你多频繁地体验过侵入性想法,结果体验过这些阴暗念头的人的比例高得惊人。我不记得确切的百分比,但书里有,基本上是接近天花板的水平。我会在我的课上,我的本科生课上做一个练习:我会让他们匿名描述一下过去一周里
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2:18:09
they've experienced like a dark thought over the past week almost all of them are capable of Genera and some of this these thoughts are really really dark I uh I will often experience a very dark intrusive thought when I'm exercising at the gym you're looking at me with curiosity and a bit of concern right now no not concern I'm just fascinated you know I have ideas about why this may be but I'm just I'm just fascinated I don't know that I've had dark thoughts in the gym but I it's interesting here's my dark thought watch out if you see me in the gym from here on so if I'm carrying like a a a heavy dumbbell from a bench to a rack I will sometimes have a thought of dropping it on on the face of another person on a mad oh my goodness it's terribly dark terrible ter a terrible terrible thought so why why am I experiencing that is most likely um the brain's simulating worst case scenarios to prevent me from doing it of course I don't want to drop a dumble on someone I never have and so that's one explanation for why this is
有没有体验过那种阴暗的念头。几乎所有人都能想出来,而且其中有些念头真的非常非常阴暗。我……我自己经常会有一个非常阴暗的侵入性想法,就是在健身房锻炼的时候。你现在看着我的眼神里带着好奇,还有一点担心。不,不是担心,我只是觉得很有意思。我对这可能是什么原因有一些想法,但我只是……只是觉得很有意思。我好像没在健身房有过阴暗的念头,不过挺有趣的。那我说说我的阴暗念头——以后你要是在健身房看到我,可得小心点。就是当我端着一个很重的哑铃从长凳走到架子那边时,我有时候会冒出一个念头:把它砸到另一个人的脸上,砸到……天哪,这太阴暗了,太糟糕了,真是个糟糕透顶的念头。那我为什么会有这种念头呢?最可能的解释是,大脑在模拟最坏的情况,以防止我真的去做。我当然不想把哑铃砸在别人身上,我也从来没做过。所以这是一种解释,说明为什么这种现象
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2:19:12
so normative it's it's your brain's way of constantly we're there's a theory that we're constantly simulating all sorts of possibilities for what could happen and most of these simulations the probability of them coming to fruition are exceptionally low infinitesimally small but on occasion some of the wacky ones do Escape into awareness and that's when we get the dark thought about harming someone or doing something illegal in a pretty aggress you know egregious way or in my case dropping the dumbbell on you know the person stretching on their face and so here's what I find liberating me understanding that this is just how my brain works well that doesn't mean now that I'm I'm something wrong with me as a human being right that I'm morally corrupt in any way my brain's going to sometimes produce these kinds of dark thoughts I'm not going to act on them and as long as I'm not acting on them it's all good it's almost like when people learn about the physiological response to anxiety before they know what is happening that
如此普遍。这是你的大脑在不断地……有一种理论认为,我们在不断模拟各种各样可能发生的情况,而这些模拟里大多数成真的概率都极低,微乎其微。但偶尔,一些很离谱的模拟确实会溜进意识里,那时候我们就产生了伤害别人、或者以相当过分的方式做违法事情的阴暗念头,或者像我这样,把哑铃砸到那个正在拉伸的人的脸上。所以,我觉得让我感到解放的是,理解到这只是我大脑运作的方式而已。这并不意味着我这个人有什么毛病,对吧,不意味着我在道德上有什么败坏。我的大脑有时候就是会产生这类阴暗的念头,我不会付诸行动,只要我不付诸行动,就都没问题。这有点像人们了解焦虑的生理反应——在知道那是怎么回事之前,那
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2:20:23
can often be an incredibly distressing experience like all of a sudden your stomach is churning your your palms are sweating but in research which shows like if you if you communicate to people hey this is just your body preparing yourselves to adaptively respond to this uncertain circumstance you face all of a sudden you are totally flipping the frame and now this is I'm a l Lamborghini right I am rising to the occasion my body is doing what it should be doing to allow me to excel here that's the kind of flip that I think understanding the frequency and origins of intrusive thoughts can have for folks so step one is just recognizing If you experience intrusive thoughts at times again welcome to The Human Condition it's it's a little blip in how our brain operates uh but a lot of these tools have also been shown to be useful for nipping repetitive thinking in the body so when you're Cur you're curtailing chatter you are also um curtailing the likelihood of perseverating the reason why we often
往往是一种极其让人痛苦的体验,比如突然间你的胃开始翻腾,手心开始冒汗。但研究表明,如果你告诉人们:嘿,这只是你的身体在做准备,让你能适应性地应对眼前这个不确定的处境,那一瞬间你就彻底翻转了整个框架——现在我就是一台兰博基尼,对吧,我正在迎难而上,我的身体正在做它该做的事,好让我在这里发挥出色。我觉得理解侵入性想法的普遍程度和来源,能给人带来的就是这样一种翻转。所以第一步就是认识到,如果你有时会体验到侵入性想法,那么,再说一次,欢迎来到人类的共同境况——那只是我们大脑运作中的一个小小的杂音。不过,我们说的很多工具也已被证明有助于把反复思考扼杀在萌芽状态。所以当你在抑制内心絮语时,你同时也在降低反复纠结的可能性。我们之所以常常对正在经历的问题反复纠结,是因为我们非常
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2:21:30
perseverate on on problems we're experiencing is we are we're highly motivated to make sense of these circumstances so we can move on with our lives and our brain this wonderful problemsolving organ that we possess it just keeps churning until we solve that problem and that's surfacing all sorts of related thoughts here and there until you until you get there and so you solve the problem those thoughts tend to subside too I have um two uh two points both of which are essentially questions um I think it's relatively common for people when they go to a bridge or a dam or something very like something very high with the potential for you know essentially a fatal fall where they to jump off to to have the thought you know what keeps me from jumping off when in fact they absolutely don't want to jump off and it seems like it's another examp example like it's registering the danger and the severity of the the consequences it also I realize helps us understand the level of risk that's right you know
有动力去理解这些处境,好让我们能继续往前走。而我们的大脑,我们拥有的这个了不起的解决问题的器官,它会一直运转,直到我们解决那个问题为止,在这个过程中会不断冒出各种相关的念头,直到你……直到你想明白。所以你一旦解决了问题,那些念头也就往往会平息下去。我有……两点,其实两点都算是问题。嗯,我觉得有一种情况还挺常见的:人们站在桥上或者水坝上,或者某个非常高、有可能致命坠落的地方时,他们会冒出要跳下去的念头,会想「是什么让我没有跳下去」,而事实上他们完全不想跳下去。这似乎又是一个例子,像是在识别危险和后果的严重程度。我意识到,它也帮我们理解风险的水平。没错。我想到Alex Honnold,就是那个著名的徒手攀登酋长岩的人,那是一部
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2:22:29
I think Alex honold who you know famously did free solo to lcap um a remarkable movie by the way just along the lines of what we're talking about you the way the movie is constructed and I think Jimmy chin and and colleagues who made that movie just such an incredible job not just with the cinematography but you know he survives from the very beginning of the movie and yet it's terrify to watch the whole thing and it's kind of a a hour 45 minute um expedition of exactly what we're talking about uh in that movie as I recall Alex spells out the um the assessment of risk and consequence right you know um you level of risk level of consequence and and how that's a those are key parameters to evaluate and and he's obviously done that for himself and he succeeded and I hope he never does it again only because uh he seems like a really uh delightful person would it would be nice to keep him around um and he's doing other important work now but the point being that I think it's a it's a very natural thing to evaluate risk
了不起的电影,顺便说,正好和我们聊的东西有关。那部电影的构造方式,我觉得Jimmy Chin和制作那部电影的同事们做得太出色了,不只是摄影,你知道,他从电影一开始就活着,然而看整部片子还是让人胆战心惊,它基本上就是一场一小时四十五分钟的、关于我们正在讨论的东西的历程。在那部电影里,我记得Alex阐述了他对风险和后果的评估,对吧,就是风险等级、后果等级,以及这些是需要评估的关键参数。他显然已经为自己做过这种评估,而且他成功了。我希望他别再做第二次了,只是因为他看起来是个非常讨人喜欢的人,让他一直在我们身边挺好的。而且他现在在做其他重要的工作。但重点是,我认为评估风险和后果
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2:23:28
and consequence in a way that quote unquote feels dark yeah but it's actually highly adaptive through the lens that we're talking about it um so that's one point well just just to that point if I can interject so um just to to normalize this further for folks so uh my family is very special to me as it is to most people when my first daughter was born we used to live in this house that had this on the second floor there was a I don't know if you'd describe it as an overpass but it was open to the floor beneath and I remember having these intrusive thoughts of at night when we'd have to bring my daughter into the bedroom to feed her or change her diaper whatever I would have these thoughts of carrying her and then dropping her over into the you know and splat like not pleasant thoughts to experience in the middle of the night it's speaks to this point that you are raising that was likely my mind's way of homing in on a really really important issue in my life that I want to make sure never ever ever happens it is not
是非常自然的一件事,只是方式上「感觉」有点阴暗。是的,但从我们讨论的这个视角来看,它其实是高度适应性的。所以这是第一点。就这一点,如果我可以插一句——嗯,为了进一步让大家觉得这很正常,我的家人对我来说非常重要,就像对大多数人一样。我大女儿出生的时候,我们住在一栋房子里,二楼有一个……我不知道该不该叫它天桥,反正它是朝下敞开的,能看到下面那层。我记得我会有这样的侵入性想法:晚上我们得把女儿抱进卧室去喂奶或者换尿布之类的时候,我会冒出这样的念头:抱着她,然后把她从那里丢下去……这些念头挺不愉快的,尤其是半夜冒出来的时候——这正好说明了你刚才提到的那点那很可能是我的大脑在锁定一件我生命中特别特别重要、我希望绝对绝对不要发生的事这并不说明我道德败坏,或者是个内心极其阴暗的人,这只是我大脑的运作方式
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2:24:32
an indication that I'm morally corrupt or incredibly dark person it's it's how my brain is operating so yeah you're assessing risk and consequence in an Adaptive way um yeah it's it's uh it's fascinating to think about the second comment slash question um I'd love your thoughts on is you know I had this Bulldog I talk about him all the time this Bulldog Mastiff and and he had one default behavior that if he couldn't engage in it would create anxiety in him and that was he liked to chew right he he liked to gnaw things as a puppy he actually would teethe on bricks in the backyard I was like oh my goodness it looks so painful to me sometimes bite through a lip you know the the Bulldog part of their phenotype is that a lot of the pain receptors have been bred out of their face and so they and I just think oh my goodness I go out there and I you know I was like distraught at how much pain he must be causing himself it was obviously less than I I perceived but nonetheless this gnawing Behavior was what was so you
是啊,你是在用一种适应性的方式评估风险和后果。嗯,这个想法真的挺有意思的第二个评论或者说问题,我很想听听你的看法。我养过一只斗牛犬,我老是提到它那是只斗牛獒,它有一个默认行为,如果做不了这件事,它就会焦虑那就是它喜欢啃东西,它喜欢磨牙。小时候它甚至会在后院啃砖头我当时心想,天哪,看着就好疼,有时候还会把嘴唇咬破,你知道吧斗牛犬这个表型的特点之一,就是它们脸部的很多痛觉感受器在育种过程中被淘汰掉了,所以它们我就想,天哪,我跑出去看,整个人都心疼坏了,觉得它得把自己弄得多疼啊实际上显然没我想的那么疼,但不管怎么说,这种啃咬行为对它来说就是——你能明显看出来
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2:25:34
could just see it it gave him such pleasure right you give him something a CH and just you could just see the anxiety like dissolve out of him I've known a number of people that are fairly high intensity in terms of they speak fast you high density of thought information Etc at least outward who claim that they have got sort of a high RPM internally and I I vary and depending on time of day and time of year on this but I place myself more or less into that category engaging in an activity that harnesses my full attention perhaps we could call it flow but nonetheless engaging in an activity that harnesses my full attention feels to me so unbelievably satisfying yeah so unbelievably satisfying I think it's for two reasons one is the the benefits of doing those activities studying learning podcasting doing research you know connecting with someone in a really directed way like getting into that tunnel with them as we're doing now there's a positive feature and then there's the also the removal of a negative like that those
你能一眼看出来,这让它特别享受。你给它个东西啃,就能看到那股焦虑从它身上消散掉我认识不少人,他们整体强度挺高的,说话快、思维和信息密度大等等,至少表面看是这样他们自称内在的转速一直很高。我自己会有波动,取决于一天中的时段和一年中的季节但总体上我会把自己归到这一类。去做一件能完全占据我注意力的事也许我们可以叫它心流,但不管怎么叫,去做一件能完全占据我注意力的事对我来说是一种难以置信的满足感。是啊,太满足了。我觉得原因有两个,一是做这些事本身带来的好处学习、研究、做播客、做调研,或者以一种高度聚焦的方式跟某个人交流像我们现在这样进入那种「隧道」状态,这是正面的部分;另一方面是负面感受的消除
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2:26:38
RPM are not humming in the back in the background and I think for a lot of people you know like Ultra Runners and um you know I I know a lot of former addicts that start running marathons and get so and stay sober yeah it's remarkable how physical activity or cognitive activity can kind of take us into that plane of focus that both makes us productive makes us fitter but also relieves this inner voice it kind of like lets the tension out the same way that I observed Costello letting the tension out through gnawing on these bricks or rawh hides or whatever whatever it was and so my question is um is is there as I'm assuming a relationship between the physical and the mental do we basically have a certain amount of energy in us and it varies between people and we need to harness Andor adjust that level of energy and to do that in ways that hopefully make us a living or you know bring our social relationships more closely together well uh it's certainly plays out in physical context as you're
也就是那个转速不再在背景里嗡嗡作响。我觉得对很多人来说也是这样,比如超马跑者我认识不少曾经成瘾的人,后来开始跑马拉松,跑得特别投入,也一直保持戒断状态是啊,很了不起,身体活动或者认知活动能把我们带进那种专注的状态,既让我们高效、让我们更健康同时也缓解了那个内在的声音,有点像把张力释放出去,就跟我看到科斯特洛通过啃砖头、啃牛皮咬胶或者别的什么东西来释放张力是一样的。所以我的问题是我猜身体和心理之间是有关联的,对吧?我们体内是不是基本上有一定量的能量,因人而异,而我们需要去驾驭或者调节这个能量水平,并且最好是以能养活自己、或者能让我们的社交关系更紧密的方式去做嗯,这在你描述的身体层面上确实成立,但正如你提到的,它在认知层面上
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2:27:38
describing but it also as you alluded to plays out in cognitive contexts when there is this match this sweet spot between the the the demands like you're in a situation that is is actually challenging either physically or cognitively and the the resources that you bring to that situation perfectly match the demands so it's a taxing situation but you are able to engage with it completely that is the formula for getting stuck is the wrong word for getting immersed in these kinds of flow states which are for many people the the goal that they have in their lives both recreational and professionally and so you as someone who is ideally getting into these flow states with your guests I would hope and imagine and that's always the aspiration like that must feel really good I mean you talk for a long time with people does it feel like a long time when you're having those conversations no time perception completely changes I I do this for two or three hours a week and then when we do a solo episode sometimes the
同样成立。当出现那种匹配、那个最佳平衡点——也就是任务的要求你身处一个真正具有挑战性的情境,无论是身体上还是认知上,而你带到这个情境中的资源恰好和任务要求相匹配。所以这是个费力的情境,但你能够完全投入进去,这就是那个公式——说「卡住」这个词不太对沉浸在这种心流状态里,而这对很多人来说正是他们人生的目标,无论是在休闲还是职业方面。所以你作为一个理想情况下会和嘉宾一起进入这种心流状态的人——我希望、也想象是这样,而且这一直是我们追求的目标——那种感觉一定非常好。我是说,你会和人聊很久,在那种对话里你会觉得时间很长吗?不会,时间感完全变了。我每周做这个大概两三个小时,然后我们录独白节目时,有时候录制——目前最长的一次是11个小时,当然剪辑之后会短一些,但那些节目
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2:28:44
recordings longest ever yet is 11 hours you know edited down but those can be anywhere from you know 90 minutes to 4 hours and or a live event um and I couldn't tell you it just seems like time just time dissolves away and when you know that is because you are so absorbed in the moment and meeting the the challenges of that situation that all of your attention is commanded to that that point in time that moment and that doesn't leave a whole lot of room for all of the uh the chatter to percolate in in the background and so you know one often you might think like an ultra marathon or what's the correct term is that it it's called an ultra I think uh we have some uh triathletes here in the room our producer Rob Moore um sitting to my left um we've never done this before but how long is an ultra anything longer than a marathon is that right he's giving a nod he's going to remain silent um anything longer than a marathon is considered an ultra and so that's a lot of time on the one hand to to be alone with your thoughts right and
可能从90分钟到4个小时不等,或者是现场活动。我真说不上来,感觉时间就那么消融掉了。你知道那是因为你全身心沉浸在当下,在应对那个情境带来的挑战,你所有的注意力都被牵引到那个时间点、那个瞬间,那就不会留下太多空间让那些内心的絮语在背景中冒出来。所以你可能会想,比如超级马拉松——正确的说法是什么来着,叫超马对吧?我们房间里有几位铁人三项选手,我们的制作人罗布·摩尔就坐在我左边。我们以前从没这么干过,不过超马是多长来着?任何超过马拉松距离的都算,对吧?他点头了,但他要保持沉默。任何比马拉松长的都算超马。所以一方面那是很长一段时间独自跟自己的念头待着,
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2:29:52
you might think that might just be grounds for experiencing chatter but it's also a particularly challenging kind of physical feat that you have to devote a lot of resources to meeting those physical demands and right so that can Propel you into a state of flow and then you get some um Runners High to boot some like chemical boost to enhance your mood and all of a sudden now you have people running you know 130 miles I'm exaggerating how long is it oh people I mean people have done 200 mile ultas 150 M Ultras people we have a friend uh you know again my producer Rob Mo and I have a friend Ken Ry out who um does these sorts of races in the um Gobi Desert um he did it without any prior training in the desert then one I mean there but you know these Ken in particular I'm thinking about right now he's a very high energy guy I would be concerned about Ken and his family not their safety but their sanity if Ken didn't run that much because he's just he's he needs to burn it off he just has that much energy and the whole concept
你可能会觉得那正是内心絮语滋生的温床。但它同时也是一项极具挑战性的体能壮举,你必须投入大量资源去应对那些身体上的需求,对吧,所以那能把你推入心流状态,然后你还额外获得一点跑者高潮,一点化学层面的提振来改善你的情绪。突然之间,就有人能跑130英里了——我夸张了,到底是多长?哦,有人真的跑过200英里的超马,150英里的超马。我们有个朋友——再说一次,我的制作人罗布·摩尔和我有个朋友叫肯·赖,他就参加这类比赛,在戈壁沙漠里。他事先完全没在沙漠里训练过就去了,然后有一次,我是说……不过你知道,我现在想到的这位肯,他是个精力极其旺盛的人。如果肯不跑这么多,我会替他和他家人担心——不是担心安全,是担心理智——因为他就是需要把那些能量燃烧掉,他就是有那么多能量。而能量这整个概念是我越来越感兴趣的东西。你知道,随着
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2:30:54
of energy is something that I'm getting more and more interested in you know as we age we tend to have less energy what is that is it mitochondrial density and function probably but what we're talking about here is a sort of cognitive velocity you know it's not an official term but it's one that I'm using more and more nowadays because I like you know that this um people should try this I'm curious have you've ever done this you sit down to read a page of a book trying to remember the information maybe it's technical maybe it's not and then you flip the page and you try and read a page of the very same book a little bit faster than you're comfortable while trying to retain the information and I find that there's this like sweet spot for reading where kind of like there's a sweet spot for running where going a little faster sometimes actually feels like it requires less effort you know well it's it's interesting that you say that because I actually engage in that exercise quite frequently so um you know
年龄增长我们的能量往往会变少,那到底是什么?是线粒体密度和功能吗?很可能是。但我们现在谈的其实是一种认知速度。这不是一个正式术语,但我最近越来越常用它,因为我喜欢……大家应该试试这个,我好奇你有没有做过:你坐下来读一本书的一页,努力记住里面的信息,可能是技术性的,也可能不是。然后你翻页,再试着读同一本书的另一页,速度比你舒服的节奏稍微快一点,同时还要努力记住信息。我发现阅读有这么一个最佳区间,就像跑步也有一个最佳区间一样——稍微快一点有时候反而感觉更省力。嗯,你这么说很有意思,因为我其实经常做这种练习。你知道,我的工作就是不停地读东西,
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2:31:45
I'm constantly reading for my job right if I'm not reading J articles I'm reading books for you know research and I'm doing writing books and the way I do it is often through an audio form and I will put the speed rate up to 2x I'll often go as high as I can go on the app and I can retain a huge amount of information going that fast but it does require that I'm very Vigilant I'm really carefully attending to that audiobook when I'm moving at that speed and so it's it's a it's not I would do on vacation when I'm trying to consume uh a book or information for fun uh you know there I just want to kind of just gently go let the let the paragraphs you know kind of pass my gaze and and take it in slowly and almost even Savor Savor the words on the page but but in other context I do Channel up the velocity and it can be incredibly engaging it can also be depleting so when you have conversations that really you find immensely rewarding and you know cognitive philosophy and I love that term is is is you know a 10 out of 10
如果不是在读期刊论文,就是在读书做研究,我还在写书。而我的方式常常是用音频的形式,我会把语速调到2倍,通常会开到app能开的最快档,而且我能以那个速度记住海量的信息。但那确实要求我非常警觉,我得非常专注地听那本有声书,在那个速度下。所以这不是我度假时会做的事——度假时我想享受一本书或者为了乐趣去吸收信息,那时候我只想慢慢来,让那些段落从我的目光里缓缓流过,慢慢吸收,甚至去品味、去回味书页上的文字。但在别的情境下,我确实会把速度提上去,那可以极其投入,但也可能很耗神。所以当你有了那种你觉得收获巨大的对话——你知道,认知哲学,我很喜欢这个说法——那种满分十分的对话,
便签引用
2:32:59
when you're done do you ever find it a little tiring not immediately um but my personal challenge in life is um I don't transition States very well so it takes me a little while to drop into a state but then I stay there so I'll come out of here still thinking about it and talking about this to myself or with others for for a fair amount of time maybe on the order of you know half an hour to hours yeah um I've learned this about myself over the years it's it's very effective for Science and for certain things less effective for other areas of life I've learned ways to transition faster but um then I will notice if I do you know record a solo and a guest episode and some intros and stuff in the same week that yeah on on Saturday I'm I'm kind of like my mind feels like it's like white noise and I I've long thought that having I used to call them low cortisol days you know just a day where I'm just kind of like veg and you're more tired probably on those days huh yeah just let myself reset it was actually in my list
结束之后你会觉得有点累吗?不会马上累。不过我个人在生活中的挑战是,我状态切换得不太好,所以我要花一点时间才能进入某个状态,但一旦进去我就会一直待在那儿。所以我会从这儿出去之后还在想这件事,还在自言自语或者跟别人聊这个,聊上相当长一段时间,大概半小时到几个小时吧。这些年我逐渐了解了自己这一点。这对做科研和某些事情非常有效,对生活的其他方面就没那么有效了。我学会了一些更快切换的方法,但我会注意到,如果我在同一周里录了独白节目、嘉宾节目,还有一些片头之类的,那到了周六,我会有点……我的脑子感觉像一片白噪音。我很早就觉得,我以前管它们叫低皮质醇日,就是那种我整天什么都不干、放空的日子。那种日子你大概也更累吧?是啊,就是让
便签引用
2:34:02
of questions to ask you about resetting going into kind of a state of wordlessness and just letting things just spool out um for an hour like not trying to control anything not trying to control anything in the universe except you know basic functions right cooking shows prank reals um these are yours these are these are mine and um like I am you know we often take for granted too that the the TV in front of us is a is another emotion regulation device right and actually people who are creating programs are deliberately trying to push your emotions in particular directions from the score that accompanies movies and news and the news so I don't want my emotions being shifted in a Direction that is contrary to my goals right before I go to bed I am at a typically High Velocity level throughout the day starting with physical stuff and exercise to the cognitive stuff and the the politicking and the science talks and all that stuff when I'm finally done going through my email at night I want
自己重置一下。其实我的问题清单里就有一条想问你关于重置的——进入一种无言的状态,就让思绪自己散开,比如一个小时,不去控制任何事情。不去控制宇宙里的任何事,除了那些基本功能,对吧。烹饪节目、恶作剧短视频——这些是你的吗?这些是我的。而且我们也常常忽略一点:我们面前的电视也是一种情绪调节装置,对吧。而且实际上,做节目的人是在刻意地把你的情绪往特定方向推,从配乐——电影的配乐,还有新闻。所以在睡觉前,我不希望我的情绪被推向跟我的目标相反的方向。我一整天通常都处在高速运转的状态,从体能的事、锻炼,到认知层面的事,还有
便签引用
2:35:09
like a good hour of just total mindless vegetation and it puts me in a wonderfully Serene state to then slide into bed jump into that mental time travel machine like do the fantasizing or saering and then puts me to sleep and so um you know I really value technology there for for helping me do that and I think that is the Counterpoint to having this High Velocity kind of experience I will often when I teach like sometimes I'll teach for like 3 hours so it's you know equivalent to what we're doing right now it is so unbelievably engaging and rewarding and like this is why I got into this business you are you're you know you're having great conversations and you're hopefully like changing the way people think about things getting them um to discover interest all that good stuff couple hours later when I come home first of all I need a little refractory period to switch out of work life into home life which can often be challenging on the personal front cuz like my kids are just waiting there well
各种人际周旋、科学讨论那些。等我晚上终于把邮件都处理完,我想要整整一个小时的、完全放空的发呆时间,它能让我进入一种非常宁静的状态,然后滑进被窝,跳上那台心理时间旅行机器,去幻想、去神游,然后就睡着了。所以你知道,我真的很感激科技在这方面帮了我。我觉得这就是高速运转体验的对立面。我上课的时候常常——有时候我一讲就是3个小时,所以跟我们现在做的事差不多。那是无比投入、无比有成就感的,就像,这正是我当初进这行的原因。你在进行很棒的对话,而且你有希望改变人们思考事情的方式,让他们发现兴趣所在,所有那些美好的东西。但几个小时后我回到家,首先我需要一点不应期来从工作模式切换到家庭模式,这在个人生活层面常常挺难的,因为
便签引用
2:36:11
my youngest kid is waiting there my oldest kid is now in her room doing her own thing but they want to play right away and I I need some time just to de impress but then once I do I've got to lean further into that state and so that's that is Shifting and understanding how to shift that's a different kind of shift but it is all about shifting our states to meet our goals and trying to understand how to do that well and I think that is the subtext to everything that we are talking about here yeah it's such an important aspect of life and I do think that everyone would do well to evaluate fors eles how quickly well not well you know not trying to place a grade on it but how quickly or slowly one transitions into and out of States how much your how much of your thoughts and emotions and um experience you're carrying forward from one context to the next uh I think about that a lot and and I it's something that I I try and work with a lot especially you know arriving home and there's people at home and you
我的孩子们就在那儿等着——好吧,是我最小的孩子在等着,我大女儿现在在自己房间里做她自己的事。但他们想马上就玩,而我需要一点时间来卸下……但一旦卸下了,我就得更深地投入那个状态。所以那也是一种切换。理解怎么切换——那是另一种类型的切换,但这一切都是关于切换我们的状态来匹配我们的目标,并努力理解怎么把这件事做好。我觉得这是我们在这里谈的所有话题背后的潜台词。是啊,这是人生中非常重要的一个方面,我确实认为每个人都该好好评估一下自己——多快,嗯,不是说好坏,你知道,不是要给它打分,而是一个人进入和退出各种状态的速度是快还是慢,你把多少念头、情绪和体验从一个情境带到下一个情境里。我经常想这件事,而且这也是我一直
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2:37:13
you want to engage in a particular way yeah and there there's actually a framework to help people do this that that I really like and it's interesting because you mentioned the military earlier and there's a a wonderful Cory and it's um I have an experien this too often in in my life where I see something in science that scaffolds on to an a a practice that another organization in this case the military implements to help people number one identify what are there in the context of what we're talking about what are their emotion regulation goals what are their shifting goals and how do you go from having those goals to bringing them to fruition and so um so in the military like Special Forces before they have complex complicated operations they will often first think about okay what what's our goal what's the outcome we hope to achieve then what are the obstacles that we can anticipate that might undermine our ability to achieve that goal and they'll go around the room and you know the the person in charge will like cold
在努力应对的东西,尤其是回到家、家里有人在,你想以某种特定的方式去互动的时候。是啊,其实有一个框架能帮人做到这一点,我非常喜欢它。有意思的是,你前面提到了军队——有一个很棒的对应。我在生活中经常遇到这种情况:我在科学里看到某个东西,恰好能为另一个组织——这里是军队——所实施的某种做法提供支撑,帮助人们首先识别出,在我们讨论的这个语境下,他们的情绪调节目标是什么、他们的状态切换目标是什么,然后你怎么从有了这些目标,到真正把它们实现。所以在军队里,比如特种部队,在执行复杂行动之前,他们常常会先想:好,我们的目标是什么?我们希望达成的结果是什么?
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2:38:18
call IC Style on folks like what is the the um potential obstacle and then for every obstacle that they identify they come up with a very specific if this happens then we will do this and they have multiple if then plans for each of those different obstacles so if we go back to the research landscape there's a technique called whoop have you ever ever heard of this okay so it's whoops an acronym and I promise you I wouldn't use any acronyms but this is a useful one to it's a nemonic to remember something so um how do you go from knowing to doing whoop is designed to help you do that because what it is explicitly designed to do is Target each of the the places where goal Pursuit often breaks down step one what's your wish what's the thing you hope to accomplish let's be really clear about what that goal is we often don't stop to even think about what our specific concrete goals are okay now that we have that that goal let's let's give ourselves some opportunity to energize what is the outcome we hope to achieve
然后有哪些我们能预见到的障碍,可能会削弱我们实现那个目标的能力?他们会绕着房间一个个来,负责的人会像随堂点名那样冷不丁点人:潜在的障碍是什么?然后对每一个他们识别出的障碍,他们会想出一个非常具体的「如果发生这个,那我们就做那个」,而且对每一种不同的障碍他们都有多套「如果—那么」预案。所以如果我们回到研究领域,有一个技巧叫WOOP,你听说过吗?好,WOOP是一个首字母缩写。我答应过不用任何缩写的,但这个很有用,它是一个帮你记住某样东西的记忆法。那么,你怎么从「知道」走到「做到」?WOOP就是为帮你做到这一点而设计的,因为它明确针对的是目标追求中最容易崩掉的那几个环节。第一步,你的愿望(Wish)是什么?你希望达成的事是什么?我们要非常清楚
便签引用
2:39:29
if we fulfill that goal and what that's doing is like giving us this motivation now really energizing us to pursue it even further okay we've got the outcome but now let's get let's get realistic what are the obstacles what are the internal obstacles that might prevent me from achieving those goals right so that's why my wish is to to to be present with my family after work the outcome that I hope to achieve is to is to be uh a better father a better husband to have a a a richer social life in those regards now what are the obstacles okay internal obstacles I got plenty right like the temptation to check my email and get to inbox zero before the night is done or I love my science and I also want to do some of that work or maybe I'm going to get distracted by friends who call all of those things are obstacles that might get in the way of me achieving the goal being more present with my family now the final step let me come up with an if then plan if I'm tempted to check my email after 7 or 8 then I'm going to
那个目标是什么。我们常常连停下来想一想自己具体、明确的目标是什么都没做。好,现在我们有了那个目标,接下来给自己一点机会去激发能量:如果实现了这个目标,我们希望得到的结果(Outcome)是什么?这样做就像是给了我们动力,真正激发我们去进一步追求它。好,我们有了结果,但现在让我们现实一点:障碍(Obstacle)是什么?有哪些内在障碍可能阻止我实现那些目标?对吧。所以,我的愿望是下班后能全心陪伴家人,我希望达成的结果是成为一个更好的父亲、更好的丈夫,在这些方面拥有更丰富的社交生活。那么障碍是什么?好,内在障碍我有一大堆,比如想在睡前查邮件、把收件箱清空的诱惑;或者我热爱我的科研,我也想做一些那方面的工作;又或者我会被打来电话的朋友分心。所有这些都是可能
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2:40:38
remind myself about how important it is to to be a dad so I'll do a low reframing if if someone calls after 9:00 p.m. and I'm engaging in an activity with with my kids then I'm going to politely Decline and you can imagine coming up with all sorts of plans for different levels of sophistication what those if then plans do is they they they try to make emotion regulation automatic because they identify a specific trigger if that's the if if this happens and then they pair that trigger with a response if then if then you rehearse that and this way when the trigger occurs boom you don't have to stop and think what should I do how should I behave you've got the plan and you implement it I've got if then plans for chatter if the chatter strikes then I do distant selft talk and mental time travel if the chatter is too overwhelming and those two tools don't work then I go to Nature and I go to my chatter advisers and so I have these if then plans that are linked up with my goals and that's a an important
妨碍我实现目标——更全心陪伴家人——的障碍。现在最后一步,我来想一个「如果—那么」预案(Plan):如果我在7点或8点之后想查邮件,那我就提醒自己做一个好爸爸有多重要,我会做一个低层次的重新框定。如果晚上9点之后有人打电话,而我正在跟孩子们一起做某件事,那我就礼貌地拒绝。你可以想象,你能针对不同的复杂程度想出各种各样的预案。这些「如果—那么」预案的作用是,它们试图让情绪调节变得自动化,因为它们锁定了一个具体的触发点——那就是「如果」,如果这件事发生——然后把那个触发点和一个反应配对:如果—那么,如果—那么。你反复演练这个,这样当触发点出现时,砰,你不用停下来想「我该怎么办、我该怎么表现」,你已经有预案了,你就直接执行。我给内心絮语也准备了「如果—那么」预案:如果絮语来袭,那我就用抽离式自我对话和心理时间
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2:41:44
technology that I think we can we can invite people to try to exercise in their own lives to make it more likely that they will achieve their regulatory goals I love it so whoop spelled w o p the W if I have this correct is uh what's the goal what's your wish what's your wish the first o is the opportunity to energize yourself around achieving that wish AKA motivation that's right what's the outcome you hope to achieve yep great uh okay even better because what you said was shorter the the first o is what's the outcome you hope to achieve um the second o what are the obstacles you can anticipate that's right and in the research space it's mostly been personal obstacles but you can generalize out as you know uh the Navy Seals do as an example that's the branch of the military I was referring to that essentially uses a similar kind of framework to now you have me self-conscious about using the word optimize to optimize the way they respond on to um missions and challenges uh this is what they so
旅行;如果絮语太过压倒性,那两个工具不管用,那我就去接触大自然,去找我的「絮语顾问」。所以我有这些「如果—那么」预案,跟我的目标挂钩。我觉得这是一项重要的技术,我们可以邀请大家在自己的生活里去试着运用,好让他们更有可能实现自己的调节目标。我太喜欢了。所以WOOP拼作 W-O-O-P,如果我理解没错,W是——目标是什么、你的愿望是什么。你的愿望是什么。第一个O是机会,让你围绕实现那个愿望给自己充能,也就是动机。没错,就是你希望达成的结果是什么。对,很好。呃,好吧,其实更好,因为你说的更简洁:第一个O是你希望达成的结果是什么。嗯,第二个O是你能预见到的障碍是什么。没错。在研究领域里,主要指的是个人层面的
便签引用
2:42:54
they're not only dealing with internal obstacles obviously but also ones from the world around them don't worry about using the word optimize um you did it optimally and we'll soon Squatch any um pejorative around optimize during this episode and then the p in whoop is the plan an if then plan that's right so it's not a vague plan it's a very specific plan so that you know exactly which strategies and steps to implement should a occur B occur C occur that's right and so it's a general General framework which in part is I think why it has so so much value and there's research behind this showing it can help people achieve various kinds of goals now there of course will be many situations that you have not developed whoops for and that's okay because you're going to have all of these other tools in your toolbox to manage those situations on the fly when they occur but then once you encounter new situations and you discover what tools are effective then you learn you create your whoop and then you can become more
障碍,但你可以把它推广出去,就像,呃,海豹突击队那样——那就是我前面提到的那个军种,他们基本上用的是类似的框架来——你现在弄得我用「优化」这个词都不好意思了——来优化他们在任务和挑战中的应对方式。呃,所以他们要处理的不只是内在的障碍,显然还有来自周遭世界的障碍。别担心用「优化」这个词,你用得很优化。我们很快会在这期节目里消除任何对「优化」这个词的贬义看法。然后WOOP里的P是预案,一个「如果—那么」预案。没错。所以它不是一个模糊的计划,而是一个非常具体的计划,让你确切知道该执行哪些策略和步骤,万一A发生、B发生、C发生的时候。没错。所以它是一个通用框架,我想这也是部分原因,为什么它有这么大的价值。而且背后有研究表明它能帮助人们实现各种各样的目标。
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12注意力的灵活部署与情绪传染
2:43:54
strategic automatic and effortless with how you engage them down the road earlier you mentioned attentional spotlights and I'm fascinated by this I know that most people hear that we can't multitask but primates again of which we are old Old World primates in particular can do covert attention if I were not completely focused on you I could focus an attentional spotlight on you and your voice and pay attention to you but I could also monitor components of the room I can merge those spotlights mhm I can divorce those spotlights that's right but it's very hard to generate three kind of compatible attentional spotlights at once it seems like we kind of have two yeah maybe some people can manage three but I'm betting most people can't manage more than three well I think it becomes um especially difficult to manage even one when you're experiencing uh an emotional episode mod that is essentially hijacking your attention and attention is really important to talk about for a few reasons so number one as a species we
当然,会有很多情况是你没有为之准备过WOOP的,那也没关系,因为你还有所有这些其他多任务处理,但灵长类动物——尤其是我们这些旧世界灵长类——能做到隐蔽注意。如果我不是完全专注在你身上,我可以把一束注意力的聚光灯打在你和你的声音上,专心听你说,但我同时也能留意房间里的其他部分。我可以把这些聚光灯合并起来,嗯,也可以把它们分开,没错。但要同时生成三束协调一致的注意力聚光灯就很难了,看起来我们大概只有两束。是的,也许有些人能应付三束,但我打赌大多数人没法超过三束。我觉得,当你正经历某种情绪事件时,连维持一束都会变得格外困难,因为那基本上劫持了你的注意力。而注意力之所以非常值得讨论,有几个原因。第一,作为一个物种,我们
便签引用
2:44:59
have the most sophisticated attention deploy deployment system on the planet right we have the ability to strategically deploy our attention so we can we can willfully place it on the things we want or yank it away from the things we don't want or we can go we can sacot our attention back and forth when it comes to emotion though we are often taught certain maxims about how to deploy our attention that I think can sometimes be problematic because they fall into the uh category of prescriptive advice about magic pills so often we hear for example that when it comes to chatter or really big emotions things that you're anxious about or fearful you should not avoid the problem you should focus on it and there's been a lot of research on this and what we have learned is on the one hand chronically avoiding things is not good it's associated with all sorts of negative outcomes for our emotional lives and beyond our physical lives too our health but often times the the signature for adaptively coping with
拥有地球上最精密的注意力部署系统,对吧?我们有能力战略性地部署注意力,所以我们可以有意识地把它放在我们想要的东西上,或者把它从我们不想要的东西上拽开,我们也可以让注意力来回扫视。但说到情绪,我们常常被灌输一些关于如何部署注意力的箴言,我认为这些有时候会有问题,因为它们属于那种关于灵丹妙药的规定式建议。比如我们常听到,当你面对内心絮语、或者真正强烈的情绪,也就是那些让你焦虑或恐惧的事情时,你不该回避问题,而应该正视它。关于这一点已经有大量研究,我们了解到的是:一方面,长期回避确实不好,它与各种负面结果相关,影响我们的情绪生活,甚至超出情绪,影响我们的身体和健康。但很多时候,适应性地应对情绪打击的标志,是你能够先聚焦手头的问题,然后把注意力
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2:46:08
emotional curveballs is being able to focus on the problem at hand deploy your attention elsewhere take a break and then come back to it and so this was a question actually I learned from my grandmother inadvertently my grandmother was this very interesting woman who grew up in um in Poland uh during World War II had her entire family slaughtered during the war one of these kind of devastating experiences lived in the forest uh for years back and forth all this terrible stuff family massacred and so forth and growing up she made it out of the war moved to the states I remember being just so exceptionally curious about what she experienced and how she was able to overcome it and whenever I would ask her questions about this she would ALS she would always say you know don't ask me why or what happened why is a crooked letter that was a phrase she would use which was really interesting because she didn't speak English very well at all heavily accented language but she' mastered this curious ID idiom like why is a crooked
转移到别处,休息一下,之后再回来面对它。这其实是我从祖母那里无意中学到的一个问题。我祖母是个非常有意思的女人,她成长于波兰,经历了二战,整个家族在战争中被屠杀,就是那种毁灭性的经历,在森林里来来回回躲藏了好几年,全是这些可怕的事情,家人被屠杀等等。她从战争中活了下来,后来移居美国。我记得自己特别特别好奇,她到底经历了什么,又是怎么挺过来的。每当我问她这些问题,她总是会说:别问我为什么,也别问发生了什么,"why 是个弯弯曲曲的字母"。这是她常用的一句话,特别有意思,因为她英语其实说得很不好,口音很重,但她却掌握了这句奇特的俗语——"why 是个弯曲的字母"。
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2:47:12
letter in other words nothing good comes from dredging up the past or really trying to understand things your life is awesome you're in a safe place you have a loving family just enjoy life so she's trying to shelter me so she for most of the the time that I would know her during the year she would never focus on this horrific event that she experienced except one day a year there would be this this um Remembrance Day and we'd all pile into a a synagogue and we'd talk about or I would listen to them talk about their experiences and the emotions would would come come out so she would dose her exposure to to the emotional information turns out what she was doing is she was being strategic in how she deployed her attention she was focusing on the emotional issue at times when it was productive for her but at other times when it didn't serve her well she occupied her attention with other kinds of thoughts and experiences and a large literature is now beginning to emerge which shows that this capacity
换句话说,翻旧账、非要去弄明白那些事,不会有什么好结果;你的生活很美好,你身处安全的地方,有爱你的家人,好好享受生活就行。所以她是想保护我。在我认识她的绝大部分日子里,一年当中她从不会去聚焦她经历过的那段可怕往事,除了一年中的某一天。那天有个纪念日,我们所有人会聚到犹太会堂,谈论——或者说我会听他们谈论——他们的经历,情绪就都涌出来了。所以她是在给自己的情绪暴露"限定剂量"。事实证明,她在做的,就是战略性地部署自己的注意力。她在对自己有益的时候去聚焦那个情绪问题,而在其他对她无益的时候,用别的想法和体验占据自己的注意力。现在有大量文献正在涌现,表明这种在如何运用注意力上保持灵活的能力,
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2:48:21
to be flexible in how we wield our attention when it comes to sources of emotional struggles can be a really really useful asset and so I think it's important to remind folks that these blunt prescriptions to like always approach a thing a problem or always avoid it they aren't always true and that often the the magic that surrounds emotion regulation I mean the magic not supernaturally but the beauty surrounds get is in being really fasile in how we can deploy our attention really appreciate you sharing that um personal anecdote um I've long struggled with the fact that so many of the sayings that were fed um like you know absence makes the heart grow fonder oh yeah well I also heard out ofsight out of mind so which one is it that's right you know and that's why eventually I became a scientist that's right um because you know it's both right and uh you know and you can see this in the fields of nutrition and exercise I mean there are certain core truths and I think the goal is always to get to those
在面对情绪困扰的来源时,可以是非常非常有用的财富。所以我觉得很重要的一点是提醒大家:那些一刀切的处方,比如永远要直面问题,或者永远要回避它,并不总是对的。而情绪调节的魔力所在——我说的魔力不是超自然意义上的,而是那种美妙之处——往往在于我们能多么游刃有余地部署自己的注意力。非常感谢你分享这段个人经历。我一直很困扰于那些被灌输给我们的说法,比如"小别胜新婚"(距离让心更亲近),哦是啊,可我也听过"眼不见,心不烦",那到底是哪一个呢?没错。这也是为什么我最终成了一名科学家。没错。因为你知道,两者都对。你在营养学和运动领域也能看到同样的情况。我是说,确实存在一些核心真理,我觉得目标永远是找到那些
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2:49:24
core truths and then there's some flexibility around those truths there's margins of error I I love what she shared you know why is a is a is a crooked letter um it reminds me of the the Bob Dylan Like Don't Look Back you I mean it's an these are profound questions yeah right like how much of our um Consciousness should we use to inforce that we don't spend time thinking about the past and and therefore miss out on the present and creating a a possible future and yet we don't want elements from the past to kind of you know fet into our psyche and then show up in ways that are destructive so it's it's a it's a complicated dance oh it's I mean our emotional eyes are anything but straightforward but we we do have guide posts to steer Us in how we deploy our attention and so so a couple of common her istics uh that I that I I like to use and describe to folks is so let's say say something bad happens and you divert your attention away you distract with a positive distraction not a harmful distraction
核心真理,然后围绕这些真理还有一定的灵活空间,有误差范围。我很喜欢她说的那句,"why 是个弯曲的字母"。这让我想起鲍勃·迪伦那句"别回头看"。我是说,这些都是深刻的问题。是啊,对吧。比如,我们该动用多少意识去确保自己不把时间花在回想过去上,以至于错过当下、错过创造一个可能的未来?可与此同时,我们也不希望过去的某些东西悄悄渗进我们的心理,然后以破坏性的方式冒出来。所以这是一场很复杂的舞蹈。哦,是的,我们的情绪生活一点也不简单,但我们确实有一些路标,可以指引我们如何部署注意力。有几条常见的经验法则,是我自己喜欢用、也喜欢讲给大家听的。比如说,发生了一件糟糕的事,你把注意力转移开,用一种积极的分心方式而不是有害的方式来分散注意力,然后那个问题没有再冒出来,那就继续过日子,你不
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2:50:27
and then the problem doesn't resurface keep going like you don't have to go back in time there's actually I experienced some friction sometimes with my dad around this issue so my parents were divorced and um you know I dealt with the the baggage surrounding that experience earlier in my life and when I think about it now I don't get upset like I understand why it happened I love both of my parents I've moved on I'm well adjusted but my dad likes to talk about this a lot whenever we speak and he you know we'll often bring it up and when he does I'm like well we don't have to talk about I'm actually totally fine this isn't a source of ongoing distress sometimes we're able to make sense of what has happened to us and move on with our lives and when that happens you know that's our our our cognitive machinery operating really really well we don't have to go back and revisit every single thing if on the other hand we are trying to get a mental break we're distracting and we find thoughts about these experiences
非得回头去处理它。关于这个问题,我和我爸之间其实有过一些摩擦。我父母离婚了,你知道,我在人生更早的阶段就处理完了那段经历带来的包袱。现在我再想起这件事,也不会难过,我理解为什么会发生,我爱我的父母双方,我已经放下了,我适应得很好。但我爸很喜欢反复谈这件事,每次我们聊天他都会提起,而他一提,我就说:我们其实不用聊这个,我真的完全没事,这已经不是我持续痛苦的来源了。有时候我们能够理解发生在自己身上的事,然后带着它继续生活。当这种情况发生时,你要知道,那说明我们的认知机制运转得非常非常好。我们不必回头去重新翻检每一件事。但如果反过来,我们想让大脑休息一下,我们在分散注意力,却发现关于那些经历的念头
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2:51:31
continually intruding into our awareness and being distracting that is then a cue okay well let's focus in on it and then once you focus in on it of course there are multiple ways you can engage with that experience sometimes just bathing yourself in the emotional pain can be useful for facilitating a kind of what we would call habituation so getting used to the discomfort and realizing it's not so bad to be in the presence of those negative thoughts maybe you want to reframe how you think about the circumstance and we have wonderful cognitive apparatus to help us reframe things we can look at it from different perspectives we can focus on the silver lining we can contextualize it so you have lots of tools to engage with things once you refocus but you don't always need to refocus focus on the problem so you want to be flexible flexibility in how you deploy your attention is really the Mantra that that I personally live by based on what I know of how all of this works there are a couple of caveats
不断闯入我们的意识、不断干扰我们,那这就是个信号:好吧,那我们就聚焦到它上面。而一旦你聚焦上去,当然有多种方式可以去处理那段经历。有时候,让自己完全浸泡在情绪痛苦里,也可以有助于促成我们所说的"习惯化",也就是逐渐适应那种不适,意识到和那些负面想法共处其实也没那么糟。也许你想重新框定自己对这件事的看法——我们拥有很棒的认知装置来帮助我们重构事物。我们可以从不同的角度去看它,我们可以聚焦于一线希望,我们可以把它放进更大的脉络里。所以一旦你重新聚焦,你有很多工具可以用来处理这些事情。但你并不总是需要重新聚焦在问题上。所以你要保持灵活。在如何部署注意力这件事上保持灵活,确实是我个人奉行的准则,这是基于我对这一切运作方式的了解。有几点需要说明一下。当我谈论分散注意力和回避时,我说的是健康的
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2:52:32
I want to throw out there when I'm talking about distraction and and avoiding I'm talking about healthy distractions healthy avoidance there are unhealthier forms of avoidance that we know definitively are are are not productive like substance abuse we also know that if you adopt a blunt rule of always just chronically avoiding not good so you want to be balanced could we add to the list of um tools for avoidance that tend to be unhealthy and this isn't one that I default to but I know someone that told me that um she us to default into um overc consumption of of story like of of of audio books not that audiobooks are bad but you know fiction audio books and just kind of when when there was a problem rather than dealing with the problem you know overindulgence in in narratives that would just kind of consume the mind I guess any Behavior where we're not um dealing with the the kind of uh itch that we probably need to scratch at least for a short while yeah it's probably going to be maladaptive in
分心、健康的回避。还有一些更不健康的回避形式,我们已经确凿地知道它们是没有效果的,比如药物滥用。我们也知道,如果你采用一条一刀切的规则,永远长期回避,那也不好。所以你要保持平衡。我们能不能往那个"倾向于不健康的回避工具"清单里再加一项?这不是我自己会默认采用的方式,但我认识一个人告诉我,她过去会默认沉溺于故事,就是有声书。倒不是说有声书不好,但就是那种虚构类有声书。每当遇到问题时,不去处理问题,而是过度沉浸在叙事里,让它把整个心思都占满。我想,任何一种让我们不去处理那个至少需要暂时挠一挠的"痒处"的行为,都是如此。是啊,长期来看它很可能是适应不良的。是的。我是说,如果问题一直——你要,你要
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2:53:36
the long run yeah I mean if the problem keeps like you want to be you want to listen to what your mind and body are are telling you and so if you find that the problem keeps resurfacing that's a q you need to engage and deal with it but a lot of the the experiences we have on a daily basis which may not be positive negative experiences as time moves on sometimes that's all we need to keep going with our lives and we do see in the literature that when you impose a particular view on folks like you have to do it this way that tends not to work out very well most of what we've been discussing today is one's emotional life and experience and chatter and inner narratives with oneself and their environment um technology nature and to some extent relationships but one powerful aspect of emotions that I think a lot of people wonder about and frankly participate in is this notion of emotional contagion yeah both positive and negative uh I think of like us you mentioned football football's being in
倾听你的身心在告诉你什么。所以如果你发现问题一再浮现,那就是个信号,说明你需要去面对和处理它。但我们日常生活中的很多经历,可能并不是正面的,是负面的经历,随着时间推移,有时候我们需要的就只是继续生活下去。而我们在文献中确实看到,当你把某种特定观点强加给别人,比如"你必须这样做",那往往效果不太好。我们今天讨论的大部分内容,都是关于一个人的情绪生活和体验、内心絮语,以及人与自身、与环境的内在叙事——科技、自然,以及某种程度上的人际关系。但情绪还有一个很有影响力的方面,我觉得很多人都好奇、而且坦白说也都身处其中,那就是"情绪传染"这个概念。是的,正面的和负面的都有。我想到比如我们,你提到过橄榄球,在密歇根橄榄球就是——哦对,我记得
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2:54:45
Michigan right oh yeah I remember from the movie The Big Chill they like actually go play for that was I think they were all Alum of of University of Michigan it's it's a religion in in the city that I live in that's right is it right okay um and how many people go to one of these games so we actually it's called the big house actually the largest football stadium in in the country um so close to 110,000 waa that's a lot of people it's a lot of people and we sing in unison and um it's actually I I never really was into football before moving to an arbor and now I embrace it um it helps when you're the national championships which we were Champions which we were last year congratulations we're working we're working on it this year um cool maybe sometime I'll go to a game I'm I'm not a I don't dislike football I like football I don't think I've ever been to a to a professional football game oh you should we should definitely have you out there it is a load of fun okay I'll I'll Skip One game of the globe troter season to
电影《山水又相逢》(The Big Chill),他们真的跑去打球,我记得他们好像都是密歇根大学的校友。在我住的那座城市,这就是一种宗教。没错。是这样吗?好的。那有多少人会去看这样一场比赛?我们那个体育场叫"大房子"(Big House),其实是全美国最大的橄榄球体育场,能容纳将近11万人。哇,那真是很多人。是很多人。而且我们会齐声合唱。其实我在搬到安娜堡之前从来没真正喜欢过橄榄球,现在我完全接受了。当你是全国冠军的时候,这当然更容易——我们去年是冠军。恭喜。我们今年还在努力。真棒,也许哪天我该去看场比赛。我不是——我不讨厌橄榄球,我喜欢橄榄球,我好像从来没看过职业橄榄球比赛。哦你该去看看,我们一定要请你过去,真的非常好玩。好,那我就从哈林篮球队那一季里翘掉一场,
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2:55:41
to go to uh Michigan a Michigan game um emotional contagion occurs in football stadiums occurs in digesting news we just had an election so a lot of emotional contagion in essentially opposite directions post elction um and on and on what do we know about emotional contagion it makes sense to me why we we would be so prone to it but where are the the the sort of rumble strips um so to speak and the ditch on emotional contagion yeah that's a driving analogy the rumble strips are the that when you start to drift towards the ditch yeah uh you know obviously the ditch is losing control in the negative Direction Mal adaptive Direction but like how can we start to identify the the rumble strips in in emotional contagion yeah so emotional contagion is a very powerful phenomenon um uh emotions can spread within seconds um they tend to uh we tend to catch emotions more quickly when we're not sure of how we should be thinking or feeling in a particular situation so we often are referencing other people in those instances as a
去看密歇根的比赛。情绪传染会发生在橄榄球体育场里,会发生在我们消化新闻的时候——我们刚经历了一场大选,所以选举后有大量情绪传染,而且基本上是朝着相反的两个方向。等等等等。关于情绪传染,我们目前知道些什么?我能理解为什么我们会这么容易受它影响,但那些"减速带"在哪里?还有情绪传染的"路沟"又在哪里?是的,这是个开车的比喻。减速带就是当你开始往路沟方向偏移时会碾到的那种。是的,显然"路沟"就是朝负面方向、朝适应不良的方向失去控制。但我们要怎么开始识别情绪传染里的那些减速带呢?好的,情绪传染是一个非常强大的现象。情绪可以在几秒钟内扩散。而且我们往往在自己不确定在某个情境中该怎么想、该有什么感受时,更快地"感染"上情绪。所以在那些时候,我们常常会把他人当作信息来源来参照。当然,我们周围的人
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2:56:53
source of information the people around us of course are a rich source of information this is also why we compare ourselves to other people so frequently right we're trying to learn something about how to respond and we know it can have these cascading effects both in everyday life in both the positive and the negative Direction but also um you know in in in the digital world we see these emotions that can spread really fast too so it's a it's a very powerful phenomenon it's one I'm often very attentive to when I come into the classroom like you're trying to you tend to not want to have a negative mood spread through an audience when you are teaching to them and so you're sensitive to that kind of certain kinds of displays or tones that might convey that kind of emotional response um and I think it's something that we need to be incre increasingly aware of especially when we're working in in any kind of group context like when you're working on a team it is really important to keep the team at the level of emotional tone
本身就是丰富的信息来源。这也是为什么我们如此频繁地拿自己和别人比较,对吧?我们是在试图学到关于该如何反应的信息。我们知道它可以产生层层扩散的效应,既发生在日常生活中,正面和负面方向都有,也发生在数字世界里,我们看到这些情绪同样可以传播得非常快。所以这是一个非常强大的现象。每当我走进教室时,我通常会对它非常警觉。你知道,你在授课时往往不希望有一种负面情绪在听众中扩散开来,所以你会对那种可能传递出这类情绪反应的表情或语气特别敏感。我觉得这是我们需要越来越意识到的事情,尤其是当我们在任何一种群体环境中工作时。比如你在一个团队里工作,保持团队的情绪基调在某个水平上真的很重要——如果你是领导者,或者哪怕只是这个团队中一名
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2:58:01
that you feel if you're the leader or even a just a member of this team that is committed to it you want to keep that tone at the most productive level because if it dips below or above that can sabotage how um how well you perform and there's a lot of research on that both from directing my laboratory for a good number of years and from teaching and from certainly the podcast which is a small team of seven of us um I'm familiar with what you just described and um also for being a camp counselor that's probably where I learned it being a summer camp counselor when I was in college yeah that if you get um two or three kids that are like really pissed off about what you have to do over the next couple of hours it can send everything and you have to nip that in the bud right away you have to repair that and I'm I'm very very attentive to this when I am in group context especially when I'm leading those groups those teams those labs like really making sure that that kind of negative Mojo does not does
投入的成员,你都希望把这个基调维持在最有效率的水平上,因为如果它掉到那个水平以下,或者升到之上,都可能破坏你们的表现。关于这一点有大量研究。我自己多年来管理实验室、教学,当然还有做播客——我们是一个七个人的小团队——我对你刚才描述的这些都很熟悉。还有做夏令营辅导员的经历,那大概是我最早学到这一点的地方,我大学时当过夏令营辅导员。是啊,如果有两三个孩子对接下来几个小时要做的事特别不爽,那就能把整件事搅黄,你必须立刻把它扼杀在萌芽状态,必须马上去修复。我在群体环境中对这一点非常非常敏感,尤其是当我在领导那些团体、那些团队、那些实验室的时候,真的会格外注意,不让那种负面的"气场"扩散开来。你觉得如今在
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2:59:05
not spread do you think nowadays um on University campuses there's a more of a tendency for students to raise their hands and say like let's spark an issue um and I'll just preface this by saying a a guy that I worked for as an undergraduate um a physiologist he told me that when he was teaching during the Vietnam War era he would be in the middle of a lecture about cold thermogenesis physiology his area of expertise and someone would just stand up and say what about the war in Vietnam and I remember him telling me that story I thought that's outrageous like really he said oh yeah all the time and you would have to stop and have to acknowledge it and let them have their expression I thought well that's wild now we we're living in times when um that's not all that unusual uh in the University classroom and on campuses so and online so you know it's interesting that that previous example from the 1960s now very relevant again so um do we let people emote or you know as a summer camp counselor
大学校园里,学生更倾向于举手说"我们来挑起一个议题吧"吗?我先说明一下背景:我本科时给一位生理学家工作过,他告诉我,当他在越战时期教书时,他正讲到一半——讲的是冷诱导产热生理学,他的专业领域——就会有人站起来问:那越南的战争怎么说?我记得他跟我讲这个故事时,我当时觉得太离谱了——真的假的?他说,哦,经常这样。而你必须停下来,承认这件事,让他们把情绪表达出来。我当时想,这也太夸张了。而现在我们所处的时代,呃,这种事已经不算稀奇了——在大学课堂上,在校园里,在网上都是。所以你看,挺有意思的,1960年代的那个例子,现在又变得非常有现实意义了。那么,我们要不要让人们把情绪发泄出来?就像我当夏令营辅导员的时候,有人把我拉到一边说,这些孩子精力特别旺盛,我唯一的
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3:00:10
someone pulled me aside and said you these kids have a lot of energy my only advice is be a channel not a dam something I never forgot yeah it's very useful in other areas of life too be a channel not a dam yeah um so how do you be a channel not a dam when people are having um really have the need to uh externalize negative stuff and it holds the potential for for emotional contagion well you know I haven't experienced firsthand the phenomenon that you're describing in the classroom but obviously a lot of my colleagues have and we see this playing out on lots of universities these are very turbulent times turbulence activates and we know going back to an earlier part of our conversation when people experience strong emotions are often motivated to share those emotions with other people that often takes the form of vocalizing them and that can elicit contagion throughout and so now we're beginning to actually understand how the emotional processes are are making their way through people groups and societies
建议就是:做一条水渠,别做一座水坝。这句话我一直没忘。是啊,这在生活的其他方面也很有用——做水渠,别做水坝。是啊。那么,当人们真的很需要把负面情绪向外宣泄,而这又可能引发情绪传染的时候,你要怎么做一条水渠而不是水坝呢?其实呢,你说的课堂上的那种现象,我自己并没有亲身经历过,但显然我的很多同事都遇到过,我们也看到这种情况在很多大学里上演。这是个非常动荡的时期,而动荡会激活情绪。我们知道,回到我们刚才谈话前面提到的一点,当人们体验到强烈情绪时,往往会有动力和别人分享这些情绪,而这通常表现为把情绪说出来,这又会引发整体的传染。所以现在我们开始真正理解,情绪过程是如何在人群和社会中扩散的。那么在这种情况下该怎么办呢?
便签引用
3:01:13
um what should you do in those circumstances well I think it depends a lot on on the context and and what the nature of the emotional response is and are there you know is the emotion becoming really counterproductive or harmful and you know there are differing views about when you should intervene and how to do it I think in general though you bring the um the Playbook of always wanting to kind of validate like your emotional experience is a genuine response that you are having to the situation in in most cases yes we can try to purposefully experience an emotion in a duplicitous way but I think in a lot of cases the kinds of phenomena we're talking about like these are just honest emotional reactions these are really difficult times and I think um trying to understand where those emotions are coming from is often a really great first step I mentioned to you before we started talking that I I had a this wonderful um conflict mediator come to one of my classes recently to talk about how do
我觉得这在很大程度上取决于具体情境,取决于这种情绪反应的性质,以及这种情绪是不是真的变得适得其反或有害了。关于什么时候该介入、该怎么介入,大家的看法也不一样。不过我觉得总体来说,你要拿出那套惯用做法:首先要肯定对方——你的情绪体验是你对这个情境产生的真实反应。在大多数情况下是这样。没错,我们确实可以刻意地、带点表演性质地去体验某种情绪,但我觉得在很多情况下,我们现在谈的这类现象,都只是诚实的情绪反应。这确实是个艰难的时期,我觉得,呃,试着去理解这些情绪从何而来,往往是非常好的第一步。我们开始录之前跟你提到过,我最近请了一位非常出色的冲突调解专家来我的一门课上,讲的是
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3:02:23
you not just engage with emotional groups but how do you engage with emotional groups at the same time that are having emotions because of one another and the approach that she has found to be be very successful in her career as a mediator is to ask folks to train them not to enter conversations to try to change each other's minds but to enter those conversations with a a state of humility and curiosity and genuine interest and in first and foremost trying to just understand the other group's position I haven't done that myself but it it it strikes me as a as a pretty viable approach to a first step to having conversations about difficult issues and you know it it makes me think about how in the lab we often define wisdom so wisdom is this concept of it indexes how well you are able to deal with social situations involving uncertainty like we don't know how these social situations are going to play out and wise individuals are skillful in navigating those circumstances how do you define
怎样不只是和有情绪的群体打交道,而是如何同时面对好几个群体,而且他们的情绪还是彼此引发的。她在调解生涯中发现非常有效的方法,是请大家——训练大家——不要带着改变对方想法的目的进入对话,而是带着一种谦逊、好奇和真诚兴趣的状态进入对话,首要任务只是去理解对方群体的立场。我自己还没这么试过,但在我看来,这是个相当可行的办法,可以作为讨论棘手议题的第一步。这让我想到,我们实验室常常是怎么定义智慧的。智慧这个概念衡量的是你在应对涉及不确定性的社交情境时表现得有多好——我们并不知道这些社交情境会怎么发展,而有智慧的人善于驾驭这类局面。你是怎么定义智慧的?它有哪些特征?它的几个
便签引用
3:03:37
wisdom what are its features well a few of its core features are humility recognizing that I don't know everything a commitment to perspective taking putting myself in the other person's shoes um dialecticism recognizing that the world is constantly in flux and circumstances are changing and we need to be aware of that and then also a general orientation towards the social good like doing good in the world and it strikes me that entering these difficult situations with that kind of mindset is potentially productive for um for bridging divides I love that and um what an appropriate area for us to round up in I think that right now clearly things are are tense but um what you've talked about today and uh at least from what I understand of how the human mind works in and around emotions our own and observing others and potentially contagion is that these tools can really help us do better uh that they're not just research papers they are uh implementable uh chunks of knowledge and in some cases such as what you've
核心特征是:谦逊,认识到自己并非无所不知;愿意换位思考,设身处地站在对方的角度;呃,辩证思维,认识到世界一直在变动,环境在不断变化,我们需要对此保持觉察;还有一种总体上朝向社会公益的取向,也就是在世界上做好事。我觉得,带着这样的心态进入这些棘手的情境,很可能有助于弥合分歧。我太喜欢这个说法了,而且,呃,用这个话题来收尾再合适不过了。我觉得现在显然局势很紧张,但是,呃,你今天讲的这些内容,以及,呃,至少就我所理解的人类心智在情绪方面是如何运作的——我们自己的情绪、观察他人的情绪,以及可能发生的传染——这些工具确实能帮助我们做得更好。它们不只是研究论文,而是,呃,可以落地实践的知识模块,在某些情况下,比如你今天讲的这些,是真正的珍宝。所以出于这个原因,也感谢你从
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3:04:49
discussed today real gems uh so for that reason and for taking the time out of your research schedule I mean your researcher teacher your dad your husband you do many things you make it to football game somehow also into the gym uh where you don't drop dumbbells on people's faces intentionally um because you realize the dire consequences you you're just doing a ton of amazing work in the world I'd heard about and read chatter some time ago and yeah I just think it's it's incredible what you've brought to people's attention that has always no pun intended been on and in their minds yeah you know and I'm sure there are others in your field um but I want to specifically thank you on behalf of myself and everyone listening and watching for paying so much careful research attention and public education attention to this thing that we call chatter and the inner voice and emotion regulation because this is really what makes up our lives it's as important in my mind certainly as cardiovascular health or any other aspect of mental or
研究日程里抽出时间。我是说,你是研究者、是老师、是父亲、是丈夫,你要做很多事,还能抽空去看橄榄球赛,还能去健身房,呃,在那儿你不会故意把哑铃砸到别人脸上,因为你知道后果很严重。呃,你在这个世界上做了大量了不起的工作。我以前就听说过,也读过《Chatter》,是的,我真的觉得,你让人们注意到的这些东西太不可思议了——这些东西一直都在他们的脑子里,一直在他们心里(无意双关)。是啊,我相信你的领域里也还有其他人,但我想特别代表我自己以及所有收听和收看的人,感谢你投入了这么多细致的研究和公众教育精力,去关注我们称之为“内心絮语(chatter)”的东西、内在声音以及情绪调节,因为这些真的构成了我们的人生。在我看来,它的重要性绝不亚于心血管
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3:05:49
physical health so on behalf of myself and everyone listening and watching thank you so much please come back again because your research is evolving we'd love to hear about the next steps we'll definitely provide links to your work and to the upcoming book which comes out in February of 2025 do you want to tell us the title of the book that's right it's called shift managing your emotions so they don't manage you great and presumably it's available for pre-sale now or soon yeah it's it's available and um it is uh it is essentially designed it is written to um to kind of just open the open the book on what emotions are what we often get wrong about them and what are the tools that we have to re them in and uh you know my hope is that IT addresses this big problem that I think we've been facing for a while just how to Wrangle these emotions that sometimes get the best of us great well uh I am personally going to order a copy by pre-sale I insist on that I don't take free copies I I I bu books cuz I'm
健康或心理、身体健康的任何其他方面。所以,代表我自己和所有收听收看的朋友,非常感谢你。请一定再来,因为你的研究还在不断发展,我们很想听听接下来的进展。我们一定会附上你研究工作的链接,以及即将出版的新书的链接——这本书2025年2月上市。你要不要跟大家说说书名?好的,书名叫《Shift:管理你的情绪,别让情绪管理你》。太好了,估计现在或者很快就能预售了?是的,已经可以了。呃,这本书本质上就是想,呃,为大家揭开情绪的真面目:情绪到底是什么,我们对它常有哪些误解,以及我们有哪些工具可以把它们收住。呃,我希望它能解决这个我认为我们已经面对了很久的大问题,就是如何驾驭这些有时候会把我们压倒的情绪。太好了,那,呃,我个人会去预订一本。我坚持这样做,我不接受赠书,我买书,因为我是真心相信书的价值。所以谢谢你写了
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3:06:48
a Believer in books so thank you for writing shift and come back and talk to us again well thanks for having me it was an incredible conversation so I appreciate it feel the same way thank you so much thank you thank you for joining me for today's discussion with Dr Ethan cross I hope you found it to be as informative and as actionable as I did to learn more about Dr cross's work and to find links to his previous book chatter as well as his forthcoming book shift managing your emotions so they do not manage you please see the show show note captions if you're learning from and or enjoying this podcast please subscribe to our YouTube channel that's a terrific zeroc cost way to support us please also click the follow button for the huberman Lab podcast on both Spotify and apple and on both Spotify and apple you can leave us up to a five-star review please also check out the sponsors mentioned at the beginning and throughout today's episode that's the best way to support this podcast and if
《Shift》,也请再回来和我们聊。谢谢你邀请我,这是一场非常精彩的对话,我很感激。我也有同感,非常感谢你。谢谢。感谢各位收听今天我与Ethan Kross 博士的对话。希望你觉得这期节目和我一样有信息量、一样实用。想进一步了解 Kross 博士的研究,以及找到他上一本书《Chatter》和即将出版的新书《Shift:管理你的情绪,别让情绪管理你》的链接,请查看节目简介和字幕说明。如果你从这档播客中有所收获或者喜欢它,请订阅我们的 YouTube 频道,这是零成本支持我们的绝佳方式。也请在 Spotify 和 Apple 上点击关注 Huberman Lab 播客。在 Spotify 和 Apple 上,你还可以给我们留下最高五星的评价。也请关注今天节目开头和中间提到的赞助商,那是支持这档播客的
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3:07:40
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3:08:33
regulation for deliberate cold exposure deliberate heat exposure all of which is available completely zero cost you simply go to huberman lab.com go to the menu tab in the corner scroll down to newsletter and provide your email and I should point out that we do not share your email with anybody thank you once again for joining me for today's discussion with Dr Ethan cross and last but certainly not least thank you for your interest in science [Music]
调节、怎样做刻意冷暴露、刻意热暴露等等,全部完全零成本。你只需访问 hubermanlab.com,点开角落里的菜单栏,向下滚动到 Newsletter,填写你的邮箱。我要说明一下,我们不会把你的邮箱分享给任何人。再次感谢你收听今天我与 Ethan Kross 博士的对话。最后同样重要的是,感谢你对科学的关注。[音乐]
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视频总结 · 一句话概括与核心要点

一句话概括

密歇根大学心理学家 Ethan Kross 与 Huberman 讨论「脑内声音」的双面性:它是人类的言语工作记忆、模拟规划与自我控制工具,而当它陷入循环空转就成了「喋喋」(chatter);应对之道不是压制,而是用距离化、时间旅行、感官、环境、人际等多种「转换器」组合,并靠 if-then 计划把调节变成自动反应。

核心要点

  • 内在声音本身是工具,「喋喋」只是它的阴暗面。 Kross 把内在声音定义为「默默用语言反思自己生活的能力」,它至少承担三项功能:言语工作记忆(背电话号码、购物清单)、模拟与规划(演讲前在脑中过一遍开场)、自我控制与激励(运动时的自我喊话)。「喋喋」的定义是在同一问题上反复循环而无进展,它像海绵吸走有限的注意资源,直接损害专注与解题能力。
  • 喋喋是跨诊断机制,但有喋喋不等于有病。 同一个循环过程注入不同内容会导向不同临床方向:悲观认知(「我是废物」)持续且强烈即趋向抑郁,「万一……」式不确定认知趋向焦虑,创伤记忆循环趋向 PTSD。但绝大多数人都会偶发喋喋,只有强度过高、时间过长才构成临床问题。
  • 发泄情绪只能增进关系,不能解决问题。 对他人倾诉能强化人际纽带,但若对方只共情不帮你拉远视角、推进解题,就会形成「共同反刍」,离开时关系变好、问题仍在。Kross 的「喋喋顾问团」是精选出来的人:先共情验证,再帮他放大视野、一起解决。
  • 两个第一线工具:距离化自我对话与时间旅行。 用自己的名字和「你」来思考问题(「Ethan,你打算怎么处理」),相当于把自己当成给别人提建议,利用了人类「给别人出主意远比给自己出主意清醒」的不对称。凌晨两点醒来被喋喋纠缠时,他问自己「明天早上、下周、十年后你会怎么看这件事」,即「时间距离化」,激活「这是暂时的」认知,音量降低即可入睡。
  • 写与说比单纯想更有效,原因在于「结构」。 思维在脑中是无护栏的自由流,写作和对话强迫按句子和逻辑组织。实验显示回忆一段负面经历后,随机分配「只在脑中想」「写下来」「说给别人听」,后两者情绪结果显著更好。Pennebaker 表达性写作(每天 15~20 分钟、连续 1~3 天)有数百项研究支持,但 Kross 在新冠期间两项大型日记研究发现它「有效却少人用」,因为费力。同一研究还显示没有万能工具,人们平均每天组合使用 3~4 种。
  • 感官与环境是被低估的低成本转换器。 问人为何听音乐,约 95% 答「为了感觉好」,但问最近一次焦虑或愤怒时用了什么,报告用音乐的只有 10%~30%。触摸(被双方接受的拥抱、拍背)释放抗压化学物质,贯穿一生。绿色空间有两条机制:环境中柔和的刺激「温和抓住」注意力从而恢复认知资源;壮阔景物引发敬畏感,让「自我缩小」,问题随之缩小。手机即使倒扣在桌上仍是分心提示,Kross 的课堂禁用笔记本,聚会后把多余的披萨全部让客人带走,都是「结构化空间」。
  • 闯入性黑暗念头近乎人人皆有,是大脑在模拟最坏情况。 调查中一周内出现过黑暗念头的比例接近天花板。Kross 自述在健身房搬哑铃时会闪过「砸到别人脸上」的念头,抱新生女儿走过挑空走廊时会想象失手;解释是大脑不断模拟各种可能性,极小概率的极端场景偶尔逸出到意识层面,功能是标记「绝不能发生」的风险。理解这一点本身即有解放作用,类似于把焦虑生理反应重新解读为「身体在为迎战做准备」。
  • 注意力要灵活部署,「必须直面」和「必须回避」都是错的。 Kross 的祖母在波兰经历全家被屠杀,平日拒谈往事(「why 是一个歪掉的字母」),只在每年纪念日集中释放,这是「剂量化暴露」。经验法则:转移注意后问题不再浮现,就不必回头;若念头反复闯入,那是该聚焦处理的信号,此时可以习惯化、重新框架或换视角。慢性回避与药物滥用式回避明确有害。
  • 从「知道」到「做到」靠 WOOP。 Wish(明确愿望)、Outcome(想象结果以激发动力)、Obstacle(预判内部障碍)、Plan(具体的 if-then 计划)。Kross 自己的喋喋预案:若喋喋来袭,则用距离化自我对话加时间旅行;若仍不够,则去自然环境走路并求助顾问团。if-then 把触发与反应绑定,省去临场决策。海豹突击队任务前的推演与此同构。
  • 好生活 = 健康的情绪目标 + 实现目标的工具,二者缺一不可。 历史上人类为调节情绪用过颅骨钻孔(8~10 千年前)和前额叶切除术(1940 年代,还拿了诺贝尔奖),说明这是自古的难题。如今行为工具在特异性、安全性上已走在药理和外科工具前面。当前科学的瓶颈不是单个工具(机制已清楚),而是「工具组合如何因人因境而异」,Kross 认为 AI 有潜力从个体数据中学到这种模式。

结论与值得注意的细节

  • 「活在当下」不是终极目标。人脑演化出心理时间旅行是为了从过去学习、品味往事、规划未来;要学的是让时间机器不在过去或未来「抛锚」,而非关掉它。Kross 本人的「安眠药」就是睡前回味孩子进球等好事。
  • 负面自我对话不等于有害。运动时严厉的教练式内心声音有激励作用,David Goggins 的多重内心声音也是一例;有害的分水岭是「循环」,而非「负面」。
  • 想象朋友与自言自语是自我控制的原型。据维果茨基,儿童把父母的指令外显复述给自己或玩偶,这种外部声音之后内化为内在声音;成年人在极端压力下重新大声自言自语,是退回这种原始调节方式。
  • 社交媒体去掉了「找人倾诉的时间延迟」和「面对面的情绪反馈」两道天然缓冲,使情绪以更未经过滤的方式释放,这是网络霸凌与道德义愤扩散的一个机制;但 Kross 也用睡前刷搞笑短片作为有意的减压转换器,并认为技术净效应为正。
  • 喋喋时人会反射性整理房间,这叫「补偿性控制」:用外部秩序弥补内在失控感。Kross 办公室的整洁度是他心理状态的指示器。
  • 「隐形支持」:主动帮忙但不点明,比直接介入更不易触发对方的「我不需要你帮」的反弹。
  • 情绪传染在群体中数秒即可扩散,人在不确定该如何反应时最易被传染。带团队或授课要盯紧负面情绪苗头,「做渠道不做堤坝」。
  • 实验室对「智慧」的定义:处理不确定社会情境的能力,要素是谦逊、换位、承认世事流变的辩证观、面向社会公益。调解者的做法是进入对话时不图改变对方,只求先理解。
  • Kross 新书《Shift: Managing Your Emotions So They Don't Manage You》定于 2025 年 2 月出版,Huberman 表示会自费预购。
核心句型 · 10
1. It turns out (that) …
“It turns out that's a type of Swiss army knife that we possess”
引出与预期不同的事实或研究结论,常用于科普讲解。仿写:It turns out most people never use the tools they know about.
2. not X per se, but …
“What I'm talking about is not avoidance per se, we should talk about avoidance later”
先排除一个容易误解的近义概念再给出本意,per se 表「就其本身而言」。适合澄清定义。
3. Welcome to the human condition
“If you experience chatter Welcome to The Human Condition my friends”
以幽默方式把个人困扰「正常化」:你不是特例,这是人的共同处境。可用于安慰或去污名化。
4. If … strikes, then I …
“If the chatter strikes then I do distant self talk and mental time travel”
执行意图句式:触发条件与固定反应配对,让行动自动化。仿写时把 if 后面写得越具体越好。
5. That is not to say that …
“Now that is not to say that social media isn't useful for spreading certain kinds of messages”
在批评之后主动补上另一面,防止被误读为全盘否定。学术讨论与评论写作常用。
6. the verbal equivalent of …
“They are the verbal equivalent of pointing a finger at someone else”
用具体动作解释抽象语言现象,「X 在语言上相当于 Y」。适合做类比说明。
7. nothing good comes from …
“Nothing good comes from dredging up the past”
简洁的劝诫句式,主语是动名词短语。仿写:Nothing good comes from checking your phone at 2 a.m.
8. hidden in plain sight
“There are tools that are just hidden in plain sight they're waiting to be harnessed”
「藏在显眼处」,指人们视而不见的资源或线索。作后置定语或表语均可。
9. be a channel, not a dam
“My only advice is be a channel not a dam”
平行对照的隐喻式建议,两个名词同类同域。仿写自己的座右铭时可套用「be an A, not a B」。
10. as bad as it may seem, it is …
“What you are going through as bad as it may seem it is temporary”
让步结构前置,先承认再转折,语气比 although 更口语、更有安抚感。
词汇精讲 · 200 · 按出现顺序
quashes /ˈkwɑːʃɪz/ v. 0:00
压制,抑制(此处指蓝光抑制褪黑素)
intrusive /ɪnˈtruːsɪv/ adj. 1:00
侵扰性的,不请自来的(intrusive thoughts 侵入性念头)
ruminations /ˌruːməˈneɪʃənz/ n. 1:00
反刍思维,反复咀嚼负面想法
venting /ˈvɛntɪŋ/ v. 1:00
发泄(情绪);vent to sb 向某人倾诉
partake in phr. 1:00
参与,从事(正式用语)
purported /pərˈpɔːrtɪd/ adj. 5:45
号称的,据称的(含怀疑意味)
squishy /ˈskwɪʃi/ adj. 5:45
软绵绵的;引申为不严谨的、模糊的
Swiss army knife n. 6:48
瑞士军刀,喻多功能工具
boon /buːn/ n. 6:48
恩惠,福音(a boon to …)
root for phr. 6:48
为……加油,支持
a mouthful phr. 7:53
拗口的词或名称
modality /moʊˈdæləti/ n. 11:15
通道,方式(此处指感官通道)
modulate /ˈmɑːdʒəleɪt/ v. 11:15
调节,调制
overbearing /ˌoʊvərˈbɛrɪŋ/ adj. 11:15
专横的,盛气凌人的
bummed out phr. 12:26
(口语)情绪低落,沮丧
emotional contagion n. 12:26
情绪传染
jamming out phr. 12:26
(口语)跟着音乐尽情摇摆、演奏
invigorated /ɪnˈvɪɡəreɪtɪd/ adj. 12:26
精神抖擞的,充满活力的
stumbled onto phr. 13:38
偶然发现
cathartic /kəˈθɑːrtɪk/ adj. 14:49
宣泄性的,有净化作用的
elicit /ɪˈlɪsɪt/ v. 15:45
引出,诱发(反应、情绪)
mood congruency n. 15:45
情绪一致性(心理学术语)
masochistic /ˌmæsəˈkɪstɪk/ adj. 15:45
受虐狂的,自找苦吃的
Rectify /ˈrɛktəfaɪ/ v. 16:58
纠正,弥补
hijacks /ˈhaɪdʒæks/ v. 16:58
劫持;引申为强行占据(注意力、思维)
introspect /ˌɪntrəˈspɛkt/ v. 16:58
内省,自我反思
acclimating /ˈækləˌmeɪtɪŋ/ v. 18:11
适应(新环境)
manipulative /məˈnɪpjələtɪv/ adj. 19:11
操控性的,会摆布人的
testament /ˈtɛstəmənt/ n. 20:17
证明,明证(a testament to …)
backfire /ˌbækˈfaɪər/ v. 20:17
适得其反
blow up in your face phr. 20:17
(计划)搞砸,反噬自己
at her Wits End phr. 21:28
at one's wit's end 束手无策,到了极限
invisible support n. 21:28
隐形支持(心理学术语:接受者不察觉的帮助)
transpire /trænˈspaɪər/ v. 21:28
发生,展开
on her plate phr. 21:28
have a lot on one's plate 手头事情很多
pull them aside phr. 22:36
把某人拉到一边(私下谈话)
tactile /ˈtæktəl/ adj. 23:38
触觉的
first dibs phr. 23:38
(口语)优先权,先到先得
caveat /ˈkæviˌæt/ n. 24:47
警告,附加说明
primate /ˈpraɪmeɪt/ n. 24:47
灵长类动物
endearing /ɪnˈdɪrɪŋ/ adj. 25:55
惹人喜爱的,温馨的
expressive writing n. 27:54
表达性写作(Pennebaker 范式)
curveballs /ˈkɜːrvbɔːlz/ n. 27:54
曲线球;喻意外的难题
luminaries /ˈluːməˌnɛriz/ n. 28:56
杰出人物,泰斗
effortful /ˈɛfərtfəl/ adj. 28:56
费力的,需要努力的
in a pinch phr. 30:07
在紧要关头,必要时
get pumped up phr. 30:07
让自己兴奋起来,进入状态
rear deltoid /rɪr ˈdɛltɔɪd/ n. 34:20
后束三角肌
brace my midsection phr. 36:16
绷紧核心(健身术语)
mish mash /ˈmɪʃ mæʃ/ n. 37:14
大杂烩,混杂物
regimented /ˈrɛdʒəˌmɛntɪd/ adj. 37:14
严格规整的,纪律化的
free-for-all /ˌfriː fər ˈɔːl/ n. 38:10
混战,无序状态
aversive /əˈvɜːrsɪv/ adj. 38:10
令人厌恶的,想回避的(心理学常用)
tributaries /ˈtrɪbjəˌtɛriz/ n. 39:19
支流
pinball /ˈpɪnbɔːl/ v. 40:25
像弹珠一样乱撞(比喻思维跳跃)
guard rails n. 40:25
护栏;喻约束和结构
take-home n. 42:27
核心收获,要点(take-home message)
moved the needle phr. 43:32
产生明显效果,带来改变
parse /pɑːrs/ v. 43:32
解析,梳理
indecisive /ˌɪndɪˈsaɪsɪv/ adj. 44:34
优柔寡断的
wacky /ˈwæki/ adj. 44:34
古怪的,离谱的
geyser /ˈɡaɪzər/ v./n. 47:22
间歇泉;此处作动词,喷涌而出
diametrically opposed phr. 47:22
截然相反的
weaponize /ˈwɛpənaɪz/ v. 48:24
武器化;引申为刻意加以利用
pernicious /pərˈnɪʃəs/ adj. 49:33
有害的,隐性破坏的
smooth over phr. 49:33
化解(矛盾),抹平
imbecile /ˈɪmbəsəl/ n. 50:41
蠢货,白痴
Headway /ˈhɛdweɪ/ n. 50:41
进展(make headway)
liability /ˌlaɪəˈbɪləti/ n. 50:41
负担,不利因素(与 asset 相对)
trans diagnostic adj. 51:51
跨诊断的(贯穿多种心理障碍的共同机制)
thick skinned adj. 51:51
脸皮厚的,不易被冒犯的
perseverate /pərˈsɛvəreɪt/ v. 52:57
(心理学)反复纠缠于同一念头
grapple with phr. 54:03
努力应对,与……搏斗
distancing /ˈdɪstənsɪŋ/ n. 57:04
心理抽离,拉开距离(自我调节技术)
per se /pɜːr ˈseɪ/ adv. 57:04
本身,就其本身而言
Optics /ˈɑːptɪks/ n. 58:11
此处指观察视角、看问题的清晰度
dwell times n. 59:20
(页面)停留时长
de facto /ˌdeɪ ˈfæktoʊ/ adj. 1:01:30
事实上的
Redemptive /rɪˈdɛmptɪv/ adj. 1:01:30
有救赎意义的,可取的
lightens the load phr. 1:02:36
减轻负担
take the edge off phr. 1:04:51
缓和一下,减轻锋芒
segue /ˈsɛɡweɪ/ n./v. 1:05:24
(话题)自然过渡
Affliction /əˈflɪkʃən/ n. 1:06:31
苦恼,折磨
subside /səbˈsaɪd/ v. 1:08:38
平息,消退
temporal distancing n. 1:08:38
时间抽离(想象未来视角看当下)
restorative /rɪˈstɔːrətɪv/ adj. 1:09:40
有恢复作用的
mugged /mʌɡd/ v. 1:09:40
被抢劫
cathect /kəˈθɛkt/ v. 1:10:42
(精神分析)投注情感能量;此处近似「发泄」
co- rumination n. 1:10:42
共同反刍(朋友间反复讨论问题却不解决)
Laden /ˈleɪdn/ adj. 1:12:50
满载的(emotionally laden 充满情绪的)
Sleep architecture n. 1:12:50
睡眠结构(各睡眠阶段的分布)
autonomic arousal n. 1:14:52
自主神经唤醒
binning /ˈbɪnɪŋ/ v. 1:14:52
分箱,分段(把连续量切成区间)
depth of field n. 1:14:52
景深
antithesis /ænˈtɪθəsɪs/ n. 1:15:46
对立面
get to the bottom of it phr. 1:16:47
弄个水落石出
deduce /dɪˈduːs/ v. 1:19:42
推断
savoring /ˈseɪvərɪŋ/ v. 1:19:42
细细品味
Maxim /ˈmæksɪm/ n. 1:20:45
箴言,格言
screw-ups /ˈskruː ʌps/ n. 1:21:52
(口语)失误,搞砸的事
semi- dissociative adj. 1:23:02
半解离的(意识与当下环境脱节)
verbalize /ˈvɜːrbəlaɪz/ v. 1:25:10
用言语表达出来
Peter out phr. 1:25:10
逐渐消失,渐渐减弱
in check phr. 1:26:19
受到控制(keep … in check)
unfiltered /ʌnˈfɪltərd/ adj. 1:27:23
未经过滤的
cyber bullying n. 1:27:23
网络霸凌
fleeting /ˈfliːtɪŋ/ adj. 1:28:42
转瞬即逝的
archival /ɑːrˈkaɪvəl/ adj. 1:28:42
档案的,可长期保存的
amalgam /əˈmælɡəm/ n. 1:29:43
混合物,综合体
funneled /ˈfʌnəld/ v. 1:29:43
汇集,经……过滤传送
Suite /swiːt/ n. 1:30:44
一整套(a suite of …)
mechanistically /ˌmɛkəˈnɪstɪkli/ adv. 1:31:47
从机制层面
tantalizing /ˈtæntəlaɪzɪŋ/ adj. 1:32:47
诱人的,令人心痒的
psychosis /saɪˈkoʊsɪs/ n. 1:34:55
精神病性状态
delusion /dɪˈluːʒən/ n. 1:34:55
妄想
pretense /ˈpriːtɛns/ n. 1:35:52
假装;此处指儿童「假装游戏」研究
anecdotal /ˌænɪkˈdoʊtl/ adj. 1:37:00
轶事性的,非系统证据的
primordial /praɪˈmɔːrdiəl/ adj. 1:38:01
原始的,最初的
equated with phr. 1:39:10
被等同于
wimp out phr. 1:39:10
(口语)临阵退缩,当孬种
shape up phr. 1:39:10
振作起来,改进表现
commodity /kəˈmɑːdəti/ n. 1:41:26
商品;此处喻宝贵资源
awe /ɔː/ n. 1:42:36
敬畏
progeny /ˈprɑːdʒəni/ n. 1:42:36
后代,子孙
hidden in plain sight phr. 1:43:44
藏在显而易见之处
attachment figures n. 1:44:53
依恋对象(依恋理论术语)
infidelity /ˌɪnfɪˈdɛləti/ n. 1:44:53
不忠,出轨
rejuvenating /rɪˈdʒuːvəneɪtɪŋ/ adj. 1:44:53
使恢复活力的
get a grip on phr. 1:44:53
掌控,把握住
oases /oʊˈeɪsiːz/ n. 1:46:10
绿洲(oasis 复数)
tether /ˈtɛðər/ n. 1:46:10
系绳;喻牵绊
captivating /ˈkæptɪveɪtɪŋ/ adj. 1:47:10
引人入胜的
hyperfocused /ˌhaɪpərˈfoʊkəst/ adj. 1:50:26
极度专注的
hunched over phr. 1:50:26
弓着背伏在……上
idling /ˈaɪdlɪŋ/ v. 1:51:28
(发动机)怠速运转
redlining /ˈrɛdlaɪnɪŋ/ v. 1:51:28
转速顶到红线区;喻长期高负荷
set point n. 1:51:28
设定点(生理学:系统的默认基线)
tuning out phr. 1:53:46
屏蔽,充耳不闻
spotless /ˈspɑːtləs/ adj. 1:53:46
一尘不染的
compensatory control n. 1:54:47
补偿性控制(用外部秩序补偿内心失控)
Salient /ˈseɪliənt/ adj. 1:54:47
显著的,突出的
squared away phr. 1:56:03
(军语)整理妥当,安排就绪
perennially /pəˈrɛniəli/ adv. 2:02:21
长期地,不断地
bore a hole phr. 2:04:51
钻一个孔
fruition /fruˈɪʃən/ n. 2:09:23
实现,结果(bring … to fruition)
barbaric /bɑːrˈbærɪk/ adj. 2:09:23
野蛮的
neuromodulators /ˌnʊroʊˈmɑːdʒəleɪtərz/ n. 2:10:27
神经调质(如多巴胺、血清素)
willy-nilly /ˌwɪli ˈnɪli/ adv. 2:10:27
杂乱无章地,不由分说地
potency /ˈpoʊtnsi/ n. 2:11:30
效力,药效
normative /ˈnɔːrmətɪv/ adj. 2:17:07
常态的,普遍的
liberating /ˈlɪbəreɪtɪŋ/ adj. 2:17:07
令人解脱的
near ceiling phr. 2:17:07
接近上限(统计用语:几乎人人如此)
infinitesimally /ˌɪnfɪnɪˈtɛsɪməli/ adv. 2:19:12
无穷小地
egregious /ɪˈɡriːdʒəs/ adj. 2:19:12
极其恶劣的,过分的
churning /ˈtʃɜːrnɪŋ/ v. 2:20:23
翻腾,搅动
rising to the occasion phr. 2:20:23
迎难而上,临场发挥出色
blip /blɪp/ n. 2:20:23
小波动,短暂异常
curtailing /kərˈteɪlɪŋ/ v. 2:20:23
削减,抑制
homing in on phr. 2:23:28
锁定,聚焦到
phenotype /ˈfiːnətaɪp/ n. 2:24:32
表型
distraught /dɪˈstrɔːt/ adj. 2:24:32
心烦意乱的,极度不安的
gnawing /ˈnɔːɪŋ/ v. 2:24:32
啃咬
taxing /ˈtæksɪŋ/ adj. 2:27:38
费力的,消耗大的
sweet spot n. 2:27:38
最佳平衡点
percolate /ˈpɜːrkəleɪt/ v. 2:28:44
渗透,慢慢冒出
to boot phr. 2:29:52
此外,还外加
Propel /prəˈpɛl/ v. 2:29:52
推进,驱动
Vigilant /ˈvɪdʒələnt/ adj. 2:31:45
警觉的,专注的
depleting /dɪˈpliːtɪŋ/ adj. 2:31:45
消耗性的,令人耗竭的
veg /vɛdʒ/ v. 2:32:59
(口语)放空,无所事事(veg out)
spool out phr. 2:34:02
(像线一样)慢慢放出,自然展开
Serene /səˈriːn/ adj. 2:35:09
宁静的
refractory period n. 2:35:09
不应期(生理学:刺激后无法再反应的时段)
Counterpoint /ˈkaʊntərpɔɪnt/ n. 2:35:09
对位;喻与之平衡的对立面
subtext /ˈsʌbtɛkst/ n. 2:36:11
潜台词
scaffolds /ˈskæfoʊldz/ v. 2:37:13
搭建支架;喻提供支撑
cold call v. 2:38:18
随机点名(课堂用法);陌生电话推销
inbox zero n. 2:39:29
收件箱清零
pejorative /pɪˈdʒɔːrətɪv/ adj. 2:42:54
贬义的
covert attention n. 2:43:54
隐蔽注意(不转动眼睛的注意转移)
yank /jæŋk/ v. 2:44:59
猛拉,一把拽开
prescriptive /prɪˈskrɪptɪv/ adj. 2:44:59
规定性的,说教式的
slaughtered /ˈslɔːtərd/ v. 2:46:08
被屠杀
dredging up phr. 2:47:12
翻旧账,挖出(不愉快的过去)
dose /doʊs/ v. 2:47:12
按剂量给予;此处指分剂量地接触
synagogue /ˈsɪnəɡɑːɡ/ n. 2:47:12
犹太会堂
wield /wiːld/ v. 2:48:21
运用,挥舞
baggage /ˈbæɡɪdʒ/ n. 2:50:27
心理包袱
well adjusted adj. 2:50:27
适应良好的,心理健康的
habituation /həˌbɪtʃuˈeɪʃən/ n. 2:51:31
习惯化(反复暴露后反应减弱)
silver lining n. 2:51:31
一线希望,坏事中的好处
contextualize /kənˈtɛkstʃuəlaɪz/ v. 2:51:31
放入更大脉络中理解
overindulgence /ˌoʊvərɪnˈdʌldʒəns/ n. 2:52:32
过度沉溺
maladaptive /ˌmæləˈdæptɪv/ adj. 2:52:32
适应不良的
Alum /əˈlʌm/ n. 2:54:45
校友(alumnus/alumna 的口语缩略)
in unison phr. 2:54:45
齐声,一致地
rumble strips n. 2:55:41
路面震动带(提醒司机偏离车道)
cascading /kæˈskeɪdɪŋ/ adj. 2:56:53
层层扩散的,连锁的
sabotage /ˈsæbətɑːʒ/ v. 2:58:01
破坏,暗中搞垮
nip that in the bud phr. 2:58:01
把……扼杀在萌芽状态
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