Pavel Durov: Telegram, Freedom, Censorship, Money, Power & Human Nature | Lex Fridman Podcast #482 · 苏菲拉底
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Pavel Durov: Telegram, Freedom, Censorship, Money, Power & Human Nature | Lex Fridman Podcast #482

节目发布 2025-09-30 · Lex Fridman
帕维尔·杜罗夫 LLex Fridman
EDITED TRANSCRIPT · 依据现场录音编译整理,可划线生成便签
编者按:2025 年夏,播客主持人莱克斯·弗里德曼在迪拜与 Telegram 创始人帕维尔·杜罗夫作了这场长谈。杜罗夫当时仍处于法国司法调查之下,行动范围刚从法国放宽到迪拜;主持人此前与他相处了数周,并旁听过 Telegram 团队的内部会议。对话从自由与死亡谈起,历经巴黎被捕、法国情报部门的施压、四十人团队的工程哲学与不碰用户数据的盈利模式,终于两把椅子的谜题、一百多个孩子与富足的悖论。本文依据现场录音编译整理。

开场:谁是杜罗夫

弗里德曼: 我的对谈嘉宾是帕维尔·杜罗夫,Telegram 的创始人兼首席执行官。Telegram 的活跃用户超过十亿。帕维尔一生都在为言论自由而战,他打造的工具保护人类的交流免受监控与审查,为此他承受过地球上一些最有权势的政府和组织的压力。在这种压力面前,他从未退让,始终在捍卫用户隐私,捍卫我们所有人彼此交流的自由。

我有幸和他相处了几个星期,可以肯定地说,他是我见过的最有原则、最无所畏惧的人之一。我在网上说自己正和帕维尔在一起,很多他的粉丝写信问我:他私下是否真的过着人们传说中那种自律的苦修生活,不喝酒,斯多葛心态,严格的饮食和锻炼,每天做数量惊人的引体向上和俯卧撑,除了偶尔测试 Telegram 的功能之外不用手机。答案是:他百分之百就是那样的人。这让我深受触动,也让我很高兴现在能称他为朋友。

这场对话一部分是哲学性的,谈自由、生命、人性和政府官僚机器的本质;另一部分则非常技术化。在我看来,Telegram 的工程团队规模不大,却能以惊人的速度推出独特的新功能,把所有竞争对手甩在后面。就像那个「辛普森一家早就做过了」的梗,你数一数我们在通讯软件里熟悉和喜爱的功能,几乎每一项都是 Telegram 先做的。我们会聊到所有这些:他在法国正经历的卡夫卡式处境,他跌宕起伏的人生与事业,以及他关于技术、自由和人类境况的思考。

自由高于金钱

弗里德曼: 你多年来一直为自由辩护,写过「要准备好为自由押上一切」。哪些经历和体悟让你把自由看得这么重?

杜罗夫: 我很早就体会到有自由的社会和没有自由的社会有什么不同。四岁那年,我们全家从苏联搬到意大利北部。我看得出,一个没有自由的社会享受不到那种丰富:观点、想法、商品、服务,都不丰富。哪怕对一个四五岁的孩子,这也是明摆着的。苏联没有那些玩具、那些冰淇淋、那些动画片,意大利都有。后来我又明白了一件更要紧的事:没有自由,你连为这种丰富出一份力的机会都没有。到这一步,我心里就很清楚了。

弗里德曼: 你还写过一句俄语,Svoboda vazhnee deneg,意思是「自由比金钱重要」。怎么防止这种价值被金钱、被有影响力和有权势的人侵蚀?

杜罗夫: 自由最大的敌人是恐惧和贪婪。你得保证这两样东西挡不住你的路。把可能落到你头上的最坏结果想象出来,然后让自己坦然接受它,之后就没什么可怕的了。你站稳脚跟,记住一点:按自己信奉的原则活着是值得的,哪怕这样的人生可能比一段更长、但活在奴役里的人生要短。

弗里德曼: 你会想自己终有一死这件事吗?

杜罗夫: 会,经常想。

弗里德曼: 怕吗?

杜罗夫: 某种意义上,你得逆着求生本能走,这不容易。我们都是生物,怕死是写在基因里的,没人想死。可是理性地看,你活着,然后你死了,「你的死」并不存在于你的人生之中,人一死就不再体验人生了。所以你得问自己:一辈子活在对死亡的恐惧里,值得吗?远不如把这件事放下,用一种让自己对这种恐惧免疫的方式生活,同时又记得死亡存在,好让每一天都算数。

弗里德曼: 记得死亡存在,反而让你深切感受到得到的每一刻。

杜罗夫: 所以我喜欢提醒自己,我随时可能死。

戒绝一切成瘾

弗里德曼: 你的生活在很多方面很斯多葛。我和你相处了两周,看到你想方设法把外部世界对心智的负面影响降到最低。你写过:「如果你想发挥全部潜力、保持头脑清明,就远离成瘾物质。我的成功和健康来自二十多年对酒精、烟草、咖啡、药片和非法药物的彻底戒绝。短期的快感抵不上你的未来。」我们一样一样来谈。先说酒。

杜罗夫: 这个最简单。我十一岁时,生物化学老师送了我一本他自己写的书,叫《天堂的幻觉》。书里讲的是各种物质进入身体后引发的生物和化学过程,主要讲毒品,但酒精也是他覆盖的成瘾物质之一。原来喝酒的时候,你的脑细胞会陷入麻痹,简直成了僵尸。第二天,宴席散了一段时间之后,一部分脑细胞就死了,再也恢复不了。你想想:大脑是你通往成功和幸福的路上最宝贵的工具,为什么要为了片刻的快感去毁它?这太荒唐了。

弗里德曼: 说到底,那是我们主动放进身体的毒。不过我想请你给点建议。很多人靠酒精撑起社交生活,聚会上有各种压力逼着你喝,不喝就融不进去。对那些想象不出没有酒的社交生活的人,你会怎么说?

杜罗夫: 第一,别怕做少数派,自己定规矩。第二,如果你觉得非喝不可,那一定是有什么问题想掩盖,有某种你不敢面对的恐惧,你得去解决那份恐惧。要是有个漂亮姑娘你不敢上前搭话,那就去除掉这种恐惧:走过去,练习,再来一次,一次又一次。这话很平淡,但管用。

弗里德曼: 解决根子上的问题,而根子上往往就是恐惧。

杜罗夫: 人们常常是在用酒精逃避生活里的某样东西。他们在逃什么?问题在哪里?你得刨到底。你的心在告诉你一些有价值的东西,你却不去正面处理,而是拿酒把它淹掉。酒是一种精神止痛药,只管一时,之后你得连本带利地还债。

弗里德曼: 那你自己怎么办?你参加过无数聚会、宴席,说「不」难吗?

杜罗夫: 对我来说完全不难。我一直随时准备站稳立场,觉得不对就说不。人类多么容易被我们所感知的「多数」左右,这一点很不可思议。从远古以来,几百万年来,没有人愿意被部落抛下。我们害怕不再被接纳,因为在几千年、几百万年前,那意味着饿死。所以我们必须有意识地对抗这种倾向,不要对多数人强加于你的一切都点头,因为很明显,多数人在干的许多事情对你没有任何好处。

弗里德曼: 那也是一种需要面对的恐惧:走进一个聚会,害怕自己成为局外人,害怕和在场的其他人不一样。

杜罗夫: 是恐惧,而且想想就知道它很不理性。两万年前它很有道理,今天毫无道理。因为如果你做的事和周围所有人一样,你就没有任何竞争优势,这辈子也就别想在什么方面出类拔萃。

弗里德曼: 这也是我们私下聊到的一条建议:想在人生里成功,就得与众不同。我记得你说,要在一个细分领域里追求精通,找一个别人都不在做的方向,倾尽全力做到极致。能展开讲讲吗?

杜罗夫: 显然,要对你所在的社会、对你所在国家的经济有所贡献,你得做点有价值的事。可如果你做的事人人都在做,那还有什么价值?说起来容易做起来难,因为我们被各种信息包围着,这些信息让我们想去模仿所看到的一切。但同时又有那么多领域等着探索,和你每天接收的信息毫无关系。所以,精心挑选自己的信息来源极其重要。你不能任由一个基于人工智能的算法推荐流告诉你什么重要,最后和所有人消费同样的信息、同样的东西、同样的梗、同样的新闻。你应该主动出击,有意识地定一个想探索的领域,然后主动搜寻与之相关的信息,这样有朝一日你可以成为这个领域全世界的头号专家。这并没有那么难,你只要保持一以贯之就行,因为没有别人在这么做。别人都在读同样的新闻、每天讨论同样的新闻,这样他们就永远得不到竞争优势。

弗里德曼: 大多数人成了人工智能推荐系统的奴隶,人人被喂同样的内容,人人变得一样。说到这一点,你有一件与众不同的事:你不用手机,除了偶尔测试 Telegram 的功能。我和你相处了两周,从没见你像大多数人那样用手机刷社交媒体。能谈谈背后的想法吗?

杜罗夫: 我不认为手机是必需品。我从小没有手机,上大学也没有。后来终于用上了,我也从不打电话,永远开着飞行模式或静音。我讨厌被打扰。我的想法很简单:我要自己定义什么对我的人生重要,我不想让别人、让公司、让各种机构告诉我今天什么重要、我该想什么。自己安排议程,手机只会碍事。

弗里德曼: 它制造干扰,引导你看什么。你不要这种东西,你要让心安静下来,自己决定放什么进脑子。

杜罗夫: 是的。这样我才能为社会的进步出力,至少我愿意这么想,而且这让我更快乐。

弗里德曼: 你多久能找到不受干扰、专心思考和工作的安静时间?你跟我提过,你很看重安静的早晨。

杜罗夫: 我尽量给睡眠留出尽可能多的时间。就算我留出十一二个小时,我也不会真睡十一二个小时,结果就是躺在床上想事情。有些人讨厌这样,说「你该吃安眠药」,但我从不吃药。我喜欢这些时刻。躺在床上,或是深夜,或是清早,我会冒出很多绝妙的想法,至少当时觉得绝妙。那是我一天里最喜欢的时候。有时候我起来冲澡,仍然不碰手机。做早操、做晨间惯例的时候,没有手机,好想法自己会来。如果你早晨第一件事就是打开手机,那你这一整天就成了一个被告知该想什么的生物。深夜刷社交媒体看新闻也是一样。那你又怎么去界定什么重要、你真正想成为什么样的人?我不是说要完全切断所有信息来源,而是要拿出一些时间想清楚:什么对你真正重要,你想在这个世界上改变什么。

弗里德曼: 所以你早晨尽量长时间不碰电子设备,就为了这段安静的思考时间,外加数量惊人的俯卧撑和深蹲。

杜罗夫: 我知道这有点反直觉,因为我创办了世界上最大的社交网络之一,之后又创办了世界第二大的即时通讯软件,按理说我应该时刻在线。但你很早就会得出结论:你越是连通、越是随时可及,效率就越低。如果你不停地被各种信息轰炸,而其中大部分与你正在打造的东西能否成功毫无关系,你还怎么经营?全世界都可以为世界首富和世界最有权势的人之间的一场争吵着迷,但对绝大多数追这出戏的人来说,它无关紧要,改变不了他们的生活,而且无论如何他们也影响不了它,所以有点毫无意义。当然,有些人从事的工作要求他们对一切了如指掌,但百分之九十九的人不是。

弗里德曼: 互联网和社交媒体把戏剧摆在我们面前,让我们以为那是世界上最大的事、历史的潮流要为之转向的事,而实际上大多数事都不会改变历史。我们的难题是分辨什么是不随时间改变的:今天发生的事里,哪些十年二十年后仍然成立,然后据此决定做什么。在社交媒体上这很难,因为人人都在愤怒,当天的新闻、不管是哪场争吵,人人都觉得世界要因此完蛋,第二天又换一件事。

杜罗夫: 而且它们在操纵你的情绪。麻烦就是这么来的,你会被迫得出与自己利益相悖的结论。

弗里德曼: 我看你对待情绪也相当斯多葛。你会发火吗?会孤独、会难过吗?人的情绪起起落落,你怎么处理?你怎么做艰难的决定?

杜罗夫: 我和所有人一样是人,也会有情绪,有些还很不愉快。但我相信,应对这些情绪、学会穿过它们,是我们每个人自己的责任。自律尤其重要,没有自律,你怎么走出那种看似没完没了的消极与绝望的循环?对有些人来说,那最终会变成抑郁。我通常从不抑郁,至少最近二十年我不记得有过,也许少年时有过。原因之一是我会开始做事:找出问题,看到解法,然后着手执行。如果你困在为某件事担忧的循环里,什么都不会改变。人们常犯这个错,以为「我该先休息一下,恢复精力」。事情不是这样运作的。精力是做出来的。你一开始做,事情就发生了:你有了动力,有了灵感,接着再做一点,再多一点,几年之后,说不定就成了大事。

弗里德曼: 这正是人们最容易搞混的地方。如果你陷在抑郁的循环里,哪怕你真的、真的什么都不想做,也去做点什么,试着往前推,好的感觉在那之后才来。关键是先做再感受,而不是先感受再做。

杜罗夫: 一点不错。去健身房就是个好例子。很多天你根本不想开始训练,但你得克服最初的不情愿,然后就到了享受的那一刻,你会想「天哪,今天来健身房真是太对了」。几乎每种活动都是如此。写代码,先写一小段,灵感就来了,接着又冒出更多主意。写小说也好,写程序也好,都一样。这道理很浅显,也不是什么秘密,但因为我们被大量对成功毫无用处的信息轰炸,常常把重要的事忘了,这就是其中一件。

自律这块肌肉

弗里德曼: 这些天我们每天一起锻炼。你已经高强度地练了很多年,很多人想知道你理想的日常训练安排是什么样的,按天、按周算。

杜罗夫: 我每天早晨做三百个俯卧撑和三百个深蹲。除此之外,我通常一周去五六次健身房,每次一到两小时。

弗里德曼: 所以俯卧撑和深蹲还是你日常的核心?

杜罗夫: 是,我的一天就是这么开始的。我不确定它们对身材有多大改变,但它们绝对是练自律的好办法,因为大多数日子你早上都不想做。深蹲尤其无聊,不算难,就是无聊。可你熬过去了,接下来去做工作上的其他事就容易多了。有条件的时候我还会泡冰浴,那是另一项自律练习。我认为人身上最值得练的肌肉就是这一块,自律这块肌肉,而不是二头肌、胸肌或别的什么。把这一块练出来,其余一切自然跟上。

弗里德曼: 其余一切都变容易了。得说一句,我跟你去过俄式浴场(Banya)。你能承受的程度用「疯」来形容都不过分,而且我还没见到最狠的。能谈谈你在浴场里的那些玩法,热和冷分别给你带来什么?

杜罗夫: 我不觉得疯,对我来说这已经很自然很平常了,也许只是习惯了。Banya 是东欧人的一种极端桑拿,做法是把热度推到极致,还会用各种草药和树枝,是一种更整体、更贴近自然的体验。必不可少的一环是冷水浸泡,泡完再回去。这又是那种当下未必舒服的事,尤其温度走到极端时,你不会觉得好受。我也不总觉得好受,但那种感觉会过去,只有几分钟。冰浴也一样。你得先受一点苦,然后接下来几小时、几天都感觉很好。更重要的是,它带来长期的健康好处。你可以把它看成反过来的酒精:酒精给你一两个小时短暂易逝的快感,然后你用长期的恶果去偿还。我宁愿选 Banya 和冰浴。

弗里德曼: 我们在法国横渡过几次一个很大的湖。能说说你为什么看重这种几小时的长泳吗?

杜罗夫: 我喜欢一游几个小时。最长的一次是在芬兰,五个半小时,水很冷,中途还迷了路,差点找不到回去的方向。我做这件事的原因是,游完之后你感觉极好,身上会微微发抖,但感觉极好。我们横渡了一个大湖,我横渡过很多湖,日内瓦湖、苏黎世湖。每一次你都会感到一种成就,它让你快乐,让你觉得自己强大,更有准备去迎接其他挑战。当然,你知道接下来要开始一段几小时的旅程时,会不情愿。但你游十分钟,再游二十分钟,再游三十分钟,它教给你一种不可思议的耐心。我认为想在人生里做成任何事,都需要这种耐心。

弗里德曼: 而且很有冥想的味道,湖不比海。

杜罗夫: 是的,你也不必游得太快,可以慢慢来,享受当下。

弗里德曼: 直到迷路,游成五个半小时。那时候你慌吗,怕找不到岸?

杜罗夫: 不太慌。我抗压能力还算不错,当时没有慌。我有过更糟的游泳经历,时间更短,但出了事故,其中一些你知道。那次远远算不上最糟。不过关于游泳和一般的体力活动,有一点很重要:它让你头脑清醒,思考过程更高效。说到底,大脑的效率受限于心脏能通过血液往大脑里输送多少糖和氧。怎么让这个过程更快?怎么让肺更高效、让心脏更高效?我知道的唯一办法就是运动。所以这不只是为了健康或好看,也是为了高效,为了抗压。想开公司、想经营一家大公司,这些品质都是必需的。十多年前我开始这么做的时候,很惊讶居然没有更多首席执行官运动。最近几年情况变了,这很好。二十年前有一种成见:强壮的人一定不太聪明,反过来也一样。这纯属胡说,这两样常常是一起来的。

弗里德曼: 所以对你来说,锻炼不只是为了健康,对你作为技术领导者和工程师的工作也确实有用?

杜罗夫: 当然。一旦没法训练,我立刻就能感觉到压力在往身上爬。所以即便在受限的处境里,去不了健身房,我也照样做俯卧撑,照样做深蹲。

弗里德曼: 自重训练的好处就在这里,随时随地都能做,开会前可以先来五十或一百个俯卧撑。

杜罗夫: 一天不运动,你不觉得怪吗?

弗里德曼: 怪。哪天连俯卧撑都没做,那一天就是糟糕的一天。

杜罗夫: 能做引体向上就更好。

弗里德曼: 我还得问问你的饮食:不吃加工糖,不吃快餐,不喝汽水,有时一天只吃一顿,有时两顿,间歇性断食。谈谈你对无糖、无汽水、只吃干净食物的想法。

杜罗夫: 糖很简单,因为它会成瘾。你吃得越多就越想吃,越吃越饿。想保持高效和健康,为什么要吃加工糖?你只会不停地吃零食。间歇性断食,也就是每天只在六小时内进食、其余十八小时不吃,也给一天和饮食习惯带来结构,你就不再渴望糖了。因为如果你吃了糖又不能吃零食,那就是在惩罚自己。我读过几本讲长寿的书,大家一致同意的一点就是糖有害。我对糖不算激进,身体需要的话可以吃浆果和水果。但「必须吃甜食」是错的,儿童不需要,成人也不需要。红肉,我大约二十年前戒了,因为每次吃完都觉得身体沉重。我想这因人而异,是我的代谢、我的消化系统不接受这类食物。我平时吃各种海鲜和蔬菜,这是我热量的基本来源。

弗里德曼: 就像你说的,短期的快感抵不上未来。很多事我们都知道:酒精、烟草、药片、加工食品、糖,对身体都有害。可社会把这些强加给你,很难躲开。归根到底还是靠自律。

杜罗夫: 是的,再加上努力找出你所经历问题的真正原因。如果你头疼,一种办法是吃片药,头疼就消失了。这片药在大多数情况下做的事是把结果压下去,把你的痛感压下去。它是止痛药,并不消除根源。所以你得问自己:是什么让我头疼?我需要喝水吗?这里空气质量差吗?我需要多睡吗?周围的人有什么问题让我紧张吗?头疼一定有原因。吃了药,你没有去掉这个原因,反而让事情更糟,因为那个有害因素还在。这就像你在开直升机,一些红灯开始闪,还发出难听的噪音。你会怎么做?你会去查原因并排除它,也许旁边有座山得绕开。或者你拿锤子把警报砸了。正确答案很明显。那我们为什么还老是这么干?因为别人都这么干,因为有一整个行业在说服你这才是对的。所以分析自己、把事情刨到根上,极其重要。

弗里德曼: 所以你基本上回避所有药片、所有药品?

杜罗夫: 是的,从成年起我就远离这些。少年时,母亲通常会说「得吃这片药,不然天要塌了」。等我长大了,我说:不,我不认为药厂的动机是对的。他们并不真正想消除问题的根源,他们更希望我依赖他们生产的药,好一辈子买下去。我也不是说永远别吃药,显然有些病只能靠抗生素,我不是主张回到中世纪。我说的是,我们滥用药片。

弗里德曼: 研究并深刻理解这个世界运转所依赖的激励,永远是好事,这样你就不会被那些激励驱动的力量裹挟。大型药企肯定是其中之一,它们有巨大的动力让问题延续,而不是解决问题。

杜罗夫: 这是我每天都在练的功课。我读到一条新闻,就问自己:谁从我读这条新闻中获益?然后你可能得出结论:我们在新闻里读到的东西,也许百分之九十五是因为有人想让你买某个产品、支持某个政治主张、打某场战争、捐某笔钱,总之做一些对别人有利的事,才被写出来、发出来的。支持你真正相信的事业没问题,只要那是你有意的选择,而不是被人操纵着去打别人的仗。

弗里德曼: 这又回到我们开头谈的自由。实现思想自由的一条路,就是把心智从操纵你的力量中抽离出来。你消费的内容,尤其是网上的内容,很大一部分是设计来操纵你的,你必须主动切断,弄清偏见在哪里、激励在哪里,才能清楚、独立、客观地思考。

杜罗夫: 这又和戒酒连在一起。如果你的头脑是浑的,你怎么分析自己?你会永远依赖别人的意见,永远跟着主流走,当权者或者管事的人说什么你就信什么,因为你没有一件属于自己的工具,来得出自己的结论。

弗里德曼: 我得问一件事,是相处中聊到的:你不看色情片。我好像没听你公开谈过这个。很多人说色情片对年轻男性影响很坏,影响他们看世界的方式、性心理的发育、进入亲密关系的方式。你不看色情片的理由是什么?

杜罗夫: 我不看,因为我觉得它是替代品,是真实之物的代用品,我的生活不需要它。它无非是让你拿一些精力、一些灵感,去换一瞬间的快感,说不通。而且正如我说的,它不是真的。只要你能得到真的,就不需要看色情片。可如果你得不到真的,也不该看,因为那说明你的生活里有某种缺失,有某个必须克服的问题。

弗里德曼: 还是那句话:分析根本原因。这又回到一个主题,投资于长期的丰盛,而不是短期的快感。你对待人生的方式有一条贯穿始终的线。

杜罗夫: 我尽量讲策略。我假设自己一小时后不会死,还会在这儿待上一阵,虽然人皆有死。那我为什么要拿中期和长期去换短期?毫无道理。

四十人的团队

弗里德曼: 我们来谈谈 Telegram 这家公司。我见到了一些在那里工作的出色工程师。Telegram 运营得很精简,和达到同等规模的其他科技公司相比,员工非常少。核心团队、比如核心工程团队,有多少人?

杜罗夫: 核心工程团队大约四十人,包括后端、前端、设计师和系统管理员。

弗里德曼: 用这么少的人经营一家公司,背后的想法是什么?

杜罗夫: 我们很早就发现,员工的数量并不等于他们做出的产品的质量,很多时候恰恰相反。人一多,他们就得协调彼此的工作、不停沟通,百分之九十的时间会花在互相协调各自负责的那一小块上。人太多的另一个问题是,有些人分不到足够的活。分不到活,他们光是存在就会让其他人泄气:人还在,工资照拿,却什么都不做。而不做事的人,多半会开始到别处找自己的存在感,也许就在你的团队里面,但不是靠做有用的工作,而是靠在团队里找出并不存在的问题。这会进一步扰乱团队和它的士气。还有一点:当你有意不让团队成员再招人来帮忙时,他们就不得不去做自动化。以我们为例,我们在全球有几万台服务器,将近十万台,分布在几个大洲的多个数据中心。如果你想不靠自动化、纯手工管理这套系统,大概得雇几千人、几万人。但如果你依靠算法,团队被迫写出算法来管理它,那它就变得更可扩展、更高效,而且有意思的是,也更可靠。

弗里德曼: 也更能抵御地缘政治和技术的变化。把数据存储和计算的分布式部分自动化了,就能抵御世界扔过来的一切。让人去管,很快就会僵化。

杜罗夫: 是的。人是攻击面。而一个自己自动运转的分布式系统,有机会提高服务的安全性和速度。这就是我们在 Telegram 做的,同时也让它可靠得多,因为网络的某一部分宕了,还可以切换到其他部分。

弗里德曼: 保护用户隐私的一个重要办法,是 Telegram 的基础设施分布在多个法律管辖区,数据在云端加密,解密密钥被拆分开存放在不同地方,任何一个政府或实体都拿不到数据。能解释一下这种做法的强处吗?

杜罗夫: 我们设计 Telegram 的时候,从一开始就不想让任何人、任何员工能接触到私密聊天数据。所以从 2012 年琢磨这个设计起,我们就投入了大量精力,确保没人能动它。你新雇一个人,或者现有的任何员工,都没法以某种方式攻破系统去读用户的消息。当然,后来我们又推出了端到端加密的聊天,保护得更强,但它有一些局限,所以你仍然得依靠加密的云端。一个有意思的工程难题就是:怎么保证在团队内部或外部都造不出单点故障?

弗里德曼: 所以没有任何员工能读到用户消息。我们谈加密、谈隐私、谈安全,说到底,人们最关心的就是私信,而围绕这一点也有很多不实信息。Telegram 对用户私信保护得非常严。你说员工永远读不到私信,那么,过去有没有任何政府或情报机构读到过用户的私信?

杜罗夫: 没有,从来没有。Telegram 从未与任何人分享过哪怕一条私信,包括政府和情报部门。你去任何一个数据中心,试图访问任何一台服务器,里面全是加密的。你可以把硬盘全部拆走去分析,什么也得不到,那种加密方式是破解不了的。这对我们非常重要。所以我们可以很有把握地说,Telegram 从来没有发生过数据泄露,私信没有,通讯录也没有。

弗里德曼: 你能想象未来某种情形,你可能会把用户私信交给政府或情报机构吗?

杜罗夫: 不能。我们设计的系统让这件事不可能发生。要做到那一步得改系统,而我们不会改,因为我们对用户有承诺。我们宁可在某个国家关掉 Telegram,也不会那么做。

弗里德曼: 这是你运营的原则之一:保护用户隐私。

杜罗夫: 我认为这是根本。没有隐私权,人无法感到真正的自由和安全。

弗里德曼: 正好在这里问一句。我相信各种人、各种组织都在给你施压,要你交出私密数据。你从哪里找到力量和无畏,对所有人说不,包括强大的情报机构、强大的政府、有权有势的人?

杜罗夫: 一部分原因大概就是我这个人。我从小就为自己、为自己的价值观挺身而出,上课时指出老师的错误,因此和老师们闹过不少矛盾。归根结底,重要的是提醒自己:你没有什么可失去的。他们以为能拿什么东西要挟你、威胁你,可他们到底能对你怎样?最坏也就是杀了你。这又回到我们开头的话题:活在恐惧里毫无意义。至于 Telegram,它非常成功。但如果我们失去一个市场、两个市场,甚至几乎所有市场,我也没那么在乎。这不会影响我,不会以任何方式改变我的生活方式。我照样做我的俯卧撑。你不喜欢加密、不喜欢隐私,你想在你的国家禁掉加密,就像欧盟现在正试图对所有成员国做的那样?那就去做吧,我们退出这个市场,不在那里运营就是了。没那么重要。他们都以为我们从他们的公民身上牟利,以为科技公司唯一的目标就是榨取收入。确实,大多数科技公司是这样。但也有 Telegram 这样的项目,有点不一样。我不确定他们意识到了这一点。

弗里德曼: 对你来说,坚守原则、保持完整比什么都重要。而且得说明,你也完全有能力、有权力这么做,因为你,帕维尔·杜罗夫,持有 Telegram 百分之百的股权。这个问题上没有别人说话的份。

杜罗夫: 没有股东,这相当独特。

弗里德曼: 非常独特。在任何大型科技公司里,我想不出有哪家接近这一点。

杜罗夫: 这让我们能以现在的方式运营,基于某些根本原则来建设和维护这个项目。顺便说一句,我认为这些原则人人都相信。隐私权写进了大多数国家的宪法,至少大多数西方国家如此。但它几乎每周都在遭受攻击,而且往往从用心良好的提议开始:「我们得打击犯罪」「我们得保护儿童」。可到头来结果都一样:人们失去隐私这项如此基本的权利,有时也失去表达和集会的权利。这是一条滑坡,我们几乎在每个专制国家、每个从自由滑向专制的国家都看过这一幕。世界上没有一个独裁者说过「我要剥夺你们的权利,因为我想给自己更多权力,让你们过得悲惨」。他们都用听起来非常合理的理由来辩护,然后一步一步、分阶段地推进。几年之后,人们发现自己已经无能为力:不能抗议,发的每条消息都被监控,不能集会。完了。

弗里德曼: 所以你把 Telegram 看作一个地方,各行各业、各个国家的人都可以在这里说出想法、拥有发声的渠道。在你说的这种地缘政治背景下,政府走向专制时,这是世界的常态、人性和政府的本性,它们会变得越来越热衷审查。它们开始审查,而且在心里总能自圆其说,也许以为自己在做好事。

杜罗夫: 也许有些人确实以为自己在做好事。但有意思的是,结果永远是国家以牺牲个人为代价积累更多权力。然后到哪里为止?我们人类不擅长找到正确的平衡,在这里就是混乱与秩序、自由与结构之间的平衡。我们总是走向极端。

弗里德曼: 我想你仍然自认是自由意志主义者。政府有一种本性,时间一长总会建起越来越庞大的官僚机构,在这台机器里积累越来越多的权力。不一定是官僚体系里的某一个人败坏了政府创立时的原则,而是随着时间流逝,人们就忘了。你开始审查,开始限制个人的自由、说话的权利、发声的权利、投票的权利。就这么渐渐发生了。

杜罗夫: 而且政府不是什么抽象概念。政府由人组成,这些人有自己的目标。他们自然倾向于扩大影响力,要更多下属,要更多资源。于是你陷入一个无休止的循环:税越收越多,监管越来越多,最终扼杀自由市场、自由企业和自由言论。所以你确实需要非常严格的限制,限制政府以牺牲公民为代价扩张权力的程度。讽刺的是,这样的限制并不存在。在所有号称自由的国家里,本该由宪法来保护每一个人,可有意思的是,它并不总是奏效。他们总能找到非常巧妙的措辞开出例外,然后例外变成了规则。

巴黎的四天

弗里德曼: 顺着这个话题,我想谈谈去年八月你在法国被捕这件事。我得说,这是近代史上、甚至整个历史上,我见过的针对一位科技领袖最严重的权力越界之一。这是个悲剧,但也正说明了我们一直在谈的东西。能把整个经过讲一遍吗?你到了法国……

杜罗夫: 我去年八月到法国,只是一次两天的短途行程。然后我看到十几个武装警察迎上来,要我跟他们走。他们给我念了一份清单,大约十五项重罪指控,令人难以置信。起初我以为一定是搞错了,后来才明白他们是认真的。他们把 Telegram 用户、或者说部分用户涉嫌犯下的所有罪行都算到我头上,认为我应该为此负责。就像你说的,这在这个星球的历史上从未发生过。没有任何国家,哪怕是威权国家,对任何科技领袖做过这种事,至少没有到这种程度。这是有充分理由的:向商界和科技界发出这种信号,等于牺牲你经济增长的一大块。于是他们把我塞进警车,我就进了拘留室。一间小屋,没有窗户,只有一张窄窄的水泥床。我在那里待了将近四天。期间我得回答警察的一些问题,他们想了解 Telegram 怎么运作,其中大部分本来就是公开的。让我震惊的是,发起这场针对我的调查的人,对技术怎么运作、加密怎么运作、社交媒体怎么运作,理解非常有限,甚至可以说毫无理解。

弗里德曼: 这里有一种黑色的诗意:一个平台的创始人,十亿人在这个平台上交流,而你躺在水泥上,没有枕头,没有窗户,一躺好几天。像一本小说。我是弗朗茨·卡夫卡的忠实读者,他写过这类处境的荒诞,所以才有「卡夫卡式」这个词。他有一部小说简直就是写你这种情形的,或许是预言,叫《审判》:一个人无缘无故被捕,没有人能解释原因,然后在司法系统里困了很久。耐人寻味的是,在那个故事里,无论是被捕的人,还是系统里的任何一个人,都不完全明白发生了什么,没人能真正回答问题。最后,剧透一下,这个人被整个系统在精神上压垮了。这就是官僚体制在最荒诞的形态下能做的事:它摧毁人的精神,摧毁潜藏在我们每个人身上的那种精神。这是官僚体制阴暗的一面。

杜罗夫: 关于这件事的荒诞性,我同意你的看法。因为如果这是一次诚心诚意解决问题的尝试,那有太多办法可以联系 Telegram,联系我本人,表达他们的担忧,用常规的、外交的方式解决任何所谓的问题。这个星球上其他所有国家都是这么解决问题的,包括和 Telegram 之间的问题,我们这么做过几十次。

弗里德曼: 你们有一个很好的页面展示这些。这类细节大多数人不会想到,但 Telegram 在打击儿童性虐待内容(CSAM)和恐怖组织方面一直走在前列。telegram.org/moderation 这个页面显示了被封禁的从事恐怖活动和儿童性虐待内容的群组和频道数量,惊人的数字,都是 Telegram 主动找到并封掉的。就像你说的,很多工作靠机器学习自动完成,规模大得吓人。像我这种在 Telegram 上聊聊天的普通用户根本不会想这些。但平台上就是有大量违法的人,你必须立刻找到并抓住他们。所有平台都得面对这个问题,而 Telegram 一直处理得很好。你的意思是,法国政府对此一无所知。

杜罗夫: 他们知道机器学习是什么吗?这个概念向他们解释起来很费劲。不过我想,等这场调查结束时,他们会对它了解得多得多。这是我的希望。无论如何,你说得对。Telegram 从十年前、也就是推出公开频道那时起,就一直在打击平台上公开传播的有害内容。大约八年前起,我们就每天发布透明度报告,公布当天下架了多少涉及儿童虐待或恐怖主义宣传的频道,每天大概几百个。如果把我们删除的各类内容都算上,账号、群组、频道、帖子,每周有几百万条,每天几十万条。然后有人读了报纸,因为读到了关于儿童色情的什么东西而义愤填膺,这是一个情绪极为强烈的话题,于是开始行动,依据的不是数据、逻辑和法律,而是被不准确的信息激起的情绪。

弗里德曼: 我想应该说清楚:在任何一个世界里,法国政府都没有任何理由逮捕你。可事情就是这样了。具体来说,你得每隔一段时间去见一位法官。整件事荒诞得很美,如果不是极其严肃,简直可笑。那种经历是什么样的?

杜罗夫: 法国有「预审法官」这个角色,世界上很多地方没有。它意味着我不是在受审,而是在被调查。而且在法国,向我提问的不只是警察或检察官,而是一位法官。以我的经验,这位法官更像检察官,只是叫做法官,这就让上诉更难。比如说,你被限制了可以去哪些国家,要对这项限制提出上诉,就得耗很长时间。这场调查根本就不该开始。用它来解决监管社交媒体这么复杂的问题,是荒唐且有害的,用错了工具。所以我们对调查本身提出了异议和上诉,我记得是去年。到现在连上诉的听证日期都还没给,因为程序慢得要命,不只对我,对所有人都是。这让我意识到,这个系统可能在很多层面上都坏了。有别的创业者被法国司法系统折腾过,给我讲了他们的恐怖故事:企业被预审法官完全没有必要的行动搞得瘫痪,最后证明那些行动毫无根据、带有偏见。也许打到更高一级法院能得到公正,但过程中你会耗掉大量的时间和精力。这是我希望这个案子会和你讲的卡夫卡的故事不一样的唯一一点。

弗里德曼: 但正如卡夫卡描写的,时间一长,它确实会压垮很多人。得说明一下,你很长一段时间不准离开法国,现在可以来迪拜了。我们此刻就在迪拜,我见到了很多 Telegram 的员工,Telegram 的总部在这里。但其他地方你还是不能去。你觉得什么时候能来得克萨斯找我玩?

杜罗夫: 这很难回答,因为它不只取决于我的行动。我只能说:我有耐心。我不会让这项对我自由的限制来左右我的行动。如果说有什么影响,那就是我会加倍捍卫自由,因为我亲身体验了没有自由是什么感觉,至少在拘留的那四天里,你被困住,就是困住,没法和对你重要的人联系,甚至不知道世界上正在发生什么和你有关的事。我没有水晶球预知未来,但我不能说自己悲观。去年八月最初加在我自由上的限制,大部分已经逐步解除了。

弗里德曼: 如果法国政府或者法国情报机构想要一个后门来读用户的私信,你会对他们说什么?他们有任何办法拿到用户私信吗?

杜罗夫: 没有。我的回答会非常清楚,但不会太客气,所以我不确定该不该在这里说。

弗里德曼: 这里可以说。

杜罗夫: 你今天打了领带,这是个严肃的、绅士的成人节目。

弗里德曼: 不过人们确实有一层担心:政府的压力这么大,时间一长会把你磨垮,你会让步。当然,别的地方又会拿这个当宣传材料攻击你。基本上每个国家都在攻击你,这是个很难施展的环境,做你这样的人很难,为自由而战,为保护人们的隐私而战。你能不能说点什么,让人们放心你不会牺牲刚才表达的任何原则?如果法国政府一直磨下去?

杜罗夫: 我认为法国政府正在输掉这一仗,这一仗本来就是错的。压力越大,我越坚韧,越不服。我想过去几个月我已经证明了这一点:有人试图利用我被困在法国的处境,找上门来要我在其他国家做事,封某些频道,改变 Telegram 的运作方式。我不仅拒绝了,还把这件事告诉了全世界。以后任何政府,尤其是法国政府,每一次试图强迫我做任何事,我都会继续告诉全世界。我宁可失去拥有的一切,也不会向这种压力屈服。因为一旦你屈服,同意了某件从根本上就错、而且侵犯他人权利的事,你的内心就碎了,你会在最深的生物和精神层面上变成从前那个自己的空壳。所以我不会那么做。世界上也许有人会考虑那么做,但我不在乎。Telegram 消失也行。有一件事人们不理解,包括那些情报机构和政府里的人:我不在乎。我会没事的。假如他们把我关二十年,说清楚,我不认为这现实,但作为假设来想一想,我宁可在里面绝食而死,把整局游戏重开,也不会做蠢事。

罗马尼亚与摩尔多瓦

弗里德曼: 我想请你讲一个具体的例子,就是你刚才说的那种事:Telegram 在罗马尼亚选举中的经历。在这一切当中,你仍然在为保住言论自由而战。发生了什么,你做了哪些决定?

杜罗夫: 我被困在法国、几个月不能出境的时候,有人安排我去见法国对外情报部门的负责人。牵线的是一个我很熟的人,他是法国很有名的科技创业者,人脉很广。他说「这个人想见你」,我说「好,可以,但我什么也不承诺」。我去了。在那次会面中,对方要求我做一件在我看来是限制罗马尼亚言论自由的事。不知道你有没有关注罗马尼亚选举那出戏。他们去年举行了总统选举,结果被取消了。我会面的时候,罗马尼亚正准备重新举行总统选举。保守派候选人不是法国政府支持的人,所以他们问我,愿不愿意关掉 Telegram 上支持这位保守派候选人的频道,或者反对亲欧候选人的频道,亲欧候选人是他们对自己中意那位的叫法。我说:「如果没有违反 Telegram 的规则,我们的规则很清楚,不能煽动暴力。但如果是和平示威、和平辩论,我们不能这么做,这是政治审查。我们在世界上很多国家保护过言论自由,包括亚洲、东欧、中东。我们不会在欧洲开始搞审查,不管是谁提的要求。」我对这位法国情报部门的负责人说得很明白:「如果你以为我被困在这里,你就能指挥我,那你大错特错。每一次我都宁愿反着来。」某种意义上我也正是这么做的。我和他就这整件事的道德问题辩了几句,然后到了某个时候,我干脆把这次谈话的内容全部公开了。因为我从没签过保密协议,我从不和这类人签保密协议,我要能告诉世界发生了什么。让我相当震惊的是,法国政府里居然有人想利用这种局面。当然,前提是他们与调查的发起本身毫无关系,只是拿它来达成政治或地缘政治目标。我把这看作对我个人、也对数百万 Telegram 用户集体的羞辱。奇怪的是,同一个机构此前还要求我们在摩尔多瓦做一些事。

那是更早的事,我想是去年十月或九月。我八月底在巴黎被捕,之后又有人通过中间人来找我,说:「你介不介意下架摩尔多瓦的一些频道?那边正在选举,我们担心有人干预选举。你能不能和摩尔多瓦政府的代表联系一下,处理这件事?」我们说,我们愿意看看有没有违反我们规则的内容。他们发来一份频道和机器人的清单,很短的一份。其中一些确实违反了我们的规则,我们下架了,只有几个,其余都没问题。然后他们说「谢谢」,又发来第二份清单,几十个频道,很多很多。我们看了这些频道,发现没有任何站得住脚的理由封禁它们,就拒绝了。但有意思的是,要求我们在摩尔多瓦做这些事的法国情报部门,通过他们的联系人告诉我:在 Telegram 封了摩尔多瓦那几个违规频道之后,他们去找了我的预审法官,就是负责这场针对我的调查的法官,替我说了好话。这让我非常困惑,甚至有点震惊,因为这两件事毫无关系。这位预审法官要查的是 Telegram 在法国删除违法内容是否尽职,为什么会有人去找他?摩尔多瓦和这有什么关系?那一刻我起了很大的疑心。记住,这发生在我们封了几个违规频道之后,而在我们拒绝封那一长串完全没问题的频道之前。那些频道无非是人们在表达政治观点,我未必同意,但表达是他们的权利,不是极端观点,不是煽动暴力。这太令人警觉了。那一刻我对自己说,这里面的事可能比我最初以为的要多。起初我想,无非是有些人不懂技术。而摩尔多瓦这件事之后,我的疑心重了很多。所以等到情报部门负责人来见我、要我帮他们让罗马尼亚的保守派噤声时,我已经在提防接下来会发生什么了。

弗里德曼: 很明显,这是一次系统性的施压,要你审查法国政府不认同的政治声音。应该说明,你既为左翼团体、也为右翼团体争取过言论自由,立场无所谓,你没有为之而战的政治派别或意识形态。你造的是一个平台,只要不煽动暴力,各行各业、各种意识形态的人都能在这里说出想法,这才是全部要义。这次恰好是罗马尼亚选举中的保守派声音被法国政府盯上,因为现在的法国政府偏左。倒过来,如果政府偏右,你就会在反对审查左翼声音。过去你多次这么做过。

杜罗夫: 一点不错。讽刺的是,我们收到过法国警方的请求,要下架法国境内一个极左抗议者的 Telegram 频道,我们拒绝了。我们看了那个频道,是和平抗议者。我们捍卫的是偏右还是偏左的人的言论自由,对我们来说无所谓。新冠期间,我们保护过组织「黑人的命也是命」活动的积极分子,也保护过另一边反对封锁的抗议者。只要不越线、不煽动暴力、不鼓动破坏公共财产,我们保护所有人。集会是一项基本权利。有意思的是,那些没有在不自由的国家生活过的人,并不总能意识到逐步妥协自己的价值观、原则、自由和权利有多危险,因为他们不明白赌注是什么。

法国为何留不住创业者

弗里德曼: 这些事会滑坡。多年来,包括现在,你一直对法国评价很高,你热爱法国历史和法国文化。我觉得这次事件、这个历史性的错误,对法国来说纯粹是一场巨大的公关灾难。没有哪个想成为下一个杜罗夫、创办下一个 Telegram 的创业者,看到这一幕之后还愿意在法国经营。这次逮捕没有任何正当理由,法律被误用,各种施压,各种看上去出于政治动机的行为,过度的监管和官僚作风。对梦想为世界创造有影响力、有益的东西的创业者来说,这是噩梦。你认为法国政府、法国的体制需要修什么?再放大一点,你在欧洲也看到过类似的事,欧洲似乎对创业者越来越不友好,什么能改、什么该改,才能扭转这个趋势?

杜罗夫: 我认为欧洲社会必须决定,不断膨胀的公共部门该在哪里停下来,政府的合理规模是多大。以法国为例,这是个美丽的国家,有大量人才,但公共开支占国内生产总值的百分之五十八,也许和苏联末期一样多,甚至更多。于是你就有了这样一种失衡:代表国家的人远比试图通过创造伟大产品和伟大公司来推动经济前进的人多。我所在的社交媒体这个创业领域受影响极大。过去十年法国在这个领域只出过一家了不起的创业公司,一个基于地理位置的社交网络,最后卖给了 Snapchat。卖之前,创始人问我该不该卖。我告诉他:「永远别卖。你手上的东西很棒,用户很多,在很多国家有自发的增长,是法国这类公司的第一个成功故事。」可几周后他还是卖了。后来我又见到他,他在做新的东西。我问他,想弄明白到底哪里出了问题。他告诉我的事情之一是:他在经营公司、和 Facebook、Instagram、Snapchat 竞争、承受投资人压力、努力把最好的人才说服到巴黎来的时候,顺便说一句,他干得很出色,同时又被一场愚蠢的调查缠上,又是数据保护方面的问题,拖了没完没了,不断的传讯、不断的信息披露要求,一点一点抽干团队和公司的血。这是一家年轻的公司,压力陡增,到某个时刻他觉得压力太大了,决定「我干脆卖了吧」。最后证明根本没有问题,据我了解,调查以不起诉告终。但这样的调查是有代价的,是有成本的。除非社会认识到这些代价:那些从未被创造出来的项目、公司和创业企业,那些在很早期就被卖到美国或其他国家的公司,以及由此导致的经济增长下滑,否则事情不会改变。几天前我们还和一个人聊过,他离开法国,在迪拜创业。他不得不离开法国的原因之一是政府对他的公司发起了调查,冻结了他的银行账户,这场涉及税务的调查持续了很多很多年,我记得他说是八年。八年之后,政府得出结论:没有任何问题,「他没事,一切正常」。可这期间,他的公司账户被冻结,生意死了。他能保住理智的唯一原因是搬到迪拜重新创业,新公司极其成功,现在他正用自己的好主意和创造力让我们此刻所在的这座城市更富有。

弗里德曼: 而且我和他接触过,他眼里有一团火,那种驱动创业的精神。他早就赚够了钱,本可以什么都不做,可他还是想创造。这团火才是伟大国家的燃料:建设,建设,再建设,做新东西,扩张。监管把它扼杀了。

杜罗夫: 你得珍惜这样的人。可法国公众,或者说一部分法国公众,被误导了,不知道从什么时候起,也许从法国大革命起,就相信创业者是他们的敌人,是万恶之源的坏富人,仿佛只要能让富人把不义之财分给其他人,一切问题就会奇迹般地解决。而实际上,很多眼里有火、创办这类公司的人,是在牺牲自己的生活、自己的生计,一天工作二十个小时,承受巨大的压力,为的是实现愿景,给周围的社会带来价值和好处。他们创造就业,创造出色的服务,创造出色的产品,让你的国家增长,让你的国民自豪。你得珍惜他们。可这个体制对他们做了什么?把他们挤出去。也许只是税务部门里某个人想往上爬,也许野心太大又不太聪明,结果公司就毁了。顺便说一句,我们聊过的那位创业者,现在法国又请他回去,开出很好的条件,说「你要在香榭丽舍大街开新店吗?我们给你最好的位置,我们出一部分钱,还有税收减免」。他说:「永远不。别想了,不可能,我不会回法国。」他被这段经历伤透了,而他是法国人,在法国出生,拿法国护照。除非这类事情改变,否则法国和欧洲其他地方将继续在经济增长、预算赤字、失业率以及所有相关的社会经济指标上挣扎。

弗里德曼: 令人心碎。和许多这样的国家一样,我珍视它的历史和文化价值,希望欧洲和法国繁荣,但这些不是繁荣所需要的东西。

实验中学与竞争

弗里德曼: 我们把时间往回拨,回到起点。你提到自己上过一所教育强度极高的学校。我想看看那种教育里有力量的部分,从语言到数学。能讲讲它严苛的地方,以及你从中得到了什么吗?

杜罗夫: 十一岁那年,我有机会进入圣彼得堡的一所实验学校,就在我住的城市,入学要通过严格的考试。这所学校的理念是:如果把尽可能多的信息塞进一个少年的大脑,重点放在数学和外语上,学生的大脑就会发生某些变化,让他能够理解其他大多数学科。结果我们这个班没有任何单一的重点,铺得非常广。至少四门外语,拉丁语、英语、法语、德语,另外还可以选古希腊语。还有生物化学、精神分析、进化心理学这样的课。这所学校隶属圣彼得堡国立大学,叫「学术中学」(Academic Gymnasium)。同校其他班都专攻某一门,物理、数学或历史,而我们这个班试图把各个专业班最好的东西集中到一份课程里。因为是实验班,想门门优秀、做全优生是不可能的,连尝试都被认为是疯了。

弗里德曼: 所以默认没人能扛得住,就是在探人类心智的极限:四门语言并行,数学,进化心理学,把脑子塞满,看看会怎样。

杜罗夫: 对,看看会怎样。这是个实验。记住,那是九十年代中期,俄罗斯,尤其是它的教育系统,远不像今天管得这么严。那是俄罗斯历史两个阶段之间的过渡期,苏联的历史和二十一世纪现代俄罗斯的历史之间。无论如何,我从那段经历中学到了很多。首先,我之所以进了这个班,是因为我不断被其他学校开除。

弗里德曼: 挑战权威?

杜罗夫: 我各科都好,就是品行不行。苏联和九十年代初有一门「品行」成绩,也许今天还有,我不确定。我品行很差,总是顶撞老师,总是指出他们的错误。

弗里德曼: 这未必是坏事,对吧?回头看,这里面有价值。年轻人,也许得有礼貌,但去挑战权威、挑战老一辈的智慧。

杜罗夫: 我想我非常幸运,能那么做,而且最后没出事。因为通常你不停地挑战权威,就会被所有学校开除,然后哪儿也去不了。我最终进了一所学校,在那里顶撞老师虽然不算完全没问题,但是可以做的事:你可以和老师展开辩论,他们通常允许你表达观点,最后也许能辩出某种客观真理。但那时候我对生活相当厌倦。每个少年都会到一个节点,出现某种存在危机:活着有什么意义?我到底在这儿干什么?某一天我决定,反正也得上学,不如试着做一件不可能的事,当最好的学生,每一门都拿 A,俄罗斯的说法是「五分」。这让我忙了一阵。极其困难,因为时间根本不够。就算你什么都不干只学习,也没有时间做完所有作业、准备所有考试。所以我把课间休息都用上了,最后达到了我想要的结果,每一门都拿了优秀。这让我高兴了一阵。

弗里德曼: 同时学几门外语,涉猎这么多学科,你从中对有效的教育体系有什么理解?如果让你从零设计一套面向年轻人的教育体系,尤其在二十一世纪,它会是什么样?你发过文说数学是一切的基础。

杜罗夫: 我仍然认为数学是根本。它塑造你的大脑,教你依靠逻辑思维,把大问题拆成小块,按正确的顺序排好,耐心地解,不行就再试。这和编程、项目管理、创业需要的技能完全是同一种。而且它是学校里少数鼓励你发展自己的思考、而不是依赖别人怎么说、跟着复述别人观点的科目之一,这极其宝贵。当然,数学好了,就能用到物理、工程、编程上。最成功的科技创始人和首席执行官大多数学和编程都很好,这不奇怪,因为归根到底靠的是同一种心智能力。但当时在学校,我还意识到另一件事:竞争非常重要,竞争是关键。这是激励很多少年在校学习的东西。如果把竞争从教育系统里拿掉,最后就是逼着孩子到别处去竞争,比如电子游戏。这个趋势你现在在很多国家都能看到,包括西方:用心良好的当局或家长说,「我们不希望孩子压力太大,不希望他们焦虑,所以把公开评分、把谁赢谁输的排名全去掉」。这有一部分是合理的,但结果是一些孩子失去了兴趣。是的,你消灭了输家,但也消灭了赢家。然后,如果你在那个年纪对孩子过度保护,他们长大了,从学校或大学毕业了,仍然没有为真实生活做好准备,因为真实生活就是持续的竞争,争工作、争晋升、争客户,而且更残酷。结果就是高自杀率、高失业率。你现在在很多国家看到的这些负面趋势,那些以为把竞争从教育系统里去掉是好主意的国家,仍然在持续,他们仍然认为竞争是坏事,还试图在一定程度上把竞争从经济里也去掉,说「我们要保证输家不输,赢家也别赢太多」。结果是他们的整个体系、整个经济都变得缺乏竞争力。欧洲的一些国家现在很难跟上中国、韩国、新加坡、日本,以及其他教育体系建立在残酷竞争之上的地方。这是任何文明都得做的艰难选择:要么支持竞争,明白它最终会带来科学技术的进步和整个社会的富足;要么去掉竞争,以为这样就能让下一代免受竞争必然带来的压力。

弗里德曼: 这种想法出于一种善良的本能,同情心:你不希望那些不擅长某件事的人感到痛苦。可挣扎似乎是生活的一部分,早晚都得经历。而且你说得很对,竞争确实是技能发展的强大驱动力,就像你说的追求精通。人性里有种东西,尤其是年轻人,一旦能在某件事上竞争,就会拼命把它做好。如果能像中国、像你提到的许多国家那样,把它引导进教育系统,就会培养出大量杰出的人、坚韧的人、准备好在这个世界上创造惊人之物的人。

杜罗夫: 有很多证据表明,我们在生物层面就被设定为要去竞争,要通过和周围人的比较来确定自己的品质和才能。这是社会自我调节的方式之一。

哥哥尼古拉

弗里德曼: 说到竞争,你哥哥尼古拉,数学家、程序员、密码学专家。他三次拿过国际数学奥林匹克金牌,两次拿过国际大学生程序设计竞赛冠军,有两个数学博士学位。你们合作多年,创造了我们一直在谈的这些了不起的技术。从哥哥身上,你学到了什么关于生活的东西?

杜罗夫: 首先我得说,我几乎所有东西都是从哥哥那里学来的,我知道的一切。我们小时候睡一间卧室,两张床只隔几英尺,我不停地拿问题烦他。我问他恐龙、星系、黑洞、尼安德特人,凡是我能想到的,他就是那个没有互联网的年代里我的维基百科。他是个独一无二的神童,大概十亿人里出一个。他三岁开始识字,数学进步极快,六岁就能读非常深的天文学书。有时他在公交车或地铁这样的公共场合读,我母亲会被旁边的人指责:「你为什么拿这么严肃的书捉弄自己的孩子?他显然不可能看懂,太复杂了,连我们都看不懂,里面全是公式。」而他已经在吸收那些知识了。他就是有这种对信息的渴望。所以他是各种了不起的事实、有用的东西、鼓舞人心的东西的来源,他几乎教会了我我知道的一切。同时他极其谦逊、善良,而这正是很多自以为聪明、其实并不真正智慧的人所缺的。真正有智慧的人,往往也善良而有同情心。

弗里德曼: 他就是这样的人。

杜罗夫: 毫无疑问。

弗里德曼: 你自己基本上很少露面,采访做得极少,相当低调。但你哥哥更是另一个层次,完全不在公众视野里。为什么?

杜罗夫: 一部分是他天性谦逊。他不需要那些,没有炫耀、吹嘘的冲动。我也一直尽量避免露面,但到某个时候我意识到,我过于隐秘、过于神秘反而成了负担。它制造了一个真空,那些不喜欢 Telegram 的人和组织乐意用不准确的信息去填满它,乐意散布关于 Telegram 的叙事,结果就会出现一些奇怪的局面,比如我们前面谈的这场法国调查。

弗里德曼: 我越来越了解你,你身上有一种很深的正直,我认为展示给世界是好事。针对用户隐私的攻击面很多,而最重要、最后一道防线,其实是经营这家公司的人本身。所以在某种程度上,你走出来展示真实的自己是重要的。还有一点你没提:你是程序员,很早就开始写代码,十岁开始编程,十一岁做出第一个电子游戏,十年后,二十一岁时一个人写出了 VK 的最初版本。能讲讲通往 VK 的编程之路吗?VK 的技术栈是什么,主要是 PHP 吗?你是怎么学会做网站的?

从游戏到 VK

杜罗夫: 我起初对做网站没兴趣,十岁的时候我连互联网都没有。但我喜欢电子游戏,游戏不够玩,这种匮乏逼着我自己动手做,做更多电脑游戏给自己玩。有一件事我们常常意识不到:匮乏催生创造力。为什么那么多热爱编程的人来自苏联或其他接触不到现代技术、尤其是现代娱乐的地方?也许是因为我们没有被那么丰富的娱乐选择分心。这不是说有那些选择不好,只是一个我们有时不去体会的事实。所以我开始做电脑游戏。哥哥有时会指点我。比如我做了一个回合制策略游戏,当然是二维的,三维对当时的我太难了。但它的滚动帧率不够流畅,我问哥哥怎么优化,他会指导我。这种学习和训练在我年少时真正塑造了我的编程能力。后来我开始为同学做游戏。课间我们在班里玩无限棋盘的井字棋,不是三连的那种,是五子连珠,而且棋盘无限大。这个游戏有意思得多,玩下去会变得相当复杂。同学们很喜欢,其中有些人非常聪明,数学奥赛冠军,大学教授的儿女。我决定:我要每一局都赢,一局都不能输。怎么才能赢?多练。怎么多练?需要一个比我强的对手。所以我写了这个游戏,让自己和电脑对弈,电脑会往前算四步来选最优策略。四步不够,我还是能赢它。算五步六步,又太慢了。我就找哥哥:「帮帮我。」他写了那个算法。最终我把自己练到每一局都能赢,甚至能赢当时的电脑,那时候还没有现代的处理器,我还能保住一点自信。我回学校课间和同学玩,很快大家就没兴趣了,没有一个同学再想玩这个游戏。我把这个游戏玩死了。

之后我进了圣彼得堡国立大学,光是读书相当无聊,太容易了。我想,能在这儿干点什么?我先给本系的学生做了一个网站,组织大家把所有考试的答案和所有讲义数字化,这在当时非常独特,记住那是二十五年前。我搭了一个网站发布这些材料,很快就火了。我开了一个讨论区,几年之内扩展到全校所有院系,然后扩展到其他大学。最终我们仅仅作为一个学生辅助工具就有了几万用户,各种社交功能都有:好友列表、相册、个人主页、博客,全都有。相当成功。大学毕业后,一位中学的老同学在圣彼得堡最主要的商业报纸上读到了我的成绩,找到我问:「你是在做俄罗斯的 Facebook 吗?」我说:「不确定,Facebook 是什么?」我��见了面。他两年前从美国的大学毕业,给我看了 Facebook。我想,这些技术我基本上都有了,但知道该去掉哪些元素才能把这个东西做大、做到几百万用户,这很有价值。这也是人们不太体会的一点:有时候为了往前走、获得更大的成功,你得去掉一些东西,包括技术。去掉功能极其重要。

弗里德曼: 简化。既为了扩张规模,也为了让用户群能增长,让人一看就懂。

杜罗夫: 对。否则对新用户来说太复杂了。老用户会很高兴,会夸你,会要求你加更多东西,把它弄得更复杂。如果你只听老用户的反馈,很容易迷失方向。于是我做了一个网站,叫 Vkontakte,也就是 VK,俄语里是「保持联系」的意思。最初是为了解决我自己的问题:我那年刚毕业,想和大学的老同学、其他同窗保持联系。当然,作为一个二十岁的人,我也想认识其他人,包括漂亮姑娘。所以我从头开始写。这一次我想:不用任何第三方库和模块,我要把它做到尽可能高效。我对每一行代码都很较真。可是这么大的东西从哪里下手?我以前没做过这种规模、什么都得包含的项目,以前我会复用一些现成方案,这次我想从零开始。于是我打电话给哥哥,他当时在德国马克斯·普朗克研究所做博士后。我问他:「我该从什么开始?」他告诉我:「先做一个用户授权模块。」不是别的,就是登录,连注册都不用,因为数据库可以预先填好邮箱和密码。这没什么,但一旦你看到自己输入邮箱和密码就进去了,它用你的名字向你问好,你就清楚接下来该往哪儿走了。

弗里德曼: 确实如此。

杜罗夫: 这是我这辈子得到的最好的建议之一,而且效果完美。我开始做,还没回过神来,网站上已经有了相册、私信、还有我们那时叫「墙」的留言板,VK 和早期的 Facebook 都有。我们最终做出的东西比当时的 Facebook 更复杂,功能更多。我当时有个女朋友,我对她说:「我们得想办法建一个数据库,收录俄罗斯所有的学校、大学和它们的院系。」她干得很出色,在网上搜集这些信息,有时候直接给大学写邮件问「你们现在到底有哪些系,我们需要知道」,或者联系教育部门,先是俄罗斯,然后是乌克兰,最后是白俄罗斯、哈萨克斯坦和其他 VK 后来成为最大、最流行社交网络的国家。我们做了一些当时相当独特的事。差不多头一年,我是公司唯一的员工:后端工程师、前端工程师、设计师,客服,还有市场,所有文案和公告都是我写的,推广 VK 的各种竞赛也是我想的,效果相当好。那是一段不可思议的经历,让我了解了社交网络平台的每一个方面。

弗里德曼: 也让你了解了一个人能做多少事。

杜罗夫: 一点不错。这也是为什么我自认是 Telegram 里一个高效的项目经理和产品经理:团队成员给我的期限,我只接受有野心的。有人说「我需要三周」,我会回答:「我两周就做出了 VK 的第一版,你为什么要三周?这东西看起来三天就能做出来。三周?除了那三天,剩下的时间你打算干什么?」团队了解我,所以今天的 Telegram 能保持很好的创新节奏,每个月推出几个有分量的功能。在短时间内能做出多少东西这一点上,我想我们胜过了这个行业里的所有人。所以,那段经历无价。至于技术栈,我从 PHP、MySQL 和 Debian Linux 起步,但很快发现需要优化。我开始用 Memcached,Apache 不够用了,得配 NGINX。哥哥当时还住在德国,做 VK 的头一年帮不上太多忙。有时候我能打通他的电话,用老式的有线电话打过去说:「我该怎么办?这个叫 NGINX 的东西怎么装?我不是搞 Linux 的。」如果他那天心情特别好又不太忙,就会告诉我怎么做,或者亲自装好。但大多数时候我只能靠自己。不过后来我们开始快速增长、要扩展规模的时候,有他就很关键了。起初你发现一台服务器不够了,得再买一台,再一台,再一台;数据库得放到另一台服务器上;然后得把数据库拆成表;然后得想出一种按某种合理标准给表分片的办法,还不能破坏用户体验。用户超过一百万之后,十几台服务器,没有哥哥来负责扩展这一块就撑不下去了。我记得我让他回来:「你得帮我,这东西开始变得很大了。」更糟的是,我们一出名,就有人开始对我们发起分布式拒绝服务攻击,这种事总是会发生。

弗里德曼: 没错。

杜罗夫: 然后有人想买 VK 的股份。有意思的是,每次谈判那天,攻击就会加剧。我们不得不想办法对付。我记得为此熬了很多个不眠之夜。

弗里德曼: 那是你第一次接触各种坏人:拒绝服务攻击,生意场。后来你又发现有种东西叫政治,再后来叫地缘政治。但这是最初的阶段:事情不只是做出酷的东西,还得像你现在在 Telegram 面对的那样,应付成海的坏人在试探系统的极限、试图攻破系统。

杜罗夫: 很遗憾。如果没有坏人和压力,这会是世界上最好的工作,你只管创造。

弗里德曼: 你哥哥的帮助,像你提到的 NGINX 和分表,扩展性的问题有一部分是算法性质的,几乎是理论计算机科学。不只是多买几台机器,而是想出怎样在算法上让一切跑得极快。有一部分是数学,有一部分是纯工程,但有一部分是数学。

杜罗夫: 那个阶段基础的东西我能做。我懂怎么在代码里实现可扩展性,怎么给数据库分片,在哪里用 Memcached 替代直接查库。这相当容易,因为当时还是 PHP。哥哥大约 2008 年从德国回来,我问他:「能不能做得更高效?能不能做到超快,同时用更少的服务器扛住负载?」他说:「可以,但 PHP 不够,我得用 C 和 C++ 重写你的数据引擎的一大部分。」我说:「好,就这么做。」他叫来一个朋友帮忙,也是世界级编程竞赛的绝对冠军,连续两届。他们做出了第一个定制的数据引擎,比单纯依赖 MySQL 和 Memcached 高效得多,因为它更专门、更底层。

弗里德曼: 所以他们用 C 和 C++ 重写了?

杜罗夫: 很大一部分。比如搜索,比如广告引擎,因为 VK 有定向广告,那是他们做的,非常高效。最后还有私信部分、公开留言部分。到某个时候我们发现,网上比 VK 加载更快的网站寥寥无几。

弗里德曼: 漂亮。

杜罗夫: 我记得 2009 年去硅谷,第一次见到马克·扎克伯格和早期 Facebook 的其他一些核心成员,那时 Facebook 才四五岁。所有人都在问我:「为什么哪怕在硅谷,VK 都比 Facebook 加载得快?你们网站上的一切都是瞬间出现的,秘诀是什么?」这是让他们非常好奇的事情之一。

速度即一切

弗里德曼: 极低的延迟对你一直很重要,保证东西加载得快。这也是 Telegram 出名的地方之一:哪怕在很差的网络下,它就是快得不得了,什么都快。

杜罗夫: 这是核心技术理念之一。我们把速度放在优先位置。我们认为人能察觉出差别,哪怕只有五十毫秒,差别是潜意识层面的。这不仅让我们更快、更灵敏,也让基础设施和开支更高效,因为代码执行得越快,运行它需要的计算资源就越少。所以把东西做快是稳赚不赔的。这也是为什么我们招人一向非常谨慎,只有在完全确定这是最佳选择时我才会录用。因为如果你雇了一个也许有点心不在焉、经验不足的人,代码库里就可能出现低效之处,造成几千万美元的损失。再想想这份责任。从 VK 的年代跳到今天,Telegram 有十亿以上的用户,他们每天打开几十次。想象应用打开时有一点点延迟,比如半秒。乘以几十次,再乘以十亿。那是人类损失的几个世纪、几千年,没有任何理由,只因为草率。

弗里德曼: 这一点太重要、太有智慧了。作为开发者,只要稍微粗心一点,就会引入很难追查的低效,因为你不知道它本可以更快。代码不会朝你喊「这里可以快得多」。所以你得像工匠一样,写代码时非常小心,始终在想「这能不能做得高效得多」。可能是很微小的东西,但它们会在整个代码里传播。所以公司里任何一个地方有个粗心的开发者,都有真实的代价:他引入的低效,其他开发者不会知道,只会以为事情本来就得这样。所以每一个开发 Telegram 这类应用任何组件的开发者,都有真实的责任去不停地问「这能不能更高效、能不能更简单」。这也是编程最美的地方之一,它的艺术性。

杜罗夫: 是的。当你找到一种办法把事情简化、做得更高效时,你会无比快乐、自豪、有成就感。说到你的观点,我回想起职业生涯里有几次,开除一个工程师反而提高了生产力。假设你有两个工程师在做一个应用,他们就是做不完,跟不上功能发布的节奏,你想「大概得招第三个」。可你注意到其中一个很怪,进度落后,时不时抱怨,不承担责任。你问自己:「要是我直接把这个人开了呢?」你开了他。几周后你发现,你其实不需要第三个工程师,从来就不需要。问题出在这个人身上,他制造的问题比解决的多。这非常反直觉,因为在做技术项目时,我们倾向于认为往里多扔几个人,事情就会奇迹般地自己解决,人多了关注就多了。不是的。

弗里德曼: 这又一次非常有力。史蒂夫·乔布斯谈过 A 级选手和 B 级选手。当 B 级选手,也就是你说的这类人,进入团队后,会发生某种事:他们不知怎么就拖慢了所有人,让所有人泄气。这很反直觉。打造伟大团队的一部分工作就是把 B 级选手清出去,不只是笼统地多招人,而是找到 A 级选手,去掉拖慢速度的人。

杜罗夫: 是的。人们还没意识到的另一点是,和 B 级选手共事有多打击士气。每个人都看得出和自己合作的那个工程师是否真正胜任。如果一个人不在状态,问错问题,不断掉队,这非常显眼。到某个时候,如果你是 A 级选手,你会产生一种不满,觉得自己因为身边这个人在工作、或者假装在工作,而无法发挥全部潜力、完成自己真正该完成的事。顺便说一句,有些情况下不是这个人懒,而是他的心智能力、智力就是不到那个程度。不是经验问题,多数时候是天赋和坚持的问题。百分之九十的情况,就是没有能力长时间专注于一件事,不是人人都有这种能力。所以对有这种能力的人来说,和一个心不在焉、无法深入自己负责的项目的人并肩工作,是一种侮辱。

弗里德曼: 顺着这个小岔路问一句,你的招聘流程是什么样的?你说过你经常用编程竞赛来找优秀的工程师,背后的想法是什么?

杜罗夫: 这和我的整体哲学一致:竞争带来进步。如果你想为心里的某些具体任务设计一个理想的流程来挑选最合适的人,还有什么比竞赛更好?一场编程竞赛,任何想加入公司做工程师的人,或者只是想拿奖金、想得到认可的人,都可以展示自己的本领,然后我们选最好的。如果数据不够、拿不准该不该录用,就换一道题再办一场,拿到更多数据,更多赢家,然后再办。到某个时候你会发现:「这个人从十六岁或十四岁起参加了我们十场竞赛,现在二十岁或二十一岁了,赢了其中八场。他 JavaScript、安卓的 Java、C++ 好像都很强,为什么不录用?」这里有一致性。而且这些人大多从没在大公司干过,这一点是无价的。因为在大公司,人们习惯推卸责任,责任是共担的,没人完全清楚一个项目该归功于谁、该归咎于谁。在 Telegram 内部,这很清楚,而这些竞赛就是最接近在 Telegram 工作的体验。举个例子,我们想给 Telegram 安卓版的个人主页做一个很棘手的动画和改版。安卓版是开源的,任何人都能拿代码去玩。所以我们不只是选出最好的人来录用,还选出了这个问题最好的解法,因为我们给参赛者出的不是琐碎的题,而是有价值的东西,能给我们省下大量开发时间。而且因为我一直有大型社交平台可以用来宣传这些竞赛,VK 和 Telegram 不知怎么在工程师、设计师和其他技术人中间都很受欢迎,我从来没有为推广竞赛、找到合适的人发过愁。还有什么比录用一个本来就是你产品的用户更好的?如果这个人从没用过 Telegram,他的理解会非常有限。我为什么要去领英上招一个在谷歌或别的公司干过、习惯了拿钱不干活、习惯了推卸责任、困在没完没了的会议里、对 Telegram 代表什么理解非常有限的人?想想就觉得荒唐。

领先七年的细节

弗里德曼: 也因此你招人极其挑剔、极其慢,人得真正挣到自己的位置。我有机会旁听了一次团队会议,大家讨论正在开发的各种功能、各种想法,有些处在最前沿。你能看到幕后是怎么做到这么快的创意速度的:想出点子,做出原型,最后变成产品里的实际功能。所以才有这个一半好笑、一半了不起的事实:和 WhatsApp、Signal 相比,很多功能都是你们先做的。很多我们现在习以为常、熟悉又喜爱的功能,比如自动删除定时器,比其他任何通讯软件早了七年。消息编辑、回复,这些都是显而易见的东西,我甚至忘了它们曾经不存在。我觉得自动删除定时器是个真正绝妙的主意。

杜罗夫: 我们 2013 年就在秘密聊天里做了。好笑的是,后来其他应用开始抄的时候,比如七年后的 WhatsApp,还有 Signal 和其他一些应用,起初连具体的时间选项都照抄。比如我们有一秒、三秒、五秒,他们也是一秒、三秒、五秒。他们不敢改,因为不确定这个功能的秘诀在哪里。讽刺的是,很多东西都是这样。比如我们设计回复消息的方式:有一小段摘录显示你在回复这条消息,你在下面输入回复;发出去之后,消息里也有一小段摘录,点一下会高亮你回复的原消息。看起来很自然。但我们当时做了一些设计决定,左边那条竖线,还有各种小细节,其实完全是任意的,换一种做法也可以。可整个行业最后都照搬了这个方案。现在无论你去哪儿,WhatsApp、Instagram 私信、Facebook Messenger、Signal,都是一模一样或者非常相似的体验,因为没人真的想冒险创新。既然有效,为什么不直接抄?

弗里德曼: 但得说,它做得极其出色。那条竖线和高亮,都是小小的神来之笔。用某种方式高亮文字,从设计上让人一眼看出这一部分是之前写的,下面是你的回复。不同文字格式之间的区分。我知道排版是一门艺术。Telegram 里有大量互相作用的图形元素,全都得配合得极好。比如你指给我看的一件让我震惊的事:Telegram 的背景渐变会移动、会变化,和聊天气泡配合得非常好,渐变上面还有图案元素,全都在互相作用。这一切都得配合得很好,又不能牺牲清晰度,一切都要直观。这非常难做,这是艺术。而且在这之上,它还超级快。

杜罗夫: 那才是最难的部分。做到设计师喜欢是一回事,真正的挑战是做到设计师喜欢,同时还能在最弱的设备上跑,你能想到的最老、最便宜的智能手机。就拿每个 Telegram 聊天背景上那个移动的渐变来说,大多数人不会注意到它,但能感觉到。

弗里德曼: 是的,他们在潜意识里注意到了。读聊天时有一种愉悦感,设计就是这样起作用的。我觉得渐变真的有用。我特别喜欢 Telegram 这一点,不是你描述的技术,而是它的感觉。而创造出这种感觉的技术过程令人赞叹。我大概能想出各种渲染这个渐变的算法,但都会极其低效。高效地做到……

杜罗夫: 或者高效但不够美。因为哪怕渐变这么简单的东西,也可能出现肉眼可见的条纹,人一眼就能说「不对,不是这个」。所以你得引入一定的随机性。然后有了渐变还不够,太单调了。你想在上面叠一层图案,它得足够简单,不分散你对内容的注意力,又得足够有趣,让整个应用给人好感。还有一个问题:图案里放什么样的对象?图案怎么运作?是基于像素还是矢量?做成矢量的话就可以无限缩放、保持高质量。默认的图案和默认的背景是基于四种颜色的,不是两种颜色的渐变,是四种,而且它们在不停地变化。我大概看过几千种变体,因为这是个非常重要的决定,它是默认背景。当然你可以改,实际上你可以设置自己的四种颜色。

弗里德曼: 不会吧,真的?

杜罗夫: 真的,可以。你还得依靠人类心智某些根深蒂固的生物属性。用哪种颜色?蓝色?黄色?绿色?每种颜色在我们大脑里的含义都不同。放什么对象?来自童年的东西,来自自然的东西,还是能营造另一种情绪的东西?这只是应用里的一个细节。这样的细节有很多。你打完一条消息,点发送,消息逐渐出现在聊天里。这是怎么发生的?你希望输入框慢慢变形成那条消息。

弗里德曼: 变成消息,对。

杜罗夫: 而且无论消息内容是什么都要做到,因为有时候宽度不同,有时候包含媒体、链接预览或其他会改变气泡形状的东西。所以你要过无数种不同的场景,保证每一种都完美,哪怕这条消息有四千个字符。然后再看所有平台:iOS、安卓,各种老设备、各种过时的操作系统和硬件,再把两者交叉,因为可能有一台很烂的老手机装着最新的系统,那怎么办?会出什么样的错?当然,Telegram 也能在平板上用,我们的 iOS 版能在 iPad 上跑,我很喜欢。你得明白,屏幕上一切都可能很大,占很多空间,这会触发更多计算资源去渲染。所以里面有很多微妙之处。但只要你对每个细小的细节较真,至少是每个真正要紧的细节,你就能做出一种用户体验:如果你真的习惯了 Telegram,哪怕只是连续用了几周,再回到其他任何通讯软件,都感觉像严重的降级。

弗里德曼: 确实有很多神奇的时刻。比如删除消息时它蒸发的样子,那是一种非常愉悦的体验。

杜罗夫: 是的。那个做起来太难了,尤其在安卓上。就是那个灭霸响指的效果,消息碎成几万个粒子,像风中的尘土一样散去。看起来很棒,但做起来非常难。

弗里德曼: 大概是我最喜欢的图形界面效果之一。就是艺术,纯粹的艺术,太不可思议了。很高兴听到它是经过认真思考和打磨的,因为它做得极其出色。

杜罗夫: 不深入进去是做不出来的。而且你又不想用这些额外的信息去干扰人们的交流,所以某种意义上你希望它们是隐形的。

弗里德曼: 它们创造感觉,但不造成干扰。

杜罗夫: 是的。为了做到这一点,你得克服更多的困难。比如你提到的删除效果,消息蒸发。如果先播动画,再让被删消息前面和后面的消息互相靠拢,感觉就不对,太长,太突兀。你要的是消息消失的同时,周围的消息互相靠拢,填上留下的空隙。想象一下这意味着什么:重绘整个屏幕。所以在这个已经很复杂的动画之上,你还得考虑它前面、后面是什么样的消息,这只会增加复杂度。

弗里德曼: 而且又是在所有设备、所有操作系统上,平板、手机、桌面,全都要。

杜罗夫: 但一旦做成了,会有一种巨大的自豪感,因为没人在做这个,没人真的在乎。某种意义上,也许他们不在乎是对的,也许没人注意。但当这类东西被忽视时,总有什么不对劲,因为我明白,每天全世界有几千万人在删消息。他们得到的是什么体验?是一种也许在潜意识里鼓舞他们、让他们的心哪怕轻轻唱一下、给他们一点喜悦、把他们的情绪提高千分之一的体验?还是只是最基本的东西?我认为,如果我们能通过这些微妙的细节给人们的生活带来一点价值,我们就绝对该在这上面投入时间。

弗里德曼: 而且是喜悦,不只是生产力那种价值,是喜悦。我记得史蒂夫·乔布斯和乔尼·艾夫谈过这一点。他们在每样东西的设计上倾注了那么多爱和心血,包括早期个人电脑里看不见的部分,因为他们相信用户能通过某种渗透感受到设计师放进去的爱。你说得完全对,这和删消息无关。看到那个蒸发动画,我心里会有一点小小的喜悦。就是舒服。我因此更快乐,我感受到了那份心血,我想十亿用户都感受到了。

杜罗夫: 人们喜欢别人在乎。

弗里德曼: 对,就是这样。当然还有更抢眼的东西,表情、贴纸、动图,其中很多本身就是小艺术品。

杜罗夫: 那又是艺术和技术的交汇。看看贴纸,Telegram 比其他大多数应用早得多就推出了。

弗里德曼: 早了三年八个月。

杜罗夫: 比 WhatsApp 早,对。而 WhatsApp 三年八个月之后推出的贴纸,第一版并不好,因为他们用的是普通的 GIF 或 WebM 视频,不是矢量图形。我们做的是矢量动画。每张贴纸只有几千字节,最多也就二三十千字节,却有一百八十帧。我们让它在所有设备上以每秒六十帧运行。这非常有挑战,我们为此头疼了很久。在我们之前没人尝试过这样的东西,因为难到发疯。但结果是你有了流畅的动画,有了非常好的用户体验:有人给你发一张贴纸,你不用等加载,它那么轻,立刻就动起来了。当然,这不只是工程。你得找到能用矢量图形创作贴纸的设计师,也就是用公式描述的曲线,而不是像素照片。这样的人上哪儿找?我们又办竞赛,但要组建一支既是艺术家、又是工程师的团队并不容易。这是一种独特的艺术形式。它让我们在贴纸上完成了一场革命,然后在可以加进消息的动态表情上又完成了一场革命,自定义动态表情。我想没人做过这个。Telegram 至今仍是唯一允许用户这么做的,因为你可以在一条消息里放一百个动态表情,它们全都会动,你的设备不会崩。这大概没必要,也有点疯,但我们认为,正是在艺术和工程的这个交汇处,真正的品质被创造出来。更近一些,我们又扩展到我们称为「Telegram 礼物」(Telegram Gifts)的东西,本质上是基于区块链的收藏品,你可以展示在 Telegram 个人主页上,让它们有社交意义,也可以用来在生日和其他节日祝贺朋友和亲人。反响非常好。

弗里德曼: 它们能持有价值,能升值,能交易。但对我来说,最打动人的还是矢量图形。不只是简单的图形,是极其精细的图形。矢量让它高效,也让艺术家有条件、有动力去创作超级细致、繁复的元素。你会以为最终效果无所谓,可最终效果里有大量的东西在发生,而且能在任意设备上缩放。不像过去的 GIF,至今在梗图里还是低分辨率的,所以人们通常不会往里放细节和精细的艺术。这里用矢量,像有一百万件事在同时发生,还能玩各种动画。比如你给我看的那个:发送时按住发送键不放,可以给收信人附上一段你编好的动画,他读消息时会有一堆效果。

杜罗夫: 是的,我们有很多这类功能,用这种艺术让人表达自己,而大多数人根本不知道它们存在。

弗里德曼: 我以前也不知道,太酷了。

杜罗夫: 同一种技术的另一个应用是 Telegram 的表情回应。我们定了一个目标:要让人哪怕只是给你点个赞也感到喜悦。给一条消息点赞这么琐碎的动作,应该是一个你想一遍又一遍去做的动作。

加密、开源与斯诺登

弗里德曼: 另一个更严肃的功能是端到端加密。你在这上面也引领了行业,比别人早了一年零三个月推出。能谈谈为什么决定加入端到端加密,最初怎么开发现在这套加密算法,当时的想法是什么?

杜罗夫: 2013 年我们推出 Telegram 时,已经意识到爱德华·斯诺登揭示的那个严重的隐私问题。我们想,是的,我们设计这个产品的方式已经极其安全,但我们要确保连我们自己也读不到用户的消息。而且我们非常清楚,一群出生在俄罗斯的人未必能让人信任。所以我们把 Telegram 开源了,我们所有的应用从 2013 年起就在 GitHub 上公开。然后我们在秘密聊天里加入了端到端加密,几年后 WhatsApp 抄了过去。我们领先一年零三个月,那时他们才刚开始测试,我记得 2016 年才全面推出,比我们晚三年。我认为这个行业其他人之所以不得不跟进,唯一的原因就是我们定下了标准。这在当时极其重要。同时我们也意识到了端到端加密的某些局限。在那种设计、那种架构下,你没法支持有着一致、持久聊天记录的超大社群,没法支持巨大的一对多频道,维护有大量入站消息的机器人会有问题,多设备支持变得棘手,人们会丢失一些分享过的文件。我们看到了很多问题,最终做成了一种混合体验:根据你的用途和需求,你可以选择想要的加密级别。

弗里德曼: 所以端到端加密是可选开启的。你描述的权衡是在两者之间:对某些消息极端在意隐私的人,和可用性,比如多设备同步、二十万人的群组。这些生活质量方面的功能和端到端加密之间有取舍。你倾向于让用户在需要极度安全时自己开启端到端加密。

杜罗夫: 是的。而且秘密聊天不只是端到端加密,它还有一些既是特性也是缺陷的限制。比如不能截屏,不能转发任何文件、任何消息,而当你只是想干活、和团队沟通一个项目时,这些未必是你需要的。所以我们很清楚,这里有不同的需求,如果试图把两者塞进同一种聊天里,会损失大量的实用性。我们 Telegram 内部不用任何协作工具,我们用 Telegram 来构建 Telegram。所以当我们试着切换到秘密聊天去分享大文件、把活干完的时候,立刻就感觉到它不是为此设计的。同时,如果你真的很多疑,「我不想被截屏,不想有任何泄露,我连 Telegram 都不信,我只信代码」,秘密聊天是最好的选择。我相信它是今天最安全的通讯方式。

弗里德曼: 还有很多其他方面很重要。比如,Telegram 是唯一一个在安卓和 iOS 上都有开源可复现构建(reproducible builds)的应用。为什么这重要?

杜罗夫: 你需要可复现构建来验证应用真的在做它声称的事,真的按网站上描述的方式加密数据。为此你得把应用开源,让任何研究者都能看。Telegram 从 2013 年起就开源了。WhatsApp 这样的应用从来没开源过,所以你并不真正知道它们在干什么、到底怎么加密你的消息。这里的关键是,你从应用商店下载的版本,是否和你在 GitHub 上看到的源代码完全一致。这就需要可复现构建。就像你说的,Telegram 是唯一做到这一点的流行通讯应用,我们让人们能在安卓和 iOS 上都确认,GitHub 上 Telegram 的源代码和你实际使用的应用是同一个。我认为这极其重要,不只是为了赢得信任,也是为了保持透明和开放。当我说 Telegram 的秘密聊天是最安全的通讯方式时,我是认真的,因为我没见过任何事实能反驳这个说法。至少在流行的通讯应用里,WhatsApp、Signal、iMessage,没有一个在 iOS 和安卓上都有可复现构建。也没有一个至少在同等程度上投入了那么多精力,去确保你用来加密数据的算法不是某个机构塞给你、用来做蜜罐的算法。至少就我对竞争对手的了解,我不认为他们经历过同样的过程。

弗里德曼: 还应该说明,Telegram 的整个软件栈都是内部从零做起的。不只是加密,还有服务器上跑的一切。服务器的硬件和软件都是内部搭建的,这是缩小处理消息的整个技术栈攻击面的办法之一。

杜罗夫: 这确实让它更安全。如果说斯诺登的揭露教会了我们什么,那就是人人都在用的开源工具、模块、库,往往有某些缺陷和安全问题,让软件变得脆弱。这也是确保用最高效的方式做事的办法。但这极其困难。你团队里真的得有非凡的人才,才能达到这种彻底的程度,深入到足够底层的编码,从零重造数据库引擎、网络服务器,乃至整个编程语言。因为我们后端用来给客户端开发 API 的编程语言,也是我们团队自己造的。

弗里德曼: 尽量减少对开源库的依赖极其困难,大多数公司都依赖开源库。

杜罗夫: 我不会说我们完全独立于它。我们后端用 Linux,目前没法绕开。但在大部分方面,我们比其他大多数应用自给自足得多。

弗里德曼: 你提到了爱德华·斯诺登。很久以前你想和他合作,也许是交流专业知识,理解实现网络安全需要什么。你怎么看他的案子?从他揭露的东西里你学到了什么?更广泛地说,你认为他的工作对世界有什么影响?

杜罗夫: 主要的教训是:事情并不都像表面那样。你会发现,这在当时让我相当震惊,很多你以为是安全和密码学专家的人,最后以这样那样的方式成了国家安全局的代理人,在推广有缺陷的加密标准。你会发现,本该在监控人民的方式上受到限制的政府,其实并不认为自己受那种限制。让世界明白这一点非常有价值。我想它也再次说明我们人类找不好平衡。九一一造成了一种局面,政府必须回应,它回应了,但反应过度,最终侵蚀了某些基本的权利和自由,包括隐私权。因为政府总想扩大权力,而且总是以公民为代价。于是治疗比疾病更糟。我认为爱德华做的事极其勇敢。我没能和他共事,也从未当面见过他。我们保持联系,偶尔交流,但不算亲近。我仍然认为他做的事值得赞扬,希望有一天我们能见面。

弗里德曼: 你自己也承受过各国政府和情报机构的全部压力。有没有哪个情报机构是你害怕的?哪个政府是你害怕的?

杜罗夫: 我想他们都同样值得害怕,或者说都同样不值得害怕。不存在这一家能杀你、那一家不能杀你的事。

弗里德曼: 他们都能杀你?

杜罗夫: 我想他们都能用这样那样的方式杀了我,但问题在于我怕不怕死。

弗里德曼: 这又回到我们对话的开头了,已经好几次了。所以面对压力,你总体上是无畏的。

杜罗夫: 那说得太满了。但我证明了自己相当抗压。不是没有恐惧,你可以有恐惧,但你克服它。我不认为到了这一步,还有什么事情能发生并改变我这个人。

封禁:俄罗斯与伊朗

弗里德曼: 从 2011 年到 2014 年你经历了很多,政府的压力,你拒绝屈服,这让你创办了 Telegram,放弃了 VK。然后 2018 年,俄罗斯和伊朗决定封禁 Telegram,又是一次压力。能讲讲 2018 年那段经历吗?

杜罗夫: 2018 年 Telegram 开始流行,我记得有两亿用户,在伊朗、俄罗斯这样的地方越来越受欢迎,那些国家的人有时候有些东西想瞒着政府。在伊朗,人们用 Telegram 抗议政府,有巨大的频道用来组织抗议,最后政府跟不上了,决定封禁 Telegram。人们照样用,通过 VPN,封禁没用。政府投入了大量资金开发自己的通讯软件,有好几个团队竞争「伊朗国家通讯软件」的头衔,这些应用全都失败了,人们还是更喜欢 Telegram。有意思的是,伊朗封了 Telegram,却没封 WhatsApp,或者说很快就解封了 WhatsApp。同时,从 2017 年中或年底开始,俄罗斯要求 Telegram 交出加密密钥。他们以为存在这样一种东西,能让他们读 Telegram 上每个人的消息,至少是俄罗斯境内每个人的消息。我们告诉他们:「不可能。要封就封。」他们 2018 年春天就这么做了。那段时间相当有意思,他们试图封我们的 IP 地址,但我们有准备,我们做出了一种技术,可以轮换 IP 地址,审查者每封掉一批现有地址,我们就换上新的,而且完全自动化。我们有几百万个 IP 地址,不停地消耗它们。我们发起了一场叫「数字抵抗」的运动,世界各地、俄罗斯境内外的系统管理员和工程师都可以搭建自己的代理服务器和 IP 地址,供 Telegram 用来绕过审查。我记得我们为此花了几百万美元。结果审查者急了,开始封更大的 IP 网段,巨大的网段,造成了一种荒唐的局面:国家的一部分基础设施开始失灵。人们在超市付款,什么都不好使,因为俄罗斯的审查机构封了太多 IP 地址,而其中一些网段托管着其他不相干的服务。连一些俄罗斯的社交网络、媒体和银行都受了影响。所以他们不得不在对抗我们的反审查工具时更有选择性。当时我们遇到的最大阻力来自苹果。苹果不让我们在 App Store 更新 Telegram,至少四周,说我们得先和俄罗斯达成协议。我们说:「不可能。」他们说:「我们可以让你们在全球推送更新,俄罗斯除外。」我们不愿意。我几乎绝望了。有一刻我说:「也许这是唯一的办法,也许我们该退出俄罗斯市场,不再让俄罗斯用户从 App Store 下载,那就意味着结束了。」我们协助组织了 2018 年莫斯科的一些抗议,捍卫 Telegram、隐私和言论自由,很有意思,人们放纸飞机。

弗里德曼: 我看到了。

杜罗夫: 到某个时候我决定:我得发一个声明,说苹果站到了审查者一边。我们在做正确的事,但没有苹果我们做不了什么,因为人们没法下载应用了。我在自己的频道发了出去,《纽约时报》跟进报道,配了抗议者放纸飞机的照片。苹果在那篇报道里受到批评,我想,苹果大概该回到历史正确的一边了。我等了一天,两天。这期间,我们已经一个多月没法更新 Telegram,它开始崩坏,因为新版 iOS 出来了,让旧版 Telegram 过时了,一些原本能用的功能不能用了,全世界的用户都开始受影响。和俄罗斯毫无关系、来自世界其他地方的人,用 Telegram 都出了问题。所以事情真的很严重。我对团队说:「如果今天下午六点之前」,我记得那是个星期五,「没有任何变化,苹果还不让我们推送 Telegram 的新版本,那就忘了俄罗斯市场吧,我们继续往前走,因为世界其他地方更重要。」很悲哀,但能怎么办?

弗里德曼: 而这意味着,俄罗斯所有想抗议、想说话的人,都失去了在那个地区最流行的通讯软件上发声的能力。

杜罗夫: 是的。奇迹般地,距离我计划把 Telegram 从俄罗斯 App Store 下架、以便全球继续推进的时间还剩十五分钟,苹果联系我们说:「没问题,你们的更新通过了。」于是我们得以继续和审查者玩这场捉迷藏,通过数字抵抗绕过审查。伊朗的情况有些不同。我们意识到在那里想弄出那么多 IP 地址成本太高,而且不清楚会不会违反制裁规定。所以我们做了另一件事:为搭建 Telegram 代理服务器的人创造经济激励。任何人,比如一个伊朗工程师,都可以架一台代理服务器,把地址分发给伊朗的用户,凡是通过这个人的代理连接的用户,都会看到一个置顶的聊天,那是代理的所有者、也就是系统管理员放在那里的广告。这就是代理的变现方式。它创造了一个市场,结果是伊朗人自己解决了自己的问题,我们也因此保住了几百万、也许几千万伊朗用户。直到今天,我想 Telegram 在伊朗仍然是被封的,但那个国家大概有五千万人在依靠 Telegram。

弗里德曼: 人们总能找到办法。

杜罗夫: 人们总能找到办法。

弗里德曼: 太巧妙了,听到这个真好。我还得问一件事。和你相处了这么多天,我得知了一件你当时从未谈过、至今也没谈过的事:2018 年有人企图暗杀你,看起来是投毒。在我看来,这显示了你为地球上所有人捍卫言论自由这场斗争的严重性。如果你愿意把这个故事讲给我听,对我意义重大。

2018 年的中毒

杜罗夫: 这件事我从没公开谈过,因为我不想让人们惊慌,尤其在当时。那是 2018 年春天,我们正在为区块链项目 TON 融资,和各种风投和投资人打交道。同时有两个国家在试图封禁 Telegram,所以那绝不是我谈论个人健康的好时机。但那件事很难忘。我从不生病,我相信自己健康状况完美,很少头疼或咳嗽,不吃药是因为不需要吃药,而那是我这辈子唯一一次觉得自己在死去。我回到家,打开租住的联排别墅的门。我有个古怪的邻居,他在门口给我留了点东西。一小时后,我已经躺在床上了,我一个人住,突然感觉非常不对,浑身疼。我想起来去卫生间,走的过程中感到身体的功能开始一个个关闭。先是视力和听力,然后呼吸困难,全程伴随着剧烈的疼痛,心脏、胃、所有的血管。很难描述,但有一点我很确定:是的,就到这儿了。

弗里德曼: 你以为自己要死了?

杜罗夫: 是的。就到这儿了。因为我没法呼吸,什么也看不见,疼得厉害。我想,结束了。我想,我这一生过得不错,做成了几件事。然后我倒在了地上,但我不记得了,疼痛盖过了一切。第二天我发现自己躺在地板上,天已经亮了。我站不起来,虚弱极了。我看自己的手臂和身体,全身的血管都破了。这种事从没在我身上发生过。之后两周我走不了路,待在家里。我决定不告诉团队里的大多数人,因为我不想让他们担心。但很难熬。那次很难熬。

弗里德曼: 那让你害怕自己走的这条路吗?我是说所有的政府、所有的情报机构、所有的人。就像我们提到的,这像是在打一个电子游戏:你从 VK 开始,只是想做一个能扩张的东西,突然发现有人在用拒绝服务攻击打你,攻击基础设施的安全和完整;然后你发现有政治,再发现有地缘政治,所有这些力量都想控制沟通的渠道。而你只是一个好奇的人,为地球上所有人造了一个说话的平台,突然发现有一大堆人在攻击你。这改变了你看世界的方式吗?让你更怕这个世界了吗?

杜罗夫: 有意思的是,完全没有。如果说有什么,那就是之后我觉得更自由了。那不是我第一次以为自己要死。几年前我就有过一次以为大事不妙的经历,也和我的工作有关。但从这样的事里活下来之后,你会觉得自己活的是赚来的时间。某种意义上你早就死过了,之后每一天都是礼物。

弗里德曼: 赚来的。

杜罗夫: 是的。

2011 年的选择

弗里德曼: 你说的第一次,是不是和政府对 VK 施压那段错综复杂的时期有关?压力越来越大,你得想清楚怎么办,你明白自己那一刻正在失去对 VK 的控制?

杜罗夫: 第一次是 2011 年 12 月。那年 12 月,莫斯科街头爆发了大规模抗议,人们不相信国家杜马选举结果的公正性。我记得 2011 年我还住在俄罗斯,经营 VK,还没有 Telegram。政府要求我们下架 VK 上纳瓦尔尼的反对派群组,那些群组有几十万成员,被用来组织抗议。我非常公开地拒绝了。我就是觉得那样做不对,人们有集会的权利。我还嘲弄了向我递交这份要求的检察官:我把公文的扫描件发了出去,旁边配了一张穿连帽衫、吐着舌头的狗的照片,说「这是我对检察官要求封禁反对派群组的正式答复」。当时很好笑,但接着就有武装警察试图进我的公寓。那一刻我想了很多事。我问自己:我的选择对吗?我得出结论,我的选择是对的。我又问自己:接下来顺理成章会发生什么?我意识到:他们大概要把我关进监狱。那我怎么办?我对自己说:我要绝食,绝食到死。这大概是很多男人都有的东西:他们准备为他人、为自己深信的某些原则去死,我不是唯一一个。我想爱德华·斯诺登也准备好了去死,阿桑奇这样的人也是。同时,那一刻我意识到,没有任何办法可以安全地通信。我得告诉哥哥发生了什么,他们大概要去找他,可我怎么告诉他而不出卖他?记住,2011 年 WhatsApp 已经有了,我记得 2009 年就推出了,但它没有任何加密,所有消息在传输中都是明文,也就是说别说运营商,连你的系统管理员都能看到你的消息。直到 Telegram 开始推动加密,这些应用才突然想起隐私是它们的基因,就像 WhatsApp 的创始人有名的说法那样。可这个基因在 2011 年一定还在休眠。所以 2011 年,没有任何办法安全地发一条消息。我也对自己说:「如果我能挺过这一关,我一定要做一个安全的通讯软件。」结果事情没有太糟。我被传唤到检察官那里,回答了一些愚蠢的问题,比我最近在法国调查里要回答的问题还少。但那是结束的开始。很清楚,我不可能被允许按自己的想法经营 VK 了。那一刻我收拾好背包,开始等待。我搬进一家酒店,明白自己随时可能离开这个国家。我继续经营 VK,开始设计 Telegram、组建团队,但我知道自己在俄罗斯的日子屈指可数。

弗里德曼: 我得为我自己,也为几百万、也许几亿、也许整个地球的人说一句:谢谢你在那些时刻把命押上去。我认为言论自由是人类繁荣的根本,而它依赖于那些愿意为原则押上一切的人。谢谢。

俄罗斯会封 Telegram 吗

弗里德曼: 我们回来了,又是漫长的一天,感谢你陪我熬这么多小时。已经是深夜了。我从网上看到越来越多的迹象,俄罗斯在考虑封禁 Telegram。首先,你认为这会发生吗?你认为这对人类会有什么影响?总体上你怎么看?

杜罗夫: 完全可能发生。像你说的,有一些迹象,也有过一些局部封禁的试探。Telegram 在俄罗斯的一些地区已经无法访问,比如达吉斯坦。如果俄罗斯重启封禁 Telegram 的尝试,那会非常令人难过,因为现在它的国民把它用于各种用途,不只是个人通信或经济商业活动,它还是唯一能让俄罗斯人接触独立信息源的平台。像 BBC 或其他任何非俄罗斯的信息源,在俄罗斯只能通过 Telegram 频道的形式访问,网站被封了,其他一些社交媒体也被封了。像你说的,有迹象表明俄罗斯计划把用户从 WhatsApp 和 Telegram 这样的现有应用迁移到自己的本土工具上,那种工具当然对政府完全透明,也不会允许独立于政府的声音表达自己。这无疑是个令人警觉的趋势。我们在那些不以保护言论自由著称的国家看到这类尝试,但也越来越多地在那些一向以保护自由著称的国家看到。这形成了一个恶性循环:欧洲国家以听起来正当的借口打击言论自由,比如打击虚假信息或选举干预,它们创造了先例,让限制言论自由合法化,然后威权政权就可以拿来用。中国或伊朗这样的地方会说,我们做的没什么不一样,限制那些不符合主流叙事的声音现在是常态。这很可悲,因为让生活有意思的东西之一,就是我们能接触到丰富的不同观点、不同的人。你限制人的自由,就不可避免地拖慢经济增长、幸福水平、人们为社会做贡献的方式、人们表达自己的方式。我个人认为,在任何国家封禁 Telegram 这样的工具都是巨大的错误,尤其是俄罗斯这样的大国,因为俄罗斯人极有才华、极其坚韧。Telegram 最近推出的一些创新,他们总是最早开始使用的人群之一,他们是早期采用者。我会说他们和美国人,也许还有东欧的其他人,比如乌克兰人,以及东南亚人,是我们推出任何新东西时最先用起来的人。他们对创新极其渴望。

弗里德曼: 说到这儿,作为宣传的一部分,也是总体上,你在各个地方都遭到攻击,有各种不实信息。我读过一堆东西,我认为是在系统性地从各个角度撒关于你、关于 Telegram 的谎。为什么所有人都这么攻击你?

杜罗夫: 保护言论自由不是交朋友的办法。因为你不可避免地会发现自己在保护任何一个国家里反对派表达自己的自由。任何政府最初的、最本能的反应都是说:「我们的反对派不可信,不该让他们说话,因为他们其实是某个外国对手的代理人,某个想毁掉我们国家的地缘政治势力。」这是历史上每一个威权政权都用过的东西。斯大林的俄国、纳粹德国、毛的中国,用的都是同一个把戏:「我们必须限制你们的言论自由,因为这些伪装成反对派的人其实是那个想接管我们的国家的代理人。所以,亲爱的公民们,忘了你们的自由吧。」现在你越来越多地在自由国家看到类似的尝试。比如马克龙总统的团队面对某段视频时,比如他妻子扇他那段,最初的本能反应是说这全是俄罗斯伪造的画面,是不准确的东西,是虚假信息或干预。等他们面对更多信息时,又不得不修改说辞。所以当你经营 Telegram 这样的平台,保护那些不符合主流叙事的观点的表达自由时,你常常会陷入交叉火力:当权者会说你一定在和某个他们不喜欢的外国政府合作。他们必然会这么说:「你保护这些声音,这不对。」当你在一个离他们很远的国家保护言论自由时,他们爱你;如果那是他们的地缘政治对手,那就更好了,他们会为此赞美你。可当你在他们自己的国家做同样的事时,他们就精神分裂了:「不不不,我们爱你是因为你保护言论自由,但不是在这儿,不是在我家后院,我们这儿不需要,我们没问题,我们有自由的媒体。」然后你就会陷入一个怪圈:乌克兰人说你为俄罗斯人干活,俄罗斯人说你为乌克兰人干活。这种精神分裂我们应付了很久,因为这是攻击你的一个太容易的办法。到某个时候你都搞不清它从哪儿来。是我们的竞争对手吗?如果散布这种谣言是他们的发明,那我们得给他们记一功,因为他们一定是在某个时候意识到,在技术和产品上竞争不过,就得干点这种事。或者就是政府在散布谣言,试图败坏平台的名声,把公民吓跑,因为他们明白,只要允许一个支持自由的平台运营,他们对自己国家的权力和控制就有危险。

弗里德曼: 在这一切当中,我们应该一遍又一遍地说:你只是在为地球上所有人保存言论自由,不管他们信什么,只要不煽动暴力,只要不从事我们讨论过的那些犯罪活动,包括组织恐怖主义。除此之外,无论左翼右翼,无论信仰是什么,你只是在保存他们的言论自由。你认为乌克兰人、俄罗斯人、伊朗人、全世界的人理解这一点吗,尽管有那么多针对你的宣传?

杜罗夫: 我认为人们是聪明的。每次我在现实生活里遇到来自你提到的那些国家的人,比如在迪拜,人们在街上认出我,走过来,他们显得极其感激、极其理解。这些国家的宣传会告诉他们一堆东西,但他们学会了打折扣。他们之所以那么高兴 Telegram 存在,是因为他们理解周围世界的方式,就是从互相仇恨的信息源那里接收相互冲突、彼此排斥的观点,然后自己去判断什么是真的,因为不存在没有偏见的信息源。2022 年乌克兰战争开始时,我立刻意识到 Telegram 会被双方用来传播宣传,我不想 Telegram 被当作战争的工具。我公开发帖提议,也许我们该在战争期间暂停两国所有与政治相关的频道,也许这两个国家干脆不该有频道。有意思的是,两国的人都起来反对。乌克兰人和俄罗斯人都告诉我,我没资格当他们的保姆,替他们决定该接触哪些信息源。他们是成年人,能自己做决定。他们明白宣传很多,他们学会了看穿宣传,学会了分辨真假。在战争时期,尽可能多地获取信息对他们尤其宝贵,因为他们的亲人、朋友正在受影响,现在仍在受影响,他们想弄明白发生了什么。那一刻我意识到,人们是聪明的,人们懂,人们看得穿。你去问这些国家的大多数人:「你同意以任何理由限制访问 Telegram 吗?」他们会说不。

弗里德曼: 他们渴望发声。

杜罗夫: 他们需要发声,需要一个能安全地分享看法的地方。

谈马斯克

弗里德曼: 我得问问领导力的问题。在《观点》(Le Point)的采访里,记者说人们常拿你和埃隆·马斯克比较,你指出了一些有意思的差别:你们很不一样,埃隆同时经营几家公司,你只经营一家;埃隆更多凭情绪行事,你则深思熟虑之后再行动。能展开说说吗?你还说过一个有意思的观点:每个人的弱点也是优点,每个人的优点也是弱点,我们所有的特质都有两面性。关于埃隆,你从他的领导风格里学到了什么?你尊敬他什么?

杜罗夫: 首先,我不认为存在所谓负面的性格特质。大多数情况下,我们的坏特质和好特质是同一个特质,或者至少同出一源。当然有一些极端的例子,但我敢说百分之九十九的人,你分析他们的性格,他们的勇敢在另一些情境下就是鲁莽。视情况不同,你看到的是同一种人格特质,它要么是好事,要么是坏事。因为人类作为一个整体是完美的,我们每个人不同是有原因的。我们进化成不同的样子,是为了互补彼此的能力,这样我们合在一起就无可战胜。哪怕拿埃隆这么复杂的人来说,我相信他展现的某些被人批评的特质,也正是他力量的来源。比如他的情绪化,来自他对问题的深切在乎,他愿意发起任何数量的战争和争斗,只要能把世界推向他认为正确的方向。他似乎还能从这些战争和个人冲突中汲取动力,这一点也不能低估。到了一个成功创业者人生的某个阶段,动力问题会变成首要问题。我们谈的是世界上最富有的人、最有名的创业者,你得想想,他怎么激励自己?如果在 X 上开战、辩论某些议题、和其他首席执行官针锋相对、批评他们,这些活动能帮埃隆创新、开启新项目,那他就该多做。不随和没什么错,实际上这是成功创业者的主要特质之一:不同意。每次有像埃隆这样的人……可是没有「像埃隆这样的人」,只有埃隆。至少在我认识和亲自打过交道的创业者里,他是独一无二的:他不断推出新东西,并行运营,而且看起来并没有被摊得太薄。有些人认为他被摊薄了,但他仍然在所有或大多数事业上都展现出成功。所以,你可以批评埃隆情绪化,但没有这一点,他还会是同一个人吗?我怀疑。

弗里德曼: 还有他激励起来的那些了不起的团队。这一点你也谈过。像我们说的,Telegram 的团队,组建一支 A 级选手的队伍本身就是一种能力。我们讨论的这些领导者,一部分也要用他们组建的团队来评判。

杜罗夫: 是的。要做到这一点,一个必要的性格特征是准备好做讨人厌的人。如果别人的工作不行,你得准备好羞辱他们;你得准备好毫无愧疚地开除他们。所以,要成为一个高效、伟大的创业者,用创新丰富这个世界,你就得做不愉快的事。大多数人会回避。某种意义上,创业者牺牲了自己内心的平静,来为周围的世界做贡献。埃隆就是一个很好的例子。

不靠用户数据赚钱

弗里德曼: 我得问问 Telegram 的全局。我们已经谈到你持有它百分之百的股权,商业上还有很多东西。Telegram 的商业结构很迷人。你投入了一亿、也许几亿美元自己的钱。据我所知,你的薪水是多少,一美元?

杜罗夫: 一迪拉姆,是一美元的三分之一。

弗里德曼: 三分之一美元。2024 年是 Telegram 第一次盈利。这里有个有意思的问题,可以谈好几个小时,但我想听个大概。据我理解,你为了坚守原则,放弃了巨额的钱。比如不做基于用户私人数据的广告,而基本上每家社交媒体公司都这么做。Telegram 唯一的广告是基于频道和群组、基于话题的,而不是基于个人的私人数据。另一件事,也很硬气、很了不起,就是你不做信息流。信息流是社交媒体最让人上瘾、最能拉动参与度的部分,它喂养的正是互联网那种上瘾的阴暗面:分心,参与,戏剧性,我们开头谈过你抵制的那种「收割」,你认为它在大规模地损害人的心智。总之,这说明你放弃了很多钱。那你到底是怎么盈利的?Telegram 靠什么赚钱?

杜罗夫: 我们不得不做大量创新,才能在不诉诸可疑的商业活动、不利用用户个人数据的前提下达到盈利,而那些是我们大多数竞争对手在做的事。因为钱从来不是首要目标,至少对我不是。我卖掉第一家公司剩余股份时,是以低于市场的价格卖的,因为我离开俄罗斯并不是毫无压力的。我把绝大部分钱重新投进了 Telegram。对我个人来说,Telegram 是一桩亏钱的买卖,我从 Telegram 拿出来的从没超过投进去的,我从没卖过一股。但我也不想把 Telegram 卖掉,那怎么在不牺牲价值观的前提下走到盈利?我们探索的思路之一是订阅模式,但只针对某些附加功能。我们要让所有现有功能保持免费,只增加一些面向商业用途或高级用户的工具,他们得付费,比如每月四五美元。这在当时相当史无前例,通讯软件这么做被认为不可行。我们 2022 年推出了 Telegram Premium 订阅,现在有超过一千五百万付费订阅者,这是一笔非常可观的经常性收入。今年光是订阅收入就会超过五亿美元,而且增长很快。为此我们做了大量创新,往高级套餐里放了五十多项功能。你要怎么把一个已经比市面上任何通讯软件都强大的应用做得更有用,让人愿意为这些额外的东西付钱?这不容易,花了很多心血。

弗里德曼: 而且你们在不停地加功能。

杜罗夫: 不停地加。

弗里德曼: 看着很有意思,那个速度。有些很微妙,比如投票功能的更新、改进和扩展。

杜罗夫: 是的。你不断改进现有功能,增加新功能,而每加一个新功能,都不能让应用变得杂乱。某种意义上,它们不挡你的路,它们是隐形的。这不容易。大多数功能也许我们大多数用户都不知道,但当你需要时,它们就在那儿。所以 Premium 是一个收入来源。我们也有广告,但是基于语境的,不是定向的。当然,我们大概把百分之八十的价值留在了桌上,因为我们不愿意去做那些事,导出个人数据。

弗里德曼: 说清楚一点:定向广告是大多数社交媒体公司、大多数做广告的科技公司在做的事,那种广告用的是用户的个人数据。你说的百分之八十,那是一大笔钱。

杜罗夫: 当然。因为我们永远不会用你的私信数据、通讯录数据、元数据或活动数据来定向投放广告。可悲的是这种剥削成了互联网行业的同义词。但我们很高兴,尽管如此,我们还是让 Telegram 盈利了。我们也在大量试验基于区块链的技术。我们是第一个让人们用智能合约和 NFT 直接拥有自己的用户名和数字身份的应用,把 Telegram 从这幅图里拿掉。比如,Telegram 没法没收你的用户名,不可能。我们围绕 Telegram 的生态做了很多事,我们有一个繁荣的小程序(mini app)平台,几百万小程序开发者在推出自己的机器人和应用。

弗里德曼: 所以很多人在 Telegram 平台上赚到了几百万美元?

杜罗夫: 是的。我们让他们能通过苹果和谷歌提供的应用内购买机制接收用户的付款。我想这是第一次有人在一个大平台上同时在 iOS 和安卓上做到这一点,让第三方的小程序开发者能收钱。小程序本质上是网站,只是和 Telegram 整合得如此之深,你分不清它们是独立的还是整体体验的一部分。通过提供这个支付选项,我们可以从这些交易中抽取佣金,但很低,目前是百分之五。我们在这里不贪。我们希望人们成功地为我们的用户构建这些工具,我们明白小程序给我们带来用户,用户越多,Telegram 就越成功、越重要。我们需要第三方开发者。我认为到目前为止,Telegram 给开发者提供的创造工具是最强大的,远超其他平台。

TON 与比特币

弗里德曼: 还有机器人 API。你还得给我讲讲 TON 区块链和通过 Telegram 可以接触到的加密生态。TON,也就是「开放网络」(The Open Network)区块链,是什么?

杜罗夫: TON 是我们最初在 2018 年和 2019 年开发的区块链技术。我们开始开发它,是因为我们需要一个能深度整合进 Telegram 的区块链平台,因为我们相信区块链,认为它是赋能自由的技术之一。但当时你看比特币、看以太坊,它们的可扩展性不足以应付我们几亿用户会产生的负载,会拥堵。我问哥哥:「我们能不能造一个天生可扩展的区块链平台,不管用户和交易有多少,它都能分裂成更小的部分,我们叫它分片链,并且仍然处理所有交易?」他想了几天说:「可以,但不容易。」我们开始做,最终成功开发出了这项技术,但没法发布,因为美国证券交易委员会对 TON 的融资方式不满。我们不得不放弃这个项目,开源社区接了过去。幸运的是,因为我们一直和第三方开发者办竞赛,围绕 TON 有一个繁荣的社区。TON 现在的全称是 The Open Network,而不是原来的 Telegram Open Network。这个项目最终在没有我们直接参与的情况下上线了,现在很繁荣,因为我们做的一切,像我说的,都是基于区块链的:代币化的用户名、Telegram 账号,都基于 TON 和它的智能合约。它是第三方开发者和创作者提取通过我们的收入分成计划赚到的钱的唯一途径。比如对频道主,我们把广告收入五五分成。它也是在 Telegram 上交易的唯一途径。比如你想在 Telegram 上买广告,就得用 TON。我们推出的所有新东西,比如前面提到的礼物,你可以把它定义为一种重新发明的、有社交意义的 NFT,整合进一个十亿用户的生态,同时在链上可用、可转让、可直接拥有,也是基于 TON 的。这是一个增长极快的领域。我们大约半年前才推出礼物,而现在因为 Telegram 礼物,TON 已经成了按每日 NFT 交易量计算最大或第二大的区块链。

弗里德曼: 像你说的,它是一条一层网络(Layer 1),不是建在以太坊或比特币之上,而且能达到 Telegram 这种规模需要的交易速度。还有你提到的礼物。你最近推出了一些史努比狗狗(Snoop Dogg)的礼物,还会有其他名人吗?

杜罗夫: 我是史努比的粉丝,所以他们找上门提议一起做点什么的时候,我说:「那就推一些史努比相关的礼物。」非常好玩。我们三十分钟内卖出了一千二百万美元的礼物。

弗里德曼: 三十分钟。我也买了几个。

杜罗夫: 在那之后,很多真正高知名度的意见领袖来找我们,某种意义上在排队。

弗里德曼: 从粉丝的角度看,很有意思的是看你们会为各种名人、运动员、音乐家创作什么样的艺术。回到我们前面的话题,史努比的礼物全都是漂亮的艺术品,浓缩了某些梗、某些人人皆知的史努比的侧面,他代表的那些文化符号。太酷了。每一件礼物的艺术细节都不可思议。

杜罗夫: 每一件礼物都能缩放,因为是矢量的。它们指向史努比创作生涯里的某些节点,每一件都有无数不同的版本,每一种我们都得做五十多个不同的变体,而每一件又是独一无二的,因为背景独特,背景里的图标也独特。这是我们重新发明的东西,因为我们不喜欢老式的 NFT。首先它们没有社交意义:好,你有一个 NFT,你在哪儿展示它?在 Telegram 里,礼物就在你名字旁边,是你在 Telegram 上数字身份的一部分,你还可以做成收藏,在个人主页上展示。我们想重新发明的另一点是审美。大多数 NFT很丑,也没有任何复杂的技术支撑。我们用史努比的礼物做的,我认为是一个例子:美,赏心悦目,同时在指向这位艺术家生涯的细节上非常准确,是艺术和技术的混合,这相当罕见。我很自豪。我认为这是一个新趋势、新现象,只有半年历史,看看它会走向哪里。我们会挑选下一位加入的意见领袖或艺术家。

弗里德曼: 我真的很自豪名字旁边有一个史努比的礼物,而且我发现可以置顶,加更多。像一个酷酷的小艺术图标。

杜罗夫: 顺便说,我们没料到会这样。我们只是推出这些东西的时候玩得很开心,然后发现最早发行的一批收藏里,每件我们卖大约五美元,而现在这些收藏里任何一件的最低价大约是一万美元,还在涨。所以我对反响相当惊讶。我意识到,当你试图用符合自己价值观的方式让一个社交媒体平台盈利时,你就被迫去找那些让用户受益、而不是剥削用户的办法。人们喜欢这些礼物,喜欢能用一件既有价值又美的东西祝贺亲近的人。也有人拿它做生意,很有意思,他们转卖这些礼物。我们最近遇到一个人,光靠买卖礼物就赚了几百万美元。

弗里德曼: 这是个真实的市场。

杜罗夫: 是真实的市场。而且他只用了几个月。去年我们为 Telegram 上的小程序推出了很多新功能���支付选项和其他变现方式,同一个人靠小程序赚了一千二百万美元。我还认识几个人,随口就是「我赚了一千万」「我赚了三百万」,几个月之内,单枪匹马,有时候有两三个人的团队。每次听到人们在 Telegram 上建起生意的故事,我都无比自豪。

弗里德曼: 小程序包括游戏、工具、各种服务,是 Telegram 生态里的应用。我想问问加密货币总体上的事。你很早就支持加密货币、支持比特币,你很早就买了比特币,还一直在买。能谈谈你为什么一直买吗?你认为比特币会涨到一百万美元吗?会一直涨吗?比特币和其他所有加密货币。

杜罗夫: 差不多从比特币诞生起我就是它的坚定信徒。2013 年我买了第一批几千个比特币,没太在意,我想是在局部高点买的,大约每个七百美元,我就往里扔了几百万。第二年比特币跌到接近三百、两百的时候,很多人开始向我表示同情:「可怜的家伙,你投这个新玩意儿犯了大错,但别难过,我们还是有点尊敬你的。」我的回答是:「我不在乎,我不会卖。」我相信这个东西,我认为钱就该这样运作:没人能没收你的比特币,没人能因为政治原因审查你。这是终极的交换手段。我现在说的是比特币,但也适用于加密货币总体。我就是靠比特币投资维持所谓的生活方式的。有些人以为我能租好地方、坐私人飞机,是因为我从 Telegram 里拿了钱。但像我说的,Telegram 对我个人是亏钱的买卖。比特币让我不至于沉下去。我相信比特币会涨到一百万美元。看看趋势就行:各国政府印钱印得没有明天,没人能印比特币。它有可预测的通胀,到某个点就停止。比特币会留下来,而所有的法币,还得走着瞧。

椅子谜题与海象骨

弗里德曼: 我要问一个极其哲学、极其严肃的问题。你第一次接受塔克·卡尔森采访时,背景里有两把很有意思的椅子。我想它们指的是一个如今已成传奇的梗,那个选择题,俄语原文大意是「坐插着削尖长矛的椅子,还是坐插着撸过的阳具的椅子」。这两把椅子构成的困境里,有什么哲学智慧?你自己不得不面对过这个困境吗?

杜罗夫: 没面对过这个特定的困境。我想这是俄罗斯监狱里人们会被问到的一道谜题。它隐喻的是所有那种在两个都不理想的选项之间做选择的处境。经营一家大企业,或者治理一个大国,也是一样,你有时会面对这种困境:你要做这件非常糟糕的事,还是那件也非常糟糕的事?我认为这道谜题的正确答案是:两件都不做。重新定义问题。设计一个方案,把劣势转成优势,再用它来应对问题的另一面。你知道这道谜题的答案吗?

弗里德曼: 不知道。网上有人说:「别去会被问这种问题的地方。」意思基本上是,避开那些会出现这种没有正确答案的困境的处境。

杜罗夫: 这是回答这个问题的一种方式。如果你落入了一个棘手的处境,那大概是你之前就犯了某个错误。

弗里德曼: 你早就搞砸了。

杜罗夫: 本来是应该避开的。但另一个相当有创意的答案是:你从其中一把椅子上把尖矛拔下来,用它把另一把椅子上的东西砍掉,你知道我说的是什么东西。

弗里德曼: 非常工程师的解法。真高兴有人想出了这个。

杜罗夫: 我相信这才是正确答案。我们常常被政客、被企业领袖操纵,要在两个不理想的选项里选一个,而当我们被迫做出选择、也做出了选择之后,好像那就成了我们必须承担责任的事。我不认为我们应该接受这一套。

弗里德曼: 顺着荒诞和滑稽这个主题,这里有件东西,出现在你奥斯陆自由论坛那场精彩对谈的背景里,好像没多少人注意到。我不是考古学家,但我相信这是一根……怎么说呢,海象的阴茎骨。你告诉我,你带着它去了法国,又带回迪拜。我猜它给你带来某种运气。你为什么到哪儿都带着它?是不是有点像美国人的许愿骨,只是一根特别大的许愿骨?因为许愿骨带来好运。我还得指出,就像 Telegram 的艺术一样,上面还有小小的海象。而且托你的福,我不得不去查,原来很多哺乳动物阴茎里都有骨头,有骨头的进化优势似乎很明显,这反过来引出了一个问题:为什么人类没有。问题很多。

杜罗夫: 这是个很有意思的话题。我有这个东西,是因为西伯利亚和蒙古一个几乎消失、濒临灭绝的部族,鄂温克人,把它作为礼物送给了我。通常他们只为最受尊敬的首领制作这样的东西,它是他们对勇气、胆识和领导力的敬意的象征。讽刺的是,它在俄语里还有一个非常特定的意思。俄语里「海象的屌」是一句粗话,常用来表示「什么都没有」。比如某个政府或某个商业伙伴要求你提供某样你不愿意提供的东西,你就可以在视频通话时礼貌地把这根阴茎骨放在背景里,希望他们……

弗里德曼: 通过渗透领会到深层的信息。这是一种间接的反抗。顺便说一句,在前苏联,在历史上很多地方,反抗有时不得不采取这种象征的、隐喻的形式,通过诗歌,通过童话。人类的语言和艺术之美就在于我们能这么做,对那些试图压倒我们的力量说「去你的」。我们通过诗歌、通过艺术说出来,有时候也通过一根相当大的海象阴茎骨,而托着它的看上去要么是一个快乐的相扑手,要么是一只猫。

杜罗夫: 机场的人对这根海象阴茎骨问了很多问题,阿联酋这边和法国那边都是。他们总是对这东西很感兴趣。

一百多个孩子

弗里德曼: 关于你有多少孩子,似乎有些混乱,常说是一百多个。你能解释一下你有多少孩子吗?

杜罗夫: 老实的回答是,我并不确切知道自己有多少个生物学上的孩子。因为在人生的某个阶段,大约十五年前,我决定做精子捐献者是件好事。最初是一个朋友请我帮忙,他和妻子想要孩子,但有些健康问题让他们没法用自然的方式。他对我说:「我们不想只依靠某个随机的匿名基因材料,我们想要一个我们认识并尊敬的人做孩子的生物学父亲。」我说:「你开玩笑吧?太荒唐了,你在说什么?」但后来我意识到,这确实是个严肃的问题,而且他们不是唯一为此挣扎的夫妇。最终我被说服了,做了更多。我不能说我为此无比自豪,但我认为那是对的,尤其在当时,我想:「好吧,我在这个星球上大概剩下的时间不多了,事情越来越棘手,如果我能帮一些夫妇生孩子,那就做吧。」更近一些,我在立遗嘱的时候意识到,我不该区分自然孕育的孩子和那些只是我的生物学孩子、我从未见过的孩子。只要他们能证明和我有共同的 DNA,某一天,也许三十年之后,他们就有权在我走后分得一份遗产。不知为什么,这在新闻里闹出很大动静,人们对这类新闻非常兴奋。我收到很多消息,有人声称是我的孩子,也有很多人请求我收养他们。那些梗图无价。但要明白,这不是大多数人会做的事,我不觉得有什么不对。如果说有什么,我认为应该有更多人去捐献精子。

弗里德曼: 所以一百多个孩子是从这儿来的,你也有自然孕育的孩子。从财务角度平等对待所有人是个相当大胆的决定。还有一点很有意思:你说他们在生命的头几十年不会拿到任何钱。能讲讲这个想法吗?

杜罗夫: 我认为过度的富足会瘫痪动力和意志。这极其有害,尤其对年轻男孩:在一种环境里长大,引以为傲的不是自己的成就,而是父亲的成就或父亲的财富。这会去掉他们发展自身技能的动力,去掉学习和工作的动力。所以我想,如果他们要得到这笔钱,那也应该是在成年之后才拿到。这仍然有风险。但我决定把我可能留下的这笔巨大财富分给一百或一百多个人,理由之一就是,这样每个后代分到的不会太多。不过有人算了一下,每个孩子还是有很多很多百万美元,所以我不确定这有多大帮助。

富足的悖论

弗里德曼: 说到富足,私下我们有很多迷人的哲学讨论,其中一次谈到「老鼠天堂」实验,也叫「宇宙 25 号」(Universe 25)。那是二十世纪六十年代到七十年代初动物行为学家约翰·B·卡尔霍恩做的实验,这个话题我们也能聊几个小时。实验设置了几百个独立的老鼠隔间,提供无限的食物、水和筑巢材料,没有天敌,温度稳定,经常清洁。基本上就是老鼠所能理解的富足的定义。有意思的是,起初种群翻倍,增长很快,然后停滞,接着一些非常负面的社会现象开始出现:母鼠忽视甚至杀死幼崽,暴力攻击和过度性行为泛滥,一些「美丽的」老鼠,大体上不活动、毛皮整洁,选择退缩,拒绝交配和交往。所有这些我们视为对社会运转有害的特征,都因为富足而浮现,最后是崩溃:繁殖率崩塌,社会功能失调蔓延到下一代,最终灭绝。它不是跌到一个低水平就停住,而是在资源始终充足的情况下稳步跌到零。就像描述里说的:「最后的老鼠死在没动过的食物和水旁边。」这里面关于富足有深刻的智慧。你在这场对话的不同语境里都提过:匮乏、约束、不富足,似乎是人类繁荣的必需,这很反直觉。对老鼠是这样,我想对人类大概也是。

杜罗夫: 我们是为了克服匮乏而进化的。几乎按定义,在此之前我们的生活里从未有过无限的食物或娱乐。作为一个物种,我们似乎在一个什么都有的世界里失去了找到目的的能力,一切都失去了意义。约束很重要。不过我认为约束应该来自内部,应该是自我约束,而不是外加的限制,这样才能创造出人生的目的和意义。某种非常反直觉的意义上,我是幸运的,因为我小时候穷。少年时我没有钱,一件在二手市场买的夹克穿了好几年。我父亲是大学教授,好几个月领不到工资,因为当时的俄罗斯国家几近破产。我母亲得打两份工养活我们。不容易,但它也创造了目的,创造了意义,创造了优先级。它让我们专注于要紧的事,让我们发展性格和智力。如果我们什么都有,为什么要做任何事?那些老鼠经历的是不可逆的社会崩溃。这不是偶然,这类实验被重复过无数次。到了某个点,社会功能失调和社会角色的瓦解会变得有传染性,社会逐渐退化成一群混乱的个体,无法照顾下一代,甚至无法生育下一代,然后灭绝。

弗里德曼: 这很迷人,因为我们正在创造技术,而这正是人工智能摆在未来几代人面前需要解决的问题:人工智能很可能创造富足。于是我们可能会变得像这些老鼠。无论是人工智能还是其他给我们所有人越来越多的技术,它们会减少世界上的苦难,提高生活质量。但当我们伸手去够那种富足时,把我们连在一起的那层织物,根植于进化塑造的生物性里的东西,可能给我们带来真正的挑战。

杜罗夫: 我们应该在混乱与秩序之间、在自我约束与创造的自由之间找到正确的平衡。

父亲的教诲

弗里德曼: 你父亲最近过了八十岁生日。你和他谈了一次,他给了你一些人生建议。我记得你跟我提过,他说的一点是:不要只谈你的原则,要活出来,以身作则。这一点我想你已经做得很好了。能谈谈你从父亲身上学到了什么,也许说说他在生日那天的谈话里给你的教诲?

杜罗夫: 有这样的父亲,我无比幸运。他写过无数关于古罗马和古罗马文学的书,几十篇学术论文。我记忆里他总是在工作,八十年代末、九十年代初,他忙着在老式打字机上打他的书和文章,不知疲倦。他给我和哥哥树立的榜样是无价的。有些人错误地以为,可以靠对下一代、对孩子说些话来灌输正确的原则。但孩子是聪明的,他们不听话语,只看行动。所以观察父亲本身就是一堂大课,他不需要对我们说任何话。同时他极其有耐心,情绪极其坚韧。我母亲是个了不起的女人,极其聪明,受过高等教育,但她有时会试探父亲的耐心。这是根植于我们生物性里的特质,有进化上的解释,女性有时倾向于这么做。而他始终展现出不可思议的耐心。他最近对我说:「不要给周围的人树坏榜样,尤其是你的孩子。因为十次里你有九次做对了,一次犯错,他们立刻就会学那一次。如果你告诉孩子别用智能手机,自己却整天在用,还编出各种精妙绝伦的解释说明他们为什么不该用,那不会起作用,注定失败。」所以要以身作则。还有很多其他的教诲:保持积极,看光明的一面,永不绝望,诚实。上次和他谈话,他告诉我,人工智能可以有意识(consciousness),可以有创造力,但不可能有良知(conscience)。某种意义上它不可能有道德,不可能有根深蒂固的原则,不可能有我们作为人所理解的那种正直。

弗里德曼: 我喜欢这一点:你和八十岁的父亲谈通用人工智能,谈人的精神、人性和人工智能能达到的东西之间的区别。而良知是人类所拥有的东西,知道对错的能力。

杜罗夫: 这是他给我的教诲。我人生的目标之一,就是永远不让他失望。

弗里德曼: 我们还谈过另一件事,我觉得很迷人:心智的力量,思想的力量。你相信可以通过思考、通过「显化」来影响自己的人生和现实吗?你怎么看?

杜罗夫: 对它为什么有效有很多解释。大多数人都同意的一点是,设定目标、保持积极和自信,确实能让你实现想实现的东西。但很难相信不朝着看起来合乎逻辑的方向努力,就能凭空把事情显化出来。也许有些人可以坐在河边靠思想的力量把东西变出来,但我不确定自己是这样的人。我一直更容易相信,如果把这种乐观和信念与合乎逻辑的行动结合起来,那就注定成功。

弗里德曼: 持续的努力、辛勤的工作,加上积极的专注,去想那件事。

杜罗夫: 是的,持续很多很多天。可以把我们的世界想象成一个高维宇宙,人类能凭借信念的力量在其中穿行,而这种信念与积极的情绪和逻辑思维结合在一起。不过这就进入玄学领域了。我们没有任何证据,但我们也知道,到目前为止,我们对这个宇宙的了解大概还不到百分之一。

弗里德曼: 我完全同意,也喜欢你思考它的方式。你以前跟我说过,也许通过努力和专注的心智,你可以塑造、改变周围的概率图景。这是个很好的想象方式:我们的努力和专注改变了什么更可能、什么更不可能,通过专注,我们让那件事越来越可能。至少作为一种估计,一种场,我们通过思想和行动改变它,而我们有八十亿人在这么做。合在一起,这种集体智能创造了我们看到的世界,就像那些老鼠。而且像你说的,我们作为人类整体是完美的。我喜欢你这句话。

杜罗夫: 我佩服你相信我们是一起经历这一切的,因为这并不显然。也许我们每个人都在经历自己的宇宙,也许每一秒宇宙都分裂成十亿个不同的宇宙,所有可能发生的事都发生了。有一个宇宙里,比如说,我 2013 年就死了。也许每次我死去,我实际上都转移到了一个我没死的平行宇宙里,然后继续下去,到某个点我们达到了所谓的量子永生,活到一千岁,而其他版本现实里的很多人以为我们早就没了。

弗里德曼: 是的,这是你给我讲过的,量子永生的想法,一个思想实验,我觉得极其迷人,大家应该去了解一下。它是量子力学多世界诠释一个非常干净、清晰的推论:作为有意识的存在,我们无法体验自己的死亡。当我们分裂进这许多世界时,只有活着的意识能体验到。所以某种意义上,是的,有很多宇宙,如果认真对待多世界诠释,有很多宇宙里你死过很多次,尤其是你。我很高兴我们在这个宇宙里,能坐在同一张桌前,桌上有这根令人印象深刻的骨头,今天有一点幽默,也覆盖了很多严肃的话题。再说一次,怎么说都不够:我,以及关注你工作的几亿人,向你致以巨大的感谢,感谢你为我们所有人的言论自由而战,创造了一个我们能说话的平台。非常感谢你今天的谈话,兄弟。认识你、能称你为朋友,是我的荣幸。

杜罗夫: 谢谢你这么说。我也无比感激你,感激我碰巧在这个版本的现实里,在这里我还没死,至少现在还没有。希望未来的岁月里我们能一起度过更多有趣的时光。

弗里德曼: 谢谢你,兄弟。

结语:卡夫卡的《审判》

弗里德曼: 最后,让我试着说说一些我一直在思考的东西。我想借这个机会谈谈弗朗茨·卡夫卡,我最喜欢的作家之一。他之所以在我脑子里,是因为他的作品《审判》和帕维尔·杜罗夫在法国的案子之间有一些令人不安的平行,既是隐喻上的,也是字面上的。《审判》当然是虚构作品,但我认为走进文学的超现实世界常常是有用的,哪怕是《1984》《动物庄园》《美丽新世界》《审判》《城堡》《变形记》,甚至加缪的《鼠疫》这类极端反乌托邦的作品,都能帮我们更好地理解真实的世界,理解我们可能一起走上的毁灭之路,也希望能帮我们理解怎样避免。

先放大一点,谈谈卡夫卡是谁。他是一个保险公司的职员,在夜里写作。他英年早逝,几乎默默无闻,还要求把手稿烧掉。幸运的是,他的朋友马克斯·布罗德拒绝了,于是我们才有了这位在我看来二十世纪最伟大的作家之一的作品。卡夫卡写的是制度权力的迷宫,写人如何被冷冰冰地、机器般地压缩成一份案卷;写一个人在没有犯罪时的负罪感;更一般地说,写现代混乱世界里作为人类境况一部分的那种焦虑。他的写法是用短促的陈述句描写超现实和荒诞之事,我认为这样恰恰传达了一种体验的感觉,而不只是描述那种体验。

比如,《变形记》那个著名的开头:格里高尔·萨姆沙一早从不安的梦中醒来,发现自己在床上变成了一只巨大的甲虫,仰面躺着,硬壳般的背,拱起的腹部,无数纤细的腿在眼前无助地挥动。我认为卡夫卡用这个被困在背上的巨虫形象,有效地传达了一种对家庭、对工作、对社会毫无用处的无助感:成为所有人负担的感觉,被非人化、被疏离、被抛弃的感觉,只在还能为工作或家庭发挥某种功能时才被暂时看重、之后迅速被丢弃的感觉。这部作品我大概会另找时间深谈,因为它太令人难忘,我认为它极其深刻地描述了现代社会里许多人的存在之重。

这里我想谈他的另一部作品,《审判》。小说的主人公约瑟夫·K 是一位成功的银行职员,在生日那天因一项未说明的罪名被捕,逮捕他的是一个模糊不清的法庭,它的权威无处不在又无处可寻。他穿行在一个迷宫般的司法系统里,人人都知道他的案子,却没人能真正解释它。所谓的审判在任何常规意义上都从未发生,相反,约瑟夫·K 的整个人生变成了通往审判的程序。某种意义上,《审判》写的就是「被指控」这种状态本身,一种永久的境况,而不是一个单独的事件。卡夫卡在这部作品里的天才之处在于揭示:现代制度不需要举行审判,它们只需要把你困在一场审判永远迫在眉睫的可能性里。公众对这个案子的关注,无论正面负面,让约瑟夫·K 感到周围的人在不停地评判他。这磨损着他的心智,他的心理状态开始恶化。某种意义上,审判不需要给他定罪,内心的煎熬和外部的注视本身就完成了定罪和最终的处决。被捕整整一年之后,两个男人来找约瑟夫·K,客客气气地领着他穿过城市,走到一个废弃的采石场,一刀刺进他的心脏,而约瑟夫·K 没有反抗。在我看来,《审判》表明,暴政最终的胜利不是在它杀死你的时候,而是在你为那把刀静静不动的时候,不是因为被强迫,而是因为你已经被消耗到屈服。这又是一个令人难忘的故事,关于官僚体制的无魂,关于它对人类精神的窒息。我强烈推荐这本短短的书,以后大概还会多谈。

我不认为由我来说《审判》和帕维尔·杜罗夫的案子之间有什么平行特别有用,毕竟《审判》是虚构作品。但从积极的一面说,据我所见,帕维尔在整个过程中始终保持着乐观和总体积极的心态。在这类案子里我总是担心,官僚系统会把人磨垮,把人消耗到投降。在帕维尔身上我没看到一点这样的迹象。我不认为他知道怎么放弃或屈服,无论压力多大。这对我来说是真正的鼓舞。

既然谈到了,让我再提几部打动过我的卡夫卡作品。《城堡》和《审判》一样,描写权威者荒诞的不可接近,噩梦般的官僚机构,主人公也叫 K。两部作品里的官僚机构都靠消耗运作:无休止的推迟、程序、等候室。同样与当下高度相关。我也强烈推荐卡夫卡的《在流放地》和《饥饿艺术家》,两篇都太有意思、太怪异,无法在这里深谈。但我想说,《饥饿艺术家》这个故事和我们今天的注意力经济有关,那么多人想出名。它讲的是一个职业绝食者,在笼子里把挨饿当作表演,渐渐把观众输给了更新的奇观,以至于他最后活活饿死时,没有人在乎。

卡夫卡的作品很沉重。它是一个警告,警告文明可能变成的噩梦。但我认为它也是乐观的来源,因为当我们能在卡夫卡的故事里认出自己世界的元素,能在《审判》或《城堡》里看到我们制度的影子,能在格里高尔·萨姆沙身上看到自己时,我们不只是在诊断疾病,我们也在证明自己仍然足够人性、足够清醒,能看见它、说出它的名字。卡夫卡给了我们一个目标:抵抗那些试图把我们非人化的系统,确保个人的自由和人类的精神继续繁荣。我认为它会的。我对我们人类有信心。我爱你们所有人。

本期讲者
帕维尔·杜罗夫Telegram 创始人兼 CEO,独资持有公司 100% 股权。2006 年创办俄罗斯最大社交网络 VK,2014 年因拒绝政府审查要求离开俄罗斯;2024 年 8 月在法国被捕并接受预审至今。
Lex FridmanMIT 研究员出身的播客主持人,《Lex Fridman Podcast》以长篇深度对话著称,嘉宾涵盖科技、科学与政治人物。
章节 · 点击跳转视频
0:00 开场:谁是帕维尔·杜罗夫 ▶ 正在看
3:02 自由、死亡与戒绝一切成瘾 ▶ 正在看
23:13 自律这块肌肉:训练与饮食 ▶ 正在看
41:26 40 人团队与无人可读的私信 ▶ 正在看
56:22 法国被捕与政治审查的要求 ▶ 正在看
1:33:30 实验中学、竞争与哥哥尼古拉 ▶ 正在看
1:49:32 从 VK 到 Telegram 的工程哲学 ▶ 正在看
2:21:35 领先行业七年的功能与细节 ▶ 正在看
2:39:43 加密、斯诺登、封禁与中毒 ▶ 正在看
3:15:26 全球攻击、盈利模式与 TON ▶ 正在看
3:56:35 椅子谜题、百子与富足悖论 ▶ 正在看
4:25:52 结语:卡夫卡的《审判》 ▶ 正在看
本期论点
本期回应
2:51:11
9·11 后政府反应过度侵蚀了隐私等基本自由,治疗比疾病本身更糟 有些权利不能拿去换个人的权利能为更大的好处让步吗?帕维尔·杜罗夫
3:18:36
民主国家以打击虚假信息为名限制言论,会为威权政权提供合法化的先例 好处优先个人的权利能为更大的好处让步吗?帕维尔·杜罗夫
其他论点
2:22:19
照抄一个成功功能时连参数档位都不改,说明抄袭者根本不懂它成功的配方 Pavel Durov
2:24:46
设计的真正挑战不是让设计师满意,而是让效果在最老最便宜的设备上也跑得动 Pavel Durov
2:33:48
设计者倾注在看不见之处的用心,会以潜移默化的方式被用户感受到 Lex Fridman
2:37:04
真正的品质诞生在艺术与工程的交叉地带 Pavel Durov
2:41:11
端到端加密之所以成为行业标配,是因为 Telegram 率先树立了标准 帕维尔·杜罗夫
2:43:34
把极致隐私和大群协作塞进同一种聊天里,会损失大量实用性 帕维尔·杜罗夫
2:47:45
人人都在用的开源库往往藏着缺陷,自研整套技术栈才更安全 帕维尔·杜罗夫
3:30:28
人的缺点和优点多半是同一个特质在不同情境下的两种表现 帕维尔·杜罗夫
3:58:15
面对两个都很糟的选项时,正确做法是两个都不选,重新定义问题 做法帕维尔·杜罗夫
4:07:24
过度的富足会麻痹人的动力和意志力,对年轻男孩尤其有害 帕维尔·杜罗夫
4:12:01
能创造目标与意义的限制必须来自自我约束,而非外部强加 帕维尔·杜罗夫
4:26:23
阅读极端的反乌托邦文学,能帮人更清楚地理解现实世界和可能走上的毁灭性道路 莱克斯·弗里德曼
4:31:01
暴政的终极胜利不是杀死你,而是把你消耗到只剩屈服、自己迎向那把刀 莱克斯·弗里德曼
01开场:谁是帕维尔·杜罗夫
0:00
- The following is a conversation with Pavel Durov, founder and CEO of Telegram, a messaging platform actively used by over 1 billion people. Pavel has spent his life fighting for freedom of speech, building tools that protect human communication from surveillance and censorship. For this, he has faced pressure from some of the most powerful governments and organizations on earth. In the face of this immense pressure, he has always held his ground continuously fighting to protect user privacy and the freedom of all of us humans to communicate with each other.
- 以下是我与帕维尔·杜罗夫的对话,他是 Telegram 的创始人兼 CEO,这是一个每月有超过 10 亿人活跃使用的通讯平台。帕维尔一生都在为言论自由而战,打造保护人类通讯免受监控和审查的工具。为此,他承受了来自地球上一些最强大的政府和机构的压力。面对如此巨大的压力,他始终坚守立场,持续不断地为保护用户隐私而战,也为我们所有人彼此自由交流的权利而战。
便签引用
0:37
I got the chance to spend a few weeks with him and can definitively say that he's one of the most principled and fearless humans I've ever met. Plus, when I posted that I'm hanging out with Pavel, a lot of people, fans of his, wrote to me asking if he does in fact privately live the disciplined aesthetic life he's known for, no alcohol, stoic mindset, strict diet and exercise, including a crazy amount of daily pull-ups and pushups, no phone except to occasionally test Telegram features, and so on.
我有机会和他相处了几周,可以肯定地说,他是我见过的最有原则、最无所畏惧的人之一。另外,当我发帖说我正和帕维尔在一起时,很多人——他的粉丝们——给我留言,问他私底下是不是真的过着大家所说的那种自律苦行的生活,不喝酒、斯多葛式的心态、严格的饮食和锻炼,包括每天疯狂数量的引体向上和俯卧撑,除了偶尔测试 Telegram 的功能之外不碰手机,等等。
便签引用
1:12
Yes, he's 100% that guy, which made the experience of hanging out with him really inspiring to me. I'm grateful for it, and I'm grateful to now be able to call him a friend. This podcast conversation is in parts philosophical about freedom, life, human nature, and the nature of government bureaucracies, and it is also in part super technical, because to me, it's fascinating that Telegram has a relatively small engineering team and yet is able to basically out-innovate all of its competitors with an insane rate of introducing new, unique features.
是的,他百分之百就是那样的人,这让和他相处的经历对我来说非常鼓舞人心。我很感激这段经历,也很感激现在可以称他为朋友。这期播客对话有一部分是哲学性的,关于自由、人生、人性,以及政府官僚体系的本质,同时也有一部分非常技术化,因为在我看来,很有意思的是 Telegram 的工程团队规模相对很小,却能够在创新上基本碾压所有竞争对手,以疯狂的速度推出全新的、独一无二的功能。
便签引用
1:50
Just like the meme of "The Simpsons" did it first, you consider all the features we know and love in our communication apps, in almost every case, Telegram did it first. So we discuss it all, from the Kafkaesque situation he's in the midst of in France, to the rollercoaster of his life and career, to his philosophy on technology, freedom, and the human condition. And by the way, while this entire conversation is in English, we'll make captions and voiceover audio tracks available in multiple languages, including Russian, Ukrainian, French, and Hindi.
就像那个《辛普森一家》早就做过了的梗一样,想想我们在通讯软件里熟悉和喜爱的所有功能,几乎每一个,Telegram 都是最先做的。所以我们无所不谈,从他在法国正身处其中的卡夫卡式处境,到他人生和事业的过山车,再到他对科技、自由和人类境况的哲学思考。顺便说一句,虽然整场对话都是英文的,但我们会提供多种语言的字幕和配音音轨,包括俄语、乌克兰语、法语和印地语。
便签引用
2:29
On YouTube, you can switch between language audio tracks by clicking the settings gear icon, then clicking Audio track, and then selecting the language you prefer. Huge thank you once again to ElevenLabs for their help with translation and dubbing and with the bigger mission of breaking down barriers that language creates. They are truly one of the most remarkable companies I've ever had the pleasure of working with. This is the "Lex Fridman Podcast." To support it, please check out our sponsors in the description.
在 YouTube 上,你可以点击设置齿轮图标来切换语言音轨,然后点击「音轨」,再选择你偏好的语言。再次由衷感谢 ElevenLabs 在翻译和配音方面的帮助,也感谢他们致力于打破语言造成的隔阂这一更宏大的使命。他们确实是我有幸合作过的最了不起的公司之一。这里是《Lex Fridman 播客》。如果想支持我们,请看一下简介里的赞助商。
便签引用
02自由、死亡与戒绝一切成瘾
3:02
And now, dear friends, here's Pavel Durov. - You've been an advocate for freedom for many years, writing that you should be ready to risk everything for freedom. What were some influences and insights that helped you arrive at this value of human freedom? - I get to experience the difference between a society with freedom and a society without freedom pretty early in life. I was four years old when my family moved from the Soviet Union to northern Italy, and I could see that a society without freedom cannot enjoy the abundance of opinions, of ideas, of goods, and services. Even for a four or five year old kid, it was obvious. That you can't experience all the toys, the ice cream of sorts, the cartoons in the Soviet Union that you could access in Italy. And then I got to realize something even more important. You don't get to contribute to this abundance without freedom. And at this point, it was pretty obvious to me.
现在,亲爱的朋友们,有请 Pavel Durov。- 多年来你一直是自由的倡导者,你写过,为了自由应该做好失去一切的准备。是什么样的影响和领悟,让你形成了这种对人类自由的价值观?- 我很早就体会到了有自由的社会和没有自由的社会之间的差别。我四岁那年,我家从苏联搬到了意大利北部,我能看出来,一个没有自由的社会享受不到那种丰富——观点的丰富、思想的丰富、商品和服务的丰富。哪怕对一个四五岁的小孩来说,这也是显而易见的。在苏联,你玩不到那么多玩具、吃不到那么多种冰淇淋、看不到那么多动画片,而这些在意大利都能接触到。后来我意识到了更重要的一点:没有自由,你也无法为这种丰富做出贡献。到这一步,对我来说就已经非常清楚了。
便签引用
4:14
- You also wrote, "Svoboda vazhne deneg." It translates to: "Freedom matters more than money." How do you prevent these values for freedom corrupted by money, by people with influence, by people with power? - Well, the biggest enemies of freedom are fear and greed. So you make sure that they don't stand in your way. If you imagine the worst thing that can happen to you, and then make yourself be comfortable with it, there's nothing more left to be afraid of. So you stand your ground, and you remember that it's worth living your life according to the principles that you believe in, even though this life can end up being shorter than a longer life, but lived in slavery.
- 你还写过一句话,"Svoboda vazhne deneg",翻译过来就是:"自由比金钱更重要。"你怎么防止这种对自由的价值观被金钱腐蚀,被有影响力的人、有权力的人腐蚀?- 自由最大的敌人是恐惧和贪婪。所以你要确保它们不挡你的路。如果你把可能发生在你身上的最坏的事情想象一遍,然后让自己坦然接受它,那就再没有什么可怕的了。于是你就能坚守立场,并且记住,按照自己相信的原则去活这一生是值得的,哪怕这样的一生可能比在奴役中苟活的漫长一生更短。
便签引用
5:08
- Do you contemplate your mortality? Do you think about your death? - Oh, yes. - Are you afraid of it? - In a way, you have to go against your instinct of self-preservation. And it's not easy. We are all biological beings hard-coded to be afraid of death. Nobody wants to die. But when you approach it rationally, you live and then you die. There's no such thing as your death in your life. You stop experiencing life once you die. So you have to ask yourself this question, "Is it worth living a life full of fear of death?" Or, it's much more enjoyable to forget about this and live your life in a way that makes you immune to this fear, at the same time remembering that death exists so that every day would count.
- 你会思考自己的生死吗?你会想到死亡吗?- 会,经常想。- 你怕死吗?- 某种意义上,你必须对抗自己的求生本能。这并不容易。我们都是生物体,天生被写死了要怕死。没有人想死。但如果你理性地看待它:你活着,然后你死去。在你的人生里并不存在"你的死亡"这回事。你一死,就不再体验生命了。所以你得问自己一个问题:"过一辈子都活在对死亡的恐惧里,值得吗?"还是说,忘掉这件事、用一种让自己对这种恐惧免疫的方式去生活会快乐得多,同时又记着死亡的存在,好让每一天都算数。
便签引用
6:03
- Yeah. Remembering that death exists makes you deeply feel every moment that you do get. - That's why I love reminding myself that I can die any day. - In many ways you live a pretty stoic existence. I got a chance to spend a couple of weeks with you. In many ways, you seek to minimize the negative effects of the outside world on your mind. You've written, quote, "If you want to reach your full potential and maintain clarity of mind, stay away from addictive substances. My success and health are the result of 20 plus years of complete abstinence from alcohol, tobacco, coffee, pills, and illegal drugs. Short-term pleasure isn't worth your future." Let's talk about each one of these. Alcohol.
- 是啊。记住死亡的存在,会让你深切地感受你真正拥有的每一刻。- 所以我很喜欢提醒自己:我随时可能死。- 在很多方面你过着相当斯多葛式的生活。我有机会和你一起待了几个星期。在很多方面,你都在设法把外部世界对你心智的负面影响降到最低。你写过,原话是:"如果你想发挥全部潜力、保持头脑清醒,就远离成瘾物质。我的成功和健康来自二十多年完全不碰酒精、烟草、咖啡、药片和非法毒品。短期的快感不值得你拿未来去换。"我们一个一个来聊。先说酒精。
便签引用
6:53
What's been your philosophy behind that? - That one is quite easy. When I was 11 years old, my biochemistry teacher, he gave me this book he wrote, it was called The Illusion of Paradise. In there, he would describe the biological and chemical processes that happen in your body once you consume this or that substance. It was mainly related to illegal drugs, but alcohol was one of these addictive substances that he covered. So it turns out that when you drink alcohol, the thing that happens is that your brain cells become paralyzed. They become literally zombies. And then next day, some time after the party is over, some of your brain cells die and never get to normal. So think about this. If your brain is this most valuable tool you have in your journey to success and happiness, why would you destroy this tool for short-term pleasure? This sounds ridiculous.
你背后的理念是什么?- 这个挺简单的。我 11 岁那年,我的生物化学老师给了我一本他写的书,叫《天堂的幻觉》。书里他描述了你摄入某种物质之后,身体里会发生哪些生物学和化学过程。主要讲的是非法毒品,但酒精也是他讲到的成瘾物质之一。结果就是,你喝酒之后发生的事情是,你的脑细胞被麻痹了。它们真的变成了僵尸。然后第二天,派对结束一段时间之后,你有一部分脑细胞就死了,再也恢复不了。所以想想看:如果大脑是你在通往成功和幸福的路上最宝贵的工具,你为什么要为了短暂的快感去毁掉这个工具?这听上去太荒唐了。
便签引用
8:06
- In many ways, it's a poison we let in our body. But by way of advice, what advice would you give to people who consider not drinking? You know, a lot of people use alcohol to enable them to have a vibrant social life. There's a lot of pressures from society, you know, at a party to drink so they can socialize. So, what advice would you give to them, To people who imagine having a social life without alcohol? - Well, first of all, don't be afraid to be contrarian. Set your own rules. Secondly, if you feel you need to drink, there must be some problem you're trying to conceal. There's something that, some fear you're not ready to confront, and you have to address this fear.
- 从很多角度看,这是我们主动放进身体里的毒药。但从建议的角度说,对那些在考虑戒酒的人,你会给什么建议?你知道,很多人靠酒精来让自己拥有活跃的社交生活。社会上有很多压力,比如在派对上要喝酒才好社交。所以你会给他们什么建议?给那些想象不出没有酒精的社交生活是什么样的人。- 首先,别害怕做个异类。制定你自己的规则。其次,如果你觉得自己需要喝酒,那一定有某个你想掩盖的问题。有某种你还没准备好去面对的恐惧,而你必须去处理这个恐惧。
便签引用
8:59
If there is a good-looking girl you're afraid to approach, get rid of this fear, approach her, practice, do it again and again. It's pretty banal... but this advice works. - Fix the underlying problem, which is usually at the very bottom is always going to be fear. Work on that. - I don't know. Very often, people are trying to escape something in their lives with alcohol. What is it they're trying to escape? What is this problem? You have to get to the bottom of it. Your mind is trying to tell you something valuable, and instead of addressing it directly, you are flooding it in alcohol, which is sort of a spiritual painkiller, but works only temporarily, and then you have to pay the debt with interest.
如果有个漂亮女孩你不敢上前搭话,那就摆脱这个恐惧,去搭话,去练习,一次又一次地做。这话很老套……但这个建议真的管用。- 解决根本问题,而根本问题到最底下往往总是恐惧。去处理它。- 我不知道。很多时候,人们是想用酒精逃避生活中的某些东西。他们想逃避的到底是什么?这个问题是什么?你必须追到底。你的心智是在试图告诉你一些有价值的东西,而你没有直接去面对,反而把它泡在酒精里。酒精算是一种精神止痛药,但只能临时起效,之后你还得连本带利地还。
便签引用
9:51
- So, what do you do? I mean, you've been in a lot of gatherings, a lot of parties. Is there some challenges to saying no? - For me, not at all. I've been always ready to stand my ground and say no when I feel something's not right. And it's extraordinary how easily we humans are affected by what we perceive as majority, because nobody since ancient times, since millions of years ago, wants to be left out by the tribe. We are scared that we won't become accepted anymore, which thousands or millions of years ago meant we're going to starve to death. So, we have to consciously fight this inclination to be agreeable with everything that the majority imposes on you, because it's quite clear that many things that the majority... in many activities the majority is engaging in are not bringing you any good.
- 那你是怎么做的?我是说,你参加过很多聚会、很多派对。说"不"会不会有点难?- 对我来说完全不难。只要我觉得哪里不对,我一直都准备好坚持自己、说不。而且很奇妙的是,我们人类太容易被自己以为的"多数人"影响了,因为从远古开始、从几百万年前开始,没有人想被部落抛下。我们害怕自己不再被接纳,而在几千年或几百万年前,这意味着我们会饿死。所以我们必须有意识地对抗这种倾向——对多数人强加给你的一切都点头称是,因为很明显,多数人做的很多事情……多数人参与的很多活动,对你并没有任何好处。
便签引用
11:03
- So, that's another fear you have to face. Going into a party and the fear of being the outcast at that party, of being different than others at that party, at that social gathering in the crowd of humans, be different. That's a fear. - That's a fear, and it's quite irrational if you think about it. It was something that made a lot of sense 20,000 years ago. It makes zero sense today, because if you think about it, if you do the same thing everybody else around you is doing, you don't have any competitive advantage, and you don't get to become outstanding at some point in your life.
- 所以这是你必须面对的另一种恐惧。走进一个派对,害怕在那个派对上成为异类,害怕跟派对上、跟那个社交场合上、跟人群里的其他人不一样。做个不一样的人。那是一种恐惧。- 那是一种恐惧,而且你仔细想想,它相当不理性。这种恐惧在两万年前是非常有道理的。但在今天毫无意义,因为你想想看,如果你做的事情跟你周围所有人做的一样,你就没有任何竞争优势,你这辈子也不可能在某个时刻变得出类拔萃。
便签引用
11:45
- Yeah, that's one of the things we talked about sort of by way of advice is, if you want to be successful in life, you want to be different. - Definitely. - And perhaps, I think you said you want to achieve mastery at a niche, so find a niche at which you can pursue with all your effort and achieve mastery, and the niche being different than anything that anybody else is doing. Can you explain that a little bit more? - So, obviously, in order to contribute to the society you're in, to the economy of the country you live in, you have to do something that is valuable. But if you're doing something that everybody else is doing anyway, what's the value of it? Now, it sounds easier than it is done to do something that nobody else is doing, because we humans are surrounded by all kinds of information which makes us want to copy what we are perceiving. At the same time, there are so many areas which you can explore that have nothing to do with the information you receive on the daily basis. So, it's
- 是啊,这也是我们聊过的一条建议:如果你想在人生中取得成功,你就得与众不同。- 绝对如此。- 而且我记得你说过,你要在一个细分领域做到精通,也就是找到一个niche,倾尽全力去钻研、达到精通,而且这个niche要跟别人正在做的任何事情都不一样。你能再展开讲讲吗?- 很明显,要为你所在的社会、为你生活的国家的经济做出贡献,你必须做一些有价值的事。但如果你做的事情反正大家都在做,那它的价值在哪儿?做一件别人都没在做的事,说起来容易做起来难,因为我们人类被各种各样的信息包围着,这些信息让我们想去模仿自己看到的东西。与此同时,还有那么多领域你可以去探索,而它们跟你每天接收到的信息毫无关系。所以,精心筛选你的信息来源极其重要,
便签引用
12:57
extremely important to curate the information sources that you have, so that you wouldn't be somebody who is left to the will of AI-based algorithmic feed telling you what's important, so that you end up consuming the same information, the same stuff, the same memes, the same news as everybody else. But rather, you should be proactive. You should deliberately try to set a goal an area that you want to explore, and then actively search information that is relevant to this field, so that one day, you can become the world's number one expert in this field. And it's not quite... it's not that difficult to do that. You have to just remain consistent, because nobody else is trying to do that. Everybody else is just reading the same news and discussing the same news every day. But this way, they don't get to have a competitive advantage.
这样你就不会沦为那种任由 AI 算法推送摆布的人——让算法告诉你什么重要,结果你消费的信息、内容、梗、新闻都跟别人一模一样。相反,你应该主动出击。你应该有意识地给自己设定一个目标,一个你想探索的领域,然后主动去搜索跟这个领域相关的信息,这样有一天,你就能成为这个领域全世界第一的专家。而且这……其实并没有那么难。你只需要保持长期一致就行,因为根本没有别人在这么做。其他人每天都只是在读同样的新闻、讨论同样的新闻。但这样一来,他们就得不到任何竞争优势。
便签引用
14:08
- Yeah. The majority of the population become slaves to the AI recommender systems, AI-driven recommender systems, and so the content everybody's fed is the same thing, and we all become the same. On that point, one of the different things you do is you don't use a phone, except occasionally to test Telegram features. But I've been with you for two weeks. I haven't seen you use a phone at all in the way that most people use a phone, like, for their social media. So, can you describe your philosophy behind that?
- 是啊。大多数人变成了 AI 推荐系统、AI 驱动的推荐系统的奴隶,于是喂给每个人的内容都是同一套,我们也就都变成了同一种人。说到这个,你做的不一样的事情之一,就是你不用手机,只偶尔用来测试 Telegram 的功能。我跟你待了两周,完全没见过你像大多数人那样用手机,比如刷社交媒体。你能讲讲这背后的理念吗?
便签引用
14:40
- I don't think a phone is a necessary device. I remember growing up, I didn't have a mobile phone. When I was a student at the university, I didn't have a mobile phone. When I finally got to use a mobile phone, I never used phone calls. I was always in airplane mode or mute. I hated the idea of being disturbed. My philosophy here is pretty simple. I want to define what is important in my life. I don't want other people or companies, all kinds of organizations telling me what is important today and what I should be thinking about. Just set up your own agenda, and the phone gets in your way.
- 我不觉得手机是必需品。我记得我成长的时候没有手机。我在大学读书的时候也没有手机。等我终于开始用手机了,我也从来不打电话。我一直开飞行模式或者静音。我讨厌被打扰这件事。我的理念其实很简单:我想自己定义什么对我的人生是重要的。我不想让别人、让公司、让各种组织来告诉我今天什么重要、我该想些什么。设定你自己的议程,而手机只会挡你的路。
便签引用
15:40
- It provides distractions. It guides what you should be looking at, what you will be looking at, so you don't want that. You want to quiet the mind. You want to choose what kind of stuff you let inside your mind. - Yes, because this way I can contribute to the progress of society, or at least I like to think this way, and this makes me happier. - How often do you find quiet time to just think and focus deeply on work without any distractions? You mentioned to me that you value quiet mornings. - Yes. So the thing I'm trying to do, I try to allocate as much time as possible for sleep. Now, even if I allocate, say, 11 or 12 hours for sleep, I won't sleep for 11 or 12 hours.
- 它制造各种干扰。它引导你该看什么、你会去看什么,所以你不想要这些。你想要让头脑安静下来。你想自己选择让什么东西进入你的头脑。- 对,因为这样我才能为社会的进步做点贡献,至少我愿意这么想,而且这让我更快乐。- 你多久能找到一段安静的时间,纯粹用来思考、专注工作、不受任何干扰?你跟我提过,你很看重安静的早晨。- 是的。我努力做的事情是,尽可能给睡眠分配更多时间。不过就算我分配了,比方说 11 到12 个小时给睡眠,我也不会真的睡上 11、12 个小时。
便签引用
16:27
So what I end up doing is I end up lying in bed thinking, and some people hate it. They say, "Oh, you have to take a sleeping pill," but I never take pills. I love these moments. I get so many brilliant ideas, or at least they seem brilliant to me at the moment, while I'm lying in bed, either late in the evening or early in the morning. That's my favorite time of the day. Sometimes I wake up, I go take a shower, still without the phone. Beautiful ideas can come to you while you're doing your morning exercise, your morning routine, without a phone. If you open your phone first thing in the morning, what you end up being is a creature that is told what to think about for the rest of the day. Same is true in a way if you've been consuming news from social media late at night.
于是我最后就是躺在床上想事情,有些人受不了这个。他们会说:"哎呀,你得吃安眠药。"但我从来不吃药。我很享受这些时刻。我会冒出好多绝妙的点子,至少在那一刻我觉得它们绝妙——就在我躺在床上的时候,要么是深夜,要么是清晨。那是我一天里最喜欢的时间。有时候我醒来去洗澡,还是不带手机。在你做晨练、做早晨例行事项的时候,美妙的想法会自己找上门来,前提是不碰手机。如果你一早醒来第一件事就是打开手机,那你最终就变成了一种被别人告知这一整天该想什么的生物。某种程度上,如果你深夜一直在刷社交媒体上的新闻,也是一样。
便签引用
17:32
But then how do you define what is important and what you really want to become in life? Now, I'm not saying you have to completely stay away from all sources of information, but take some time to think about what's really important for you and what you want to change in this world. - So you definitely try to avoid digital devices for as many hours as possible in the morning, just to have the quiet thinking time? Plus the crazy amounts of push-ups and squats. - I know it's kind of counterintuitive because I founded one of the largest social networks in the world, after which I founded the second-largest messaging app in the world, and you're supposed to be really connected. But the conclusion you reach very early is that the more connected and accessible you are, the less productive you are.
那你又怎么去定义什么是重要的、你这辈子到底想成为什么样的人呢?我不是说你必须完全远离所有信息来源,而是要花点时间去想清楚,什么对你才是真正重要的,你想在这个世界上改变什么。- 所以你确实会在早上尽可能多地避开电子设备,就为了有安静的思考时间?再加上疯狂数量的俯卧撑和深蹲。- 我知道这听起来有点反直觉,因为我创办了全世界最大的社交网络之一,之后又创办了全世界第二大的即时通讯应用,按理说你应该保持高度连接才对。但你很早就会得出一个结论:你越是连接、越是随时可被找到,你的生产力就越低。
便签引用
18:28
And then how can you run this thing if you're constantly bombarded by all kinds of information, most of which is irrelevant to the success of what you're trying to build? You know, the entire world can be fascinated by a fight, a quarrel between the world's richest man and the world's most powerful man. But for the vast majority of these people following this saga, it's irrelevant. It won't change their lives. And in any case, they can't affect it, so it's a bit pointless. Of course, there are people who are engaged in activities that require them to be up-to-date of everything that's going on, but 99% of people aren't.
再说,如果你不断被各种信息轰炸,而其中绝大部分跟你要做成的事情毫不相干,你怎么可能把这件事做好?你看,全世界都可以为一场争吵着迷——世界首富和世界上最有权势的人之间的争吵。但对绝大多数追这出连续剧的人来说,这毫不相干。它不会改变他们的生活。而且无论如何他们也影响不了这件事,所以有点没意义。当然,确实有些人从事的工作要求他们对正在发生的一切保持了解,但 99% 的人不是。
便签引用
19:19
- Yeah. The internet, social media presents to us drama in such a way that we think it's the biggest thing in the world, the most important thing in which the tides of history will turn when in reality, most things will not turn the tides of history. And so, I guess our challenge is to figure out what is the timeless thing? What is the thing that's happening today that's still going to be true in 10, 20 years? And from that, decide what you're going to do. And that's very difficult on social media 'cause everybody's outraged. The news of the day, whatever the quarrel is, that's the thing that everyone thinks the world will end because of this thing, and then another thing happens the next day.
- 是啊。互联网、社交媒体呈现戏剧性事件的方式,会让我们以为它是世界上最大的事、最重要的事,觉得历史的走向会因此改变,而现实是,大多数事情根本改变不了历史的走向。所以我想,我们面临的挑战是弄清楚什么才是经得起时间的东西?今天发生的事情里,哪一件在 10 年、20 年后依然成立?然后据此决定你要做什么。这在社交媒体上非常难做到,因为所有人都在愤怒。当天的新闻,不管那场争吵是什么,所有人都觉得世界会因为这件事而毁灭,然后第二天又来一件新的事。
便签引用
20:04
- And they're trying to influence your emotions. And that's how you get into trouble, because you can be forced to make conclusions that are not in your best interest. - I've seen you be, once again, quite stoic about your emotions. Do you ever get angry? Do you ever get lonely? You ever get sad? The rollercoaster of human emotion. And what do you do with that? What do you make difficult decisions? - I'm a human being like everybody else. I do get to experience emotions, and some of them are not very pleasant. But I believe that it's the responsibility of every one of us- ...to cope with these emotions and to learn to work through them. Self-discipline is particularly important, because without it, how can you overcome this seemingly endless loop of negativity or despair that ultimately leads to depression for some people? I normally never have depression. I don't remember having depression in the last 20 years at least, maybe when I was a teenager. But one of the reasons for that is, I
- 而且他们是在试图影响你的情绪。这才是你会陷入麻烦的地方,因为你可能被迫得出一些不符合你自身利益的结论。- 我发现你又一次对自己的情绪表现得相当克制。你会生气吗?你会感到孤独吗?你会难过吗?人类情绪的这种起伏,你会怎么处理?你怎么做那些艰难的决定?- 我和其他人一样都是普通人。我确实会体验到各种情绪,其中有些并不太愉快。但我相信这是我们每个人的责任——去应对这些情绪,学会把它们消化掉。自律尤其重要,因为没有自律,你怎么可能走出那种看似无止境的消极或绝望循环?对有些人来说,那最终会演变成抑郁。我通常从来不会抑郁。至少在过去二十年里我不记得自己有过抑郁,可能少年时期有过吧。但原因之一是,我
便签引用
21:21
start doing things. I identify the problem, I can see a solution, and I start executing the strategy. If you are stuck in this loop of being worried about something, nothing's ever going to change. And people often make this mistake, thinking, "Oh, I should just have some rest and then regain energy." This is not how it works. You gain energy by doing something. So if you start doing something, then it happens. You feel motivated, you feel inspired, and then ultimately you do something else, a little bit more, a little bit more, and in a few years, who knows, you may end up achieving great things.
会开始动手做事。我找出问题所在,我能看到解决方案,然后我就开始执行这个策略。如果你一直困在为某件事担忧的循环里,那什么都不会改变。人们经常犯这个错误,觉得“哦,我应该先休息一下,恢复一下精力”。事情不是这样运作的。你是通过做事来获得能量的。所以如果你开始做点什么,它就发生了。你会感到有动力,感到有灵感,然后最终你会去做别的事,一点点,再多一点点,几年之后,谁知道呢,你也许就成就了很了不起的事情。
便签引用
22:12
- Yeah, that's the thing that people really confuse. If you're stuck in a depressive cycle, even when you really, really, really, really don't wanna do anything, just do something. Try to make progress because the good feeling comes in the end of that. The whole point is to do first and then feel, not feel and then do. - Exactly. And going to the gym is a good example. There are many days when you don't want to start working out, but you have to overcome this initial reluctance, and then you get to a point that you enjoy it, and you think, "Oh my God, it was such a good idea to come to the gym today." But it's similar to pretty much every activity. You get to write some code, write a small piece of code first, and then you get inspired. Then you come up with more ideas. You need to write a novel or just write the program.
- 是啊,这正是人们真正搞混的地方。如果你困在抑郁的循环里,哪怕你真的、真的、真的特别不想做任何事,也要做点什么。试着往前推进一点,因为好的感觉是在那之后才来的。关键在于先行动再感受,而不是先感受再行动。- 没错。去健身房就是个很好的例子。有很多天你并不想开始锻炼,但你必须克服最初的那种抗拒,然后你会到达一个开始享受它的状态,你会想:“天哪,今天来健身房真是太明智了。”但这几乎适用于所有活动。你要写代码,那就先写一小段,然后灵感就来了。接着你会冒出更多想法。你要写一部小说,或者就是写那个程序。
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03自律这块肌肉:训练与饮食
23:13
This is pretty obvious, and it's not a secret, but because we are bombarded with all kinds of information that is not really important for us in terms of becoming successful, we often forget the important things, and this is one of them. - We've been working out every single day. You have been working out for many years pretty intensively, so I think a lot of people would love to know what's your perfect daily workout regimen, let's say on a daily, on a weekly basis? - I do 300 push-ups and 300 squats every morning, and in addition to that, I go to the gym normally five or six times a week, spending between one and two hours every day.
这道理其实很明显,也不是什么秘密,但因为我们被各种各样的信息狂轰滥炸,而那些信息对我们变得成功其实并不重要,我们常常就忘了那些重要的事,这就是其中之一。- 我们每天都在锻炼。你已经相当高强度地锻炼很多年了,所以我想很多人都很想知道,你理想中的日常训练安排是什么样的?比如每天、每周?- 我每天早上做300个俯卧撑和300个深蹲,除此之外,我通常一周去健身房五到六次,每天花一到两个小时。
便签引用
24:04
- So push-ups and squats are still a big part of your routine? - Yes, this is how I start my day. I'm not sure they do a lot in terms of changing your body, but they're definitely a good way to practice self-discipline, because you don't want to do these push-ups in the morning most of the days. Squats are particularly boring. They're not that hard. They're just boring. But you overcome it, and then it's much easier to start doing other things related to your work, for example. When I can, I also take an ice bath because it's another exercise of self-discipline. I think the main muscle you can exercise is this muscle, the muscle of self-discipline. You know, not your biceps or your pecs or anything else, because if you get to train that one, everything else just comes by itself.
- 所以俯卧撑和深蹲仍然是你日常安排的重要组成部分?- 是的,我每天就是这样开始的。我不确定它们对改变体型有多大作用,但它们绝对是练习自律的好方法,因为大多数日子里你早上是不想做这些俯卧撑的。深蹲尤其无聊。它们没那么难,就是无聊。但你克服了它,之后再去开始做其他事情,比如和工作相关的事,就容易多了。条件允许的话,我还会泡冰浴,因为那是另一项自律的训练。我觉得你能锻炼的主要肌肉就是这块——自律这块肌肉。你知道,不是你的二头肌、胸肌或者别的什么,因为如果你能把那块练好,其他一切自然就来了。
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25:07
- Yeah, everything else becomes easy. We should mention, I went with you to Banya, and I think it's fair to say you're nuts in terms of how much you can handle, and I didn't even see the worst of it. Can you just speak to your crazy escapades in the Banya, what value you get from it, so both the heat and the cold? - I don't know if it's crazy. I think it's quite natural and normal by this time. But maybe I just got used to it. So Banya is this extreme kind of sauna practiced by Eastern Europeans.
- 是啊,其他一切都变简单了。我们该提一下,我跟你一起去过桑拿浴(Banya),我觉得可以说你有点疯狂,就你能扛住的程度而言,而且我还没见识到最狠的那部分。你能讲讲你在Banya里那些疯狂的经历吗?你从中得到了什么价值,无论是高温还是极寒?- 我不知道这算不算疯狂。到了现在,我觉得这挺自然、挺正常的。不过也许只是我习惯了。Banya是东欧人玩的一种极端桑拿。
便签引用
25:49
But it is done in a way that maximizes heat, and they also use all kinds of herbs and branches, and it's a much more holistic and natural experience. Then a necessary part of it is you get the cold plunge, and then you go back. And again, this is one of those things that maybe in the moment is not always that pleasant, particularly if you go to extreme temperatures. You don't feel great. I don't always feel great, but this feeling is passing. It's only a few minutes. Same with the ice bath. You have to suffer a bit, and then you get to feel great for hours and days after.
但它的做法是把热量最大化,他们还会用各种草药和树枝,是一种更整体、更自然的体验。然后必不可少的一环是你要去冷水浸泡,然后再回去。同样,这也是那类事情之一——在当下也许并不总是那么愉快,尤其是当你去到极端温度的时候。你并不觉得舒服。我也不是每次都觉得舒服,但这种感觉会过去。也就几分钟而已。冰浴也一样。你得受一会儿罪,然后接下来的好几个小时甚至好几天你都会感觉很棒。
便签引用
26:42
What's more, it gives you these long-term health benefits. In a way, you can look at it as alcohol in reverse. Alcohol will give you this short, fleeting pleasure for an hour, for a couple of hours, but then you will be paying for it with long-term negative consequences. I'd rather do Banya and ice bath. - We swam the length of a large lake in France a couple times. Can you talk through why you value these multi-hour swims? - I love swimming for hours. The longest I swam was five and a half hours in Finland, it was quite cold. I got lost in the process, barely could find my way back. But the reason I do it, yes, you feel great after. You're shaking a little bit, but you feel great after. We cross a huge lake, and I cross many lakes, Geneva Lake, Zurich Lake. And every time, you feel this achievement which makes you happy, makes you feel strong, and then you're more ready to other challenges. And of course, when you know you are going to start a journey that will last a few hours, you're reluctant to do
更重要的是,它还带来长期的健康益处。某种程度上,你可以把它看成是反过来的酒精。酒精会给你短暂、转瞬即逝的快感,一个小时,或者几个小时,但之后你要用长期的负面后果来偿还。我宁愿泡Banya和冰浴。- 我们在法国横渡过一个大湖的全长,还不止一次。你能讲讲为什么你这么看重这种好几个小时的长游吗?- 我很喜欢一游就是好几个小时。我游得最久的一次是在芬兰,五个半小时,水挺冷的。我中途迷路了,差点找不到回去的路。但我这么做的原因是,没错,游完之后感觉很棒。你会有点发抖,但感觉很棒。我们横渡了一个大湖,我也横渡过很多湖,日内瓦湖、苏黎世湖。每一次,你都会有那种成就感,让你开心,让你觉得自己强大,然后你就更有准备去面对别的挑战。当然,当你知道自己要开始一段持续好几个小时的旅程时,你会不太情愿去
便签引用
28:09
it. But you swim for 10 minutes, and then for 20 minutes, and then for 30 minutes, and it teaches you this incredible patience that I think is necessary if you want to achieve anything in life. - And it's pretty meditative, lake versus ocean. - Yes. And you don't have to go too fast. You can be slow and enjoy the moment. - Until you get lost, and it's five and a half hours. Did you panic if you were gonna be able to find the shore or find your way out? - Not really. I'm a reasonably stress-resilient person. I didn't panic at that moment, and there were worse swims I had that were shorter, but involved accidents, and you know about some of them. So that wasn't the worst by far. But an important thing about swimming and physical activity in general is that it makes your mind clear, and your thinking process is becoming more efficient. Because at the end of the day, the efficiency of our brain is limited by how much sugar and oxygen our heart can push through blood to our brain. So how can you make
做。但你游了10分钟,然后20分钟,然后30分钟,它教会你一种了不起的耐心,我觉得如果你想在人生中取得任何成就,这种耐心是必需的。- 而且挺有冥想感的,湖里和海里还不一样。- 是的。而且你不用游太快。你可以慢慢来,享受当下。- 直到你迷路了,而且游了五个半小时。你有没有慌,担心自己能不能找到岸边、能不能游出去?- 并没有。我算是个抗压能力还不错的人。那一刻我没有慌,我还有过更糟的游泳经历,时间更短,但出了意外,其中一些你也知道。所以那次远远算不上最糟的。但关于游泳以及体育活动,有一点很重要,就是它让你的头脑变清晰,思考过程也变得更高效。因为归根结底,我们大脑的效率受限于心脏能通过血液向大脑输送多少糖分和氧气。那你怎么让这个过程更快?或者怎么让你的肺更高效?怎么让
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29:23
this go faster, or how do you make your lungs more efficient? How do you make your heart more efficient in doing that? Physical activity is the only way I know of. So it's not just staying healthy or trying to look good. It's also being productive. It's also being stress-resilient. All of these qualities are necessary if you want to run a large company, if you want to start a company. I'm surprised, when I started doing this more than 10 years ago, that more CEOs didn't engage in sports. The situation changed in the last several years, which is great. Because back in the day, if you take 20 years ago, there was this stereotype that if you were strong, you must be not very smart, and vice versa, which is complete lunacy. Very often, these two things go together.
你的心脏在这件事上更高效?体育活动是我知道的唯一办法。所以这不只是为了保持健康或者想让自己好看。它也关乎高产。它也关乎抗压能力。如果你想经营一家大公司,如果你想创业,所有这些素质都是必需的。让我意外的是,十多年前我开始这么做的时候,居然没有更多CEO去运动。过去几年情况变了,这很好。因为在过去,比如二十年前,有这么一种刻板印象,觉得如果你很强壮,那你肯定不太聪明,反之亦然,这完全是胡扯。很多时候,这两件事是相辅相成的。
便签引用
30:34
- So for you, working out is not just about staying healthy. It's actually valuable for the work that you do as a tech leader, as an engineer, as a technologist? - Oh, yes. When I can't train, I can instantly feel that stress is creeping on me. Like... So even in situations where I'm constrained, I can't go to the gym, I just keep doing push-ups. I just keep doing squats. - Yeah. I mean, that's the cool thing about bodyweight exercise, you can just do it anywhere. You could just pop off 50 or 100 push-ups before a meeting.
- 所以对你来说,锻炼不只是为了保持健康。它对你作为科技领导者、工程师、技术人员所做的工作其实是有价值的?- 噢,是的。当我没法训练的时候,我立刻就能感觉到压力在向我逼近。就像……所以即使在条件受限、去不了健身房的情况下,我也会一直做俯卧撑,一直做深蹲。- 是啊。我是说,这就是自重训练的好处,你随时随地都能做。你可以在开会前随手做50个或100个俯卧撑。
便签引用
31:16
- Don't you feel weird when you have a day without physical activity? - Yeah. If I go a day without doing push-ups, at the very minimum, that's a shitty day. - And if you can do pull-ups, it's even better. - Yeah. I gotta ask you about your diet, too. No processed sugar, no fast food, no soda, intermittent fasting sometimes once a day only, sometimes a couple times a day. So take me through your philosophy on the no sugar, no soda, just clean food. - Well, sugar is pretty easy, because it's addictive.
- 一天没有体育活动,你不会觉得别扭吗?- 会啊。如果我一天连俯卧撑都没做,那最起码那就是糟糕的一天。- 如果还能做引体向上,那就更好了。- 是啊。我还想问问你的饮食。不吃加工糖,不吃快餐,不喝汽水,有时候做间歇性断食,一天只吃一顿,有时候吃两顿。跟我讲讲你关于不吃糖、不喝汽水、只吃干净食物的理念。- 糖其实挺好理解的,因为它会上瘾。
便签引用
31:51
The more you consume sugar, the more you want it, the hungrier you get. So if you want to stay efficient and healthy, why consume processed sugar? You'll just end up snacking all the time. Intermittent fasting, eating only within six hours or not eating for 18 hours every day also brings structure into your day and into your eating habits, so you don't crave sugar anymore. Because, you know, if you eat sugar and then you're unable to snack, you're just punishing yourself. I read a few books on longevity. I think something everybody agrees on is that sugar is harmful. Now, I'm not militant about sugar. You can eat berries, fruit, if you feel your body needs it. But it's not true to think it's necessary to consume sweet things, not for children, not for adults. Red meat, I stopped eating it about 20 years ago, because I just felt heavy every time I had it. So I guess it's individual. It's my metabolism, my digestive system isn't agreeing with this kind of food. So I normally eat seafood of all kinds and vegetables. This is
你吃糖越多,就越想吃,就越容易饿。所以如果你想保持高效和健康,为什么要摄入加工糖呢?那只会让你一直不停地吃零食。间歇性断食,只在六小时内进食、或者每天18小时不进食,也会给你的一天、给你的饮食习惯带来结构,这样你就不会再渴望糖了。因为你知道,如果你吃了糖然后又不能吃零食,那就是在惩罚自己。我读过几本关于长寿的书。我觉得大家一致同意的一点是,糖是有害的。当然,我对糖不是那种极端主义。如果你觉得身体需要,你可以吃浆果、水果。但认为必须摄入甜食,这种想法是不对的,孩子不需要,成年人也不需要。红肉,我大约二十年前就不吃了,因为每次吃完我都觉得身体沉重。所以我猜这因人而异。是我的代谢、我的消化系统跟这类食物不合。所以我平时吃各种海鲜和蔬菜。这是
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33:33
the basic source of calories for me. - Yeah, and like all things you said, short-term pleasure isn't worth your future. So, a lot of things we all know, that alcohol is destructive to the body, tobacco, pills, processed food, sugar. But society puts that on you, makes it very difficult to avoid. So, I guess it all boils down to just discipline. - Yes, and trying to identify the real cause of an issue you're experiencing. If you're experiencing a headache, one solution would be to take a pill, and then the headache disappears. What this pill would actually do, in most cases, it would mute the consequence, your feeling of pain. It's a painkiller.
我卡路里的基本来源。- 是啊,就像你说的所有这些事一样,短期的快感不值得拿你的未来去换。所以,很多事我们都知道,酒精对身体是破坏性的,烟草、药片、加工食品、糖。但社会把这些强加给你,让你很难避开。所以,我想归根结底还是自律。- 是的,还有就是设法找出你所遇到问题的真正原因。如果你头疼,一个解决办法是吃一片药,然后头疼就消失了。这片药实际上做的事情,在大多数情况下,是压住了结果,也就是你的疼痛感。它是止痛药。
便签引用
34:25
It will not eliminate the root cause, so you have to ask yourself, "What is it that is causing this headache? Do I need to drink some water? Is the air quality here bad? Do I need to start getting more sleep? Is there something wrong with people around me that are stressing me out?" There must be some reason why you're experiencing a headache. But if you take a pill, you're not removing this reason. You're actually making it worse, because this harmful factor is still there. It's like you're piloting a helicopter, and there are some red signals, some red lamps start to blink and it starts producing bad, unpleasant noise. What would you do? You would try to figure out the cause and eliminate it. Maybe there is some mountain next to you and you have to avoid it, or you take a hammer and smash the signal.
它不会消除根本原因,所以你得问问自己:“到底是什么在引起这个头疼?我是不是需要喝点水?这里的空气质量是不是不好?我是不是该多睡点觉?是不是我周围的人有什么问题,让我压力很大?”你头疼一定是有某种原因的。但如果你吃片药,你并没有消除这个原因。你其实是在让情况更糟,因为这个有害因素还在那儿。这就好比你在开直升机,有一些红色信号,一些红灯开始闪,还发出难听、刺耳的噪音。你会怎么做?你会试着弄清楚原因并消除它。也许旁边有座山,你得避开它,或者你拿把锤子把那个信号灯砸了。
便签引用
35:28
I think the good answer is quite obvious. So, why are we constantly doing this regardless? Well, because everybody else is doing it, because there's a whole industry trying to persuade you that this is the right thing to do. So it's incredibly important to analyze yourself and try to get to the bottom of things. - So, you generally try to avoid all pills, all pharmaceutical products? - Yes. I've been staying away from all of that since I became an adult. When you're a teenager, your mom would typically say, "We need to take this pill, otherwise, you know, the world collapses."
我觉得正确答案相当明显。那我们为什么还是一直在那么做呢?嗯,因为别人都这么做,因为有一整个产业在试图说服你这么做才是对的。所以,分析自己、把事情弄个水落石出,是极其重要的。- 所以,你基本上尽量避开所有药片、所有药品?- 是的。成年以后我就一直远离这些东西。你还是少年的时候,你妈通常会说:“我们得吃这片药,不然你知道的,天就塌了。”
便签引用
36:08
Once I became a grown-up, I said, "No, I don't think that the producers of pills are incentivized in the right way." They are not really interested in eliminating the root of the problem. They would rather have me dependent on the pills they're producing so that I could buy them forever. And then I also realized... No, I'm not saying that you should never take pills. There are obviously some diseases that you can only fight with antibiotics, for example, so I'm not suggesting we go back to the Middle Ages.
等我长大成人,我说:“不,我不觉得生产药片的人被激励的方向是对的。”他们其实并不关心消除问题的根源。他们更希望我依赖他们生产的药,这样我就能永远买下去。然后我也意识到……不,我不是说你永远不该吃药。显然有些疾病只能靠抗生素之类的来对付,所以我不是在建议我们回到中世纪。
便签引用
36:55
But what I'm saying is we overuse pills. - Yeah, it's always good to study and deeply understand the incentives under which the world operates so that you don't get swept up into the forces that operate under these incentives. And big pharma is certainly one of them. Pharmaceutical companies have a huge incentive to keep the problem going versus solving the problem. It's wise. - Well, this is something I practice every day. I read some piece of news, and I ask myself, "Who benefits from me reading this?"
但我想说的是,我们过度使用药片了。- 是啊,去研究并深入理解这个世界运转背后的激励机制,总是有好处的,这样你才不会被那些在这些激励下运作的力量裹挟进去。而大药厂肯定是其中之一。制药公司有巨大的动机去让问题持续存在,而不是解决问题。这话很有智慧。- 嗯,这是我每天都在实践的事。我读到一条新闻,然后问自己:“我读这个,谁获益?”
便签引用
37:31
then you can end up coming to this conclusion that maybe 95% of things we read in the news have been written and published because somebody wanted you to buy some product, support some political cause, fight some war, donate some money, just do something that would benefit other people. And this is not a problem to support causes that you truly believe in, as long as it was your intentional choice, and you're not being manipulated into fighting other people's wars. - And that takes us back to the original thing we started talking about, which is freedom. One of the ways to achieve freedom of thought is to remove your mind from the influences, the forces that manipulate you. That's really important to realize. The content you consume, especially on the internet, when a large percentage of it is designed to manipulate your mind, you have to disconnect yourself and be very proactive, understanding what the bias is, what the incentives are, so you can think clearly, independently, and objectively.
然后你可能会得出这样的结论:我们在新闻里读到的东西,也许95%之所以被写出来、被发表,是因为有人想让你买某个产品、支持某项政治主张、参与某场战争、捐点钱,总之做点对别人有利的事。而这本身并不是问题——去支持你真正相信的事业是没问题的,只要那是你有意识的选择,而不是被操纵着去打别人的仗。- 这就回到我们一开始谈的那件事,也就是自由。实现思想自由的方式之一,就是把你的头脑从那些影响、那些操纵你的力量中抽离出来。意识到这一点真的很重要。你所消费的内容,尤其是在互联网上,当其中很大一部分都是为了操纵你的头脑而设计的,你就必须把自己断开,并且非常主动地去理解偏见是什么、激励是什么,这样你才能清晰地、独立地、客观地思考。
便签引用
38:50
- And again, it ties back with restraint from alcohol. Because if your mind is clouded, how can you analyze yourself? You'll always be dependent on opinions of others. You will always follow the mainstream, and w- then whatever the authorities or whoever in charge will tell you, you'll believe it, because you don't have a tool of your own to rely on to come to your own conclusions. - I have to ask you, this is something that came up. You don't watch porn. I don't think I've heard you talk about this before. What's the philosophy behind not watching porn? You know, there's a lot of people that talk about porn in general having a very negative effect on young men, on their view of the world, on their development of their sexuality, and how they get into relationships, and all that kind of stuff. So what's your philosophy in not consuming porn?
- 而这又和远离酒精联系在一起了。因为如果你的头脑是混沌的,你怎么可能分析自己呢?你会永远依赖别人的看法。你会永远随大流,然后当权者或者管事的人说什么,你就信什么,因为你没有一件属于自己的工具,可以依靠它得出自己的结论。— 我得问你一个问题,这个话题之前提到过。你不看色情片。我想我没听你谈过这件事。你不看色情片背后的理念是什么?你知道,有很多人在谈论色情内容总体上对年轻男性有非常负面的影响,影响他们的世界观,影响他们性意识的发展,影响他们进入亲密关系的方式,诸如此类。所以你不消费色情内容的理念是什么?
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39:55
- I don't watch porn because I just feel it's a surrogate, a substitute for the real thing that is not necessary in my life. If anything, it just forces you to exchange some energy, some inspiration, to a fleeting moment of pleasure. It doesn't make sense. And i- in any case, as I said, it's not the real thing. So as long as you can access the real thing, you don't need to watch porn. But then, if you can't access the real thing, it's... you shouldn't watch porn as well, because it means there's some deficiency in your life, some problem that you have to overcome.
— 我不看色情片,是因为我觉得那只是一个替代品,是对真实事物的替代,而这在我的生活里并不必要。如果说有什么作用,它只是逼着你用一些精力、一些灵感,去换取转瞬即逝的快感。这说不通。而且不管怎么说,正如我说的,那不是真实的东西。所以只要你能获得真实的东西,你就不需要看色情片。而如果你得不到真实的东西,那……你也同样不该去看,因为那意味着你的生活中有某种缺失,有某个你必须去克服的问题。
便签引用
40:45
- Yeah, analyze the underlying cause. And again, this goes back to the theme of investing in a long-term flourishing versus short-term pleasure. There's a theme to the way you approach life. - I try to be strategic. I try to act under the assumption that I'm not going to die in one hour from now, and I'm going to stick around for a bit, despite the fact that we are all mortal. So why would I exchange the mid and long-term for the short-term? Doesn't make any sense. - Quick pause, bathroom break. - Yeah, let's take a break.
— 对,去分析背后的根本原因。这又回到了那个主题:投资于长期的繁盛,而不是短期的快感。你对待人生的方式里有一条贯穿的主线。— 我努力做到有战略性。我努力按照这样一个假设去行动:我不会在一小时后就死掉,我还会在这世上待挺久,尽管我们终有一死。那我为什么要拿中长期去换短期呢?这毫无道理。— 稍微暂停一下,去趟洗手间。— 好,我们休息一下。
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0440 人团队与无人可读的私信
41:26
- All right, we took a break, and now we're back. I gotta ask you about Telegram, the company. I got to meet some of the brilliant engineers that work there. Telegram runs lean. Relative to other technology companies that achieve the scale that Telegram does, it has very few employees. So how many people are on the core team, let's say the core engineering team? - The core engineering team is about 40 people. This includes backend, frontend designers, system administrators. - Can you speak to the philosophy behind running a company with so few employees?
— 好的,我们刚休息了一会儿,现在回来了。我得问问你 Telegram 这家公司。我有机会见到了在那里工作的一些非常出色的工程师。Telegram 运作得非常精简。相比其他达到 Telegram 这种规模的科技公司,它的员工非常少。那么核心团队有多少人,比如说核心工程团队?— 核心工程团队大约 40 人。这包括后端、前端、设计师、系统管理员。— 你能谈谈用这么少的员工来运营一家公司背后的理念吗?
便签引用
42:10
- Well, what we realized really early is that quantity of employees doesn't translate to quality of the product they produce. In many cases, it's the opposite. If you have too many people, they have to coordinate their efforts, constantly communicate, and 90% of their time will be spent on coordinating the small pieces of work they're responsible for between each other. The other problem with having too many employees is that some of them won't get enough work to do. And if they don't get enough work to do, they demotivate everybody else by their mere existence. They're still there, they're still getting the salary, but they don't do anything. And if they don't do anything, more often than not, they will start trying to find their purpose elsewhere, maybe inside your team, but not by doing productive work, but by finding problems that don't exist within the team. And that can disrupt the team and the mood inside it even further. Also, when you intentionally don't allow some of your team members
— 我们很早就意识到,员工的数量并不会转化为他们做出的产品的质量。在很多情况下,恰恰相反。如果人太多,他们就得协调彼此的工作、不停地沟通,90% 的时间��会花在相互协调各自负责的那些零碎的小任务上。人太多的另一个问题是,其中有些人会没有足够的活干。而如果他们没有足够的活干,他们仅仅因为存在着就会打击其他所有人的积极性。他们还在那儿,还在拿工资,但什么都不做。而如果他们什么都不做,多数情况下,他们会开始在别处寻找自己的价值感,也许就在团队内部,但不是通过做有产出的工作,而是通过找出团队里根本不存在的问题。这会进一步扰乱团队,也会进一步破坏团队里的氛围。另外,当你有意不让团队成员去招更多人来帮忙时,他们就被迫去做自动化。就
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43:39
to hire more people to help them, they will be forced to automate things. In our case, you know, we have tens of thousands of servers around the world, almost 100,000, distributed across several continents and data centers. If you try to manage this system manually without automation, you will probably end up hiring thousands of people, tens of thousands of people. But if you rely on algorithms and the team is forced to put together algorithms in order to manage it, then it becomes much more scalable, and much more efficient, and interestingly, much more reliable as well.
我们而言,你知道,我们在全球有数万台服务器,接近十万台,分布在好几个大洲和数据中心。如果你想靠人工、不用自动化去管理这套系统,你最后大概得雇几千人,甚至几万人。但如果你依靠算法,团队被迫写出算法来管理它,那么整个系统就会变得更加可扩展、更加高效,而且有意思的是,也更加可靠。
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44:31
- And more resilient to the changing geopolitics, to the changing technology, all of that. Because if you automate the distributed aspect of the data storage and all the compute, then that's going to be resilient to everything the world throws at you. I suppose if you have people managing all of it, it becomes stale quickly. - Yes. Humans are attack vectors. And if you have a distributed system that runs itself automatically, you have a a chance at increasing the security and speed of your service.
— 而且对变化的地缘政治、变化的技术等等都更有韧性。因为如果你把数据存储和算力的分布式部分自动化了,那它就能扛住这个世界抛给你的一切。我想,如果是靠人来管理这一切,那它很快就会变得僵化过时。— 是的。人是攻击面。而如果你有一套能自动运行的分布式系统,你就有机会提升服务的安全性和速度。
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45:09
and speed of your service. This is what we did with Telegram, while also making it much more reliable. Because if some part of the network goes down, can still switch to the other parts of it. - Yeah. One of the big ways to protect user privacy is that you store the data. The infrastructure side of Telegram infrastructure side of Telegram is distributed across many legal jurisdictions many legal jurisdictions with the decryption keys. So it's encrypted in the cloud, keys. So it's encrypted in the cloud, the decryption keys are split and kept in different locations so that no single government or entity entity can access the data. Can you explain the strength of this approach?
以及服务的速度。这就是我们在 Telegram 所做的,同时也让它可靠得多。因为如果网络的某一部分宕机了,仍然可以切换到其他部分。— 是的。保护用户隐私的一大方式在于数据的存储方式。Telegram 的基础设施分布在许多不同的法律管辖区,解密密钥也是如此。所以数据在云端是加密的,密钥被拆分并保存在不同的地点,使得任何单一政府或机构都无法访问这些数据。你能解释一下这种做法的强大之处吗?
便签引用
45:55
- The way we designed Telegram is we never wanted to have any humans, any employees have any access to private messaging data. That's why since 2012, when we've been trying to come up with this design, been trying to come up with this design, we always invested a lot of effort invested a lot of effort into making sure that nobody can mess with it. into making sure that nobody can mess with it. Like if you hire an employee employee or any of the existing employee, they can't break the system they can't break the system in a way that would allow them to access messages of users.
— 我们设计 Telegram 的方式是,我们从不希望有任何人、任何员工能够接触到私人消息数据。所以从 2012 年开始,当我们试图想出这套设计时,我们一直投入大量精力,确保没有人能够动它。确保没有人能够动它。比如说你雇了一名员工,或者任何一位现有的员工,他们都无法以某种方式攻破这个系统从而让他们能够访问用户的消息。
便签引用
46:34
access messages of users. And then of course, we launched end-to-end encrypted messaging end-to-end encrypted messaging that is even more protected, but it has certain limitations, but it has certain limitations, so you still have to rely on encrypted cloud. So an interesting encrypted cloud. So an interesting engineering challenge was how do you make sure that no point of failure can be created that no point of failure can be created within your team or outside? - So no employee can even access user messages. So that's the thing. You know, we talk about encryption, thing. You know, we talk about encryption, we talk about privacy, we talk about security, all these kinds of things.
访问用户的消息。然后当然,我们推出了端到端加密的聊天,保护程度更高,但它有一些限制,有一些限制,所以你仍然要依赖加密的云端。所以一个有意思的工程挑战就是:你如何确保不会出现单点失效——无论是在你的团队内部还是外部?— 所以连员工都无法访问用户消息。关键就在这里。你知道,我们谈加密,我们谈加密,谈隐私,谈安全,谈所有这些东西。
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47:06
all these kinds of things. I think the number one thing that people are concerned about, about which there's also about which there's also misinformation, is about private messages. So Telegram is very, very protective private messages. So Telegram is very, very protective of the private messages of users. So you're saying saying employees never can access the private messages. Have any governments or intelligence agencies ever accessed private user messages in the past? agencies ever accessed private user messages in the past?
所有这些东西。我认为人们最关心的、同时也存在不少错误信息的一点,就是私人消息。所以 Telegram 对用户的私人消息保护得非常非常严密。所以你是说你是说员工永远无法访问那些私人消息。过去有任何政府或情报机构访问过用户的私人消息吗?过去有任何情报机构访问过用户的私人消息吗?
便签引用
47:38
- No, never. Telegram has never shared a single private message with anyone, a single private message with anyone, including governments and intelligence services. including governments and intelligence services. If you try to access any server in any of the data center data center locations, it's all encrypted. You can extract all the hard drives and analyze it, but you won't get anything. It's all encrypted in a way that is undecipherable. It's all encrypted in the way that is undecipherable. That was very important for us. That's why we can say with confidence there hasn't been ever a leakage of data, any leak of data from Telegram.
— 没有,从来没有。Telegram 从未向任何人分享过哪怕一条私人消息,哪怕一条私人消息,包括政府和情报部门。包括政府和情报部门。如果你试图访问任何一个数据中心所在地的任何一台服务器,那全都是加密的。你可以把所有硬盘取出来去分析,但你什么也得不到。它的加密方式让内容无法被破译。它的加密方式让内容无法被破译。这对我们非常重要。所以我们可以很有底气地说,Telegram 从来没有发生过数据泄露。
便签引用
48:23
Not in terms of private messages, not in terms of, say, contact lists. - Do you see in the future a possible scenario where you might share user private messages where you might share user private messages with governments or with intelligence agencies? - No. We designed the system in a way that it's impossible. impossible. It would require us to change the system, and we won't do that because we made a promise to our and we won't do that because we made a promise to our We would rather shut Telegram down in a certain country than do that.
无论是私人消息方面,还是比如说通讯录方面。— 你能否设想未来存在某种情形,你可能会把用户的私人消息分享给政府或情报机构?— 不会。我们把系统设计成让这件事根本不可能发生。不可能。那需要我们去改动系统,而我们不会那么做,因为我们对用户做出过承诺,我们宁可在某个国家关停 Telegram,也不会那么做。
便签引用
48:56
- So that's one of the principles you operate under: you're going to protect user privacy. - I think it's fundamental. Without the right to privacy, people can't feel fully free and protected. - I mean, this is a good place to ask. I'm sure you're pressured by all kinds of people, all kinds of organizations to share private data. Where do you find the strength and the fearlessness to say no to everybody, including powerful intelligence agencies, including powerful governments, influential powerful people?
— 所以这就是你所遵循的原则之一:你要保护用户隐私。— 我认为这是根本性的。没有隐私权,人们就无法感到完全自由和受到保护。— 我是说,这里正好可以问一下。我相信你受到各种各样的人、各种各样的组织的施压,要求你交出私人数据。你从哪里找到这种力量和无畏,去对所有人说不——包括强大的情报机构,包括强权政府,包括有影响力的大人物?
便签引用
49:33
- I guess part of it is just me being me. I stood up for myself and for my values since I was a little kid. I had issues with my teachers because I would point out their mistakes during classes. And at the end of the day, what's important is to remind yourself that you have nothing to lose. They can think they blackmail you with something, they can threaten you with something. But what is it they really can do to you? Worst case, they can kill you. But that brings us back to the first part of our discussion.
— 我想一部分原因就是我本来就是这样的人。从我还是个小孩的时候,我就为自己、为自己的价值观挺身而出。我和老师们有过矛盾,因为我会在课堂上指出他们的错误。说到底,重要的是提醒自己:你没有什么可失去的。他们可以以为能用什么来要挟你,能用什么来威胁你。但他们究竟真能把你怎么样呢?最坏的情况,他们能杀了你。但这又把我们带回到我们讨论的第一部分。
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50:10
But that brings us back to the first part of our discussion. There's no point living your life in fear. As for Telegram, it's incredibly successful. But if we lose one market or two markets, or pretty much all of the markets, I don't care that much. It won't affect me, it won't affect my lifestyle in any way. I will still be doing my push-ups, you know? So... You don't like encryption, you don't like privacy, you think you should ban encryption in your country, like the European Union is trying to do now for all the member states.
但这又把我们带回到我们讨论的第一部分。在恐惧中过一辈子毫无意义。至于 Telegram,它非常成功。但如果我们失去一个市场、两个市场,甚至几乎所有市场,我也不太在乎。这不会影响我,不会以任何方式影响我的生活方式。我照样会做我的俯卧撑,你懂吧?所以……你不喜欢加密,不喜欢隐私,你觉得应该在你的国家禁掉加密,就像欧盟现在试图对所有成员国做的那样。
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50:54
Well, go ahead and do that. We'll just quit this market. We won't operate there. It's not that important. They all think that somehow we profit from their citizens and the only goal tech companies have is extracting revenues. And it's true, most tech companies are like this. But there are projects like Telegram which are a bit different. And I'm not sure they realize that. - So for you, the value of maintaining your integrity in relation to your principles is more important than anything else. And of course, we should say that you also have full ability and control to do just that because you, Pavel Durov, own 100% of Telegram. So there's nobody else with a say on this question.
那好啊,尽管去做。我们退出这个市场就是了。我们不在那里运营。这没那么重要。他们都以为我们不知怎的在从他们的公民身上牟利,以为科技公司唯一的目标就是榨取收入。确实,大多数科技公司是这样的。但也有像 Telegram 这样有点不一样的项目。我不确定他们意识到了这一点。— 所以对你来说,维护自己对原则的操守,其价值高于其他一切。当然,我们也应该说,你也完全有能力和掌控力去这么做,因为你,帕维尔·杜罗夫,拥有 Telegram 100% 的股份。所以没有别人能在这个问题上说话。
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51:47
- There are no shareholders, which is quite unique. - Very unique. I don't think there's anything even close to that in any major tech company. - And this allows us to operate the way we operate. build this project and maintain it based on certain fundamental principles which, by the way, I think everybody believes in. I think the right to privacy is included in the constitution of most countries, at least most Western countries. But it's still under attack almost every week, and it often starts with well-meaning proposals: "Oh, we have to fight crime.
— 没有股东,这相当罕见。— 非常罕见。我觉得在任何一家大型科技公司里都找不到哪怕接近的情况。— 而这让我们能够按照我们自己的方式运作。基于某些根本原则来建设和维护这个项目——顺便说一句,我认为这些原则是所有人都认同的。我认为隐私权写进了大多数国家的宪法,至少是大多数西方国家的宪法。但它几乎每周都在受到攻击,而且往往是从一些出发点良好的提案开始的:“哦,我们得打击犯罪。
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52:32
We have to do that. We have to protect the children." But at the end of the day, the result is the same. People lose their right to such a fundamental thing as privacy. They sometimes lose their right to express themselves, to assemble, and this is a slippery slope that we witnessed in pretty much every autocratic country, or country that used to be free and then became autocratic. No dictator in the world ever said, "Let's just strip you away from your rights because I want more power to myself and I want you to be miserable." They all justified it with very reasonable-sounding justifications, and then it came in stages, gradually.
我们必须这么做。我们得保护儿童。”但说到底,结果都是一样的。人们失去了隐私这样一项根本权利。他们有时会失去表达自己的权利、集会的权利,而这是一条滑坡,我们在几乎每一个专制国家、或者曾经自由后来变得专制的国家里都见证过。世界上没有哪个独裁者会说:“我们就是要剥夺你们的权利,因为我想要更多权力,我想让你们过得悲惨。”他们都用听起来非常合理的理由来为此辩护,然后它是分阶段、逐步到来的。
便签引用
53:21
And after a few years, people would find themselves in a position when they're helpless. They can't protest. Every message they send is monitored. They can't assemble. It's over. - So you see Telegram as a place that people from all walks of life, from every nation can have a place to speak their mind, to have a voice. In the context, in the geopolitical context that you're mentioning that governments when they become autocratic, naturally it's the way of the world, human nature and the nature of governments, they become more censorious.
几年之后,人们会发现自己陷入了一种无助的境地。他们无法抗议。他们发出的每一条消息都被监控。他们无法集会。一切都结束了。— 所以你把 Telegram 看作一个地方,让来自各行各业、来自每一个国家的人都能有一个说出自己想法、发出自己声音的空间。在你提到的这种地缘政治语境下,政府一旦变得专制,那自然而然——这是世界的规律、人性的规律、政府的本性——它们就会变得更加倾向于审查。
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54:02
They begin to censor, and always justifying it in their minds perhaps assuming that they are doing good. - Perhaps some of them assume they are doing good, but interestingly, it always results in the state accumulating more power at the expense of the individual. And then where does it stop? You know, we humans are not very good at finding the right balance, and in this case, the right balance between chaos and order, between freedom and structure. We tend to go to extremes. - I think you still consider yourself a libertarian. There is something about government that always, over time, naturally builds a larger and larger bureaucracy, and in that machine of bureaucracy, it accumulates more and more power. And it's not always that some one individual member of that bureaucracy is the one that corrupts the initial principles on which the government was founded, but just something over time, you forget. You begin to censor. You begin to limit the freedoms of the individual, the ability of the individuals
它们开始审查,并且总是在自己心里为之辩护,也许还认定自己是在做好事。— 也许其中一些人确信自己在做好事,但有意思的是,结果总是国家积累更多权力,而代价是个人。那么它在哪里停下来呢?你知道,我们人类不太擅长找到恰当的平衡,在这件事上,就是混乱与秩序之间、自由与结构之间的平衡。我们倾向于走极端。— 我想你仍然认为自己是一个自由意志主义者。政府有某种特性,随着时间推移,总是自然而然地建立起越来越庞大的官僚体系,而在那台官僚机器里,它积累起越来越多的权力。而腐蚀政府创立之初所依据的那些原则的,并不总是这个官僚体系中的某一个成员,而是只是随着时间推移,你就会忘记。你开始审查。你开始限制个人的自由、限制个人
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55:23
to speak, to have a voice, to vote. It just gradually happens that way. - And the government is not some abstract notion. The government consists of people, and these people have goals. They would naturally be inclined to increase their level of influence, to have more subordinates, to have more resources, and that's how you end up in an endless loop of, you know, ever-increasing taxes, ever-increasing regulation, which ultimately just suffocates free market, free enterprise, and free speech. So, you do want to have very, very strict limitations on the extent the government can increase its powers at the expense of citizens. Ironically, you don't have those limitations.
发声、表达、投票的能力。事情就是这样一点一点发生的。- 而政府并不是某种抽象的概念。政府是由人组成的,这些人有自己的目标。他们天然就会倾向于扩大自己的影响力,拥有更多下属、更多资源,于是你就陷入了一个无休止的循环:税越收越多,监管越来越严,最终把自由市场、自由企业和言论自由都窒息掉。所以,你确实需要对政府以牺牲公民为代价来扩张权力的程度设置非常非常严格的限制。讽刺的是,你并没有这样的限制。
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05法国被捕与政治审查的要求
56:22
You're supposed to, in all countries which are considered to be free. It's supposed to be the Constitution that protects everybody, but interestingly, it doesn't always work this way. They are able to find very tricky phrasings in order to carve out exceptions, and then the exception becomes the rule. - On this topic, I'd love to talk to you about the recent saga of you being arrested in August of last year in France. I think I should say that it's one of the worst overreaches of power I've seen as applied to a tech leader in recent history, in all history.
在所有被认为是自由的国家里,本来应该是有的。本来应该由宪法来保护每一个人,但有意思的是,实际情况并不总是这样。他们能找到非常取巧的措辞来开出例外,然后例外就变成了常态。- 说到这个话题,我很想和你聊聊你去年八月在法国被捕这整件事。我想我应该说,这是我在近代史上、乃至在整个历史上见过的针对科技领袖最严重的权力越界之一。
便签引用
57:12
So it's tragic, but I think speaks to the thing that we've been talking about. So maybe can you tell the full saga what happened? You arrive in France... - I arrived in France last year in August just for a short two-day trip, and then I see a dozen armed policemen greeting me and asking me to follow them. They read me a list of something like 15 serious crimes that I'm accused of, which was mind-boggling. At first, I thought there must be some mistake. Then I realized they're being serious, and they're accusing me of all possible crimes that the users of Telegram have allegedly committed, or some users. And they think I should be responsible for this, which again, like you said, is something that never happened in the history of this planet. No country, not even an authoritarian one, did that to any tech leader, at least at this scale. There are good reasons for that, because you're sacrificing a big part of your economic growth by sending these kinds of messages to the business and tech community. So they put me in
这很悲剧,但我觉得恰恰印证了我们一直在谈的东西。所以,能不能讲讲整件事的经过?你到了法国……- 我去年八月到法国,只是一趟短短两天的行程,然后我就看到十几个持枪警察来"迎接"我,要求我跟他们走。他们向我宣读了一份清单,说我被指控犯有大约15项严重罪行,这简直匪夷所思。一开始我以为肯定是搞错了。后来我意识到他们是认真的,他们把Telegram用户——或者说某些用户——涉嫌犯下的所有可能的罪行都算到我头上。他们认为我该为此负责,这一点,就像你说的,是这个星球历史上从未发生过的事。没有任何国家,哪怕是威权国家,对任何科技领袖做过这种事,至少没有到这种程度。这么做是有充分理由的,因为你向商界和科技界发出这样的信号,等于是在牺牲自己很大一部分经济增长。于是他们把我塞进
便签引用
58:54
a police car, and I found myself in police custody. A small room, no windows. Just a narrow bed made of concrete. I spent almost four days there. In the process, I had to answer some questions of the policemen. They were interested in how Telegram operates. Most of it is public anyway, and I was struck by very limited understanding, or should I say, even a lack of understanding on behalf of the people who initiated this investigation against me about how technology works, how encryption works, how social media work.
警车,我就这样被警方拘留了。一个小房间,没有窗户。只有一张水泥砌的窄床。我在那里待了将近四天。过程中,我得回答警察的一些问题。他们想了解Telegram是怎么运作的。其中大部分内容本来就是公开的,而让我震惊的是,发起这项针对我的调查的那些人对技术如何运作、加密如何运作、社交媒体如何运作,理解极其有限,或者该说,几乎是毫无理解。
便签引用
59:57
- I mean, there's something darkly poetic about a tech founder of a platform where a billion people are communicating with each other, and you're on concrete, no pillow, for days, no windows. It's like a book. I mean, it reminds me, I'm a huge fan of Franz Kafka, and he's written about the absurdity of these kinds of situations, hence the Kafkaesque stories. There's a story literally about the situation that he wrote, perhaps predicted, called "The Trial," where a person is arrested for no reason that anybody can explain and is stuck in the judicial system for a long time. Fascinatingly, in that story, neither the person arrested nor any individual member of the system itself fully understands what is happening. Nobody can truly answer the questions, and eventually the person, spoiler alert, is mentally broken by the whole system, which is what bureaucracy can do in its most absurd forms. It breaks the spirit, the human spirit latent in all of us.
- 我是说,这里面有一种黑色的诗意:一个平台的科技创始人,十亿人在上面彼此交流,而你却躺在水泥板上,没有枕头,一连几天,没有窗户。这就像一本小说。这让我想起,我是弗兰兹·卡夫卡的忠实读者,他写过这类处境的荒诞,所以才有了"卡夫卡式"的故事。他有一个故事简直就是在写这种情形,或许可以说是预言了它,叫《审判》,讲一个人莫名其妙被捕,没人能解释原因,然后长期被困在司法系统里。有意思的是,在那个故事里,无论是被捕的人,还是系统里的任何一个个体,都没有完全搞明白到底发生了什么。没有人能真正回答那些问题,最后——剧透一下——这个人被整个系统摧毁了精神,这正是官僚体系在最荒诞的形态下能做到的事。它摧毁的是精神,是我们每个人身上潜藏的人的精神。
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1:01:02
That's the negative side of bureaucracy. - I agree with you on the absurdity of this thing, because if this was a good faith attempt to fix an issue, there were so many ways to reach out to Telegram, to reach out to me personally, voice their concerns, and solve any alleged problem in a way that is conventional and diplomatic, the way every other country on this planet solves its problems, including with Telegram, and we did it dozens of times. - Yeah, you have a nice page showing this. This is kind of like details that most people don't really think about. But Telegram was at the forefront of moderating CSAM and terrorist groups. There's a nice page, telegram.org/moderation, that shows just the incredible amount of groups and channels that are engaged in terrorist activity and CSAM activity that are blocked, actively blocked, found and blocked by Telegram. And a lot of this work, like you said, because of the automation that's done with machine learning, just the scale is insane. This is stuff that most noobs like me who are just chatting it up on Telegram don't
这就是官僚体系阴暗的一面。- 关于这件事的荒诞,我同意你的看法,因为如果这真是出于善意去解决某个问题,那他们有太多办法可以联系Telegram、直接联系我本人,表达他们的关切,然后用一种常规而外交的方式解决所谓的问题,就像这个星球上其他每个国家处理问题的方式一样,包括和Telegram打交道,我们这样做过几十次。- 是啊,你们有个很好的页面展示了这些。这属于大多数人不太会去想的细节。但Telegram在打击儿童性虐待内容(CSAM)和恐怖组织方面一直走在前列。有个很不错的页面,telegram.org/moderation,上面显示了数量惊人的、涉及恐怖活动和CSAM活动的群组与频道被封禁,都是Telegram主动发现并封禁的。而且这里面很多工作,就像你说的,因为用机器学习做了自动化,那个规模大得离谱。这些是像我这种在Telegram上只顾着聊天的小白根本不会去想的事。但事实上,上面有数量极其庞大的
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1:02:26
think about. But there's just an immense number of people essentially doing things that violate the law on there, and you have to find them immediately and catch it. I guess all platforms have to deal with it, and Telegram was doing a great job of dealing with that kind of content. And what you're saying is the French government had no idea. - Do they even know what machine learning is? - It's a concept that is challenging to explain to them, but I think they will learn much more about it by the end of this investigation. That's my hope.
人在做违法的事情,你必须立刻找到他们、抓住它。我想所有平台都得应对这个问题,而Telegram在处理这类内容上做得非常好。而你的意思是,法国政府对此一无所知。- 他们知道什么是机器学习吗?- 这个概念要向他们解释是挺有难度的,但我想到这次调查结束的时候,他们对它的了解会多得多。这是我的希望。
便签引用
1:03:03
In any case, you're right. I mean, if you look at Telegram, we've been fighting harmful content that is publicly distributed on our platform since 10 years ago, actually, since the time we launched public channels on Telegram. And since something like eight years ago, we had daily transparency reports on how many channels related to child abuse or terrorist propaganda we've taken down daily. Every day, we've taken like, maybe hundreds of them. And if you include all kinds of content that we remove, all the accounts, groups, channels, posts, that would amount to millions of pieces of content every week, hundreds of thousands every day.
不管怎么说,你说得对。你看Telegram,我们打击在平台上公开传播的有害内容已经打了十年了,实际上是从我们在Telegram上推出公开频道的时候就开始了。而且大约从八年前起,我们就有了每日透明度报告,公布我们每天下架了多少个与儿童虐待或恐怖主义宣传相关的频道。每一天,我们大概都要下架几百个。如果把我们清除的各类内容都算上,所有的账号、群组、频道、帖子,那每周就是数以百万计的内容,每天数以十万计。
便签引用
1:04:05
And then somebody would read the newspaper, get enraged because they would read something about child porn, and this is a subject that is very emotionally charged, and start doing something not based on data and logical thinking and laws, but based on emotions driven from inaccurate input. - Yeah, I think we should make it pretty clear that there's no world, no reason that the French government should have arrested you, but here we are. That's the situation you're in. So to be clear, you have to show up in front of a judge. Now all of this is beautifully absurd. It would be hilarious if it wasn't extremely serious. You have to show up in front of a judge every certain amount of time. And what is that experience like?
然后呢,有人看了报纸,读到关于儿童色情的报道就勃然大怒,而这个话题情绪色彩极强,于是他们开始行动,依据的不是数据、逻辑和法律,而是被不准确的信息激起的情绪。- 是啊,我觉得我们应该讲得很清楚:无论如何,法国政府都没有理由逮捕你,但现实就是如此。这就是你所处的处境。所以说明确一点,你必须出庭面对法官。这一切都荒诞得"精彩"。如果不是极其严肃的事情,简直会让人觉得好笑。你每隔一段时间就必须去见法官一次。那是一种什么样的体验?
便签引用
1:05:01
- In France, they have this role of investigative judge. I don't think you have it in many other places in the world. It means I'm not on trial, I'm being investigated. And in France, it's not just the police or prosecutor asking me questions, it's a judge, which, in my experience, is more like still a prosecutor, but it's called a judge, and that makes it harder to appeal. So if you're limited in, say, countries where you can travel, then to appeal that restriction will take you a lot of time. The investigation itself should have never been started. It's an absurd and harmful way of solving an issue as complicated as regulating social media. It's just the wrong tool.
- 在法国,有"预审法官"这个角色。我想世界上很多地方并没有这个制度。这意味着我并没有在受审,而是在被调查。而且在法国,向我提问的不只是警察或检察官,而是一位法官。以我的体验,这更像是另一个检察官,只不过被称作法官,这就让上诉变得更难。所以如果你被限制了,比如说能去哪些国家旅行,那么要就这个限制提出上诉,会耗掉你大量时间。这项调查本来就根本不该启动。用这种方式去解决像社交媒体监管这样复杂的问题,既荒谬又有害。这就是用错了工具。
便签引用
1:06:04
So we objected and appealed the investigation itself. We did last year, I believe. We're still not even given a hearing date for the appeal, because the process is painfully slow, not just for me but for everybody, which made me realize the system may be broken on many levels. You have other entrepreneurs affected by the French justice system telling me horror stories about their experiences, where businesses got paralyzed by very unnecessary actions of investigative judges that ended up being unjustified and biased. And in the end, you can perhaps solve it when you reach a higher court and you'll get justice, but you'll lose a lot of time and energy in the process.
所以我们提出了异议,对调查本身提起上诉。我记得是去年做的。到现在我们连上诉的开庭日期都还没拿到,因为这个流程慢得让人痛苦,不只是对我,对所有人都是如此,这让我意识到这套系统可能在很多层面上都是坏掉的。还有其他被法国司法系统波及的企业家跟我讲他们经历的恐怖故事,那些公司因为预审法官完全没必要的举动而陷入瘫痪,而这些举动最后被证明是毫无依据、带有偏见的。到最后,也许当你打到更高一级法院时能解决问题、得到公正,但这个过程会让你损失大量的时间和精力。
便签引用
1:07:18
So this is the only thing that is, I hope, different, and will be different in this case compared to the story you told from Kafka. - I mean, but it does, as Kafka describes, break a lot of people with time. So when do you hope... We should say that you were for a long time not allowed to travel out of France. Now you can travel to Dubai. We're now in Dubai. Got to meet many of the people that work at Telegram. Telegram is headquartered in Dubai. But you're not allowed to travel anywhere else. When do you think you're coming to Texas to hang out with me over there?
所以,这也是我希望唯一不同、并且在这个案子里会不同于你刚才讲的卡夫卡故事的地方。- 我是说,但正如卡夫卡所描写的,时间久了确实会击垮很多人。那你希望什么时候……我们应该说明一下,你在很长一段时间里都不被允许离开法国。现在你可以来迪拜了。我们现在就在迪拜。我见到了很多在Telegram工作的人。Telegram总部设在迪拜。但你还是不能去其他任何地方。你觉得你什么时候能来得克萨斯和我一起玩?
便签引用
1:08:01
- That's a hard question to answer because it doesn't depend on just my actions. I can just say this: I am patient. I will not let this limitation on my freedom dictate my actions. I will, if anything, double down on defending freedoms because I experienced firsthand what the absence of freedom feels like, at least during those four days in police custody when you are stuck, just stuck, unable to communicate with people that are important to you. When you don't even know what's going on in the world in relation to you personally. So I have no crystal ball that would tell me the future. I can't say that I'm pessimistic. I think we've been able to gradually remove most of the restrictions initially imposed on my freedom last August.
- 这个问题很难回答,因为这不只取决于我自己的行动。我只能这么说:我有耐心。我不会让这种对我自由的限制来左右我的行动。如果说有什么影响,那就是我会更加坚定地捍卫自由,因为我亲身体验过没有自由是什么滋味,至少在警方拘留的那四天里是这样——你被困住,就是被困住,无法和对你重要的人联系。你甚至不知道外面的世界正在发生什么、跟你个人有什么关系。所以我没有水晶球可以告诉我未来。我不能说我是悲观的。我觉得我们已经逐步取消了去年八月最初加在我自由上的大部分限制。
便签引用
1:09:23
- If the French government or the French intelligence agency want to have a backdoor to access private user messages, what would you say to them? Is there anything they can do to get access to the private user messages? - Nothing. My response would be very clear... but it won't be very polite, so I'm not sure. - It's good to say here. - It's good to say because you're wearing a tie and- - Yeah. This is a serious adult gentleman-like program. But it is a concern that people have is when you have so much pressure from governments, that over time, they'll wear you down and you'll give in. And then, of course, other places use that as propaganda, try to attack you. You get attacked by basically every nation.
- 如果法国政府或者法国情报机构想要一个后门来获取用户的私人消息,你会对他们说什么?他们有什么办法能拿到用户的私人消息吗?- 没有。我的回答会非常明确……但不会很礼貌,所以我不确定该不该说。- 在这儿说挺好的。- 在这儿说挺好的,因为你打着领带——- 是啊。这是个严肃的、成年绅士风格的节目。但人们确实担心一点:当你承受来自各国政府如此巨大的压力时,时间一长,他们会把你磨垮,你就会让步。然后当然,其他一些地方会拿这个做宣传,来攻击你。你基本上会被每一个国家攻击。
便签引用
1:10:19
So it's a difficult medium in which to operate. It's difficult to be you, fighting for freedom, fighting to preserve people's privacy. But is there something you could say to reassure people that you're not going to sacrifice any of the principles that you've just expressed? If the French government just keeps wearing you down? - I think the French government is losing this battle. This battle is wrong. The more pressure I get, the more resilient and defiant I become. And I think I have proven that in the last several months, when there were attempts to use my situation, being stuck here in France, by approaching me and asking me to do things in other countries, blocking certain channels, changing the way Telegram works. And not only I refused, I told the world about it, and I'm going to keep telling the world about every instance any government, in this case, in particular, the French government, tries to force me to do anything.
所以这是一个很艰难的生存环境。做你这样的人很难——为自由而战,为守护人们的隐私而战。但你有没有什么话可以让大家放心,保证你不会牺牲你刚刚讲的那些原则?哪怕法国政府一直这样消磨你?- 我认为法国政府在这场较量中正在输。这场较量本身就是错的。我承受的压力越大,我就变得越坚韧、越不屈。而且我觉得我在过去几个月里已经证明了这一点。当时确实有人试图利用我的处境——我被困在法国——来找我,要求我在其他国家做一些事情,封禁某些频道,改变Telegram的运作方式。我不仅拒绝了,我还把这件事公之于众,而且我会继续向全世界公开任何一个政府——在这个案例中,特别是法国政府——试图逼我做任何事情的每一次尝试。
便签引用
1:11:42
And I would rather lose everything I have than yield to this pressure, because if you submit to this pressure and agree with something that is fundamentally wrong and violates the rights of other people as well, you become broken inside. You become a shell of your former self on a deep biological and spiritual level. So, I wouldn't do that. There are probably other people in the world that would consider that, but I don't care. Telegram disappears, too. Something people don't understand, including in these intelligence services or governments. I don't care. I'll be fine. If they put me into prison for 20 years, which, let's be clear, it's not something that I think is realistic, but let's just think about it as a hypothetical situation, I would rather starve myself to death and die there, reboot the whole game, than do something stupid.
我宁愿失去我所拥有的一切,也不会向这种压力屈服,因为如果你屈服于这种压力,认同某件从根本上就是错误、并且同样侵犯他人权利的事情,你的内心就会破碎。你会变成从前那个自己的空壳,在很深的生物层面和精神层面上都是如此。所以,我不会那么做。世界上大概有别的人会考虑这么做,但我不在乎。Telegram没了也就没了。有些事人们并不明白,包括那些情报机构或政府。我不在乎。我会没事的。如果他们把我关进监狱二十年——当然说清楚,我并不认为这是现实的可能性,但就把它当成一个假设的情形来想——我宁愿在里面绝食至死、把整局游戏重启,也不会去做蠢事。
便签引用
1:13:01
- Let me ask you about an example of the thing you're talking about. Tell the saga of Telegram in the Romanian election. So, amidst all this, you are still fighting to preserve the freedom of speech. What happened, and what were some of the decisions you had to make? - So, when I got stuck in France, unable to leave the country for a few months, I was offered to meet the head of state foreign intelligence services through a person I know quite well. He's actually a well-known tech entrepreneur in France, and he's well-connected, and he said, "This guy wants to meet you." I said, "Okay, fine. Let's do that, but I'm not promising anything." I took the meeting, and in this meeting, I was asked to restrict what I see as restriction of freedom of speech in Romania. I don't know if you follow the whole saga with the Romanian elections. They had presidential elections last year.
- 我想问问你刚才说的那种事情的一个例子。讲讲Telegram在罗马尼亚大选中的那段经历吧。所以,在这一切当中,你仍然在为捍卫言论自由而战。当时发生了什么,你不得不做出哪些决定?- 事情是这样:当我被困在法国、几个月都无法离境的时候,有人通过一个我相当熟悉的人牵线,提出让我见一见国家对外情报部门的负责人。那位牵线人其实是法国一位知名的科技创业者,人脉很广,他说:"这个人想见你。"我说:"好啊,行,那就见吧,但我不保证任何事。"我去见了,在那次会面中,对方要求我做的事情,在我看来就是限制罗马尼亚的言论自由。我不知道你有没有关注罗马尼亚大选的整个风波。他们去年举行了总统选举。
便签引用
1:14:09
The results were- got canceled. Now, Romania, at that point when I had this meeting, was preparing for a new presidential election. The conservative candidate was not somebody who the French government was supportive of, so they asked me whether I would be shutting down, or ready to shut down, channels on Telegram that supported the conservative candidate, or protest against the pro-European candidates, so they called the guy they liked. I said, "Look, if there is no violation of the rules of Telegram, which are quite clear, you can't call to violence. But if it's a peaceful demonstration, if it's a peaceful debate, we can't do this. It would be political censorship. We protected freedom of speech in many countries in the world, including in Asia, in Eastern Europe, in the Middle East. We're not going to start engaging in censorship in Europe, no matter who's asking us." I was very clear to the guy who was the head of French intelligence.
结果——被取消了。当时我开这次会的时候,罗马尼亚正在筹备新一轮总统选举。那位保守派候选人并不是法国政府支持的人,所以他们问我,是否愿意关停、或者说是否准备好关停那些支持保守派候选人的Telegram频道,或者那些抗议亲欧候选人的频道——他们把自己中意的那个人是这么称呼的。我说:"听着,如果没有违反Telegram的规则——我们的规则很明确,不能煽动暴力。但如果是和平的示威,如果是和平的辩论,我们不能这么做。那会是政治审查。我们在世界上很多国家都保护过言论自由,包括在亚洲、在东欧、在中东。我们不会在欧洲开始搞审查,不管是谁来要求我们。"我对那位法国情报部门的负责人说得非常清楚。
便签引用
1:15:30
I said, "If you think that because I'm stuck here, you can tell me what to do, you're very wrong. I would rather do the opposite every time." And in a way, that's what I did. I um... had a small debate with him about the morality of this, this whole thing, and then at a certain point, just disclosed the content of this entire conversation, because I never signed an NDA. I don't ever sign NDAs with any people like that. I want to be able to tell the world what's going on. And that's quite shocking to me, that you would have people in the French government trying to get an advantage of this situation. Of course, if, you know, they had nothing to do with the start of this investigation itself, and use it to reach their political or geopolitical goals. I consider it an attempt to humiliate myself personally and millions of Telegram users collectively. And it's quite strange that the same agency asked us to do certain things in Moldova as well.
我说:『如果你以为我被困在这里,你就能对我指手画脚,那你就大错特错了。我每次都宁愿反着来。』从某种意义上说,我就是这么做的。我跟他就这整件事的道德问题小小争论了一番,然后在某个时刻,我干脆把这整段对话的内容全公开了,因为我从没签过保密协议。我从来不会跟这类人签保密协议。我希望自己能够把正在发生的事告诉全世界。让我相当震惊的是,法国政府里居然会有人想从这种局面中捞取好处——当然,如果说他们跟这项调查本身的启动毫无关系的话——并利用它来达成他们的政治或地缘政治目标。我认为这是在企图羞辱我个人,以及集体羞辱数百万 Telegram 用户。而且很奇怪的是,同一个机构也要求我们在摩尔多瓦做某些事。
便签引用
1:16:59
do certain things in Moldova as well. So even before that, I think it was October of last year, or September. I was arrested in Paris in late August, and then again approached through an intermediary, and asked, "Would you mind taking down some channels in Moldova? Because there is an election going on, and we're afraid there's going to be some interference with these elections. Could you please connect with the representatives of the government of Moldova and take care of it?" We said, "We're happy to take a look at it and see if there is content there that is in violation of our rules." And they sent us a list rules." And they sent us a list of channels and bots.
在摩尔多瓦做某些事。所以在那之前,我想是去年十月,或者九月。我是在八月底在巴黎被捕的,之后他们又通过一个中间人来找我,问:『你介不介意封掉摩尔多瓦的一些频道?因为那边正在举行选举,我们担心会有人干预这次选举。能不能请你跟摩尔多瓦政府的代表联系一下,把这件事处理好?』我们说:『我们很乐意看一看,看那里是否有违反我们规则的内容。』然后他们给我们发了一份清单,
便签引用
1:17:52
bots. Some of them were... So it was a very short list, and some of these channels and bots were in violation indeed of our rules, and we took them down, only a few of them. The rest were okay. Then they said, "Thank you," and sent us another list of dozens of channels, many, many channels. We looked at these channels, we realized that there is no solid foundation to justify banning them, and we refused to do that. But interestingly enough, the French intelligence services that were asking us to do this in Moldova let me know through their contact that after Telegram banned the few channels that were in violation of our rules in Moldova, they talked to my judge, the investigative judge in this investigation that is started, is has been started against me, and told the judge good things about me, which I found very confusing, and in a way shocking, because these two matters have nothing in common. Why would anyone talk to an investigative judge that is trying to find out whether Telegram
发了一份频道和机器人的清单。其中有些是……那是一份很短的清单,其中确实有些频道和机器人违反了我们的规则,我们就把它们下架了,只有少数几个。其余的都没问题。然后他们说:『谢谢』,接着又给我们发来另一份清单,上面有几十个频道,非常非常多的频道。我们看了这些频道,发现没有充分的依据来证明封禁它们是合理的,于是我们拒绝了。但有意思的是,那些要求我们在摩尔多瓦这么做的法国情报部门通过他们的联络人让我知道,在 Telegram 封掉摩尔多瓦那几个违反我们规则的频道之后,他们跟我的法官谈过了,就是针对我启动的这项调查的预审法官,并且跟法官说了我的好话。这让我非常困惑,某种程度上也挺震惊的,因为这两件事毫无关联。为什么会有人去跟一位正在查明 Telegram 在删除法国的非法内容方面是否做得够好的预审法官谈这些?摩尔多瓦跟这有什么关系?
便签引用
1:19:37
did a good enough job in removing illegal content in France? What does Moldova have to do with it? I got very suspicious at that moment. Remember, it happened after we blocked a few channels that violated our rules, but before we refused to block a long list of other channels that were completely fine, which is people expressing political views, which I may not agree with, but it's their right to express them. Not extreme views, not views that call to violence. That was extremely alarming. That was a moment when I told myself that there may be more going on here that I initially thought. Initially, I thought, "Yeah, some people are confused about how technology works." And here, after this case in Moldova, I got much more suspicious. So by the time the head of intelligence services met me to ask about Romania, to help them silencing conservative voices in Romania, I was already wary of what could be going on next.
那一刻我起了很大疑心。要记住,这发生在我们封掉几个违反规则的频道之后,但在我们拒绝封禁另一长串完全没问题的频道之前——那些只是人们在表达政治观点,我未必认同,但那是他们表达的权利。不是极端观点,也不是号召暴力的观点。这极其令人警觉。就是在那一刻,我告诉自己,这里面可能有比我最初以为的更多的东西。一开始我想,『是啊,有些人对技术怎么运作有误解。』而在这里,在摩尔多瓦这件事之后,我的疑心重了很多。所以等到情报部门的负责人来见我、问起罗马尼亚的事,想让我帮他们压制罗马尼亚的保守派声音时,我已经对接下来可能发生的事有所警惕了。
便签引用
1:21:18
- Yeah, so clearly this was a systematic attempt to pressure you to censor political voices that the French government doesn't agree with. And we should say that you have fought for freedom of speech for left-wing groups and right-wing groups, it really doesn't matter. So it's not, you don't have a political affiliation, political ideology that you fight for. You're creating a platform that, as long as they don't call for violence, allows people from all walks of life, from all ideologies to speak their mind. That's the whole point. And it happens to be conservative voices in the Romanian election that the French government wanted to censor, because currently the French government leans left. But if you flip everything around and the government would be right-wing, you'd be fighting against censorship of left-wing voices. And you have in the past, many times.
——是啊,所以很明显这是一次系统性的施压,想逼你审查法国政府不认同的政治声音。而且我们应该说,你为左翼团体和右翼团体的言论自由都抗争过,这真的无所谓。所以你并没有为之奋斗的政治立场或政治意识形态。你在打造的是一个平台,只要他们不号召暴力,就允许各行各业、各种意识形态的人畅所欲言。这才是关键。而这次碰巧是罗马尼亚选举中的保守派声音是法国政府想审查的,因为目前法国政府偏左。但如果把一切反过来,政府是右翼的,你就会去对抗对左翼声音的审查。而且你过去很多次都是这么做的。
便签引用
1:22:13
- Exactly. Ironically, we received a request from the French police to take down a channel of far-left protesters on Telegram in France. We refused to do that. We looked at the channel, peaceful protesters. It doesn't matter for us whether we're defending the freedom of speech of people leaning right or leaning left. During COVID, we were protecting activists that were organizing the Black Lives Matter events, and the other side, the protesters against lockdowns. We protect everybody as long as they are not crossing the lines and not starting to call to violence or incite damage to public property. It's a fundamental right to assemble. It's interesting that people who haven't had this experience of living in countries that don't have freedoms don't always realize how dangerous it is to gradually compromise your values, your principles, your freedoms, your rights, because they don't understand what's at stake.
——正是如此。讽刺的是,我们收到过法国警方的请求,要求下架 Telegram 上一个法国极左抗议者的频道。我们拒绝了。我们看了那个频道,是和平抗议者。对我们来说,我们捍卫的是偏右还是偏左的人的言论自由,这并不重要。在新冠期间,我们保护过组织『黑人的命也是命』活动的活动人士,也保护过另一边反对封锁的抗议者。只要他们没有越界、没有开始号召暴力或煽动破坏公共财产,我们就保护所有人。集会是一项基本权利。有意思的是,那些没有在缺乏自由的国家生活过的人,并不总能意识到一点一点地妥协你的价值观、你的原则、你的自由、你的权利有多危险,因为他们不明白利害攸关的是什么。
便签引用
1:23:56
- Yeah, these things become a slippery slope. So for many, many years, including currently, you have spoken very highly of France. You love French history, French culture. I think this situation, this historic wrong that's been done is simply just a gigantic PR mistake for France. There's no entrepreneur that aspires to be the next Pavel Durov to create the next Telegram, sees this and wants to operate in France after seeing this. There is no justification for this arrest, there's a misapplication of the law, all kinds of pressures, all kinds of behavior that seems politically motivated, all that kind of stuff, all the excessive regulation and bureaucracy. A nightmare for entrepreneurs that dream to create something impactful and positive for the world. So what do you think needs to be fixed about the French government, the French system? And then zooming out, because you have seen similar kinds of things in Europe that could enable entrepreneurs, that could reverse the trend that we seem to be seeing in Europe
——是啊,这些事会变成滑坡。这么多年来,包括现在,你一直对法国评价很高。你热爱法国历史、法国文化。我觉得这件事,这桩历史性的错案,对法国来说简直就是一个巨大的公关失误。没有哪个立志成为下一个帕维尔·杜罗夫、想创办下一个 Telegram 的创业者,看到这一切之后还想在法国经营。这次逮捕毫无正当理由,存在法律的错误适用,还有各种压力、各种看起来出于政治动机的行为,诸如此类,还有那些过度的监管和官僚主义。对于梦想创造出对世界有影响力、有积极意义的东西的创业者来说,这是一场噩梦。所以你觉得法国政府、法国的体制需要修正什么?然后再把视角拉远,因为你在欧洲也见过类似的情况——什么能让创业者有所作为,能扭转我们似乎正在看到的、欧洲对创业者越来越不友好的趋势。
便签引用
1:25:08
that is becoming less and less friendly to entrepreneurs. What can be fixed? What should be fixed? - I think the European society must decide where they want the ever-increasing public sector to stop increasing, what they think should be the right size of government. Because today, if you take France, for example, which is a beautiful country with a lot of talented people, but public expenses are 58% of the country's GDP. It's maybe as much or more than in the latest stage of the Soviet Union. So you have this balance where you have many more people representing the state as opposed to people trying to bring the country's economy forward by creating great products and great companies.
什么是可以修正的?什么是应该修正的?——我认为欧洲社会必须决定,他们希望这个不断膨胀的公共部门在哪里停止膨胀,他们认为政府的合理规模应该是多大。因为今天,拿法国举例,那是个美丽的国家,有很多有才华的人,但是公共支出占了这个国家 GDP 的 58%。这可能跟苏联末期差不多,甚至更高。所以你就有了这样一种失衡:代表国家的人,比那些试图通过创造伟大产品和伟大公司来推动国家经济向前的人多得多。
便签引用
1:26:26
The startup field, in my field, social media field, has been affected by it immensely. There was one great startup in this realm in France in the last 10 years. It was a location-based social network. It was eventually sold to Snapchat, but before it was sold, the founder asked me whether he should sell. I told him, "Never sell. You have a great thing going. You have lots of users. You have organic traction in many countries." And the first of this kind of success story in France. But then he sold anyway in a couple weeks. And later, I met him, he's trying to do a new thing now. I met him and I asked him, I was trying to understand what went wrong. And one of the things he told me about is that while he was trying to run his company, you know, competing with Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat, having all this pressure from investors, trying to hire the best people and persuade them to go to Paris, and he did a great job, by the way. But while he was trying to do that, he got also attacked by some silly investigation, again involving data protection
创业领域,在我所在的领域,社交媒体领域,受到的影响极其严重。过去十年,法国在这个领域出过一家很棒的创业公司。那是一个基于位置的社交网络。它最终被卖给了Snapchat,但在卖掉之前,创始人问过我要不要卖。我跟他说:『千万别卖。你势头很好。你有大量用户。你在很多国家都有自然增长的势头。』这会是法国这类成功故事中的头一个。但结果他还是在几周后卖掉了。后来我见到他,他现在在做一件新的事。我见到他,问他,我想弄明白到底哪里出了问题。他跟我说的其中一件事是,当时他一边要经营公司,你知道的,跟 Facebook、Instagram、Snapchat 竞争,承受来自投资人的种种压力,努力招最好的人、说服他们来巴黎——而且顺便说一句,他干得很出色。但就在他努力做这些的时候,他还遭到了某项无聊调查的攻击,同样牵涉数据保护问题,那调查没完没了,一点点吸干了
便签引用
1:27:57
issues, which lasted forever, and was gradually sucking the blood of his team and his company, constant interrogations, disclosure requests. And this is a young company. It significantly increases the level of stress, and at some point, I think the pressure was too much. He decided, "I'm going to just sell it." Eventually, it turned out that there was no issue. The investigation ended, as far as I understand, with no charges. But such investigations, they have a price, they have a cost. And unless the society realizes the cost of projects, of companies, of startups that are never created, or are sold to the United States at the very early stage, or other countries, resulting in decreased economic growth, things won't change. I think we just talked to a guy a few days ago who left France and started a business here in Dubai, and one of the reasons he had to leave France is that the government started an investigation on his company, and they froze his bank accounts, and this investigation
他的团队和公司的血——不停的问询、披露要求。而这是一家年轻的公司。这大大提高了压力水平,到某个时候,我想那压力实在太大了。他决定:『我干脆把它卖了吧。』最后事实证明根本没什么问题。据我所知,调查结束时没有任何指控。但这样的调查是有代价的,是有成本的。除非社会意识到那些从未被创办出来的项目、公司、创业公司的代价,或者那些在极早期就被卖给美国或其他国家的公司的代价——它导致了经济增长的下降——否则情况不会改变。我想我们几天前刚跟一个人聊过,他离开了法国,在迪拜这里创业,他不得不离开法国的原因之一是政府对他的公司启动了调查,冻结了他的银行账户,而这项
便签引用
1:29:31
that involved taxes lasted for many, many years. I believe he said eight years. And at the end of these eight years, the government reached the conclusion that there was nothing wrong. "He's good. It's okay." In the meantime, his corporate bank accounts were frozen. His business died. The only reason why he was able to retain sanity is because he moved to Dubai and started a new company, which is incredibly successful, and now he's enriching this city, which we're in right now, with his great ideas and creativity.
涉税调查持续了很多很多年。我记得他说是八年。八年之后,政府得出的结论是什么问题都没有。『他没事,没问题。』与此同时,他公司的银行账户被冻结了。他的生意死了。他之所以还能保持理智,唯一的原因是他搬到了迪拜,创办了一家新公司,那公司极其成功,现在他正用他出色的点子和创造力,让我们此刻所在的这座城市变得更加富有。
便签引用
1:30:17
- And by the way, having interacted with him, there's like a fire in his eyes, the human spirit that fuels entrepreneurship. Whatever that is, he doesn't have to do. He's made a lot of money. He probably doesn't have to do anything, but he still wants to create. And that fire's what fuels great nations. Build, build, build, build new stuff, expand, all of that, and regulation suffocates that. - You have to cherish those people. But I guess the French public, or some part of the French public, was misled, and I don't know when, perhaps since the time of the French Revolution, to believe that entrepreneurs are somehow their enemies. They're the evil rich people that are the cause of all problems, as if only you could make the rich share their ill-gotten wealth with the rest of the population, then every problem will be magically solved. In reality though, a lot of these people, that are starting such companies with fire in their eyes, are sacrificing their lives, their livelihood. They're working 20 hours
——顺便说一句,跟他打过交道你会发现,他眼里有一团火,那种驱动创业精神的人类精神。不管那是什么,他本来不必再做这些。他已经赚了很多钱。他大概什么都不用做了,但他还是想创造。而那团火正是伟大国家的燃料。建设、建设、建设,建造新东西、扩张,所有这一切,而监管会把它扼杀。——你必须珍视这些人。但我猜法国公众,或者一部分法国公众,被误导了,我不知道是从什么时候开始的,也许是从法国大革命那时候起,让他们相信创业者某种程度上是他们的敌人。他们是邪恶的有钱人,是一切问题的根源,仿佛只要能让富人把他们不义之财跟其他人分享,所有问题就会奇迹般地解决。但现实是,很多这些眼里有火、创办这类公司的人,是在牺牲自己的生活、自己的生计。他们一天工作
便签引用
1:31:28
a day. They're experiencing immense stress in order to fulfill their vision and bring value and good to the society around them. They create jobs. They create great services. They create great goods. They make your country grow. They make your people proud. You have to cherish them. But what does the system do to them? It squeezes them out, because, perhaps there was somebody in the tax authority that decided to advance their career, and perhaps, you know, was too ambitious and not too smart, so as a result, the company was destroyed. And now the same entrepreneur, by the way, who we talked to, is invited to come back to France. He's being offered really good terms. He said, "Are you gonna open this new venue on the Champs-Élysées? We're gonna give you the best location. We're gonna fund part of it, tax breaks."
20 个小时。他们承受着巨大的压力,为的是实现自己的愿景,为周围的社会带来价值和益处。他们创造就业。他们创造出色的服务。他们创造出色的产品。他们让你的国家成长。他们让你的人民自豪。你必须珍视他们。但这个体制对他们做了什么?把他们挤出去,因为,也许税务部门里有某个人想往上爬,也许,你知道的,野心太大而不够聪明,结果这家公司就被毁了。而顺便说一句,现在同一个创业者,就是我们聊过的那位,被邀请回法国。人家给他开出了非常优厚的条件。他说:『你要在香榭丽舍大街开这个新场所吗?我们给你最好的位置。我们出一部分钱,还有税收减免。』
便签引用
1:32:34
And he said, "Never. Just forget about it." "It's impossible. I'm not coming back to France." He's traumatized by the experience, and he's French. He was born there. He has a French passport. So, unless things like this change, France will, and the rest of Europe, will keep struggling with economic growth, with budget deficits, with unemployment, and all the other relevant social and economic metrics. - Yeah, it's heartbreaking. As many of these nations, I appreciate the historic and the cultural value, and I hope Europe and France flourish, but these are not the components required for flourishing. Quick pause, I need a bathroom break. All right, we had some tea. We're back.
而他说:『绝不。想都别想。』『不可能。我不会回法国。』他被那段经历弄出了心理创伤,而他是法国人。他在那里出生。他有法国护照。所以,除非这类事情有所改变,否则法国,以及欧洲其他地方,会一直在经济增长、财政赤字、失业率,以及所有其他相关的社会和经济指标上苦苦挣扎。——是啊,让人心碎。就像很多这样的国家一样,我欣赏它的历史和文化价值,我也希望欧洲和法国能繁荣起来,但这些不是繁荣所需要的要素。稍微暂停一下,我得去趟洗手间。好了,我们喝了点茶。我们回来了。
便签引用
06实验中学、竞争与哥哥尼古拉
1:33:30
Let's go back a bunch of years to the beginning. You mentioned you went to school with a super intensive education. So, I thought it'd be really interesting to look at some of the powerful aspects of that education, from the languages to the math. Can you actually describe some of the rigorous aspects of it and what you gained from it? - At the age of 11, I got the opportunity to enter an experimental school in St. Petersburg where I lived, and we had to pass a rigorous test to get accepted. The idea behind the school was that if you try to squeeze as much information as possible into a brain of a teenager, making a focus on math and foreign languages, then there will be some changes in the brain of the student that will allow the student to understand most other disciplines. But we had a class as a result that didn't have any single focus. It was very widespread across a lot of disciplines.
咱们回到很多年前,从头说起。你提到你上过一所教育强度超高的学校。所以我觉得看看那种教育中一些很有力量的方面会很有意思,从语言到数学。你能不能讲讲其中一些严苛的部分,以及你从中得到了什么?——11 岁那年,我有机会进入我当时生活的圣彼得堡的一所实验学校,我们得通过一场严格的考试才能被录取。这所学校背后的理念是:如果你试着把尽可能多的信息塞进一个青少年的大脑里,重点放在数学和外语上,那么学生的大脑就会发生某些变化,使他能够理解大多数其他学科。但结果我们那个班没有任何单一的侧重方向。它横跨非常多的学科,铺得很广。
便签引用
1:34:42
You would have at least four foreign languages, including Latin, English, French, German. In addition, you can get Ancient Greek. You would have classes like biochemistry or psychoanalysis, evolutionary psychology. The difference of this class as opposed to other classes in the same school, which was part of the Saint Petersburg State University and called Academic Gymnasium, was that unlike other classes, which were specialized in some single subject like physics or math or history, this one tried to get the best from all of these specialized classes and bring it into one curriculum. Since it was an experimental class, it wasn't possible to become a straight-A student, to be excellent in all the subjects. It was considered crazy to even try.
你至少要学四门外语,包括拉丁语、英语、法语、德语。另外,你还可以学古希腊语。你会上生物化学、精神分析、进化心理学这样的课。这个班跟同一所学校里其他班的区别在于——那所学校隶属于圣彼得堡国立大学,叫『学术文理中学』——不同于其他专攻某一门学科(比如物理、数学或历史)的班级,这个班试图把所有这些专门班级中最好的东西都拿过来,融进一套课程里。因为这是个实验班,所以不可能成为门门全优的学生,不可能在所有科目上都出色。连想都别想,那被认为是疯了。
便签引用
1:35:48
- So just assume nobody's able to handle it, you're just pushing the limits of the human mind. Four languages in parallel, math, evolutionary psychology, just overwhelming the mind and see what happens. - Yes, see what happens. This was an experiment. And it was in the middle of the '90s, remember, when Russia, particularly its educational system, wasn't regulated as much as it is today. It was in the middle between the two stages of the Russian history, the Soviet's history and the modern Russian history of the 21st century. In any case, I learned a lot from that experience. First of all, why I got into this course is because I kept being kicked out from other schools.
——所以就假定没人能应付得来,你们就是在挑战人类心智的极限。四门语言同时学,数学、进化心理学,就是把大脑塞爆,看看会发生什么。——是的,看看会发生什么。这就是一场实验。那是在90年代中期,你要知道,那时候的俄罗斯,尤其是它的教育体系,并不像今天这样受到严格管控。那是处在俄罗斯历史两个阶段之间的时期,苏联时期的历史和21世纪现代俄罗斯的历史之间。不管怎样,我从那段经历中学到了很多。首先,我之所以会进那个班,是因为我不断被别的学校开除。
便签引用
1:36:38
- Challenging authority? - I was good at all subjects, but not behavior, you know. We had this behavior grade in the Soviet Union, in early '90s. Perhaps they even have it today, I'm not sure. I was very bad at behavior. Always challenging the teachers, always pointing out their mistakes. - By the way, that's not such a bad thing, right? Like, if you were looking back, there's some value to that, right? For young people to, maybe respectfully, but challenge the authority, the wisdom of old, right?
——挑战权威?——我各门功课都很好,但就是行为表现不行。在苏联,90年代初我们有一个叫"操行"的评分。也许今天还有,我不确定。我的操行分非常差。总是挑战老师,总是指出他们的错误。——顺便说一句,这其实不算什么坏事,对吧?就是说,现在回头看,这是有价值的,对吧?对年轻人来说,哪怕是以礼貌的方式,去挑战权威、去质疑那些老派的智慧,对吧?
便签引用
1:37:14
- I think I was very lucky to be able to do that and to be able to get away with it in the end. Because normally if you keep challenging authorities, you just get kicked out of all schools, and then you end up nowhere. So I eventually got into a school where challenging teachers was not fully okay, but it was something that you could do and then you would start a debate with the teacher, and normally they would allow you to express your point of view, and then some objective truth may come out of it as a result.
——我觉得我非常幸运,能够那样做,而且最后还没为此付出代价。因为通常来说,如果你不停地挑战权威,你就会被所有学校开除,然后就无处可去了。所以我最后进了一所学校,在那里挑战老师虽然不是完全可以接受,但你是可以那么做的,然后你就会和老师展开辩论,通常他们会允许你表达自己的观点,最后可能就会得出某种客观的真理。
便签引用
1:37:58
But at that point, I was pretty bored with my life, you know? Every teenager gets to a point when they have this sort of existential crisis. What's the point of life? What am I even doing here? At some point, I decided since I have to go to school anyway, I might as well try to do something impossible and become the best student and get an A, or what we called five in the Russian system, on every single subject. And that kept me busy for a while. It was incredibly difficult because you didn't have enough time.
但在那个阶段,我对自己的生活挺厌倦的,你懂吗?每个青少年都会走到那一步,会有那种存在主义危机。活着的意义是什么?我到底在这儿干什么?到了某个时候,我决定既然我反正都得上学,那我不如去试着做一件不可能的事,成为最优秀的学生,每一门课都拿A,或者按俄罗斯的评分体系叫"五分"。这件事让我忙活了好一阵子。那真是难得离谱,因为时间根本不够用。
便签引用
1:38:48
Even if you just studied all the time, not doing anything else, you didn't have any time left to prepare all the homework tasks and get ready for all the tests. So I ended up using the breaks between classes, but I got to the result I wanted to get to. I got the excellent mark in every subject, and that kept me happy for a while. - What did you understand about an effective education system from studying foreign languages at the same time, doing such a diversity? Like, if you were to design an education system from scratch for young people, especially in the 21st century, what would that look like? You posted about the value of mathematics as a foundation for everything.
哪怕你一直在学习,什么别的事都不做,你也没有多余的时间去准备所有的作业,也没时间为所有的考试做准备。所以我最后连课间休息都用上了,但我确实达到了我想要的结果。我每一门课都拿到了优秀,这让我开心了好一阵子。——你同时还学外语,涉猎这么多样的领域,从中你对一个有效的教育体系有什么理解?比如说,如果让你从零开始为年轻人设计一套教育体系,尤其是在21世纪,它会是什么样?你曾发帖谈过数学作为一切基础的价值。
便签引用
1:39:39
- Yeah, I still think math is essential. It's something that shapes your brain. It teaches you to rely on your logical thinking to split big problems into smaller parts, put them in the right sequence, solve them patiently, trying again if it doesn't work. And this is exactly the same skill you need in programming, in project management, and start it when you start your own company. And it's one of the few subjects in school which encourages you to develop your own thinking as opposed to rely on what other people have to say and just repeating their opinions. That is extremely valuable. And of course, once you're good at math, you can apply it in physics, in engineering, in coding. And it's not surprising there that most of the most successful tech founders and CEOs are very good at math and coding because ultimately, it's the same mental skill that you rely on. But back then in the school, I realized something else as well: it's that competition is really important. Competition is key. This is what motivates a lot
——是的,我到现在还认为数学是必不可少的。它会塑造你的大脑。它教你依靠逻辑思维,把大问题拆分成小部分,把它们按正确的顺序排列,耐心地逐个解决,不行就再试一次。而这恰恰就是你在编程中需要的那种能力,在项目管理中,以及当你创办自己的公司时也一样。而且它是学校里为数不多的、能鼓励你去培养自己的思考能力,而不是依赖别人怎么说,然后只是重复他们的观点。这一点极其有价值。当然,一旦你数学好了,就可以把它应用到物理、工程、编程上。所以不奇怪的是,大多数最成功的科技创始人和CEO都非常擅长数学和编程,因为归根结底,你依靠的是同一种思维能力。但当年在学校里,我还意识到另一件事:那就是竞争真的很重要。竞争是关键。这是激励很多青少年在学校里努力的动力。如果你把竞争从教育体系里移除,
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1:41:20
of teenagers when they're at school. And if you remove competition out of the education system, you will end up forcing kids to start competing elsewhere, for example, in video games. It's a trend you see now in many countries, including in the West, when well-meaning authorities or parents say, "We don't want our kids to be too stressed. We don't want them to feel anxiety. So let's just get rid of all the public grading system, all these rankings of who won, who lost. We don't want any of that." And part of it is justified, but as a result, some kids lose interest. Yes, you eliminate the losers, but you end up eliminating the winners as well.
最后你就会逼着孩子们去别的地方竞争,比如在电子游戏里。这是你现在在很多国家都能看到的趋势,包括在西方,当好心的当局或家长说:“我们不希望孩子压力太大。我们不希望他们感到焦虑。所以干脆取消所有公开的评分制度,所有那些谁赢谁输的排名。我们不要这些东西。”其中一部分是合理的,但结果是,有些孩子失去了兴趣。是的,你消灭了失败者,但你最后也把赢家一起消灭了。
便签引用
1:42:22
And then if you're overprotective of the kids in that age, they grow up, graduate schools or universities, and they are still not prepared for real life because real life is constant competition for jobs, for promotions, for customers, and it's more brutal. What you have as a result is high suicide rates, high unemployment, all the things and negative trends you see now in many countries which thought eliminating competition from their education systems was a good idea, they still persist. They still think competition's a bad thing. They try to eliminate competition from their economy as well to an extent, saying, "We're gonna make sure the losers don't lose and the winners don't get too much."
而且如果你在那个年纪对孩子过度保护,等他们长大,从学校或大学毕业,他们仍然没有为真实生活做好准备,因为真实生活就是不断的竞争——争工作、争晋升、争客户,而且更加残酷。结果就是高自杀率、高失业率,以及所有你现在在很多国家看到的负面趋势,那些曾经认为把竞争从教育体系里剔除是个好主意的国家,这些问题依然存在。他们仍然认为竞争是件坏事。他们也试图在一定程度上把竞争从经济中剔除,说:“我们要确保失败者不会真的输,赢家也别赢太多。”
便签引用
1:43:27
But as a result, they make their entire systems less competitive, their entire economies. Some of them in Europe are now struggling to keep up with China, with South Korea, with Singapore, with Japan, and other places where the education system was based on ruthless competition. So this is a hard choice any civilization has to make. We support competition, understanding that eventually it leads to progress in science and technology and abundance for society at large. Or we remove competition thinking that somehow we can shield the future generations from the stress that competition inevitably causes.
但结果是,他们让整个体系、整个经济都变得缺乏竞争力。其中一些欧洲国家现在很难跟上中国、韩国、新加坡、日本,以及其他那些教育体系建立在残酷竞争之上的地方。所以这是任何文明都必须做出的一个艰难选择。我们支持竞争,明白它最终会带来科学技术的进步,以及整个社会的富足。或者我们取消竞争,以为我们能以某种方式让后代免受竞争必然带来的压力。
便签引用
1:44:22
- Yeah, I mean, it's grounded in a good instinct of compassion. You don't want people who are, who suck at a thing to feel pain, but it seems like struggle is a part of life. Either you do it early or you do it later. And it's true, that's such a good point that competition does seem to be a really powerful driver of skill development, like you mentioned, pursuing mastery. There's something in human nature that, especially for young people, if you can compete at a thing, you're gonna be really driven to get good at that thing. If you can direct that in the education system as China does, as many, as many nations like you mentioned do, then you're going to develop a lot of brilliant people, resilient people, people that are ready to create epic stuff in the world.
- 是啊,我是说,这背后是一种出于同情心的良好本能。你不希望那些在某件事上很糟糕的人感到痛苦,但看起来挣扎本来就是人生的一部分。你要么早点经历,要么晚点经历。而且确实,这个观点非常好——竞争似乎真的是技能发展的强大推动力,就像你提到的,追求精通。人性中有某种东西,尤其是对年轻人来说,如果你能在一件事上竞争,你就会有极强的动力把那件事做好。如果你能在教育体系中引导这种动力,像中国那样,像你提到的很多国家那样,那么你就会培养出大量才华横溢的人、有韧性的人,能够在世界上创造出伟大成就的人。
便签引用
1:45:08
- I think there is a lot of evidence proving that we are biologically wired to compete and establish our understanding of what our qualities are and talents are in relation to other people around us. And this is one of the ways society self-regulates. - Speaking of competition, your brother, Nikolai, he's a mathematician, programmer, expert in cryptography. He has won the IMO, International Mathematics Olympiad. He got gold medal three times, ICPC Programming two times, has two PhDs in mathematics.
- 我认为有大量证据证明,我们在生物学上天生就被设定要去竞争,并通过与周围的人相比较来确立我们对自身品质和才能的认识。而这也是社会自我调节的方式之一。- 说到竞争,你哥哥尼古拉是一位数学家、程序员、密码学专家。他拿过 IMO,也就是国际数学奥林匹克竞赛,三次金牌,两次 ICPC 编程竞赛冠军,还有两个数学博士学位。
便签引用
1:45:51
And you have worked together for many years, creating incredible technologies that we've been talking about. So what have you learned about just life from your brother? - Well, first of all, I must say I learned pretty much everything from my brother, everything I know. Because when we used to be kids, we slept in the same bedroom, like beds a few feet away from each other. and I kept bugging him with questions. I would ask him about dinosaurs and galaxies and black holes and Neanderthals, everything I could think of, and he was my Wikipedia back in the time when we didn't have internet access. He's a unique prodigy kid, probably one in a billion.
你们一起共事了很多年,创造了我们刚才聊到的那些了不起的技术。那么关于人生,你从你哥哥身上学到了什么?- 嗯,首先我得说,我几乎所有的东西都是从我哥哥那儿学来的,我知道的一切。因为我们小时候,睡在同一个卧室里,两张床相隔也就几英尺。我不停地拿问题去烦他。我会问他恐龙、星系、黑洞、尼安德特人,凡是我能想到的一切。在那个还没有网络的年代,他就是我的维基百科。他是个独一无二的神童,大概是十亿里挑一。
便签引用
1:46:45
He started reading at the age of three, I think, and he pretty fast got so advanced in math that by the age of six, he could already read really sophisticated books on astronomy. Sometimes when he did it in public places like buses or metro, my mom was criticized by people who were witnessing it. They would tell her, "Why are you mocking your own kid with this serious book? It's obvious the kid can't understand everything there. It's too complicated. Even we don't understand anything there. There are some formulas." And he was already sucking in this knowledge. He just has this thirst for information. So, he was the source of all kinds of great facts, useful things, inspiring things.
我记得他三岁就开始读书了,数学进步得特别快,到六岁的时候,他已经能读相当高深的天文学书籍了。有时候他在公共场合看,比如公交车或地铁上,我妈还会被旁边看到的人指责。他们会跟她说:“你干嘛拿这么严肃的书来捉弄自己的孩子?这孩子明显不可能看懂里面的东西。太复杂了,连我们都看不懂,里面还有公式呢。”而他当时已经把这些知识全吸收进去了。他就是对信息有一种渴求。所以他是各种精彩事实、实用知识和启发性想法的来源。
便签引用
1:47:50
He taught me pretty much everything I know. At the same time, he is incredibly modest and kind, and this is something I think a lot of people that think they're smart but not genuinely intelligent, lack. More often than not, people who are truly intelligent, they're also kind and compassionate. - And he is that. - Definitely. - You actually have been staying out of the public eye for the most part. You've done very few interviews. You're pretty low-key. But your brother is on another level. He's been staying out of the public eye. What's behind that?
我知道的几乎一切都是他教我的。同时,他又极其谦虚、善良,而我觉得这恰恰是很多自以为聪明、但并非真正有智慧的人所缺少的。多数情况下,真正有智慧的人,也是善良而有同理心的。- 而他就是这样的人。- 绝对是。- 其实你自己大部分时候也远离公众视野。你接受的采访很少,非常低调。但你哥哥是另一个级别了。他一直躲着公众视线。这背后是什么原因?
便签引用
1:48:34
- Part of it is his natural modesty. He doesn't need to do it. He doesn't feel this urge to show off, brag about stuff. I tried to avoid it as well, but at a certain point, I realized that me being too private, too secretive, becomes a liability because it creates this void, this emptiness that people and organizations that don't like Telegram very much are willing to fill with inaccurate information, and they're willing to spread narratives about Telegram, which can result in strange situations, some of which we discussed earlier, for example, this French investigation.
- 一部分是他天生的谦逊。他不需要这么做。他没有那种想炫耀、想显摆的冲动。我自己也尽量避免抛头露面,但到了某个时候我意识到,我太隐秘、太神秘,反而成了一种负担,因为这会制造出一片空白、一种真空,而那些不太喜欢 Telegram 的人和机构,很乐意用不准确的信息去填补它,他们乐于散播关于 Telegram 的各种叙事,这就可能导致一些奇怪的局面,其中有些我们前面也聊到了,比如法国的那次调查。
便签引用
07从 VK 到 Telegram 的工程哲学
1:49:32
- Yeah. I've gotten to know you more and more, and there's a deep integrity to you that I think is good to show to the world. There's a lot of attack vectors on user privacy, and I think the most important, the last wall of protection is the actual people that are running the company. So it's important to some degree for you to be out there, showing your true self. So we should say that also you didn't mention, but you're a programmer From an early age, you started coding at 10. First things you built were a video game at 11, and then eventually 10 years later, at 21, you programmed the initial versions of VK single-handedly. Can you talk to me about your programming journey that led to the creation of VK? What was the VK stack? Was it PHP mostly? How did you figure out how to program websites, all of that?
- 是啊。我越来越了解你,我觉得你身上有一种很深的正直感,这是值得让世界看到的。用户隐私面临着很多攻击面,而我认为最重要的、最后一道防线,其实是经营这家公司的那些人。所以在某种程度上,你确实有必要站出来,展示真实的自己。我们还应该提一句,你没说的是,你本身就是个程序员。你很小就开始写代码,10 岁就开始了。你最早做出来的东西是 11 岁时写的一个电子游戏,然后 10 年后,21 岁的时候,你独自一人写出了VK 的最初版本。能聊聊你从编程一路走到创造 VK 的历程吗?VK 的技术栈是什么?主要是 PHP 吗?你是怎么搞明白怎么给网站写程序的,这一切是怎么来的?
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1:50:27
- I wasn't interested in programming websites at first. I didn't even have access to the internet when I was 10 years old. But I liked video games. I didn't have enough of them, and the scarcity forced me to start building them, more computer games just to play myself. It's actually an interesting thing that we sometimes don't realize it, but scarcity leads to creativity, and one of the reasons you have so many people who love to code coming from the Soviet Union or other places which didn't have much access to modern technology, and more importantly, modern entertainment, is that perhaps we were not so much distracted by all this abundance of different entertainment options, which is not to say it's bad to have those options. It's just a fact that we sometimes don't appreciate. So I started to build computer games.
- 一开始我对做网站没什么兴趣。我 10 岁的时候甚至都没有网络。但我喜欢电子游戏。我玩的游戏不够多,这种匮乏逼着我自己去做游戏,做更多只给自己玩的电脑游戏。其实这件事挺有意思的,我们有时候意识不到:匮乏会催生创造力。为什么有那么多热爱写代码的人来自苏联或者其他接触不到现代科技、更重要的是接触不到现代娱乐的地方?原因之一可能就是我们没有被那么多五花八门的娱乐选择分散注意力。这并不是说有这些选择不好,只是一个我们有时候没能体会到的事实。所以我开始做电脑游戏。
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1:51:37
My brother would sometimes guide me. For example, I would create this turn-based strategy, of course two-dimensional. Back then, three-dimensional was too much for me. But it wasn't as slick in terms of the scrolling FPS, frames per second, parameter, and asked my brother how to optimize it. He would guide me, and this kind of learning and training really shaped my coding skills when I was younger. Then I started to create video games for my classmates. When we played, for example, tic-tac-toe on an infinite field in my class during the breaks, you know, and not tic-tac-toe, the three in a row.
我哥哥有时候会指点我。比如我会做一个回合制策略游戏,当然是二维的。那会儿三维对我来说太难了。但游戏在滚动的流畅度上不太行,也就是 FPS、每秒帧数这个指标,于是我就去问我哥哥怎么优化。他会给我指路,这种学习和训练真正塑造了我年轻时的编程能力。后来我开始给同学们做游戏。比如课间的时候我们在班上玩无限棋盘的井字棋,你知道的,不是那种三子连珠的井字棋,
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1:52:34
This was a bit five in a row, and an infinite field. This is a much more interesting game, and it gets quite complicated if you keep playing it. My classmates used to love it, and some of my classmates were really smart, you know, champions of math Olympians, sons and daughters of professors at the university, and I decided, "No, I want to win every single time." I don't want to lose even a single time, so how do I win? I need to practice more. But how do I practice more? I need an opponent stronger than myself. So, I coded this game so that I would play against the computer, and the computer would calculate, I think, four moves in advance to choose the optimal strategy. That wasn't enough, four moves in advance. I would still win over it. If I tried to calculate five or six, it was too slow. So, I asked my brother, "Help me out here." So, he made this algorithm. Eventually, I trained myself to win every single time, even with the computer back then. We didn't have modern CPUs and I could still retain some
更像是五子棋,而且是无限大的棋盘。这个游戏有意思多了,越玩下去就越复杂。我同学们特别喜欢,而且我有些同学真的很聪明,是数学奥赛的冠军,是大学教授的儿女,于是我就想:“不行,我要每一局都赢。”我一局都不想输,那怎么才能赢呢?我得多练。但怎么多练?我需要一个比我自己更强的对手。所以我就把这个游戏写成了我跟电脑对战的形式,电脑会往前推算,我记得是四步,来选出最优策略。但四步还不够,我照样能赢它。如果我想算五步或六步,速度就太慢了。所以我去找我哥哥:“帮我一把。”于是他做了个算法。最后我把自己练到每一局都能赢,连当时的电脑也赢得了,毕竟那会儿我们没有现代的 CPU,所以我还是保住了一点自信。我回到学校,课间跟同学们下棋,
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1:53:53
self-confidence. I would go back to school during breaks, play with my classmates, and soon people started to lose interest. None of my classmates wanted to play this game anymore. I killed the game. There's no- So after that, when I got into St. Petersburg State University, it was quite boring just to study because it was too easy. So, I thought, "What can I do there?" I created a website for the students of my faculty first. I organized the creation of digital answers to all exams and a digitized version of all lectures, which was something very unique back then. Remember, it was 25 years ago.
很快大家就失去兴趣了。没有一个同学还想玩这个游戏。我把这个游戏玩死了。所以在那之后,当我考进圣彼得堡国立大学,单纯学习挺无聊的,因为太容易了。于是我就想:“我在那儿能做点什么呢?”我先是给我们系的学生做了个网站。我组织人做了数字化的所有考试的答案,还有所有课程讲义的电子版,这在当时是非常独特的东西。别忘了,那是 25 年前。
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1:54:49
I would put together a website where I would publish all these materials, and pretty soon it became super popular. I opened a discussion forum there. In a few years, I expanded to the university with all of its other departments, and then to other universities. We ended up having tens of thousands of users just as a student support tool. We had all kinds of social features there: friends lists, photo albums, profiles, blogs, all of it. It was quite successful, and after I graduated the university, one of my ex-classmates from the school reached out to me after reading about my successes in a newspaper, the main business newspaper of St.
我就做了一个网站,把这些资料都发布上去,很快它就变得特别火。我在上面开了一个讨论论坛。几年之内,我把它扩展到了学校的其他所有院系,然后又扩展到其他大学。到最后我们有了好几万用户,而它只是一个学生互助工具。我们在上面做了各种社交功能:好友列表、相册、个人资料、博客,全都有。它当时相当成功。我大学毕业后,有一个中学时代的老同学在报纸上读到我的成功事迹后联系了我,那是一份报纸,圣彼得堡最主要的商业报纸。
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1:55:48
Petersburg, and he asked me, "Are you trying to build a Russian Facebook?" I said, "I'm not sure. What's Facebook?" So, we met. He, since he graduated in American university two years before that, he showed me Facebook. I thought, "Well, I kind of already have all of this technology, but it's valuable to know which elements I should get rid of in order to scale this thing and have millions of users." This is also something people don't appreciate that sometimes in order to move forward and have more success, you have to get rid of things, including technology. Getting rid of features is super important.
他问我:“你是想做一个俄罗斯版的 Facebook 吗?”我说:“我不确定。Facebook 是什么?”于是我们见了面。他两年前从美国的大学毕业,就给我看了 Facebook。我当时想:“其实这些技术我基本都已经有了,但关键是要知道该砍掉哪些东西,才能把这个东西做大,做到几百万用户。”这也是很多人不理解的一点:有时候为了往前走、取得更大的成功,你必须砍掉一些东西,包括技术。砍掉功能是极其重要的。
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1:56:40
- Simplify, both for scaling and for making it amenable to just growing the user base where people get it immediately. - Yes. Otherwise, it's just too complicated for the new user. The existing users will be happy. They'll be praising you. They'll be asking you to add more stuff to make it even more complicated. So, it's easy to lose track and get disoriented if you are only relying on the feedback of existing users. As a result, I started the website called Vkontakte, or VK. It means "in touch" in Russian. Initially to solve my own personal problem, I graduated the university that same year and I wanted to be in touch, remain in touch with my ex-classmates from the university and other fellow students. And of course, as a 20-year-old, other fellow students. And of course, as a 20-year-old, I wanted to meet other people, including good-looking girls.
——做减法,既是为了扩展性,也是为了让用户一上手就能立刻明白怎么用,从而更容易增长用户群。——对。否则对新用户来说就太复杂了。老用户会很开心,会夸你,还会要求你加更多东西,让它变得更复杂。所以如果你只听现有用户的反馈,很容易迷失方向、失去判断。结果我做了一个叫 Vkontakte 的网站,简称 VK。在俄语里是“保持联系”的意思。一开始是为了解决我自己的问题——那一年我大学毕业,我想和大学里的老同学以及其他同学保持联系。当然,作为一个 20 岁的年轻人,当然,作为一个 20 岁的年轻人,我也想认识别人,包括漂亮姑娘。
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1:57:46
So, I started to build it from scratch. For that one I thought, "I'm not going to use any third-party libraries, modules because I want to make it as efficient as possible." I was obsessing over every line of code. But then how do you start something that large? Like, I didn't have any prior experience of creating a project of that scale, which would involve everything. Before, I would reuse some existing solutions. Here, I wanted to build from scratch, so I called my brother. He was a postdoc student in Germany at the time in the Max Planck University, and I asked him, "What should I start from?" And he told me, "Just build a module to authorize users." Just not a way to log in, you know?
于是我从零开始做。对这个项目我想:“我不打算用任何第三方库或模块,因为我想让它尽可能高效。”我对每一行代码都近乎偏执。但问题是,这么大的东西该从哪儿开始?我之前完全没有做过这种规模项目的经验,它涉及方方面面。以前我都是复用现成的方案。这次我想从零开始,所以我给我哥打了电话。他当时在德国做博士后,在马克斯·普朗克(研究所),我问他:“我该从什么开始做?”他说:“先做一个用户鉴权模块。”就是能登录,明白吗?
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1:58:54
Not even to sign up, just to log in, because you can pre-populate the database with credentials and emails and passwords. It doesn't really matter, but once you see that you can type in your password and email and you're in, and it tells you "hello" using your name. Then you will have a clear understanding where to go from there. - Yeah, I mean, that's true. - That's one of the best advice I've ever got in my life. It worked perfectly, by the way. I started to build it and before I knew it, there on that website, photo albums, private messages. This guest book we used to call "the wall"
甚至不用做注册,就做登录,因为你可以先在数据库里预填一些账号、邮箱和密码。这些都无所谓,但一旦你看到你能输入邮箱和密码就进去了,页面还叫着你的名字说“你好”,那一刻你就会很清楚接下来该往哪儿走。——是啊,确实如此。——那是我这辈子得到过的最好的建议之一。顺便说,它完全奏效了。我开始动手做,不知不觉间,那个网站上就有了相册、私信,还有一个留言板,我们在 VK 上管它叫“墙”,我想 Facebook 早期也是这么叫的。
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1:59:41
back on VK and, I guess, in the early days of Facebook, we ended up building something even more sophisticated than Facebook at the time, with more features. I had a girlfriend at the time, I asked her, "We need to somehow come up with a database of all Russian schools and universities and their departments and subdivisions." She did a great job trying to source all this information online or sometimes writing emails to universities saying, "Which departments do you have exactly at this point? We need to know," or reaching out to the Department of Education, both in Russia and then in Ukraine, and then eventually in Belarus, in Kazakhstan, and other countries where VK ended up to be the largest and most popular social network. So we did a few things that were quite unique at the time, and for the first almost a year, I was the single employee of the company. I was the backend engineer, the frontend engineer, the designer. I was the customer support officer.
最后我们做出来的东西比当时的 Facebook 还要复杂,功能更多。我当时有个女朋友,我跟她说:“我们得想办法整理出一个包含所有俄罗斯中学、大学以及各个院系和下属专业的数据库。”她做得非常出色,她到处在网上搜集这些资料,有时候还给大学写邮件问:“你们现在具体有哪些院系?我们需要知道。”或者去联系教育部,先是俄罗斯,然后是乌克兰,再后来是白俄罗斯、哈萨克斯坦,以及其他一些 VK 后来成为最大、最受欢迎社交网络的国家。所以我们做了一些当时相当独特的事情。而且最初将近一年时间里,我是公司唯一的员工。我是后端工程师,是前端工程师,是设计师,是客服,
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2:01:03
I was the marketing guy as well, coming up with all the wordings and the announcements, coming up with competitions to promote VK, which worked quite well. That was an incredible experience that gave me knowledge of every aspect of a social networking platform. - Also, an understanding of how much a single person can do. - Exactly. It's one of the reasons why I like to think I'm an efficient project manager and product manager inside Telegram, because I will not take anything but ambitious deadlines from my team members. If somebody gives me, "Oh, I need three weeks to do that." I would reply, "Well, I built the first version of VK in just two weeks. Why would you need three weeks? It seems like something you could make real in just three days. Three weeks? What are you going to do the rest of the three weeks apart from those three days?"
也是市场人员,所有文案和公告都是我写的,还策划各种推广 VK 的活动,效果都相当不错。那是一段难以置信的经历,让我了解了一个社交平台的方方面面。——同时也让你明白一个人到底能做多少事。——正是如此。这也是为什么我觉得自己在 Telegram 内部算是个高效的项目经理和产品经理,因为我只接受有野心的截止时间。如果有人跟我说:“这个我需要三周。”我会回答:“我两周就做出了 VK 的第一版。你为什么需要三周?这种东西看起来三天就能做出来。三周?那除了那三天,剩下的时间你打算干什么?”
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2:02:18
And, you know, the team knows me, and that's why we are able, today at Telegram, to move at a very good pace of innovation every month. We're pushing several meaningful features, I think, out-competing everybody else in this industry in terms of what you can do within a short timeframe. So yes, that experience was invaluable. As for the stack, I started from PHP and MySQL, Debian Linux, but very soon I realized I needed to optimize this. I started using Memcached. Apache servers were not enough anymore. We had to set up NGINX, and my brother was still living in Germany, so he couldn't help me much for the first year of building VK. Sometimes I would manage to get through to him through a call. I would use an old-school phone to call him with wires and say, "What do I do? How do I install this thing called NGINX? I'm not a Linux guy." If he felt particularly kind that day and not too busy, he would show me the way to do it or set it up himself, but for the most part, I had to rely on just myself.
而且团队很了解我,所以今天 Telegram 才能保持非常好的创新节奏,每个月我们都会推出好几个有实质意义的功能。我认为,就单位时间内能做出多少东西而言,我们领先业内所有对手。所以那段经历确实非常宝贵。至于技术栈,我一开始用的是 PHP 和 MySQL,Debian Linux,但很快我就意识到必须优化。我开始用 Memcached。Apache 服务器已经不够了,我们得改用 NGINX。而我哥那时还在德国,所以做 VK 的头一年他帮不上太多忙。有时候我好不容易打通他的电话——我用的是那种老式有线电话——就问他:“我该怎么办?这个叫 NGINX 的东西怎么装?我不是搞 Linux 的。”如果他那天心情特别好、又不太忙,他会告诉我怎么弄,或者干脆自己帮我配好,但大多数时候,我只能靠自己。
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2:03:53
Having him there, though, helped when we started to grow fast and scale it, because at first you realize, "Right now, one server is not enough. I need to buy another one, then another one and another one. The database should be in a different server. Then you have to split the database into tables. Then you have to come up with a way to shard the tables using some criteria that would make sense, that wouldn't break your user experience. When we got to over a million users and beyond, a dozen servers surviving without the input from my brother in terms of taking care of the scaling aspect of it, became impossible. I remember asking him to come back. I said, "You need to help me with this thing. It's starting to be really big." What was worse is that since we became popular, somebody started to do DDoS attacks on us, as it always happens.
不过等我们开始快速增长、需要扩容的时候,有他在就帮了大忙。因为一开始你会发现:“现在一台服务器不够了,我得再买一台,然后再一台,再一台。数据库得放到另一台服务器上。接着你得把数据库拆表,再想办法按某种合理的规则对表分片,而且不能破坏用户体验。”当我们的用户超过一百万、甚至更多,服务器有十几台的时候,没有我哥来处理扩展方面的问题已经不可能了。我记得我请他回来。我说:“你得帮我搞这个东西,它真的开始变得很大了。”更糟的是,因为我们火了,有人开始对我们发动 DDoS 攻击,这种事总是会发生。
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2:05:02
- Right. - And then we had people that wanted to buy a share of VK. And interestingly, every time we had a negotiation day, the DDoS attacks intensified. So we had to come up with a way to fight it. I remember having many sleepless nights trying to figure it out. - So that was your introduction to all kinds of bad actors, DDoS, business. Then later you'd find out there's such a thing called politics, and then later geopolitics. But this is the initial stages. That it's not just about creating cool stuff. It's having to deal with, as you now have to deal with with Telegram, is seas of bad actors trying to test the limits of the system, trying to break the system.
——没错。——然后又有人想收购 VK 的股份。有意思的是,每次到了谈判那天,DDoS 攻击就会加剧。所以我们必须想办法对抗它。我记得为了搞明白这个问题,有很多个不眠之夜。——所以那就是你第一次接触到各种恶意角色、DDoS、商业斗争。后来你又发现还有一种东西叫政治,再后来是地缘政治。但这只是最初的阶段。做产品不只是创造酷东西,还得应付——就像你现在在 Telegram 要面对的——成片成片的恶意角色,他们不断试探系统的边界,试图破坏系统。
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2:06:02
- Unfortunately, if we didn't have bad actors and pressure, it would be the best job ever. You just get to create. - Yeah. Yeah. And so the help from your brother, like you mentioned, NGINX and sharding the tables, some of the scaling issue is algorithmic in nature. It's almost like theoretical computer science. So it's not just about, like, buying more computers. It's figuring out how to algorithmically make everything work extremely fast. So some of it is mathematics. Some of it is pure engineering, but some of it is mathematics.
——遗憾的是,如果没有恶意角色和这些压力,这会是世上最棒的工作。你只管创造就行了。——是啊,是啊。所以你哥的帮助,比如你提到的 NGINX 和分表,有些扩展性问题本质上是算法层面的。几乎属于理论计算机科学的范畴。所以它不只是买更多机器,而是要想出如何用算法让一切跑得极快。所以有一部分是数学,有一部分是纯工程,但确实有数学的成分。
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2:06:44
- Yeah, so at that stage I could do the basic stuff. I could understand how I implement scalability into the codebase, how I sharded my tables in the database, where I include Memcached instead of direct requests to the database. That was quite easy because it was still PHP back in the day. When my brother got back from Germany somewhere around 2008, I asked him, "Can we make it even more efficient? Can we make it super fast, and at the same time so that we would require even fewer servers to maintain the load?" And he said, "Yes, but, you know, PHP is not enough. I'll have to rewrite a big part of your data engines in C and C++. I said, "Okay, let's do that." He invited a friend of his to help him, another absolute champion in world's programming contest twice in a row, and they they put together the first customized data engine, which was far more efficient than just relying on MySQL and Memcached, because it was, first of all, more specialized, more low level.
——是的,在那个阶段我能做的是基础的事情。我能理解怎么在代码里实现可扩展性,怎么在数据库里分表,在哪些地方用 Memcached 代替直接查数据库。这些都挺容易,因为当时还是 PHP。等我哥 2008 年前后从德国回来,我问他:“我们能不能做得更高效?能不能让它快得飞起,同时还能用更少的服务器扛住负载?”他说:“可以,但是你知道,PHP 不够用。我得把你很大一部分数据引擎用 C 和 C++ 重写。”我说:“行,那就干。”他还叫来一个朋友帮忙,那人是连续两届世界编程竞赛的绝对冠军。他们做出了第一版定制的数据引擎,比单纯依赖 MySQL 和 Memcached 高效得多,因为它首先更专用、更底层。
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2:08:19
- So they rewrote it in C, C++? - A large chunk of it, like, for example, the search, the ad engine, because VK had targeted ads. They built that. It was, it was very efficient what they did. Eventually the private messaging part, the public messages part. At some point, we realized there are very few websites online that load faster than VK. - Nice. - I remember in 2009, I went to Silicon Valley and I met Mark Zuckerberg the first time and some of the other core team members of, of early Facebook. Remember, Facebook was just four or five years old then. And everybody kept asking me, "How come even here in Silicon Valley, VK loads faster than Facebook? Everything seems to appear instantly on your website. What's the secret sauce?" It was one of the things that made them very curious.
——所以他们用 C、C++ 重写了?——重写了很大一部分,比如搜索、广告引擎,因为 VK 有定向广告。他们把那部分做了出来。他们做的东西效率非常高。后来私信部分、公开消息部分也重写了。到某个时候我们发现,全网加载速度比 VK 还快的网站已经寥寥无几。——厉害。——我记得 2009 年我去了硅谷,第一次见到马克·扎克伯格,还有 Facebook 早期核心团队的一些人。要知道,Facebook 当时才成立四五年。所有人都在问我:“为什么连在硅谷这里,VK 都比Facebook 加载得快?你们网站上什么东西好像都是瞬间出现的。秘诀是什么?”这是让他们非常好奇的一点。
便签引用
2:09:24
- And that was always important to you to have very low latency to make sure the thing loads and... because that's one of the things Telegram is really known for. Even on crappy connections and all that kind of stuff, it just works extremely fast. Everything is fast. - It's one of the core technological ideas. We prioritize speed. We think that people can notice the difference even if it's just, like, 50 millisecond difference. The difference is subconscious. It also allows us not just to be faster and more responsive, but also more efficient when it comes to the infrastructure, the expenses, because if your code executes faster, it means you need fewer computational resources to run it. So there is no way you can lose in making things faster, and that's why we have always been very careful when hiring people. I would only hire a person if I'm ultimately certain it's the best option. Because if you hire somebody who is maybe a little bit distracted, inexperienced, you may end up with inefficiencies in your codebase that results in tens of
——而对你来说,保持极低的延迟一直很重要,要确保东西加载得快……因为这正是 Telegram 出名的地方之一。哪怕在很差的网络环境下,它也跑得飞快。什么都很快。——这是我们核心的技术理念之一。我们把速度放在首位。我们认为哪怕只有 50 毫秒的差别,人也能察觉出来。这种差别是潜意识层面的。它不仅让我们更快、响应更灵敏,也让我们在基础设施和开支上更高效,因为代码执行得更快,就意味着运行它需要更少的计算资源。所以把东西做快这件事,你不可能吃亏。这也是为什么我们招人一直非常谨慎。只有当我百分之百确信这是最好的人选时,我才会录用。因为如果你招进来一个可能有点心不在焉、经验不足的人,你的代码库里就可能出现低效的地方,最后造成几千万美元的损失。想想这份责任。从 VK 那会儿跳到今天,Telegram 的用户
便签引用
2:10:45
millions of dollars of losses. And think about the responsibility. If we jump to today from the VK days, Telegram is used by over a billion people. They open it dozens of times every day. Imagine the app opens with a slight delay, say half a second delay. Multiply it by dozens of times by a billion. It's... centuries, millennia lost for humanity without any reason other than just being sloppy. - That is so important to understand and so wise, that if you're just a little bit careless as a developer, you can introduce inefficiencies that are going to be very difficult to track down, because you don't know that it can be faster. The code doesn't scream at you, saying, "This could be much faster." So you have to actually, as a craftsman, be very careful when you're writing the code and always thinking, "Can this be done much more efficiently?" And it can be tiny things, because they all propagate throughout the code. And so there's a real cost in having a careless developer anywhere in the company.
超过十亿。他们每天要打开几十次。想象一下,应用打开时有一点点延迟,比如半秒。乘以每天几十次,再乘以十亿人。那就是……整个人类白白损失掉的几个世纪、几千年,而原因不过是因为你马虎。——这一点太重要了,也太有智慧了:作为开发者,只要你稍微粗心一点,就可能引入极难追查的低效问题,因为你根本不知道它还能更快。代码不会冲你喊:“这里本可以快得多。”所以你必须像个匠人一样,写代码时格外小心,并且始终在想:“这个能不能做得更高效?”而且可能只是些很小的地方,因为它们会在整个代码里层层扩散。所以公司里任何一个位置上有一个粗心的开发者,都是有真实代价的。
便签引用
2:12:03
Because they can introduce that inefficiency, and all the other developers won't know. They'll just assume it kind of has to be that way. And so there's a real responsibility for every single individual developer that's building any component of an app like Telegram to just always ask, you know, "Can this be done more efficiently? Can this be done more simply?" And that's like one of the most beautiful aspects, the art forms of programming, right? - Oh, yes, because when you manage to discover a way to simplify things, make them more efficient, you feel incredibly happy.
因为他们可能引入那种低效,而其他开发者根本不会知道。他们只会以为本来就该是这样。所以对每一个开发 Telegram 这类应用任何一个组件的开发者来说,都有一份实实在在的责任,就是永远要问自己:“这个能不能做得更高效?能不能做得更简单?”这恰恰是编程最美的一面,是它的艺术性所在,对吧?——哦,是的。因为当你找到一种方法把事情简化、让它更高效时,你会感到无比快乐,
便签引用
2:12:45
...and proud and accomplished. And to your point, I can recall a few instances in my career when firing an engineer actually resulted in an increase in productivity. Let's say you have 200 engineers building the app, and then just... they just can't make it. They're not keeping up with the pace of the feature release schedule, and you think, "I probably have to hire a third one." But then you notice that one of them is really weird, falling behind the schedule, complaining some of the time, doesn't assume responsibility.
还有自豪和成就感。顺着你说的,我能想起职业生涯中好几次,开掉一个工程师反而带来了生产力的提升。比如说你有 200 个工程师在做这个应用,但他们就是搞不定,跟不上功能发布的节奏,你就想:“我大概得再招一个。”但接着你会注意到其中某个人特别奇怪,老是拖进度、时不时抱怨、不愿承担责任。
便签引用
2:13:30
And you ask, "So what if I just fire this person?" And you fire this person. In a few weeks, you realize you actually don't need, I mean, you never needed the third engineer. The problem was this guy who created more issues and more problems than he solved. That is so counterintuitive because, you know, in developing tech projects we tend to think that you just throw more people into something and then things get solved miraculously by themselves just because more people means more attention from them. No.
于是你会问:“要是我把这个人开了会怎么样?”然后你把他开了。几周之后你发现,你其实根本不需要——我是说,你从来就不需要第三个工程师。问题出在这个人身上,他制造的麻烦比他解决的还多。这非常反直觉,因为在做技术项目时,我们总倾向于认为只要往里多堆人,问题就会自己奇迹般地解决,因为人多就意味着投入的精力多。并不是这样。
便签引用
2:14:12
- That's, again, extremely powerful. The you know, Steve Jobs talked about A players and B players, and there's something that happens when you have B players, which is kind of like the folks you're talking about, introduced into a team. They can somehow slow everybody down. They demotivate everybody. And it's very counterintuitive. They basically... Part of the work of creating a great team is removing the B players. It's not just hiring more in generally speaking. It's finding the A players, quote unquote, and removing the people that are slowing things down.
——这一点同样极其有力。你知道,史蒂夫·乔布斯讲过 A 级选手和 B 级选手,当你把B 级选手——差不多就是你说的那种人——放进团队里,就会发生一些事。他们会莫名其妙地拖慢所有人的节奏,让所有人失去动力。这非常反直觉。他们基本上……打造一支优秀团队的工作,有一部分就是把 B 级选手清出去。不只是一味地多招人,而是找到所谓的A 级选手,同时把那些拖慢进度的人请走。
便签引用
2:14:48
- Oh, yes, because the other thing that people don't realize is how demotivating working with a B player is. Everybody can tell if the other person, the other engineer they're working with is really competent. And it's very visible if the person is not comfortable, they're asking the wrong questions, they keep lagging behind. And at a certain point if you're an A player, you get this dissatisfaction, this feeling that you are not able to realize your full potential, accomplish what you're really meant to accomplish because of this person working next to you or pretending to work next to you.
——哦,是的。因为人们没意识到的另一件事是,和一个 B 级选手共事有多让人丧失动力。每个人都能看出来一起工作的那个人、那个工程师是不是真的有能力。这是非常明显的,如果这个人不舒服,他们问的问题不对,他们总是落后。到某个时候,如果你是个顶尖人才,你就会产生这种不满,这种感觉——你没办法发挥出自己的全部潜力,没法完成你真正该完成的事,就因为身边这个人,或者说这个假装在你身边工作的人。
便签引用
2:15:37
And, by the way, in some cases it's not because the person's lazy. In some cases it's just, you know, their mental, their intellectual ability is not there. It's not about experience. Most often it's about natural ability and persistence. In 90% of cases, it's just the inability to focus on one task for an extended period of time. Not everybody has this ability. So for people who do have this ability, it's an insult to work alongside someone who is distracted and cannot go deep in the projects that they're responsible for.
顺便说一句,有些情况下并不是因为这个人懒。有些情况就只是,你懂的,他们的心智、他们的智力能力不够。这跟经验无关。大多数时候是关于天赋和毅力。90%的情况下,就是没办法长时间专注在一件事情上。不是每个人都有这种能力。所以对于那些确实具备这种能力的人来说,跟一个心不在焉、没法在自己负责的项目里深入钻研的人共事,是一种侮辱。
便签引用
2:16:26
- What's on this small tangent, what's your hiring process? You've shown, you've talked about how you use competitions often, coding competitions, to hire, to find great engineers. What- what's your thinking behind that? - Well, it's in line with my overall philosophy. I think competition leads to progress. If you want to create an ideal process to- for selecting the most qualified people for certain specific tasks you have in mind. What can be better than a competition? A coding contest where everybody who wants to join your company as an engineer, or just wants to get some prize money or validation, can demonstrate their skills, and then we just select the best. Or if we are not certain because there's not enough data to hire somebody, we just repeat the contest with another task, get more data, get more winners. Then repeat again. At some point, you realize, "Oh, actually, this guy has competed in 10 of our contests since he was 16 years old, or 14 year old.
——顺着这个小话题,你们的招聘流程是怎样的?你展示过、也谈过你们经常用比赛,编程比赛,来招聘、来找到优秀的工程师。你这么做背后的思路是什么?——嗯,这跟我的整体哲学是一致的。我认为竞争带来进步。如果你想设计一个理想的流程,来为你心中特定的任务挑选最合格的人。还有什么比竞赛更好的方式呢?一场编程大赛,任何想以工程师身份加入你公司的人,或者只是想拿点奖金、想获得认可的人,都可以展示自己的技能,然后我们只要挑出最好的就行。或者如果我们不确定,因为数据不够,不足以决定要不要雇某个人,我们就换个题目再办一次比赛,拿到更多数据,选出更多优胜者。然后再重复。到某个时候你会意识到:“哦,其实这个人从16岁、或者14岁起就参加过我们10场比赛了。
便签引用
2:17:43
Now he's 20 or 21. He won in eight of these competitions. He seems to be really good in JavaScript, in Android Java, and also C++. Why not hire this person? There's some consistency there. And a lot of these people, they have never worked in a big company before, which is priceless. Because in a big company, people tend to shift responsibility. They have this shared responsibility wherein nobody fully understands who can take credit for a project, who can take blame for a project. Inside Telegram, it's pretty clear, and these competitions are the closest experience to what people will have when working at Telegram.
现在他20或21岁了。这10场里他赢了8场。他看起来在JavaScript、Android Java,还有C++上都相当厉害。为什么不雇他呢?”这里面有一种稳定性。而且这些人里有很多从来没在大公司待过,这是无价的。因为在大公司里,人们往往会推卸责任。他们有那种共同责任的模式,没人完全清楚一个项目该归功于谁,一个项目出问题该由谁背锅。在Telegram内部,这一点相当清晰,而这些比赛是最接近人们在Telegram工作时真实体验的东西。
便签引用
2:18:46
So for example, we want to implement some very tricky animation and redesign to our profile page of the Telegram Android version. And the Android app, it's an open-source app. Anybody can take its code and play with it. So as a result, we would not just select the best person and hire this person, we would also select the best solution to the problem, because we would not suggest the contestants to solve trivial problems. It's something that's valuable, it saves a lot of time for us in terms of development. And because I always had these large social media platforms which I could use to promote these competitions...
比如说,我们想给Telegram Android版的个人资料页面做一个非常棘手的动画和重新设计。而这个Android应用是开源的。任何人都可以拿它的代码去折腾。所以结果就是,我们不只是挑出最优秀的人并雇他,我们同时也挑出了这个问题的最佳解决方案,因为我们不会给参赛者出那种无关痛痒的题目。那都是有价值的东西,在开发上为我们省下大量时间。而且因为我一直拥有这些大型社交媒体平台,可以用来推广这些比赛……
便签引用
2:19:33
...somehow both VK and Telegram were very popular among engineers and designers, other tech people. I had no issue to promote this contest and find the right people, ever. And what can be better than for an employee of your company, somebody who has been a user of it? If this person has no prior experience of using Telegram, their understanding would be very limited. Why would I even try to hire somebody from LinkedIn who worked at Google and other companies, is used to receiving a salary for nothing, is used to shifting responsibility and being stuck in endless meetings, and has very limited understanding of what Telegram stands for?
……不知怎么的,VK和Telegram在工程师、设计师和其他技术人群中都非常受欢迎。我在推广比赛、找到合适的人这件事上,从来没遇到过问题。而且还有什么比让你公司的员工本身就是这个产品的用户更好的呢?如果这个人之前完全没用过Telegram,他们的理解会非常有限。我为什么要去LinkedIn上招一个在谷歌和其他公司待过、习惯了什么都不干也拿工资、习惯了推卸责任、陷在没完没了的会议里、而且对Telegram代表什么理解极其有限的人呢?
便签引用
2:20:36
It's just crazy if you think about it. - Yeah, and then because of that, you're extremely selective and slow in hiring. So the people really have to earn their spot. And as a result, I got a chance to sit in one of the team meetings where people discuss the different features that are being developed, the different ideas, some of which are at the very cutting edge. So you get to see behind the scenes how it's possible to have such a fast rate of idea generation. So you generate the idea, you implement the prototype and then eventually it becomes an actual feature in the product. And so that's why you have this kind of half-hilarious, half-incredible fact that for many as compared to WhatsApp and Signal, you've led the way in many other features. Many of the features we take for granted now, many of which we know and love, like the auto-delete timer.
仔细想想,这太疯狂了。——是啊,也正因为如此,你们在招人上极其挑剔、极其慢。所以人们真的必须靠自己争取到位置。结果我有机会参加了你们的一次团队会议,大家在会上讨论正在开发的各种功能、各种想法,其中一些是非常前沿的。所以你能看到幕后是怎么做到这么快的创意产出速度的。你产生一个想法,做出原型,然后最终它变成产品里一个真正的功能。所以这就是为什么会有那种半搞笑、半令人惊叹的事实:跟WhatsApp和Signal相比,你们在很多功能上都是领先的。很多我们现在习以为常的功能,很多我们熟悉并喜爱的功能,比如自动删除定时器。
便签引用
08领先行业七年的功能与细节
2:21:35
That was seven years ahead of any other messenger. Message editing, replies, these are all obvious things you... I've even forgotten for some of them that they were never part. I mean, I think the auto-delete timer is a really brilliant idea. - We implemented it in 2013 in the secret chats. The funny thing about it is then when other apps started to copy it, like WhatsApp seven years after, and then Signal and some other apps, they initially even copied the exact timestamps. So for example, if we had like one, three, and five seconds, they would also have one, three, and five seconds.
那比其他任何通讯软件早了七年。消息编辑、回复,这些都是显而易见的东西,你……有些功能我甚至已经忘了它们曾经不存在过。我是说,我觉得自动删除定时器真是个绝妙的主意。——我们2013年在秘密聊天里实现了这个功能。有意思的是,后来别的应用开始抄它的时候,比如WhatsApp在七年后,然后Signal和另外一些应用,它们一开始甚至连具体的时间档位都照抄。比如说,如果我们设的是1秒、3秒、5秒,它们也是1秒、3秒、5秒。
便签引用
2:22:19
They tried not to change it because they were not sure what was the magic sauce behind the feature. And ironically, it happens with many of these things. For example, when we design how you reply to a message, and you have a small snippet showing that you're replying to this message and now you're typing your response, then there is a small snippet in the message itself that, well, if you tap on it, highlights the original message you're replying to. Seems pretty obvious. But there are certain design decisions that we were implementing at the time, and we got this vertical line on the left, and all these other small things that are completely arbitrary, right? You can do it in a different way. But somehow, the entire industry ended up copying exactly that solution, so now wherever you go, WhatsApp, Instagram Direct, Facebook Messenger, Signal, it doesn't matter, you would see exactly the same or pretty much similar experience because nobody really wants to take the risk and innovate. If something works, why not just copy it?
它们尽量不去改动,因为它们也搞不清这个功能背后的魔法配方到底是什么。讽刺的是,这种事在很多东西上都发生过。比如,当我们设计消息回复的方式时,你会看到一个小片段,显示你正在回复这条消息,然后你在输入你的回复;接着在那条消息本身里也有一个小片段,你点一下它,就会高亮你所回复的那条原始消息。看起来挺显而易见的。但我们当时做了一些特定的设计决策,我们在左边加了这条竖线,还有其他种种完全是任意选择的小细节,对吧?你完全可以用别的方式来做。但不知怎么,整个行业最后都原封不动地抄了那个方案,所以现在你不管去哪儿,WhatsApp、Instagram Direct、Facebook Messenger、Signal,都无所谓,你看到的都是一模一样或者相当接近的体验,因为没人真的想冒险去创新。既然有现成管用的,为什么不直接抄呢?
便签引用
2:23:31
- Yeah, but we should say that it's done extremely well. The vertical line and the highlighting, I mean, all of these are tiny little strokes of genius by highlighting the text in a certain way that, from a design perspective, makes it very clear that this part was written before and the thing under it is your reply. The distinction between the different formatting of the text. I mean, there's a... listen, I know how much typography is an art form. There's a lot of interacting graphic artistic elements inside Telegram that all have to play together extremely well. Like you pointed out to me, there's this thing that just blew my mind, which is the background gradient of Telegram shifts. It changes and it adjusts really nicely to the bubbles, the chat bubbles, and then there's like graphic elements on top of the gradient that all interplay together. So all of that has to work really nicely without sacrificing clarity. Everything is just intuitive. That's very difficult to create. That is art. And on top of that, it's super fast.
——是啊,不过我们得说,这做得非常出色。那条竖线和高亮,我是说,这些都是一个个小小的神来之笔——用某种方式高亮那段文字,从设计角度看,让人非常清楚这部分是之前写的,下面那部分是你的回复。不同文本排版之间的区分。我是说,有个……听着,我知道字体排印本身就是一门艺术。Telegram里有大量互相交织的图形艺术元素,它们都得配合得极其默契。就像你指给我看的那个东西,简直让我惊呆了——就是Telegram的背景渐变会移动。它会变化,而且跟气泡、聊天气泡配合得非常自然,然后在渐变之上还有图形元素,这些全都互相配合。所以这一切都得配合得非常好,同时又不能牺牲清晰度。一切都特别直观。这非常难做到。这就是艺术。而且在此之上,它还超快。
便签引用
2:24:40
- That's the hardest part. To make it look so that designers love it is one thing. The real challenge is make it look the way the designers love it and make it work on the weakest device as possible, the oldest, cheapest smartphones you can imagine. So if you take the moving gradient on the background of every Telegram chat, this is something most people don't notice, but they can feel it. - Yeah, yeah. They notice it subconsciously or something like that. There is a pleasant feeling. There's a feeling, there's a pleasant feeling when you're reading a chat and that's where the design contributes to that. I think a gradient really does. I really love that about Telegram, the gradient. Not the technical thing you described, but the feeling of it.
——那才是最难的部分。做得让设计师喜欢是一回事。真正的挑战是既要做成设计师喜欢的样子,又要让它能在尽可能弱的设备上跑起来,那些你能想象到的最老、最便宜的智能手机。所以拿每个Telegram聊天背景上那个移动的渐变来说,这是大多数人不会注意到、但能感受到的东西。——对,对。他们是下意识地注意到了之类的。会有一种愉悦感。有一种感觉,在你读聊天的时候会有一种愉悦的感觉,而设计对此是有贡献的。我觉得渐变真的有作用。我真的很喜欢Telegram的这一点,那个渐变。不是你说的技术层面,而是它带来的感觉。
便签引用
2:25:34
And then the technical aspect of creating that feeling is incredible. I could probably come up with all kinds of algorithms of rendering that gradient that's going to be super inefficient. And so doing that efficiently is like... - Or efficient, but not too beautiful, because- - Right. - ...even doing something so trivial as a gradient can result in noticeable lines in the gradient. The person can instantly say, "Oh, no, it's not the right thing." So you have to introduce certain randomness there and then you have the gradient, but it's not enough. It's too plain. You want to have certain pattern as an overlay, but it should be simple enough not to distract you from the content, but it has to be entertaining enough to create a good feeling about the whole app. And another question, what kind of objects you want to include in this pattern? And how would this pattern work? Will it be based on pixels or would it be vector-based? And would it be vector-based so they will be infinitely scalable and high quality?
然后创造那种感觉所涉及的技术层面,简直不可思议。我大概能想出各种各样渲染那个渐变的算法,但都会效率极低。所以要把它做得高效,那就像……——或者高效,但不够漂亮,因为————对。——……哪怕做渐变这么简单的事,也可能在渐变里产生肉眼可见的色带。人一眼就能说:“哦,不对,这不对劲。”所以你得在里面引入某种随机性;然后你有了渐变,但这还不够。太素了。你会想加一层图案作为叠加,但它得足够简单,不至于把你从内容上分散注意力,同时又得足够有趣,让人对整个应用产生好感。然后又是一个问题:你想在这个图案里放什么样的元素?这个图案要怎么运作?它是基于像素的,还是基于矢量的?如果是矢量的,它就能无限缩放而且保持高质量?
便签引用
2:26:43
And then, I think for the default pattern and the default background, which is based on four colors. It's not a gradient based on two colors; it's four colors, and they're constantly shifting. I probably looked through several thousand variations of them because this is such an important decision to make. It's the default back. Of course, you can change it. Actually, you can set up your own four colors for that. You can change it. - No way. Really? - Yes. You can do it. And you want to rely on certain deeply hard-coded biological properties of the human mind, right? So which color do you want to use? Is it gonna be blue? Is it gonna be yellow? Is it going to be green? Because each color has a different meaning in our brain. And what kind of objects you want to put there. Something from our childhood, something from nature, or something that can create a different kind of mood. And this is just one detail of the app. So there are many details. When you send a message, you are done typing a message, and you then tap send
然后,我想对于默认图案和默认背景来说,它是基于四种颜色的。它不是基于两种颜色的渐变,而是四种颜色,而且它们在不停地变换。为了这个我大概看了好几千种不同的方案,因为这是个非常重要的决定。这是默认背景。当然,你可以改。实际上,你可以自己设定那四种颜色。你可以改。——不会吧。真的?——真的。你可以这么做。而且你会想依赖人类心智里某些根深蒂固的生理特性,对吧?所以你想用哪种颜色?是蓝色吗?是黄色吗?还是绿色?因为每种颜色在我们大脑里都有不同的含义。还有你想在里面放什么样的图形元素。是来自童年的东西,来自自然的东西,还是能营造另一种情绪的东西。而这还只是这个应用的一个细节。细节太多了。当你发一条消息,你打完字,点了发送,然后消息渐渐出现在聊天里。这是怎么发生的?你会希望
便签引用
2:27:51
and then the message gradually appears in the chat. How does it happen? So you want the input field to slowly morph into the actual message. - To the message, yeah. - And, and you want this to be done regardless of the contents of the message, because sometimes the width would be different, sometimes it would be containing media or a link preview or other stuff that will change the message bubble. So you go through countless different scenarios and make sure every one of them works great, even if this message contains 4,000 characters. And then you look at all the platforms: iOS, Android, and all the old devices of all kinds of outdated operating systems and the hardware and you cross the two because you can have this really bad old phone but using the newest operating system version, so what do you do? What kind of bugs do you get there?
输入框慢慢地变形成那条真正的消息。——变成那条消息,对。——而且,你希望不管消息内容是什么,这个效果都成立,因为有时候宽度不一样,有时候里面会有媒体、链接预览或者别的东西,那会改变消息气泡的样子。所以你得走一遍无数种不同的情形,确保每一种都表现得很好,哪怕这条消息有4000个字符。然后你还要看所有平台:iOS、安卓,以及各种老设备、各种过时的操作系统和硬件,而且你还得把这两者交叉起来,因为你可能有一台很烂的老手机,却装着最新版本的操作系统,那你怎么办?那里会冒出什么样的bug?
便签引用
2:29:04
And then, of course, since Telegram works on tablets as well, and our iOS version works on an iPad, which I love a lot. You have to understand that everything can be really big, so it can consume a lot of space on your screen. and then it will trigger using more computational resources to render it. So, there are a lot of nuances to it, but as long as you obsess over every small detail, at least every detail that really counts, you can get to a user experience. If you're really used to Telegram, if you've been a regular user for at least a few weeks, going back to any other messaging app feels like a serious downgrade.
然后当然,因为Telegram在平板上也能用,我们的iOS版本在iPad上也能跑,这个我特别喜欢。你得明白,一切都可能变得非常大,会占据你屏幕上很大的空间,那渲染它就会消耗更多计算资源。所以,这里面有大量的细枝末节,但只要你对每一个小细节较真,至少对每个真正重要的细节较真,你就能做出一种用户体验。如果你真的用惯了Telegram,如果你已经经常用它至少几个星期,再回到任何别的聊天应用,都会感觉是严重的降级。
便签引用
2:29:53
- Yeah, I mean, there are so many really magical moments. Like, for example, the way a message evaporates when you delete it. That is a really pleasant experience. - Oh, yeah. And boy, was it hard to make, particularly on Android? This is this Thanos snap effect, right? So, the message is broken into tens of thousands of particles which go away like dust in the wind. It looks great, but it was so hard to make. - probably one of my favorite GUI graphical things. It's just art. It's it's pure art. It's incredible. So, it's good to hear that it's been really thought over and thought through, because it's extremely well done.
——是啊,我是说,里面有太多真正神奇的瞬间了。比如说,你删除一条消息时它蒸发掉的那种方式。那真是一种非常愉悦的体验。——哦,是的。而且这个做起来真是太难了,尤其是在安卓上。就是那个灭霸打响指的效果,对吧?消息碎成成千上万个粒子,像风中的尘埃一样散去。看起来很棒,但做起来太难了。——大概是我最喜欢的图形界面效果之一。这就是艺术。这是纯粹的艺术。太不可思议了。所以听到这背后真的被反复琢磨和推敲过,我很高兴,因为它完成度极高。
便签引用
2:30:45
- No, you can't pull it off if you're not going deep into this. And then you don't want to distract people from their communication with all this additional information, so you want them to be invisible in a way. - They create the feeling, but they don't create distraction. - Yes, and in order to do that, you have to overcome even more challenges. For example, you mentioned this deletion effect: message evaporates. If you do the animation, if you show the animation first, and then the message that is preceding the deleted message that is going after the just deleted message moves closer to each other, then it doesn't feel right. It feels too long, too imposing. So, what you want to do is you want the message to disappear while the messages around it go closer to each other to fill the resulting gap.
——不,你要是不往深里钻,是做不出来的。同时你又不想用这些额外的信息把人从他们的交流中分散注意力,所以你希望它们在某种意义上是隐形的。——它们营造了感觉,但不制造干扰。——是的,而为了做到这一点,你还得克服更多的难题。比如说,你提到的那个删除效果:消息蒸发掉。如果你做这个动画,如果你先播放动画,然后被删消息前面的那条消息和后面的那条消息再互相靠拢,那感觉就不对。感觉太长、太突兀了。所以你想要的是:消息在消失的同时,它周围的消息就已经互相靠拢,去填补由此产生的空隙。
便签引用
2:31:53
And then you imagine what that involves, redrawing the entire screen. So, on top of this very complicated animation, you have to think about things like which kind of messages were there before it, after. That just adds to complexity. - And once again, on all kinds of devices, all kinds of operating systems, all kinds of tablets, phones, desktop, all of that. - But, you know, once you accomplish it, it gives you this immense sense of pride because nobody's doing this. Nobody really cares. In a way, maybe they're right not to care. Maybe nobody notices this. But there is something about it that feels wrong when such things are neglected because I understand that every day, tens of millions of people around the world are deleting messages.
然后你想想这都涉及什么,要重绘整个屏幕。所以在这个非常复杂的动画之上,你还得考虑诸如它前面、后面分别是什么类型的消息之类的问题。这只会让复杂度更高。——而且还是那句话,要在各种设备、各种操作系统、各种平板、手机、桌面端上都做到。——不过,你知道吗,一旦你把它做成了,会给你带来巨大的自豪感,因为没人在做这种事。没人真的在乎。某种意义上,他们不在乎也许是对的。也许没人会注意到。但当这些东西被忽视时,总有种说不上来的不对劲,因为我知道每天全世界有几千万人在删除消息。
便签引用
2:32:50
What kind of experience do they get? Is this an experience that maybe even subconsciously inspires them and makes their heart sing even a little bit, fills them with joy, lightens up their mood even a little bit by 0.001%? Or is it something that is just basic? And I think if we can bring some value into people's lives, even through these subtle details, we have to definitely invest our time in it. - And some joy, not just sort of value, value like productivity, but joy. I think Steve Jobs, Jony Ive talked about this. They would put so much love and effort into the design of everything, including things that weren't visible in the initial PCs, personal computers, because they believe that somehow through osmosis, the users will be able to feel the love that the designers put into the thing, and you're absolutely right. I mean, it's not about deleting messages. I feel a little inkling of joy when I see that evaporation animation. It's just nice.
他们得到的是什么样的体验?这种体验有没有可能,哪怕是在潜意识层面,激励到他们,让他们心里哪怕有一点点歌唱的感觉,让他们充满喜悦,哪怕只把他们的心情提亮了0.001%?还是说这只是个很基础的东西?我觉得,如果我们能给人们的生活带来一些价值,哪怕是通过这些细微的细节,那我们就一定要把时间投入进去。- 还有一些快乐,不只是那种价值,不只是效率上的价值,而是快乐。我记得史蒂夫·乔布斯、乔尼·艾维都谈过这个。他们会把大量的爱和心血投入到一切设计中,包括早期 PC、个人电脑里那些用户根本看不见的部分,因为他们相信,这种用心会以某种潜移默化的方式被用户感受到,用户能感觉到设计者倾注在里面的爱。你说得完全对,我的意思是,这不是关于删除消息本身。当我看到那个消息蒸发的动画时,我会感到一丝小小的愉悦。就是很舒服。
便签引用
2:34:12
I'm happier because of it, and so I feel that effort, and I think, you know, a billion users feel that. - People like when other people care. - Yeah. Yeah. That's exactly what it is. And of course, there are the more sexy things like all the emojis and the stickers, the GIFs. Many of those are just little art pieces. - That's, again, an intersection of art and technology because you look at the stickers, which Telegram launched way before most of these other apps. - Three years and eight months ahead.
我因此更开心了,我能感受到那份用心。我想,十亿用户都能感受到这一点。- 人们喜欢看到别人是用心的。- 是的,是的,就是这么回事。当然,还有更吸引眼球的东西,比如各种 emoji、贴纸、GIF。其中很多本身就是小小的艺术品。- 这又是艺术和技术的交叉点,因为看看贴纸,Telegram 远早于其他大多数应用就推出了它。- 早了三年零八个月。
便签引用
2:34:50
- Ahead of WhatsApp, yes. But the stickers that WhatsApp ended up launching three years and eight months after, the first version was not really good because they just did regular GIFs or WebM videos, which were not based on vector graphics. What we did is vector animations. Each of these stickers is only several kilobytes, sometimes maybe a maximum of 20, 30 kilobytes in size. But it's 180 frames. We were able to run them at 60 frames per second on all devices. And it's also very challenging. It was a challenging thing to do. We had so much headache trying to make it work. Nobody even tried to do anything like this before us because it's crazily difficult. But as a result, you have these fluid animations, you have this really nice user experience. Somebody sends you a sticker, you don't have to wait for it to load because it's so lightweight and it starts moving instantly. And then of course, it's not just engineering. You have to find designers that are able to create the stickers using vector graphics, which means they're based on
- 比 WhatsApp 早,是的。但 WhatsApp 在三年零八个月后才推出的贴纸,第一版其实做得并不好,因为他们只是用普通的 GIF 或者 WebM 视频,不是基于矢量图形的。我们做的是矢量动画。每一个贴纸只有几 KB 大小,有时最多也就 20、30 KB,但它有 180 帧。我们能在所有设备上以每秒 60 帧运行。而且这也非常有挑战性。这是一件很难的事,为了让它跑起来我们费了无数的脑筋。在我们之前根本没人尝试过做这样的东西,因为这难度大得离谱。但结果就是,你得到了这些流畅的动画,得到了非常好的用户体验。别人给你发一个贴纸,你不需要等它加载,因为它太轻量了,马上就开始动起来。当然,这不只是工程问题。你还得找到能用矢量图形创作贴纸的设计师,也就是说这些图形是基于
便签引用
2:36:10
curves described by formulas, not just created as photographs with pixels. Where do you find these people? Again, we did competitions but it was not easy to assemble a team of artists, slash engineers, I would say, that are able to do something like engineers I would say that are able to do something like this. This is a unique form of art. And this allowed us to do a revolution in stickers, then another revolution in animated emoji that you can add into messages, custom animated emoji. I don't think anybody did that. I think Telegram is still the only one allowing users to do that because you can include a hundred of animated emoji in a message and they will be animated and they will be moving and your device won't crash.
用公式描述的曲线,而不是用像素拼出来的图片。你去哪儿找这样的人?我们还是用了比赛的方式,但要组建一支既是艺术家又是工程师的团队,真的不容易,我会这么说,能做出这种东西的人非常难找。这是一种独特的艺术形式。正是这一点让我们在贴纸上做出了一场革命,接着又在动态 emoji 上做出另一场革命,就是你可以加到消息里的自定义动态 emoji。我觉得没有别人做过这个。我认为 Telegram至今仍是唯一允许用户这么做的应用,因为你可以在一条消息里放一百个动态 emoji,它们全都会动起来,而你的设备不会崩溃。
便签引用
2:37:04
It's probably unnecessary and crazy but we think somewhere in this intersection of art and engineering true quality is created and then of course more recently we expanded into what we call Telegram GeMs. which are essentially blockchain based collectibles that you can demonstrate on your Telegram profile so that they get social relevance but you can also use them to congratulate your friends and close ones with their birthdays and other holidays and that was received extremely well. - Yeah, they can hold value, they can increase in value, you could trade them for that in that aspect, but to me, still the... The vector graphics, and it's not just simple graphics, it's incredibly intricate graphics so the vector makes it very efficient but it also allows you to create, maybe it incentivizes the artist, enables them, incentivizes them to create super detailed intricate elements and then the final result like you would think it wouldn't matter but the final result has like a lot of stuff going on and it's, and it allows you to
这可能没什么必要,甚至有点疯狂,但我们相信,真正的品质就诞生在艺术与工程的交叉地带。当然,最近我们又拓展到了我们所说的 Telegram Gifts(礼物)。本质上是基于区块链的收藏品,你可以把它展示在自己的 Telegram 个人资料上,让它们具有社交意义;你也可以用它们在生日或其他节日时向朋友和亲近的人表达祝福,这个功能反响非常好。- 是的,它们可以保值,可以升值,从这个角度看你还能交易它们。但对我来说,最打动我的还是……矢量图形,而且不是简单的图形,是极其精细复杂的图形。矢量让它非常高效,同时也让创作者能够去创作,或者说也许激励了艺术家,让他们有能力、也有动力去创作超级细致、复杂的元素。最后的成品——你可能会觉得这无所谓,但最终的效果里其实有很多细节在同时发生。而且它可以在任意设备上缩放,不像
便签引用
2:38:19
scale on arbitrary devices and not, now it's like this little... you know like usually GIFs from like back in the day and still in meme form are low resolution and so usually people don't put details and intricate art into it but here with vector graphics it's like, like a million things going on and it allows you to play with different animations like you showed me this thing where you send and you hold for a while on the send button and so you can share with the person you sent a message to this animation that you've encoded. Like there's a bunch of stuff going on when they read the message.
以前那种……你知道,过去的 GIF,包括现在的表情包形式,分辨率都很低,所以人们通常不会往里面放细节和精致的艺术。但用矢量图形,就像是同时有上百万个东西在动,而且还能玩出各种不同的动画。比如你之前给我演示的那个,你长按发送键一会儿,就能和收到消息的人分享这个你预先设定好的动画。他们读消息的时候会看到一堆效果。
便签引用
2:38:59
- Yes, we have a lot of features like that when we use this art to allow people to express themselves. and most people don't even know about these features. - I didn't know about it. That was cool. That was cool. - The other application of the same technology is reactions on Telegram because we made it a goal to make sure that people feel joy when they just send you a like. Something so trivial as just adding a like to a message should be an action that you want to perform again and again and again.
- 是的,我们有很多这样的功能,用这种艺术让人们表达自己。而且大多数人甚至都不知道这些功能的存在。- 我就不知道。太酷了,真的很酷。- 同样的技术还有一个应用,就是 Telegram 上的表情回应,因为我们的目标是确保人们哪怕只是给你点个赞,也能感到快乐。像给消息点赞这样微不足道的事,也应该是一个让你想一次又一次去做的动作。
便签引用
09加密、斯诺登、封禁与中毒
2:39:43
- So another feature is on the more serious side is end-to-end encryption. So you led the industry in that. It was launched one year and three months ahead. Can you speak to why you decided to add end-to-end encryption, how you developed the current encryption algorithm in the beginning? What was your thinking behind that? - So in 2013 when we were launching Telegram, we were aware of the serious issue with privacy that Edward Snowden made very clear. And we thought, yes, we are designing this product in a way that is already extremely secure, but we want to make sure that not even we can access user messages.
- 另一个功能就更严肃一些了,那就是端到端加密。在这方面你引领了整个行业。它比别人早了一年零三个月推出。你能谈谈当初为什么决定加入端到端加密,以及你们最初是怎么开发出现在这套加密算法的吗?背后的思路是什么?- 2013 年我们推出 Telegram 的时候,我们已经意识到隐私方面的严重问题,爱德华·斯诺登把这一点揭示得非常清楚。我们当时想,是的,我们设计这个产品的方式已经极其安全了,但我们想确保连我们自己都无法访问用户的消息。
便签引用
2:40:34
And we understood very clearly that a bunch of people who were born in Russia don't necessarily inspire trust. So that's why we made Telegram open source. So all our apps have been open available on GitHub since 2013. And then we added end-to-end encryption in our secret chats, which WhatsApp copied a few years after. One year and three months ahead, they just started to test it. They rolled it out I think 2016, which is three years after us, and the only reason I think the rest of the industry had to do it is because we set the standard.
我们也非常清楚,一群出生在俄罗斯的人,本身并不一定能让人信任。所以我们把 Telegram 开源了。从 2013 年起,我们所有的客户端都在 GitHub 上公开可查。然后我们在私密聊天里加入了端到端加密,几年后 WhatsApp 抄了这个功能。我们早了一年零三个月,他们那时才刚开始测试,我记得他们是 2016 年正式上线的,比我们晚了三年。我认为行业里其他人之所以不得不做这件事,唯一的原因就是我们树立了标准。
便签引用
2:41:23
It was incredibly important back in the day, and at the same time, we realized certain limitations of end-to-end encryption. So within that design, that architecture, you can't support very large chat communities with consistent, persistent chat histories. You can't support huge one-on-many channels. You'd have issues with maintaining bots that have lots of incoming messages. Multiple device support becomes tricky. People will end up losing some of the documents they share, so we also saw a lot of issues, and we ended up having this sort of hybrid experience, where depending on your use case and your requirements, you can choose the level of encryption that we want to have.
这在当年极其重要。同时,我们也意识到端到端加密的一些局限。在那种设计、那种架构下,你没法支持有持续、可长期保存聊天记录的超大聊天社区,没法支持一对多的大型频道,你在维护那些有大量消息涌入的机器人时也会遇到问题。多设备支持会变得很棘手。人们最后会丢失一些分享过的文件。所以我们也看到了很多问题,最终我们做成了一种混合的体验:根据你的使用场景和需求,你可以选择自己想要的加密级别。
便签引用
2:42:27
- So that's why you chose to go opt-in for end-to-end encryption. So the trade-off there that you're describing is between, for people who really care about specific messages extreme privacy on those messages, and usability, like being able to sync across multiple devices, having groups that are 200,000 people. So all of those features, that quality of life features, there's a trade-off between those and end-to-end encryption. So you lean towards letting users sort of enable end-to-end encryption for cases when they want to be super secure.
- 所以你才选择让端到端加密成为可选开启的。你描述的这个取舍,一边是那些真正在意某些特定消息、需要极致隐私的用户,另一边是可用性,比如能在多设备间同步、能有 20 万人的群组。所有这些功能,这些提升体验的功能,和端到端加密之间是有取舍的。所以你倾向于让用户在需要极度安全的场景下自己开启端到端加密。
便签引用
2:43:04
- Yes, and Secret Chats are not just end-to-end encrypted, you know. There are certain limitations that are both their feature and a bug. For example, you can't screenshot them. You can't forward any document, any message from them, which is not necessarily something you need when you're trying to get some work done and you're just communicating with your team on a project. So it became very clear to us that there are different needs here, and if you try to combine both in one type of chat, you will end up losing a lot of utility. You know, we at Telegram, we don't use any collaboration tool for teamwork. We use Telegram to build Telegram. So we felt instantly when we were trying to switch to, say, Secret Chats to share large documents and try to get work done, it was just not adapted for it. At the same time, if you were really paranoid, you think, you know, "I don't wanna be screenshotted, I don't wanna have any leaks, I don't even trust Telegram; I only trust code," Secret Chats are the best option. I
- 是的,而且私密聊天不只是端到端加密。它还有一些限制,这些限制既是特性也是缺陷。比如,你没法对它们截屏,没法转发里面的任何文件、任何消息。而当你只是想把工作做完、和团队讨论一个项目时,这些并不是你需要的东西。所以我们很清楚地看到,这里存在不同的需求;如果你试图把两者塞进同一种聊天类型里,最后会损失大量的实用性。你知道,我们 Telegram 内部不用任何协作工具来做团队合作。我们就是用 Telegram 来开发 Telegram。所以当我们试着改用私密聊天来分享大文件、推进工作时,立刻就感觉到它根本不适合这个场景。与此同时,如果你真的非常偏执,你会想,“我不想被截屏,我不想有任何泄露,我甚至不信任 Telegram,我只信任代码”,那么私密聊天就是最好的选择。我认为它是当今最安全的通信方式。
便签引用
2:44:31
believe it is the most secure means of communication today. - And we should say that there's a lot of other aspects to this that are important. For example, Telegram is the only app that has open source reproducible builds for both Android and iOS. Why is this important? - So, you need reproducible builds in order to verify that the app really does what it claims, really encrypts data in a way that it is described on its website. For that, you need to make your apps open source for any researchers to have a look at it.
- 我们还应该提到,这里面还有很多其他重要的方面。比如,Telegram 是唯一一个在 Android 和 iOS 上都提供开源可复现构建的应用。为什么这一点很重要?- 你需要可复现构建,才能验证这个应用确实在做它声称的事,确实按照官网上描述的方式来加密数据。为此,你得把应用开源,让任何研究者都能查看。
便签引用
2:45:14
So, Telegram has been open source since 2013. Apps like WhatsApp have never been open source, so you don't really know what they're doing and how exactly they encrypt your messages. What's important here, though, is to understand whether the version of the app that you download from the app store corresponds exactly to the source code that you can view on GitHub. And for that, you need reproducible builds. As you said, Telegram is the only popular messaging app that does that. We allow people to make sure both on Android and iOS that the source code of Telegram on GitHub and the app you're actually using is the same app.
Telegram 从 2013 年起就是开源的。而像 WhatsApp 这样的应用从来没有开源过,所以你其实并不知道他们在做什么,也不知道他们到底是怎么加密你的消息的。不过,这里更关键的是要搞清楚:你从应用商店下载的那个版本,是否和你在 GitHub 上能看到的源代码完全一致。而要做到这一点,你就需要可复现构建。正如你所说,Telegram 是唯一做到这件事的主流通讯应用。我们让人们可以在 Android 和 iOS 上都确认:GitHub 上的 Telegram 源代码和你实际在用的应用是同一个东西。
便签引用
2:46:05
I think it's incredibly important, not just to gain people's trust, but just to stay transparent and open about it. When I make this claim that Telegram's Secret Chats are the most secure way of communicating, I really mean it, because I haven't seen any fact contradicting this claim. At least among the popular messaging apps, you say WhatsApp, Signal, iMessage, none of them have reproducible builds on both iOS and Android. None of them have, at least at the same level, put so much effort into making sure that the algorithms that you use in order to encrypt data are not algorithms that have been handed to you by some agency in order to create a honeypot.
我认为这极其重要,不只是为了赢得人们的信任,而是为了保持透明和开放。当我说Telegram 的私密聊天是最安全的通信方式时,我是认真的,因为我还没见过任何能反驳这个说法的事实。至少在主流通讯应用里,你说 WhatsApp、Signal、iMessage,它们没有一个在 iOS 和 Android 上都提供可复现构建。也没有一个在同等程度上投入那么多精力,去确保你用来加密数据的算法,不是某个机构递给你的、用来设下陷阱的算法。
便签引用
2:47:12
At least from what I know about our competitors, I don't think they went through the same process. - So, we should say that the entirety of the software stack in Telegram is done from scratch internally to Telegram, so we're talking about not just the encryption but everything running on the servers. So the servers are built out, the hardware and the software are all done internally, which is one of the ways you reduce the attack surface on the entire stack that handles the messages. - It does make it more secure, because if Snowden's revelations taught us anything, is that very often open source tools, modules, libraries that are used by everybody ended up having certain flaws and security issues.
至少据我对竞争对手的了解,我不认为他们走过同样的流程。- 我们还应该说明,Telegram 的整个软件栈都是内部从零开发的,所以我们说的不只是加密,而是服务器上运行的一切。服务器是自己搭建的,硬件和软件都是内部完成的,这也是你们缩小整个消息处理链路攻击面的方式之一。- 这确实让它更安全,因为如果说斯诺登的爆料教会了我们什么,那就是:被所有人使用的开源工具、模块、库,往往最后被发现存在某些缺陷和安全问题,
便签引用
2:48:09
that make software vulnerable. It's also a way to make sure you're doing things the most efficient way possible. But it's extremely difficult to do that. You really have to have exceptional talent on your team to achieve this level of thoroughness, to go to a low level of coding that allows you to recreate from scratch database engines, web servers, entire programming languages. Because the programming language we use on the backend to develop the API for the client apps is also entirely built by our team.
让软件变得脆弱。同时,这也是确保你用尽可能高效的方式做事的一种途径。但要做到这一点极其困难。你的团队里必须有非常出众的人才,才能达到这种彻底程度,才能深入到那么底层的编码,从零重建数据库引擎、Web 服务器,乃至整套编程语言。因为我们在后端用来为客户端开发 API 的那门编程语言,也完全是我们团队自己做的。
便签引用
2:49:00
- Yeah, so minimizing reliance on open source libraries is extremely difficult, as most companies, they rely on open source libraries. - Well, I wouldn't say we're completely independent from that. We use Linux on the backend. There's no way of avoiding it for us at the moment. But for the most part, we are much more self-reliant than most other apps. - You mentioned Edward Snowden. A long time ago, you wanted to work together with him, perhaps to share expertise to understand the full realm of this...
- 是的,尽量减少对开源库的依赖是极其困难的,因为大多数公司都依赖开源库。- 不过我不会说我们完全不依赖开源。我们后端用的是 Linux,目前我们没法避开它。但总体来说,我们比大多数其他应用要自给自足得多。- 你提到了爱德华·斯诺登。很久以前,你曾想和他合作,也许是想交流经验,去理解这整个领域……
便签引用
2:49:38
of what it takes to achieve cybersecurity. What do you make of his case? What lessons do you learn from what he has uncovered, and maybe even broadly, what impact has his work had on the world, do you think? - Well, the main lesson is not everything is what it seems. As you would discover, and this is something that I found quite shocking at the time, that a lot of people who you thought were security and cryptography experts ended up being agents of the NSA in one way or the other, promoting flawed encryption standards. You would end up discovering that your government that was supposed to be limited in how it can surveil its people actually doesn't consider itself that limited. And that was very valuable for the world to understand.
去理解实现网络安全到底需要什么。你怎么看他的事情?你从他所揭露的内容里学到了什么?或者说更宽泛地讲,你觉得他的工作对世界产生了什么影响?- 主要的教训就是:一切并非表面看上去的那样。你会发现——这也是当时让我相当震惊的一点——很多你以为是安全和密码学专家的人,最后被发现以这样或那样的方式是 NSA 的人,在推广有缺陷的加密标准。你还会发现,那个本应在监控民众方面受到限制的政府,实际上并不认为自己有那么多限制。这一点让世界认清,是非常有价值的。
便签引用
2:50:50
I guess it also can be a lesson demonstrating that we humans don't get the balance right. So 9/11 created a situation when the government had to respond, and it responded, but it overreacted. It ended up eroding certain basic rights and freedoms, including the right to privacy, because the government always wants to increase its powers, and the government always tries to do it at the expense of citizens. You have this situation when the cure is worse than the disease. And I think it was incredibly brave to do what Edward did. I didn't get to work with him or ever see him in person. We keep in touch, we sometimes communicate, but we're not close. I still think what he did is laudable.
我想这也可以算一个教训,说明我们人类往往把不好分寸。9·11 制造了一种局面,政府必须回应,它确实回应了,但反应过度了。它最终侵蚀了某些基本权利和自由,包括隐私权,因为政府总是想扩大自己的权力,而且政府总是以牺牲公民为代价去做这件事。于是就出现了治疗比疾病更糟糕的情况。我认为爱德华所做的事非常勇敢。我没能和他共事,也从没见过他本人。我们保持着联系,偶尔会交流,但并不算亲近。我仍然认为他所做的事值得称道。
便签引用
2:51:57
I hope someday we'll meet. - You yourself have faced the full force of various governments, intelligence agencies. Is there any intelligence agency you're afraid of? Any government you're afraid of? - I think they should all be equally afraid of, or equally not afraid of in a way. It's not that this intelligence service can kill you and the other can't kill you. - They all can kill you? - I guess they all can kill me one way or the other, but it's a matter of whether I'm afraid of death. - This goes back to the beginning of our conversation, I think, multiple times.
我希望有一天我们能见面。——你自己就直面过各国政府、情报机构的全部压力。有没有哪个情报机构是你害怕的?有没有哪个政府是你害怕的?——我觉得它们要么都同样值得害怕,要么某种意义上都同样不值得害怕。并不是说这家情报机构能杀你,另一家就杀不了你。——它们都能杀你?——我想它们都能用这样或那样的方式杀掉我,但关键在于我怕不怕死。——我觉得这又回到了我们这次谈话最开始的地方,已经绕回去好几次了。
便签引用
2:52:37
So you're in general fearless in the face of the pressure. - That would be a very bold statement, but I proved to be quite stress resilient. And it's not that you don't have fear. You can have fear, but you overcome this fear. I don't think there is anything at this point that can happen to change the way I am. - So you went through a lot from 2011 to 2014, government pressure that you refused to give in to that led you to create Telegram and let go of VK. And then in 2018, Russia and Iran decided to ban Telegram. That was another example of pressure. Can you take me through that saga in 2018?
所以面对压力,你总体上是无所畏惧的。——这么说会显得太大胆了,不过我证明了自己抗压能力还不错。倒不是说你完全没有恐惧。你可以有恐惧,但你要战胜这种恐惧。我觉得到了这个阶段,已经没有什么事情能改变我这个人了。——所以从2011年到2014年你经历了很多,政府施压,你拒绝屈服,这最终促使你创办了Telegram,也放弃了VK。然后到了2018年,俄罗斯和伊朗决定封禁Telegram。那是另一次施压。你能带我回顾一下2018年那段经历吗?
便签引用
2:53:38
- So in 2018, Telegram started to become popular. I think we had something like 200 million users, and it increasingly became popular in places like Iran and Russia, and other countries where sometimes people have something to hide from the government. In Iran, people used Telegram to protest against the government. They had these huge channels that would use to organize the protests, and eventually the government couldn't keep up. They decided to ban Telegram. People would still keep using it, though, using VPNs. It didn't help. The government invested a lot in coming up with their own messaging app. They had several teams competing for the title of the national Iranian messaging app. All these apps failed. People still preferred Telegram. Interestingly, Iran banned Telegram, but WhatsApp wasn't banned, or at least they unbanned WhatsApp soon after. At the same time, starting in mid-2017 or late-2017, Russia demanded that Telegram hand them the encryption keys. They thought these things exist, something
——2018年的时候,Telegram开始流行起来。我记得我们大概有两亿用户,而且在伊朗、俄罗斯这些地方越来越受欢迎,还有其他一些国家,那里的人有时候有些东西得瞒着政府。在伊朗,人们用Telegram来抗议政府。他们有一些超大的频道,用来组织抗议活动,最后政府应付不过来了。他们决定封禁Telegram。不过人们还是会继续用,靠VPN。封禁没起作用。政府投入了大量资源,想搞出自己的聊天软件。他们有好几个团队在竞争“伊朗国民聊天软件”这个头衔。这些应用全都失败了。人们还是更喜欢Telegram。有意思的是,伊朗封了Telegram,但WhatsApp没被封,或者至少很快就解封了。与此同时,从2017年年中或年末开始,俄罗斯要求Telegram把加密密钥交给他们。他们以为存在这么个东西,某种
便签引用
2:55:23
that would allow them to read messages of every person on Telegram, or at least every person on Telegram in Russia. And we told them, "That's impossible. If you have to ban us, ban us." And this is what they ended up doing in spring 2018. And that was quite fun because they were trying to block our IP addresses, but we were prepared for that, and we came up with this technology that allowed us to rotate IP addresses, replacing them with new ones every time the censor blocks our existing addresses. And then it was completely automated. We had millions of IP addresses. We would be burning through them. We set up this movement called digital resistance when system administrators and engineers all around the world, both inside and outside Russia, could set up their own proxy servers and their own IP addresses for Telegram to rely on in order to bypass censorship. We ended up spending, I think, millions of dollars on that.
能让他们读取Telegram上每个人消息的东西,至少是俄罗斯境内每个Telegram用户的消息。我们告诉他们:“这不可能。如果你们非要封我们,那就封吧。”结果他们在2018年春天真的这么做了。那还挺好玩的,因为他们想封掉我们的IP地址,但我们早有准备,我们搞出了一套技术,可以轮换IP地址,审查机构每封掉我们现有的地址,就自动换上新的。整个过程完全自动化。我们有几百万个IP地址,就这么一个个烧掉。我们还发起了一场运动,叫“数字抵抗”,全世界的系统管理员和工程师,不管在俄罗斯境内还是境外,都可以架设自己的代理服务器、提供自己的IP地址,让Telegram用来绕过审查。我记得我们最后在这上面花了好几百万美元。
便签引用
2:56:46
And as a result, the censor got crazy there. They would ban IP addresses and larger subnets of IP addresses then. Huge subnets which resulted in a weird situation where parts of the country's infrastructure started to Like people were trying to pay for groceries in the supermarkets, and nothing would work because the Russian censor blocked too many IP addresses. And some of the subnets were used to host other unrelated services. Even some Russian social networks and media got affected, banks. So they had to start being more selective in how they combat our anti-censorship tools. The biggest resistance we got at the time was from Apple. Apple didn't allow us to update Telegram in their App Store, saying for at least four weeks that we have to come to an agreement with Russia first. We said, "It's not possible." They said, "We will allow you to push your update for Telegram worldwide, except for Russia." We didn't want to do that.
结果审查机构在那边彻底疯了。他们开始封IP地址,后来是封整段整段更大的IP子网。封的子网大到造成了一个很诡异的局面:国家的部分基础设施开始出问题。比如人们在超市想刷卡买菜,结果什么都用不了,因为俄罗斯的审查机构封了太多IP地址。而有些子网上还托管着其他毫不相关的服务。连一些俄罗斯的社交网络、媒体也受到了影响,还有银行。所以他们不得不开始更有针对性地对付我们的反审查工具。当时我们遇到的最大阻力其实来自苹果。苹果不让我们在App Store里更新Telegram,至少有四周时间,他们说我们必须先跟俄罗斯达成协议。我们说:“那不可能。”他们说:“我们可以让你们在全球推送Telegram的更新,但俄罗斯除外。”我们不想那么做。
便签引用
2:58:15
Almost lost hope. You know, at some point I said, "You know, maybe this is the only way. Maybe we should leave the Russian market. Stop allowing users from Russia to download the app from the App Store, which would mean it's over." We helped organize certain protests in defense of Telegram and privacy and freedom of speech in 2018 in Moscow. There were hilarious people flying paper airplanes. - I saw that. - And at some point, I decided, "I have to make a statement. I have to say that Apple sided with the censor." That we are trying to do the right thing here, but without Apple we can't do much, 'cause people can't download your app anymore.
几乎要失去希望了。有那么一刻我说:“也许这是唯一的办法。也许我们该退出俄罗斯市场,不再让俄罗斯用户从App Store下载这个应用。”而那意味着一切都完了。2018年我们在莫斯科帮忙组织了一些声援Telegram、声援隐私和言论自由的抗议活动。当时有一群特别有意思的人在放纸飞机。——我看到了。——某个时刻我下定决心:“我必须表态。我必须说出来,苹果站到了审查者那一边。”我们在这里是想做正确的事,但没有苹果我们也做不了什么,因为人们没法再下载你的应用了。
便签引用
2:59:13
I published it in my channel and then the New York Times picked it up with the picture of the protestors flying paper airplanes. Apple was criticized in that story, and I thought, "Well, Apple should probably come back to the right side of history here." And I waited for one day and two days. In the meantime, since we've been unable to update Telegram for more than a month, it started to fall apart because the new version of iOS came out, and it made the old versions of Telegram obsolete. Some features that used to work stopped working and users all over the world started to suffer.
我把这些发在了我的频道上,然后《纽约时报》报道了这件事,配的照片就是抗议者在放纸飞机。苹果在那篇报道里受到了批评,我当时想:“好吧,苹果大概该回到历史正确的一边了。”然后我等了一天,两天。与此同时,由于我们一个多月都没能更新Telegram,应用开始出问题了,因为新版本的iOS发布了,旧版本的Telegram就此过时。一些原本能用的功能不能用了,全世界的用户都开始受影响。
便签引用
3:00:08
Like, people that had nothing to do with Russia from other parts of the world, experienced issues with Telegram. So it was really serious, and I said to my team, "You know what? If by 6:00 PM today," I think it was a Friday, "nothing changes and Apple doesn't allow us to push the version of Telegram through, let's just forget about the Russian market. Let's keep going because the rest of the world is more important." It's sad, but what can we do? - Which, by the way, removes all the people that want to protest, all the people that want to talk in Russia, it removes their ability to have a voice in the most popular messaging app in that part of the world.
就是说,那些跟俄罗斯毫无关系、生活在世界其他地方的人,也遇到了Telegram的问题。所以事情真的很严重,我对团队说:“这样吧,如果到今天下午六点”——我记得那天是周五——“还是没有任何变化,苹果还是不让我们推送Telegram的新版本,那我们干脆就放弃俄罗斯市场。我们继续往前走,因为世界其他地方更重要。”很遗憾,但我们还能怎么办呢?——顺便说一句,这么做等于剥夺了所有想抗议的人、所有想在俄罗斯发声的人的渠道,让他们在那个地区最流行的聊天软件里失去了声音。
便签引用
3:00:55
- Yes. Magically, 15 minutes to the time I was planning to remove Telegram from the Russian App Store in order to proceed globally, Apple reached out to us and said, "It's okay. Your update is approved." And we managed to keep playing. this hide and seek game with the censor, bypassing censorship through digital resistance. In Iran, it was a little bit different because we realized it would've been too expensive to try to come up with all those IP addresses. And in addition, it was not clear whether we wouldn't be in violation of the sanctions regime, so we did something else. We created an economic incentive for people who would set up proxy servers for Telegram.
——是的。神奇的是,就在我打算把Telegram从俄罗斯App Store下架、以便在全球继续推进的那个时间点前15分钟,苹果联系了我们,说:“没问题,你们的更新通过审核了。”我们这才得以继续玩下去。这种和审查机构玩的捉迷藏游戏,通过数字手段来抵抗审查、绕开封锁。在伊朗情况有点不一样,因为我们意识到要弄出那么多 IP 地址,成本实在太高了。而且,我们也不确定这样做会不会违反制裁规定,所以我们换了个办法。我们为那些愿意为 Telegram 搭建代理服务器的人创造了一种经济激励。
便签引用
3:02:01
Any person, say an Iranian engineer, could come up with a proxy server, distribute its address among users in Iran, and whoever connected through the proxy of this person would be able to see a pinned chat, an ad placed there by the system administrator, the owner of the proxy. And this is how you can monetize your proxy, so it created this market, which resulted in Iranians fixing their own problem and as a result, we kept millions, or maybe tens of millions, of Iranian users. Up until this day, I think Telegram is still banned in Iran today, but we probably have something like 50 million people relying on Telegram from that country.
任何人,比如一位伊朗工程师,都可以搭建一个代理服务器,把地址分发给伊朗的用户,而任何通过这个人的代理连接的人都会看到一个置顶聊天,也就是服务器管理员、代理拥有者在那里投放的广告。这就是你把代理变现的方式,于是就形成了这样一个市场,结果就是伊朗人自己解决了自己的问题,我们也因此保住了数百万、甚至可能是数千万的伊朗用户。直到今天,我想 Telegram 在伊朗应该还是被封禁的,但我们大概仍有五千万左右的人在那个国家依赖 Telegram。
便签引用
3:03:08
- So the people find a way around? - People find a way around. - That's ingenious. That's really great to hear. I have to ask you about this. After having spent many days with you, I learned of something that you've never talked about at the time, have not talked about to this day, that there was an assassination attempt on you using what appears to be poisoning in 2018. I think to me, it showed the seriousness of this fight to uphold the freedom of speech for everyone, for all people of Earth that you're doing. I have to say, it would mean a lot to me if you tell me this story.
- 所以人们总能找到绕过去的办法?- 人们总能找到绕过去的办法。- 这太有创意了。听到这个真的很棒。我得问你这件事。和你相处了很多天之后,我得知了一件你从未谈起过的事,当时没有说过,直到今天也没有说过——那就是在 2018 年,有人试图暗杀你,看起来是用下毒的方式。我觉得,这件事让我看到了你所做的这场斗争有多么严肃——为所有人、为地球上的每一个人捍卫言论自由,这就是你在做的事。我得说,如果你愿意讲讲这个故事,对我意义重大。
便签引用
3:03:55
- Well, this is something I never talked about publicly because I didn't want people to freak out, particularly at the time. It was spring 2018. We were trying to raise funds for TON, a blockchain project, working with all kinds of VCs and investors. In the meantime, we had a couple of countries trying to ban Telegram, so it wasn't exactly the best moment for me to start sharing anything related to my personal health. But that was something that is hard to forget. I never felt ill. I believe I have perfect health. I very rarely have headaches or bad cough. I don't take pills because I don't have to take pills, and that was the only instant in my life when I think I was dying. I came back home, opened the door of my townhouse, the place I rented. I had this weird neighbor and he left something for me there around the door.
- 嗯,这件事我从来没有公开讲过,因为我不想让大家惊慌,尤其是在当时。那是 2018 年春天。我们当时正在为区块链项目 TON 募资,跟各种风投和投资人打交道。与此同时,还有好几个国家想要封禁 Telegram,所以那真的不是一个适合我开始透露任何跟我个人健康有关的事情的时机。但那件事确实很难忘记。我从来没生过病。我觉得自己身体特别好。我很少头痛或者咳嗽得厉害。我不吃药,因为我根本不需要吃药,而那是我这辈子唯一一次觉得自己要死了。我回到家,打开我那栋联排别墅的门,那是我租的房子。我有个很奇怪的邻居,他在门附近给我留了点东西。
便签引用
3:05:20
And one hour after, when I was already in my bed, so I was living alone, I felt very bad. I felt pain all over my body. I tried to get up and go to the bathroom. But while I was going there, I felt that functions of my body started to switch off. First, the eyesight and hearing, then I had difficulty breathing, everything accompanied by very acute pain, heart, stomach, all blood vessels. It was... It's a difficult thing to explain, but one thing I was certain about is, yeah, this is it. - You thought you were gonna die?
一个小时之后,我已经躺在床上了,我当时是一个人住,我感觉非常难受。全身都在疼。我试着起身去卫生间,但走到一半,我感觉身体的各项机能开始一个个关闭。先是视力和听力,然后是呼吸困难,所有这一切都伴随着极其剧烈的疼痛——心脏、胃、所有的血管。那种感觉……很难形容,但有一件事我很确定,就是,嗯,这下完了。- 你以为自己要死了?
便签引用
3:06:26
- Yeah. This is it, because I couldn't breathe, I couldn't see anything. It was very painful. I think it's over. I thought, well, I have had a good life. I managed to accomplish a few... accomplish a few things. And then I collapsed on the floor, but I don't remember it, because the pain covered everything. I found myself on the floor next day. It was already bright. And I couldn't stand up. I was super weak. I looked at my arms and my body, blood vessels were broken all over my body. Something like this never happened to me. I couldn't walk for two weeks after. I stayed at my place, and I decided not to tell most of my team about it, because, you know, I didn't want them to worry. But it was tough. That was tough.
- 是的。这下完了,因为我喘不上气,什么也看不见。太疼了。我想,这下结束了。我当时想,好吧,我这辈子过得不错。我也算完成了一些……完成了一些事情。然后我就倒在了地板上,但我不记得倒下的过程,因为疼痛盖过了一切。等我有意识时,我发现自己躺在地板上,已经是第二天了。天已经亮了。我站不起来。虚弱得不行。我看了看自己的手臂和身体,血管全都破了,整个身上都是。这种事从来没在我身上发生过。之后的两个星期我都没法走路。我一直待在家里,而且我决定不告诉团队里的大多数人,因为,你知道的,我不想让他们担心。但那段时间真的很难熬。真的很难熬。
便签引用
3:07:35
- Did that make you afraid of the road you were walking? Meaning all the governments, all the intelligence agencies, all the people. Like we mentioned, it's like you're playing a video game. You started with VK where you're just trying to build a thing that scales and all of a sudden you find out there's DDoS attacks attacking the security, the integrity of the infrastructure, and then you realize there's politics, and then you realize there's geopolitics, and all of these forces are interested in controlling channels of communication, and you're just a curious guy who created a platform for everybody on Earth to talk, and all of a sudden you realize there's a lot of people attacking you.
- 那件事有没有让你对自己走的这条路感到害怕?我是说,那些政府、那些情报机构、那些人。就像我们说的,这就像你在打一款电子游戏。你从 VK 开始,本来只是想做一个能规模化的产品,然后突然发现有DDoS 攻击在攻击基础设施的安全和完整性,接着你意识到这里面有政治,然后你又意识到还有地缘政治,而所有这些势力都想控制通讯渠道,而你只是一个好奇的人,做了一个平台让地球上的每个人都能交流,然后突然之间你发现有一大堆人在攻击你。
便签引用
3:08:36
How did that change your view? Did that make you more scared of the world? - Interestingly, not at all. If anything, I felt even more free after that. It wasn't the first time I thought I was going to die. I had an experience when I assumed something bad is going to happen to me a few years before that, also in relation to my work. But, you know, after you survive something like this, you feel like you're living on bonus time, so in a way, you died a long time ago, and every new day you get is a gift.
这件事有没有改变你的看法?有没有让你更害怕这个世界?- 有意思的是,完全没有。要说有什么变化,那之后我反而感觉更自由了。那并不是我第一次以为自己要死了。在那之前几年,我还有过一次经历,当时我以为会有什么不好的事发生在我身上,同样也跟我的工作有关。但是,你知道,当你从这样的事情中活下来之后,你会觉得自己是在赚来的时间里活着,某种意义上你早就已经死了,之后的每一天都是额外的礼物。
便签引用
3:09:30
- As a bonus. - Yes. - And the first time you're referring to, is that... would that have to do with the complexity that was happening with the pressure from the government on VK? And then you had to figure out the increasing pressure and you had to figure out what to do, and you understood that you're losing control of VK at that moment? - The first of these instances was in December 2011. In December 2011, you had this huge protest on the streets of Moscow. They didn't trust in the integrity of the election results to the State Duma in Russia. I remember in 2011, I still lived in Russia, running VK. There was no Telegram.
- 算是赚到的。- 是的。- 你说的第一次,是不是……是不是跟当时来自政府对 VK 的压力所带来的那些复杂局面有关?然后你必须应对越来越大的压力,必须想清楚该怎么办,而你也明白,自己在那一刻正在失去对 VK 的控制权?- 这两次经历中的第一次是在 2011 年 12 月。2011 年 12 月,莫斯科街头爆发了大规模抗议。人们不相信俄罗斯国家杜马选举结果的公正性。我记得 2011 年时,我还住在俄罗斯,经营着 VK。那时候还没有 Telegram。
便签引用
3:10:20
So the government demanded that we take down the opposition groups of Navalny from VK that had hundreds of thousands of members and that were used to organize this protest, and I very publicly refused to do that. I just, you know, decided it's not the right thing to do. People have the right to assemble, and I mocked the prosecutor who handed me that demand and put out a scan of it, and next to it, a photo of a dog in a hoodie with its tongue out, and I said, "This is my official response to the prosecutor's request to ban opposition groups." That was very funny at the moment, but then I had armed policemen trying to get into my apartment,
当时政府要求我们把纳瓦尔尼的反对派群组从 VK 上删掉,那些群组有几十万成员,被用来组织这场抗议,而我非常公开地拒绝了。我只是,你知道,觉得那样做不对。人们有集会的权利,我当时嘲讽了那个把要求递给我的检察官,把文件扫描件发了出去,旁边配了一张穿着卫衣、吐着舌头的狗的照片,我写道:「这就是我对检察官要求封禁反对派群组的正式答复。」当时觉得特别好笑,但接下来就有持枪的警察试图闯进我的公寓,
便签引用
3:11:30
and I thought about many things at that moment. I asked myself, "Did I make the right choice?" And I came to the conclusion that I made the right choice, and I asked myself, "What would be the next thing that would logically follow from this?" And I realized, "They're probably going to put me in prison." So what am I going to do about it? I asked myself. And I told myself, "I'm going to starve myself, starve to death." It's something that probably many men have. They're ready to die for other people or certain principles they strongly believe in. I'm not alone here.
那一刻我想了很多事。我问自己:「我的选择是对的吗?」最后我得出结论,我的选择是对的。然后我又问自己:「按照逻辑,接下来会发生什么?」我意识到:「他们大概会把我关进监狱。」那我该怎么办呢?我这样问自己。我告诉自己:「我就绝食,绝食到死。」我想很多男人身上大概都有这种东西。他们愿意为别人、或者为自己深信的某些原则去死。在这一点上我并不孤单。
便签引用
3:12:22
I guess Edward Snowden was ready to die as well, or some other people like Assange. Also, at that moment, I realized there is no way to communicate securely. I need to tell my brother what's going on. They're probably going after him. How do I tell him without betraying him? Because in 2011, remember, WhatsApp was already there. I think they launched it in 2009, but it had zero encryption. All messages were plaintext in transit, meaning that even your system administrator, let alone your carrier, had access to your messages.
我猜爱德华·斯诺登也做好了赴死的准备,还有像阿桑奇那样的人。另外,就在那一刻,我意识到根本没有安全通信的办法。我得告诉我哥哥出了什么事。他们八成也会去找他。可我怎么告诉他,又不至于把他暴露了?因为在2011年,你想想,WhatsApp 已经有了。我记得他们是在2009年上线的,但它完全没有加密。所有消息在传输中都是明文,也就是说,别说你的运营商了,连你的系统管理员都能看到你的消息。
便签引用
3:13:09
It was only after Telegram started this push for encryption that these other apps suddenly remembered that privacy was in their DNA, as WhatsApp founders famously stated, but it must have been a dormant gene. in 2011. So in 2011, there was no way... to send a message in a secure way. And I also told myself, "If I'm going to survive this, I'm definitely launching a secure messaging app." Somehow it ended up not being too bad. I was summoned to the prosecutor, answered some silly questions, fewer questions that I had to answer more recently in the French investigation case.
正是在 Telegram 开始推动加密之后,那些应用才突然想起来,隐私原来一直在它们的基因里,就像 WhatsApp 创始人那句著名的说法——只不过那大概是个沉睡的基因。在2011年。所以在2011年,根本没有办法……以安全的方式发送一条消息。我也告诉自己:「如果我能挺过这一关,我一定要做一款安全的通信应用。」不知怎么,事情最后没有太糟。我被传唤到检察官那里,回答了一些很无聊的问题,比我后来在法国的调查案件中要回答的问题还少。
便签引用
3:14:08
But it was the beginning of the end. It was clear that there's no way I'm going to be allowed to run VK the way I wanted it to run. That was the moment I packed my backpack and just started to wait. I moved to a hotel and realized any day I can leave the country. I kept running VK. I started to design Telegram and assembling the team, but I knew my days in Russia were numbered. - Well, first, I really have to say for myself, millions, maybe hundreds of millions, maybe the entirety of Earth, thank you for putting your life on the line in those cases. I think freedom of speech is fundamental to the flourishing of humanity, so. And it depends on people willing to put everything on the line for their principles. So, thank you.
但那是结局的开始。当时已经很清楚,我不可能被允许按照我想要的方式来运营 VK 了。就在那一刻,我收拾好背包,开始等待。我搬进了酒店,明白自己随时可能离开这个国家。我继续经营 VK,同时开始设计 Telegram、组建团队,但我知道自己在俄罗斯的日子不多了。——首先,我真的得代表我自己,代表数百万、也许数亿、也许整个地球上的人说一句:谢谢你在那些时刻把自己的性命押上去。我认为言论自由是人类繁荣的根基。而这依赖于那些愿意为原则押上一切的人。所以,谢谢你。
便签引用
10全球攻击、盈利模式与 TON
3:15:26
Quick pause. I need a bathroom break. All right. We're back, and once again, we had a super long day, and the fact that you would spend many hours with me, thank you for powering through. We got this. It's already late at night. - Thanks for doing this. - Okay. So there is increasing indication, I think, from things I've seen online that Russia is considering banning Telegram. First of all, do you think this might happen? And what effect do you think this might have on humanity? And, in general, what do you think about this?
稍微暂停一下,我得去趟洗手间。好,我们回来了。今天又是超长的一天,你愿意花这么多小时陪我,谢谢你坚持下来。我们能行的。已经是深夜了。——谢谢你做这个访谈。——好。我从网上看到的一些迹象来看,越来越有征兆显示俄罗斯正在考虑封禁 Telegram。首先,你觉得这真的可能发生吗?你认为这会对人类产生什么影响?总体上你怎么看这件事?
便签引用
3:16:08
- It can definitely happen. As you said, there are certain indications. There have been certain test attempts to partially ban it. Telegram is no longer accessible in parts of Russia, such as Dagestan. It would be incredibly sad if Russia restores its attempts to ban Telegram, because currently it's being used by its population for all kinds of purposes, not just personal communication or economic business activities. But also, it's communication or economic business activities. But also, it's the only platform which allows the Russian people to access independent sources of information.
——这完全可能发生。就像你说的,有一些迹象。已经出现过一些局部封禁的试探。在俄罗斯的部分地区,比如达吉斯坦,Telegram 已经无法访问了。如果俄罗斯重新尝试封禁 Telegram,那将极其令人痛心,因为现在民众用它来做各种各样的事,不只是私人通信或者经济商业活动。而且它还是……不只是通信或者经济商业活动。它还是唯一一个让俄罗斯人能够接触到独立信息来源的平台。
便签引用
3:16:55
If you think about media outlets such as BBC or any other non-Russian sources of information, they're only accessible in Russia through Telegram in the form of Telegram channels. The websites are banned. Some other social media sites are banned. And as you said, like, there are indications that Russia is planning to migrate users from existing messaging apps such as WhatsApp and Telegram to their own homegrown tool, which would, of course, be fully transparent to the government and wouldn't allow voices independent from the government to express themselves.
你想想像 BBC 这样的媒体机构,或者任何其他非俄罗斯的信息来源,它们在俄罗斯只能通过 Telegram、以 Telegram 频道的形式被访问到。网站被封了,一些其他的社交媒体网站也被封了。而且就像你说的,有迹象表明,俄罗斯打算把用户从现有的通信应用——比如 WhatsApp 和 Telegram——迁移到他们自己研发的工具上,而那个工具当然对政府是完全透明的,也不会允许独立于政府的声音发声。
便签引用
3:17:51
It's certainly an alarming trend. We see these attempts in countries that are not famous for countries that are not famous for protecting freedom of speech, but also increasingly in countries that have been known to protect freedoms. And this creates this vicious circle, because in a way European countries trying to fight freedom of speech under pretext that sound legitimate, such as combating misinformation or election interference. They create precedents, and they legitimize restrictions to freedom of speech, which then, in turn, can be used by authoritarian regimes. And they would say, in places like China or Iran that they're not doing anything different. It's the norm now to restrict voices that that don't go in line with the mainstream narrative.
这无疑是一个令人警惕的趋势。我们在那些并不以保护言论自由著称的国家看到这种尝试,但也越来越多地出现在那些一向以保护自由闻名的国家。而这就形成了一个恶性循环,因为某种程度上,欧洲国家正以听起来很正当的借口来打压言论自由,比如打击虚假信息或者选举干预。他们开创了先例,让对言论自由的限制变得合法化,而这反过来又会被威权政权拿来使用。在中国或伊朗那样的地方,他们会说自己做的并没有什么不同。限制那些不符合主流叙事的声音,如今已经成了常态。
便签引用
3:19:11
That's sad, because one of the things that makes our life interesting is this abundance of different viewpoints, of different people that we get to experience. You limit the freedom of people, you inevitably decelerate economic growth, level of happiness, the way people can contribute to society, the way people can express themselves. I personally think it would be a huge mistake to ban a tool like Telegram in any country, particularly a large country such as Russia, because the Russian people are incredibly talented and resilient people. They are among the first to start utilizing some of these recent innovations that Telegram implements. They are the early adopters. I'd say them and also the Americans, perhaps other people from Eastern Europe like Ukrainians and Southeast Asians. They're among the first people to start using any new addition that we launch. They're incredibly hungry for innovation.
这很可悲,因为让我们的生活有意思的,正是这种丰富的、来自不同人的不同观点。你限制了人的自由,就不可避免地会拖慢经济增长、降低幸福感,削弱人们为社会做贡献、表达自我的能力。我个人认为,在任何国家封禁像 Telegram 这样的工具都是巨大的错误,尤其是在俄罗斯这样的大国,因为俄罗斯人是极具才华、极为坚韧的一群人。他们总是最早开始使用 Telegram 推出的那些新功能的人之一。他们是早期采用者。我会说是他们,还有美国人,也许还有东欧的一些人,比如乌克兰人,以及东南亚人。我们每推出一个新功能,他们都是最先用起来的人之一。他们对创新极度渴望。
便签引用
3:20:32
- So all that said there's as part of the propaganda, and in general, there's attacks on you all over the place. There's misinformation. I've read a bunch of things that are, I think, in a systematic way, lying about you, lying about Telegram from all angles. Why do you get attacked so much by everybody? - Well, protecting freedom of speech is not a way to make a lot of friends. Because you would inevitably find yourself in a situation where you would be protecting the freedom of the opposition to the current government in any country to express themselves. And then the initial reaction and a very basic, instinctive reaction of any government would be to say, "Oh, our opposition shouldn't be trusted and allowed to express themselves, because they're actually agents of some foreign rival, a geopolitical force that wants to destroy our country." This is something that every authoritarian regime in history used. You take Stalinist Russia or Nazi Germany, Maoist China. They'd always use the same trick. They'd say, "We need to limit your freedom of speech,
——话虽如此,作为宣传战的一部分,总体上,针对你的攻击到处都是。有各种虚假信息。我读到过一堆东西,我觉得是以一种系统性的方式在编造关于你的谎言、关于 Telegram 的谎言,从各个角度都有。为什么你会被所有人这么猛烈地攻击?——嗯,保护言论自由不是一条能交到很多朋友的路。因为你不可避免地会发现自己处在这样一种境地:你在保护任何一个国家里、现任政府的反对派发声的自由。而任何政府最初的反应、最本能的反应,都会是说:「哦,我们的反对派不可信,不该被允许发声,因为他们其实是某个外国对手的代理人,是某个想毁掉我们国家的地缘政治势力的代理人。」历史上每一个威权政权都用过这一招。你看斯大林时期的俄罗斯,或者纳粹德国、毛时代的中国,他们总是用同样的伎俩。他们会说:「我们必须限制你们的言论自由,
便签引用
3:22:11
because these people who are masquerading as opposition are actually the agents of this other country that wants to take over. That's why, dear citizens, forget about your freedoms." And now increasingly, you see similar attempts in free countries. The initial instinct from, say, President Macron's team when they're confronted with some footage, for example, the footage of his wife slapping him, would be to say it's all fake Russian imagery, something that is inaccurate, something that is misinformation or interference. And then when they are confronted with more information, they have to refine the narrative. So when you find yourself in a situation that you're running this platform like Telegram, and then you protect the freedom to express ideas that don't go in line with the mainstream narrative, you often find yourself in this crossfire when the forces in power will say that you must be working with some foreign government that they don't like. Inevitably they would say that.
因为这些伪装成反对派的人,其实是另一个国家的代理人,那个国家想把我们吞掉。所以,亲爱的公民们,忘了你们的自由吧。」而如今,你越来越多地在自由国家看到类似的做法。比如说,马克龙总统的团队在面对某段视频时,最初的本能,比如那段他妻子扇他耳光的视频,就是说这全是俄罗斯伪造的影像,是不实的东西,是虚假信息或者外部干预。然后当更多信息摆在他们面前时,他们又不得不调整说法。所以当你处在运营 Telegram 这样一个平台的位置上,而你保护那些不符合主流叙事的观点的表达自由时,你常常会发现自己身处交火之中——掌权的势力会说你一定是在替某个他们不喜欢的外国政府干活。他们必然会这么说。
便签引用
3:23:46
"Oh, if you're protecting these voices, it's not right." They love you when you're protecting the freedom of speech in a country that is far from them, or better yet, in a country that is their geopolitical rival. They praise you for that, but then they have this bipolar attitude when you do the same in their own country. And they say, "No, no, no, no, no. We loved you for protecting freedom of speech, but not here. Not in my backyard. We don't need it here. We're all right. We have free press." And then you will find yourself in this weird spot and Ukrainians say you work for the Russians, the Russians say you work for the Ukrainians. And all this schizophrenia is something that we had to deal with for some time, because it's a very easy way to attack you. At some point you don't understand where it is coming from. Is it our competitors? And we must give credit to our competitors if it's their invention to launch these kind of rumors, because at a certain point they must have realized they can't compete technologically
「哦,如果你在保护这些声音,那就是不对的。」当你保护的是某个离他们很远的国家的言论自由时,他们爱你;如果那个国家还是他们的地缘政治对手,那就更好了。他们会为此称赞你,但当你在他们自己的国家做同样的事时,他们的态度就完全反过来了。他们会说:「不不不,不行不行。我们曾因为你保护言论自由而爱你,但不能在这里。别在我家后院搞这一套。我们这儿不需要,我们挺好的,我们有自由的媒体。」于是你就会发现自己处在一个很怪的位置上:乌克兰人说你为俄罗斯人干活,俄罗斯人说你为乌克兰人干活。这种精神分裂式的状况,我们已经应付了好一段时间,因为这是攻击你最容易的方式。到某个时候你都搞不清这是从哪儿来的。是我们的竞争对手吗?如果散播这类谣言真是他们的发明,那我们还得「佩服」一下我们的竞争对手,因为到了某个时候他们一定意识到,自己在技术上、在产品层面竞争不过,所以只能来这一套。或者
便签引用
3:25:13
on the product side, so they must do something like this. Or it's just governments launching these rumors, trying to discredit the platform, trying to scare their citizens away from it, because they understand that their power and grip over their own country is in danger, as long as they allow a pro-freedom platform to operate. - And through all of this, we should say over and over that you are simply preserving the freedom of speech for all people of Earth, no matter what they believe, as long as they don't call for violence and as long as they're not doing some of the criminal activity that we discussed, including terrorist organizing. But other than that, it doesn't matter what their belief, left wing or right wing. You're just preserving their freedom of speech. You think people of Ukraine, people of Russia, and people of Iran, people of all over the world understand that, despite the propaganda against you?
就是政府在散播这些谣言,试图抹黑这个平台,吓得自己的公民不敢用,因为他们明白,只要还允许一个亲自由的平台运作,他们对自己国家的权力和掌控就处于危险之中。——在这一切之中,我们应该反复强调:你只是在为地球上所有人守护言论自由,不管他们信什么,只要他们不煽动暴力,只要他们不从事我们讨论过的那些犯罪活动,包括恐怖组织活动。除此之外,他们的信念是什么、是左翼还是右翼,都不重要。你只是在守护他们的言论自由。你觉得乌克兰人、俄罗斯人、伊朗人,以及世界各地的人明白这一点吗?尽管有那些针对你的宣传。
便签引用
3:26:14
- I think people are smart. Every time I meet somebody from one of these countries you mentioned, in real life, people recognize me in the street. Say here in Dubai, they come over, they seem incredibly grateful and understanding. The propaganda in each of these countries would tell them a number of things, but they learned to discount it. That's why they're so happy that Telegram exists, is because the way they can understand the world around them is to receive conflicting, mutually exclusive viewpoints from sources that hate each other, and try to understand what really is true, because there's no such thing as an unbiased source of information. When the war in Ukraine started in 2022, I instantly realized Telegram is going to be used to spread propaganda by both sides, and I didn't want Telegram to be used as a tool for war.
——我觉得人们是聪明的。每次我在现实中遇到你提到的这些国家的人,他们在街上认出我——比如在迪拜这里——他们会走过来,看上去满是感激和理解。这些国家的宣传会告诉他们很多说法,但他们已经学会打折扣去看。这也是他们为什么这么庆幸有 Telegram 存在,因为他们理解周围世界的方式,就是接收彼此冲突、互相排斥的观点,来自互相仇视的信息源,然后自己去判断什么才是真的。因为根本不存在所谓不带偏见的信息源。2022年乌克兰战争爆发时,我立刻意识到 Telegram 会被双方用来传播宣传,而我不希望 Telegram 成为战争的工具。
便签引用
3:27:34
I said, and I posted it publicly, I suggested maybe we should just suspend the activity of all politics- related channels in both countries for the time of the war. Maybe we shouldn't have channels in these two countries. And then, interestingly, people from both countries revolted against this. They told me, both people in Ukraine and in Russia, that I don't get to babysit them and decide for them what sources of information that they have to be granted access to. They are grownups that can make these decisions for themselves. They understand that there is a lot of propaganda.
我说过,而且我公开发过帖,我提议或许我们干脆在战争期间暂停两国所有与政治相关的频道。也许我们不该在这两个国家提供频道功能。结果有意思的是,两个国家的人都反对这么做。乌克兰人和俄罗斯人都告诉我,我没有资格把他们当小孩看,替他们决定他们能接触哪些信息来源。他们是成年人,能自己做这些决定。他们明白有大量的宣传存在,
便签引用
3:28:33
They learn to see through this propaganda. They learn to be able to tell truth from lie. And in this time of war, it was particularly valuable for them to receive as much information as possible, because their relatives, their friends were getting affected and are still getting affected. They want to understand what was going on. At that point, I realized people are smart, people get it. People can see through it. If you ask most people in any of these countries, "Do you agree that access to Telegram should be restricted for whatever reason?" They would say no.
他们学会了看穿这些宣传,学会了分辨真假。而在战争时期,对他们来说尤其宝贵的,就是尽可能多地获取信息,因为他们的亲人、朋友当时正受到影响,现在依然在受影响。他们想弄清楚到底发生了什么。那时我意识到,人们是聪明的,人们是懂的。人们能看穿这些。如果你去问这些国家里的大多数人:「你同意以任何理由限制 Telegram 的访问吗?」他们会说不。
便签引用
3:29:19
- They hunger to have a voice. - They need a voice and they need a place to share their opinion securely. - I have to ask you, on the question of leadership in the LaPointe interview, the journalist said that you're often compared to Elon Musk. And you highlighted some interesting nuances around that, that you're quite different; that Elon runs several companies at once while you only run one, and Elon can lean more on the emotional side while you deliberate and think deeply before acting. Can you expand on this? Also, there's an interesting point that you made that everybody's weakness is also a strength. Everybody's strength is also a weakness. There's a dual nature to all our characteristics. So, on the topic of Elon, what have you learned from his style of leadership? What do you respect about him?
——他们渴望拥有发声的渠道。——他们需要发声,需要一个能安全分享自己观点的地方。——我得问你一个关于领导力的问题。在 LaPointe 的那次访谈里,记者说你经常被拿来和埃隆·马斯克比较。你当时指出了一些很有意思的细微差别,说你们其实很不一样:埃隆同时经营好几家公司,而你只经营一家;埃隆更容易凭情绪行事,而你会在行动前深思熟虑。你能展开讲讲这个吗?另外你还提到一个很有意思的观点:每个人的弱点同时也是优点,每个人的优点同时也是弱点。我们所有的特质都有两面性。那么说到埃隆,你从他的领导风格中学到了什么?你欣赏他哪些地方?
便签引用
3:30:20
- First of all, I don't think there is such thing as a negative personal trait. In most cases, our bad traits and our good traits are the same trait or at least have the same source. Of course, there are some extreme examples, but I'd say 99% of people, if you analyze their character, their bravery can be seen in recklessness in other situations. Depending on circumstances, you would see exactly the same personality trait, and it would be either a good thing or a bad thing, because humanity is perfect as a whole and each of us is different for a reason. We have evolved to be different, to complement each other's abilities so that together we are invincible.
——首先,我不认为存在所谓「负面的人格特质」。大多数情况下,我们的缺点和优点其实是同一个特质,至少来自同一个源头。当然也有一些极端的例子,但我会说99%的人,如果你分析他们的性格,他们的勇敢在另一些情境下就会表现为鲁莽。取决于具体情况,你看到的是完全相同的性格特质,它可能是好事,也可能是坏事。因为人类作为一个整体是完美的,我们每个人都不一样,这是有原因的。我们进化成彼此不同,是为了互补彼此的能力,这样我们在一起才是无敌的。
便签引用
3:31:20
And even if you take a person as complicated as Elon, I believe that certain traits that Elon demonstrates, that people criticize about him, are also the sources of his strength. For example, his emotionality is derived from the fact that he cares about issues deeply and he is willing to start as many wars and as many fights as it takes to change the world in the direction that he thinks is right. He also seems to be able to extract motivation from all these wars and personal conflicts, which is, again, not something to be underestimated. At a certain point in the life of a successful entrepreneur, the question of motivation starts to be the primary question. If we're talking about the most richest person in the world and the most famous entrepreneur in the world, you have to wonder, how does he motivate himself? And if starting a war on X, debating certain issues, or becoming personal with other CEOs, criticizing them, if these activities help Elon to innovate and start new projects, he should be doing more of it. There's nothing wrong in
即使是像马斯克这么复杂的人,我也相信,他身上那些被人诟病的某些特质,其实同时也是他力量的来源。比如说,他的情绪化源于他对问题真的非常在意,而且为了把世界推向他认为正确的方向,他愿意挑起任何数量的战争、任何数量的争斗。他似乎还能从这些战争和个人冲突中汲取动力,而这一点同样不容小觑。成功创业者到了人生的某个阶段,动力问题会开始变成最主要的问题。如果我们谈的是全世界最有钱的人、最有名的创业者,你就不得不想:他靠什么激励自己?如果在 X 上挑起一场战争、就某些议题辩论,或者跟其他 CEO 起私人恩怨、批评他们,如果这些事情能帮助马斯克去创新、去启动新项目,那他就该多做一些。不随和并没有什么错。实际上,这正是成功创业者的主要特质之一,
便签引用
3:33:13
being non-agreeable. Actually, it's one of the main traits of a successful entrepreneur, not agreeing with things. And every time somebody like Elon... But there is no somebody like Elon. There's just Elon. I think, at least from the entrepreneurs I know and I personally interacted with, he's unique in the sense that he keeps launching new things, running them in parallel, and he doesn't seem to be stretched too thin. Well, some people think he is, but he manages to still demonstrate success in all or most of his endeavors.
就是不轻易认同既有的东西。每次出现像马斯克这样的人……但其实并没有“像马斯克这样的人”,只有马斯克一个。我觉得,至少在我认识的、亲自打过交道的创业者里,他是独一无二的:他不断推出新东西,而且是并行地推进,同时看上去也没有把自己摊得太薄。当然,有些人觉得他摊薄了,但他还是能在所有或大多数事业上做出成绩。
便签引用
3:34:03
So again, you can criticize Elon for being emotional, but would he be the same person without this? I doubt that. - and the incredible teams he's motivated too. There's an element of that, which you've spoken about. The team at Telegram, you know, assembling a team of A-players, as we've talked about, is a skill in itself. And that's also a big part of the the leaders that we've discussed, is like what, judged in part by the team you assemble. - Yes. And one of the necessary character features to enable that is to be ready to be unpleasant. You have to be ready to insult some people if their work is inferior. You have to be ready to fire them without remorse. So in order to be an efficient and great entrepreneur and enrich the world of innovations, you have to do unpleasant things. Most people will shy away from it. And
所以再说一次,你可以批评马斯克情绪化,但没有这一点,他还会是同一个人吗?我很怀疑。- 还有他所激励起来的那些了不起的团队。这里面也有这个因素,你之前也谈过。Telegram 的团队,你知道,就像我们聊过的,组建一支全是顶尖人才的团队本身就是一种能力。这也是我们讨论的这些领导者很重要的一部分,就是说,评价一个人,有一部分要看他组建起来的团队。- 是的。而要做到这一点,必备的性格特质之一就是敢于让人不舒服。你得敢于伤到一些人,如果他们的工作不合格的话。你得敢于毫无愧疚地把他们开掉。所以,要成为一个高效而伟大的创业者、为世界带来更多创新,你就必须做一些不愉快的事。大多数人会回避这一点。而且
便签引用
3:35:17
in a certain sense, entrepreneurs sacrifice their peace of mind in order to contribute to the world around them. And Elon is a great example of that. - I have to ask you about the big picture of Telegram. We've already talked about the fact that you own 100% of it, and there's a lot on the business side of it. The business structure of Telegram is fascinating. You've invested 100, maybe hundreds of millions of dollars of your own money. As far as I know, you take a salary of what? $1? - One dirham is one-third of that.
从某种意义上说,创业者是牺牲了自己内心的安宁,去为周围的世界做贡献。马斯克就是很好的例子。- 我得问问你关于 Telegram 的大局。我们已经聊过你 100% 持有它,而商业层面还有很多内容。Telegram 的商业结构非常有意思。你投入了一亿、也许好几亿美元的自有资金。据我所知,你拿的薪水是多少?1 美元?- 一迪拉姆,大约是那个的三分之一。
便签引用
3:36:01
- One-third of a dollar. And in 2024 was the first time Telegram was profitable. So one of the interesting questions is, here, that we could talk for many hours about, but I'd love to get a high-level view picture. You've left what I understand, what I think is a huge amount of money on the table by sticking to your principles. For example, not doing advertisement that's based on user private data, which basically every social media company does. So, the only advertisement that Telegram does is based on channels and groups, based on the topic, not the private data of the individuals. And the other thing is, which is also gangster and incredible, is you don't do a news feed, which is the most addictive and engagement-inducing aspect of social media, which feeds the very kind of addictive downside of the internet: the distraction, the engagement drama, farming aspect that we've talked about in the very beginning that you try to resist, that you think is damaging the human mind at scale. So anyway, that's
- 三分之一美元。而 2024 年是 Telegram 第一次实现盈利。所以一个很有意思的问题是——这个话题我们能聊上好几个小时,但我想先要一个宏观的图景。据我理解,你因为坚守自己的原则,放弃了我认为是一笔巨额的钱。比如说,你不做基于用户隐私数据的广告,而基本上每一家社交媒体公司都在这么做。所以 Telegram 唯一在做的广告是基于频道和群组的,基于主题的,而不是基于个人的隐私数据。另一件事,同样很硬核、很了不起,就是你不做信息流,而信息流是社交媒体里最让人上瘾、最能拉动互动的部分,它助长的正是互联网那种成瘾式的负面:分心、为互动而制造的戏剧性、流量收割,这些我们在一开始就聊过,是你努力抵制的,你认为它在大规模地损害人的心智。总之,这些都说明你把很多钱留在了桌上。那么,
便签引用
3:37:14
just speaking to the fact that you're leaving a lot of money on the table. So, how the hell were you able to be profitable? What are the ways that Telegram makes money? - Yeah. We had to innovate a lot in order to reach a point where we are profitable without having to resort to dubious business activities involving exploiting personal data of users, something that most of our competitors do. Because money has never been the primary goal, at least not for me. When I sold the remaining share of my first company, I had to do it below market price because I didn't leave Russia completely without any pressures, you know?
你到底是怎么做到盈利的?Telegram 有哪些赚钱的方式?- 是啊。我们必须做大量创新,才能走到今天这种盈利状态,而不必去搞那些可疑的商业操作,也就是压榨用户的个人数据——我们大多数竞争对手都在这么干。因为钱从来不是首要目标,至少对我不是。我卖掉第一家公司剩余股份的时候,只能低于市场价出售,因为我离开俄罗斯时并不是完全没有压力的,你懂吧?
便签引用
3:38:11
I reinvested the vast majority of everything in Telegram. Telegram is an operation that is losing money for me personally. I never... I didn't extract more from Telegram than I invested in it. I never sold a single share. But I also didn't want to sell Telegram, so how do you reach a point when you're profitable without sacrificing your values? One of the ideas we explored was a subscription model, but only for certain additional features. We wanted to keep all the existing features free, and just add more business-related tools or tools for advanced users that they would have to pay for, say, four or five dollars a month.
我把其中绝大部分都重新投进了 Telegram。对我个人来说,Telegram 一直是在亏钱的。我从来……我从 Telegram 取出的钱没有超过我投进去的。我从来没有卖过一股。但我也不想把 Telegram 卖掉,那么怎样才能在不牺牲价值观的前提下做到盈利呢?我们探索的思路之一是订阅模式,但只针对某些额外功能。我们想让所有已有功能保持免费,只是增加一些偏商务的工具,或者面向高级用户的工具,需要付费,比如每月四五美元。
便签引用
3:39:09
It was quite unprecedented at the time. It wasn't considered a viable option for messaging apps to do that. We launched the premium subscriptions for Telegram in 2022, and now we have over 15 million paid subscribers. This is some very significant recurring revenue. So, we would receive more than half a billion dollars from premium subscriptions alone this year, and it's growing fast. For that, we had to innovate a lot. We included over 50 different features into the premium package. And then, how do you make an app that is already more powerful than any other messaging app on the market even more useful so that people would be ready to pay for this extra? That wasn't easy. That took a lot of effort.
这在当时相当前所未有。大家并不认为通讯应用这么做行得通。我们在 2022 年推出了Telegram 的 Premium 订阅,如今我们有超过 1500 万付费订阅用户。这是一笔非常可观的经常性收入。所以今年光是 Premium 订阅,我们就会收到超过五亿美元,而且增长很快。为此我们必须做大量创新。我们把 50 多项不同的功能放进了 Premium 套餐里。然后问题是,怎么让一个本来就比市面上任何通讯应用都更强大的产品变得更有用,让人们愿意为这些额外的东西付费?这并不容易,花了很多功夫。
便签引用
3:40:18
- And you're constantly adding features. - We're constantly adding features. - That's actually fun to watch, just the rate of adding... And some of them are subtle, like the updates to improvements, expansions of polls, for example. - Yes. You keep improving the existing features and adding new ones, and every time when you add a new feature, you don't want to clutter the app. So, in a way, they're not in your way. They're invisible. That's not an easy thing to do. And most of the features maybe are not even known to the majority of our users. But when you need them, they're there.
- 而且你们在不断增加功能。- 我们在不断增加功能。- 看着其实挺有意思的,就那个增加的速度……有些改动还很细微,比如投票功能的更新、改进和扩展。- 是的。你要不断改进已有功能、增加新功能,而每加一个新功能,你都不希望把应用弄得杂乱。所以某种意义上,它们不会碍事,是隐形的。这可不是件容易的事。而且大多数功能,可能我们的大部分用户根本都不知道。但当你需要的时候,它们就在那儿。
便签引用
3:40:56
So, premium is one source of our revenue. We also have ads, but they're context-based, not targeted. Of course, we leave probably 80% of value on the table because we are not ready to engage in all those practices, exporting personal data. - Just to be clear, targeted ads is what most social media companies, most tech companies that do any kind of advertisement do, and that's the kind of advertisement that uses personal data from users, just to clarify. And when you said 80%, that's a lot of money.
所以 Premium 是我们的收入来源之一。我们也有广告,但那是基于上下文的,不是定向的。当然,我们大概放弃了80% 的价值,因为我们不愿意去搞那一整套做法,也就是把个人数据拿出去变现。- 澄清一下,定向广告正是大多数社交媒体公司、大多数做任何形式广告的科技公司在做的事,那种广告会使用来自用户的个人数据,只是说明一下。而你说的 80%,那可是一大笔钱。
便签引用
3:41:34
- Of course, because we would never use, for example, your personal messaging data, or your contacts data, or your metadata, or your activity data to target ads. It's sad that it became synonymous with the internet industry, this kind of exploitation, but we are happy with the fact that we managed to make Telegram profitable despite that. We're also experimenting a lot with blockchain-based technologies. We're the first app to allow people to directly own their username and their digital identities using smart contracts and NFTs, removing Telegram from the picture.
- 当然,因为我们绝不会用比如你的私聊数据、你的通讯录数据,或者你的元数据、你的活动数据来做广告定向。这种压榨居然成了互联网行业的代名词,挺可悲的,但我们很高兴,即便如此我们还是让 Telegram 实现了盈利。我们也在大量尝试基于区块链的技术。我们是第一个让用户通过智能合约和 NFT 直接拥有自己的用户名和数字身份的应用,把 Telegram 本身从这个环节里拿掉。
便签引用
3:42:23
So, for example, Telegram cannot confiscate your username from you. It's impossible. We do a lot of things related to the ecosystem of Telegram. We have a thriving mini app platform, millions of mini app developers launching their own bots and applications. - So, a lot of people are making millions of dollars on the Telegram platform? - Yes, we enable them to receive payments from the users through in-app purchase mechanisms provided by Apple and Google, which I think was the first attempt of this kind to allow that both on iOS and Android, and on a big platform, so that third-party developers of mini apps, which are basically websites so deeply integrated into Telegram that you can't tell whether they're standalone or they're part of the overall experience. And by providing this payment option, we are able to extract a commission from these transactions. But it's a very low commission. Presently, it's 5%. So we aren't greedy here. We want people to succeed in building these tools for our users. We understand that mini apps bring us users.
所以举个例子,Telegram 没法把你的用户名没收走,这是不可能的。我们做了很多跟Telegram 生态相关的事。我们有一个非常繁荣的小程序平台,数以百万计的小程序开发者在上面推出自己的机器人和应用。- 所以有很多人在 Telegram 平台上赚到了几百万美元?- 是的,我们让他们可以通过苹果和谷歌提供的应用内购买机制从用户那里收款,我认为这是同类尝试中的头一次,在 iOS 和安卓上都能做到,而且是在一个大平台上,这样小程序的第三方开发者——小程序本质上就是网站,但跟 Telegram 集成得太深,你分不清它是独立的,还是整体体验的一部分。通过提供这个支付选项,我们能从这些交易中抽取佣金。但这个佣金非常低,目前是 5%。所以我们在这方面并不贪心。我们希望大家能成功地为我们的用户打造这些工具。我们明白,小程序会给我们带来用户。
便签引用
3:44:03
The more users we have, the more successful and relevant Telegram becomes. We need third-party developers. I think, at this point, Telegram gives developers, by far, the most powerful tools to create. - Plus, there's a bot API, and you have to tell me about the TON blockchain and the crypto ecosystem available through Telegram. So what is TON, also known as, the Open Network Blockchain? - TON is a blockchain technology that we initially developed in 2018 and 2019, and we started to develop it because we needed a blockchain platform to be integrated deeply into Telegram because we believe in blockchain. We think it's one of the technologies that enable freedom. But, at the time, if you look at Bitcoin, if you look at Ethereum, they were not scalable enough to cope with the load that our hundreds of millions of users would create. They would just become congested.
用户越多,Telegram 就越成功、越有影响力。我们需要第三方开发者。我认为到目前为止,Telegram 提供给开发者的创作工具是最强大的,遥遥领先。- 另外还有机器人 API。你还得跟我讲讲 TON 区块链,以及通过 Telegram能接触到的加密生态。那么 TON 是什么?也就是 The Open Network 区块链。- TON 是我们最初在 2018 年和 2019 年开发的一项区块链技术,我们开始做它,是因为我们需要一个能深度集成进 Telegram 的区块链平台,因为我们相信区块链。我们认为它是能带来自由的技术之一。但在当时,你看比特币、看以太坊,它们的可扩展性都不足以承受我们几亿用户带来的负载,会直接拥堵。
便签引用
3:45:10
And I asked my brother, "Can we create a blockchain platform that would be inherently scalable so that no matter how many users or transactions there are, it would split into smaller pieces, which we call shard chains, and would still process all transactions?" And he thought for a few days and said, "Yes, it's possible, but it's not easy." When we started building it, we ended up succeeding in developing that technology, but we couldn't release it because the SEC, the Securities and Exchange Commission in the United States was unhappy with the way the fundraise for TON was conducted. So we had to abandon the project, and the open-source community took over. Luckily, because we constantly conducted those contests with third-party developers, there was a thriving community around TON, which now stood for The Open Network as opposed to its prior name, Telegram Open Network. And so this project got eventually launched without our direct involvement, and it's thriving now because everything we do, like I said, is blockchain-based,
于是我问我哥哥:“我们能不能做一个天生就可扩展的区块链平台,不管有多少用户、多少交易,它都会分裂成更小的碎片——我们称之为分片链——并且依然能处理所有交易?”他想了几天,说:“可以做到,但不容易。”我们动手去做之后,最终确实成功开发出了这项技术,但我们没能发布,因为美国证券交易委员会 SEC对 TON 的融资方式很不满意。所以我们只好放弃这个项目,由开源社区接手。幸运的是,因为我们一直在和第三方开发者举办各种比赛,TON 周围已经形成了一个繁荣的社区,它的含义也从原来的 Telegram Open Network 变成了 The Open Network。于是这个项目最终在我们没有直接参与的情况下上线了,如今发展得很好,因为就像我说的,我们做的一切都是基于区块链的、
便签引用
3:46:46
tokenized, usernames, Telegram accounts are all based on TON and its smart contracts. It's the only way for third-party developers and creators to withdraw the funds that they earn through our revenue-sharing programs. For example, with channel owners, we do a 50/50 split of ad revenues. It's also the only way to transact on Telegram. For example, if you want to buy ads on Telegram, you should use TON. All the new things we launch, for example, gifts that we mentioned earlier, which you can define as a reinvented socially relevant NFT integrated into a billion-user ecosystem, but at the same time, available on-chain, transferable, which you can own directly, also based on TON. Incredibly fast-growing space. We only launched them about half a year ago. And now as a result of these Telegram gifts, TON has become, I think, the largest or the second-largest blockchain in terms of daily NFT trading volumes.
代币化的,用户名、Telegram 账号全都建立在 TON 和它的智能合约之上。它也是第三方开发者和创作者把通过我们的收入分成计划赚到的钱提现的唯一途径。比如对频道主,我们把广告收入五五分成。它同样是在 Telegram 上进行交易的唯一方式。比如你想在 Telegram 上买广告,就得用 TON。我们推出的所有新东西,比如前面提到的礼物——你可以把它定义为一种被重新发明的、具有社交意义的 NFT,嵌入在一个十亿用户的生态里,同时又能在链上使用、可转让、可以直接拥有——也同样基于 TON。这个领域增长得快得惊人。我们大概半年前才推出。而现在,由于这些 Telegram 礼物,我认为 TON 已经成了按每日 NFT 交易量计算最大或第二大的区块链。
便签引用
3:48:19
- So, like you mentioned, it is a Layer 1 technology as opposed to being built on top of Ethereum or Bitcoin. And it's able to achieve the scale and the speed of transactions that's needed for something like Telegram. And like you also mentioned, the gifts. You recently launched some Snoop Dogg gifts. Are there going to be some other celebrities in the pipeline? - Yeah, I'm a big fan of Snoop, and that's why when they reached out, suggesting to do something together, I said, "Let's launch some Snoop-related gifts." And it was really fun. We managed to sell 12 million worth of gifts within 30 minutes.
- 所以像你提到的,它是 Layer 1 技术,而不是建在以太坊或比特币之上。它能够达到 Telegram 这类产品所需要的规模和交易速度。还有你提到的礼物。你们最近推出了一些 Snoop Dogg 的礼物。之后还会有其他名人在计划中吗?- 是的,我是 Snoop 的忠实粉丝,所以当他们找过来、提议一起做点什么的时候,我说:“那我们就出一些 Snoop 相关的礼物吧。”真的很好玩。我们在 30 分钟内卖出了价值 1200 万的礼物。
便签引用
3:49:04
- 30 minutes. Well, there you go. I even got a few, but yeah. - After this, we have many requests from many really high-profile influencers that, in a way, are lining up. - So, from my perspective as a fan, it's just interesting to see what kind of art you create for any kind of celebrities, athletes, musicians, because the the Snoop, the Snoop gifts are all just, like, going back to our previous conversation, just beautiful pieces of art that, like, encapsulate certain memes, certain aspects of Snoop that everybody knows. These cultural icons that he represents. That's cool. That's just... and they're, the detail, the incredible detail of the art of the individual gifts is just incredible.
- 30 分钟。这就说明问题了。我自己也买了几个,不过是的。- 在这之后,我们收到很多重量级网红的请求,某种程度上是在排队等着。- 所以从我一个粉丝的角度看,很好奇你们会为各种名人、运动员、音乐人创作出什么样的艺术,因为那些 Snoop 的礼物,回到我们之前聊的话题,都是非常漂亮的艺术品,它们浓缩了某些梗、某些大家都知道的 Snoop 的侧面,他所代表的那些文化符号。这很酷。就是……而且那些细节,每一件礼物在美术上惊人的细节,真的太了不起了。
便签引用
3:49:53
- And each of these gifts is scalable because it's vector-based. It references certain points in Snoop's creative biography. And each of them has countless different versions. We had to create over 50 distinctive versions of each. And then each individual piece is unique because it also has unique background, unique icon in the background. It's something that we reinvented because we didn't like the old school NFTs. First of all, they were not relevant socially because, okay, you have an NFT. Where do you demonstrate it? In a Telegram, a Telegram gift is there next to your name. It's part of your digital identity on Telegram. And then you can create collections of gifts and show it off on your profile page. But it also... The other thing that we wanted to reinvent is the aesthetic part of it. Most NFTs are just ugly and they're not based on any sophisticated technology. So, what we did with Snoop's gifts, I think represents an example of beautiful, aesthetically pleasing, and at the same time very accurate in terms
- 而且每一件礼物都可以任意放大,因为它是矢量的。它对应着 Snoop 创作生涯中的某些节点。每一件都有数不清的不同版本。每一件我们都得做出 50 多个各具特色的版本。然后每一件单品都是独一无二的,因为它还有独特的背景、背景里独特的图标。这是我们重新发明的东西,因为我们不喜欢老派的 NFT。首先,它们没有社交意义——好吧,你有一个 NFT,你上哪儿去展示它?在 Telegram 里,礼物就摆在你名字旁边,是你在 Telegram 上数字身份的一部分。你还可以建立礼物收藏,展示在你的个人主页上。但它还……我们想重新发明的另一点是它的美学部分。大多数 NFT 就是很丑而且它们并不依赖什么高深的技术。所以我觉得我们在 Snoop 的礼物上做的这件事,代表了一个例子——既漂亮、有美感,同时在呼应这位艺术家个人经历的细节上又非常精准,
便签引用
3:51:25
of references to this specific artist's biography, a mixture between art and technology, which I think is quite rare. I'm quite proud of it. I think it's a new trend, a new phenomenon. It's only half a year old. So, let's see where it goes. We're gonna select our next influencer or artist to be part of it. - Hey, listen, I'm really proud I got a Snoop gift next to my name and I figured out that you can add even more by pinning them. It's like a cool little art icon. - We didn't expect it, by the way. We just had a lot of fun launching these things and then we realized that one of the first collections we issued, we sold each piece at something like $5. And then the minimum price of any items in these collections currently is something like $10,000. And it keeps going up.
这是艺术和技术的融合,我觉得这相当少见。我为此挺自豪的。我觉得这是一种新趋势、一个新的现象。它才出现半年而已。所以我们看看它会走向哪里。我们会挑选下一位加入其中的网红或艺术家。——嘿,说真的,我挺骄傲自己名字旁边有一个 Snoop 礼物,而且我发现把它们置顶还能再加更多。就像是一个很酷的小艺术图标。——顺便说,我们其实没预料到。我们当初只是觉得推出这些东西很好玩,后来才意识到,我们最早发行的其中一套收藏里,每一件的售价大概是5 美元。而现在这些收藏里任何一件的最低价大概是 1 万美元。而且还在不断上涨。
便签引用
3:52:31
So, I was quite surprised with the reception. I realized, you know, when you are trying to monetize a social media platform in a way that is consistent with your values, you're forced to find ways that benefit your users, not exploit them. People love these gifts. People love the fact that they can congratulate a person close to them with something valuable and at the same time something beautiful. Also, some people make a business out of it, which is funny. They resell these gifts. We recently met a guy who earned several million dollars just from buying and selling gifts.
所以它受到的欢迎程度让我挺惊讶的。我意识到,当你想用一种符合自己价值观的方式去让一个社交平台盈利时,你就被迫要去找那些让用户受益、而不是剥削用户的方式。大家喜欢这些礼物。大家喜欢能用一样有价值、同时又很好看的东西去祝贺自己身边的人。而且还有些人把它做成了生意,这挺好笑的。他们转卖这些礼物。我们最近见到一个人,光靠买卖礼物就赚了好几百万美元。仅仅是靠倒卖礼物。
便签引用
3:53:16
- It's a real market. - It's a real market. And it's just something that he did in a few months. And last year when we launched many new features for the mini apps on Telegram and, payments options for them and the other monetization options, the same guy earned $12 million from mini apps. And I know several people who anecdotally, like, "I earned $10 million, I earned $3 million," just in a matter of months single-handedly. Sometimes they would have a team of two, three people. So, whenever I hear stories from people who were able to build businesses on top of Telegram, this makes me incredibly proud.
——这是个真实存在的市场。——是个真实的市场。而且这还只是他在几个月里做成的事。去年我们为 Telegram 上的小程序推出了很多新功能,还有支付方式和其他变现方式,同一个��靠小程序赚了 1200 万美元。我还知道好几个人,听他们说,「我赚了 1000 万」「我赚了 300 万」,都只是在几个月之内,而且基本是单枪匹马。有时候他们也就两三个人的团队。所以每当我听到有人能在 Telegram 之上把生意做起来的故事,我都感到无比自豪。
便签引用
3:54:05
- And mini apps include games, they include tools, services of any kind. It's an app within the ecosystem of Telegram. Let me ask you about crypto in general. So, you've been an early supporter of, cryptocurrencies, Bitcoin. You bought into Bitcoin early on. You kept buying. Maybe you could speak to the reasoning why you kept buying Bitcoin. Do you think Bitcoin will go to a million dollars? Do you think it'll keep increasing? And Bitcoin and all the other cryptocurrencies. - I was a big believer in Bitcoins since more or less the start of it. I got to buy my first few thousand of Bitcoin in 2013, and I didn't care much. I think I bought it at the local maximum. It's something like $700 per Bitcoin, and I just threw a couple millions there. And a lot of people after Bitcoin, later next year, went down, somewhere close to 300, 200, started to express their sympathy to me. They say, "Oh, you're a poor fellow. You made this horrible mistake investing in this new thing, but don't feel bad about it.
——小程序包括游戏,也包括各种工具和服务。它是 Telegram 生态里的应用。我想问问你对加密货币的总体看法。你很早就开始支持加密货币和比特币了。你在很早的时候就买入了比特币。而且你一直在买。也许你可以讲讲你为什么一直买比特币。你觉得比特币会涨到一百万美元吗?你觉得它会继续涨吗?比特币还有其他所有的加密货币。——差不多从比特币诞生开始,我就非常相信它。我在 2013 年买了最早的几千枚比特币,当时我也没太在意。我记得我大概是在一个阶段性高点买的,差不多每枚 700 美元,我随手就扔了几百万美元进去。后来第二年比特币跌下来,跌到 300、200 附近,很多人开始对我表达同情。他们说:「哦,你真可怜。你投资这个新玩意儿犯了个可怕的错误,不过别太难过,
便签引用
3:55:28
We still have some respect for you." And I, my response to them was, "I don't care. I'm not going to sell it." I believe in this thing. I think this is the way money should work. Nobody can confiscate your Bitcoin from you. Nobody can censor you for political reasons. This is the ultimate means of exchange, and again, I'm now talking about Bitcoin but it relates to cryptocurrencies in general. So I have been able to fund my lifestyle, so to say, from my Bitcoin investment. Some people think if I'm able to rent nice locations or fly private, it's because I somehow extract money from Telegram. But like I said, Telegram is a money-losing operation for me personally.
我们还是挺尊重你的。」而我的回应是:「我不在乎。我不打算卖。」我相信这个东西。我认为钱本来就该这样运作。没人能没收你的比特币。没人能因为政治原因审查你。这是终极的交换媒介。再说一次,我现在说的是比特币,但这也适用于加密货币整体。所以可以说,我一直是靠比特币投资来支撑自己的生活方式。有些人觉得我能租下不错的地方、能坐私人飞机,是因为我从 Telegram 里捞钱。但就像我说的,Telegram 对我个人来说是个亏钱的生意。
便签引用
11椅子谜题、百子与富足悖论
3:56:35
Bitcoin is something that allowed me to stay afloat, and I believe it will come to a point when Bitcoin is worth $1 million. Just look at the trends. The governments keep printing money like no tomorrow. Nobody's printing Bitcoin. There is a predictable inflation and then it stops at a certain point. Bitcoin is here to stay. All the fiat currencies, remains to be seen. - Let me ask you a deeply philosophical, serious question. In your first Tucker interview you had two interesting chairs in the background. I think they reference a now legendary meme the choice is Пики точеные или хуи дрочёные.
是比特币让我能维持下去,而且我相信总有一天比特币会值 100万美元。你看看趋势就知道了。各国政府拼命印钞,像没有明天一样。但没人能印比特币。它的通胀是可预测的,而且到某个点就会停下来。比特币会长期存在。至于所有法定货币,那就有待观察了。——我想问你一个很哲学、很严肃的问题。在你第一次接受塔克采访时,你背景里有两把很有意思的椅子。我想它们指的是如今已经成为传奇的那个梗:Пики точеные или хуи дрочёные(削尖的木桩,还是撸出来的那玩意儿)。
便签引用
3:57:29
What is the philosophical wisdom in the dilemma that these two chairs present? Have you had to face the dilemma yourself personally? - Not this exact dilemma. I think this is a riddle that people have to face in Russian prisons. And metaphorically, it's describing all the situations where you're presented a choice between two suboptimal options. When you're running a big business or when you're running a large country, it is similar. You sometimes face this dilemma. What are you going to do? This very horrible thing or this also very horrible thing? So I think the right answer to this riddle is not to do any of these things. Reframe the question.
这两把椅子所呈现的两难里,蕴含着什么哲学智慧?你自己个人有没有面对过这种两难?——不是这个具体的两难。我觉得这是俄罗斯监狱里人们要面对的一个谜题。而从隐喻上讲,它描述的是所有那种你被迫在两个都不理想的选项之间做选择的处境。当你在经营一家大公司,或者在治理一个大国的时候,情况是类似的。你有时也会面对这种两难。你要怎么办?做这件非常糟糕的事,还是做那件同样非常糟糕的事?所以我觉得这个谜题的正确答案是:哪个都不做。重新定义这个问题。
便签引用
3:58:28
Design a solution that turns a disadvantage into an advantage, and then use it to cope with the other side of the problem. So, do you know the answer to that riddle? - No, somebody on the internet said: "Не ходи туда, где задают такие вопросы." Which is basically, "Try to avoid the situations where such dilemmas present themselves, where there's no right answer." - This is one of the ways to answer this question. If you got to a tricky situation, that probably earlier you made a certain mistake. - You fucked up already.
设计一个能把劣势变成优势的解法,然后用它来应对问题的另一面。那你知道这个谜题的答案吗?——不知道。网上有人说:「Не ходи туда, где задают такие вопросы.」意思大致就是:「尽量避开那些会出现这种两难、根本没有正确答案的处境。」——这是回答这个问题的方式之一。如果你陷入了一个棘手的处境,那多半是你更早的时候犯了某个错误。——你早就搞砸了。
便签引用
3:59:12
- It should have been avoided. But the other quite creative answer to this question is that you is you take the sharp objects from one of the chairs, or the spikes, and then you use them to cut off the objects from the other chair, and you know what objects I'm talking about. - That's a very engineering solution. I'm glad somebody came up with that. - I believe this is the right answer. We're often being manipulated by politicians, by corporate leaders, to make a choice from two suboptimal options, and then when we are forced to make the choice, and we make the choice, it's almost as if it's something that we have to assume responsibility for. I don't think we should be buying into that.
——本来就该避免掉。不过这个问题还有一个相当有创意的答案,就是你——就是你从其中一把椅子上取下那些尖锐的东西,也就是那些尖刺,然后用它们把另一把椅子上的那些东西切掉,你懂我说的是什么东西。——这是个非常工程师的解法。我很高兴有人想出了这个。——我相信这才是正确答案。我们经常被政客、被企业领袖操纵,让我们在两个都不理想的选项里做选择,然后当我们被迫做出选择、并且真的选了之后,那就几乎变成了我们必须自己承担的责任。我认为我们不该吃这一套。
便签引用
4:00:12
- Okay, on this theme of absurdity and ridiculousness, let me... there's an object here that appeared in the... Not many people seem to have noticed this. People should go watch your excellent conversation in the Oslo Freedom Forum behind you. I'm no archeologist, but I believe this is a... well, how should I put it? A walrus penis bone, and it was behind you. You told me that you, that you brought it with you to France and back to Dubai. I assume it brings you luck of some sort. What's the... why did you bring it with you everywhere? Is it kind of like, you know, in America they have a wishbone? Is it just a large wishbone?
——好,顺着这个荒诞和滑稽的主题,我想说……这里有个东西曾经出现在……好像没多少人注意到。大家真该去看看你在奥斯陆自由论坛那场很棒的对谈,就在你身后。我不是考古学家,但我相信那是一根……嗯,该怎么说呢?一根海象的阴茎骨,当时就摆在你身后。你跟我说过,你把它带去了法国,又带回了迪拜。我猜它能给你带来某种好运。那……你为什么走到哪儿都带着它?是有点像美国人说的许愿骨那种东西吗?就是一根特别大的许愿骨?
便签引用
4:01:06
Because a wishbone brings you luck. And I should also point out that just like with Telegram, with the art, there's tiny little walruses. And thanks to you, I had to also find out that a lot of mammals have a bone inside their penis, and the evolutionary advantage, I guess, of having a bone is quite obvious. It actually raises the question of why humans don't have an actual bone inside their penis. A lot of questions there. - That's a very interesting subject. The reason I have this is because a tribe that is almost gone, extinct in Siberia and Mongolia, called Evenki, passed me this gift from them.
因为许愿骨会带来好运。我还得指出,就跟 Telegram 上的那些艺术品一样,上面还有小小的海象。另外多亏了你,我还不得不去了解到,很多哺乳动物的阴茎里都有一根骨头,而有这根骨头在进化上的好处,我想是相当明显的。这其实引出一个问题:为什么人类的阴茎里没有真正的骨头。这里头问题可多了。——这个话题很有意思。我有这东西的原因是,在西伯利亚和蒙古有一个几乎已经消失、濒临灭绝的部族,叫鄂温克人,他们把这个礼物送给了我。
便签引用
4:01:48
Normally, they would craft something like this only for their most respected leaders. It is supposed to be a token of their appreciation for bravery, courage, leadership. Ironically, it also translates in a very specific way into the Russian language. In Russian, "walrus's penis" means something a bit funny, which is often used to describe nothing. So, for example, if you've been requested by, say, a certain government or a certain business partner to provide something that you are not willing to provide, you can just politely have this penis bone in the background while you're doing the video call and hope that they would- - through osmosis, figure out the deep message. It is an indirect rebellion.
通常他们只会为自己最受尊敬的首领打造这样的东西。它象征着他们对勇敢、胆识和领导力的敬意。讽刺的是,它在俄语里还有一层很特别的含义。在俄语里,「海象的阴茎」意思是一个有点搞笑的说法,常被用来表示「什么都没有」。所以举个例子,如果某个政府或者某个商业伙伴要求你提供一样你并不愿意提供的东西,你在视频通话的时候就可以很礼貌地把这根阴茎骨摆在背景里,然后指望他们——通过心领神会,领悟到那层深意。这是一种间接的反抗。
便签引用
4:03:00
By the way, in the former Soviet Union, there was, and a lot of places throughout history, some of the rebellion had to take this kind of symbolic, metaphoric form, through poetry, through children's stories. It's the beauty of human language and art that we're able to do that. Say "eff" you to whatever forces that try to overpower us. We say "eff" you through poetry, through art, and sometimes through a rather large walrus penis bone... carried by what appears to be either a happy sumo wrestler or a cat of some sort.
顺便说,在前苏联,还有历史上很多地方,有些反抗不得不采取这种象征性的、隐喻式的形式——通过诗歌,通过童话故事。这正是人类语言和艺术的美妙之处,让我们能做到这一点。对那些试图压制我们的力量说一句「去你的」。我们通过诗歌、通过艺术说「去你的」,有时候则是通过一根相当大的海象阴茎骨……而托着它的,看上去要么是个快乐的相扑手,要么是只猫之类的。
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4:03:38
- They asked a lot of questions about this walrus's penis bone in the airport, both here in the UAE and in France. They are always very interested in this thing. - Hmm. There seems to be some confusion over how many kids you have. It's often said to be over 100. Can you explain how many kids you have? - The truthful answer to this question is I don't really know how many biological kids I have exactly, because at a certain point in my life, about 15 years ago, I decided that
——在机场他们围绕这根海象阴茎骨问了一大堆问题,阿联酋这边和法国都一样。他们对这东西总是特别感兴趣。——嗯。关于你到底有多少孩子,好像存在不少混乱的说法。经常有人说超过 100 个。你能解释一下你到底有多少孩子吗?——对这个问题最诚实的回答是,我其实不太清楚自己到底有多少个亲生孩子,因为在人生的某个阶段,大约 15 年前,我决定
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4:04:22
it was a good idea to be a sperm donor. Initially, a friend of mine asked me to help, because they were trying to have a baby with his wife, and they experienced certain health issues that prevented them to do it the natural way. And he asked me, he told me, "We don't want to just rely on some random, anonymous genetic material. We want somebody we know and respect to be the biological father of our kid." And I said, "You gotta be kidding me. Sounds ridiculous. What are you even talking about?" But then I realized it's, it's actually a serious issue, and they were not the only couple struggling with that. So eventually, I got persuaded into doing more of it. I can't say I'm incredibly proud of that, but I think it was the right thing to do, particularly at the time when I thought, "Okay, I probably don't have much time on this planet left.
去当精子捐献者,觉得这是个好主意。最开始是我的一个朋友请我帮忙,因为他和妻子一直想要个孩子,但他们有一些健康方面的问题,没法用自然的方式怀上。他跟我说:「我们不想只靠某个随机的、匿名的遗传物质。我们希望孩子的生物学父亲是我们认识并且尊敬的人。」我说:「你在开玩笑吧。这听起来太离谱了。你到底在说什么?」但后来我意识到,这其实是个很严肃的问题,而且他们并不是唯一为此苦恼的夫妻。所以最后我被说服,做了更多次。我不能说自己为此有多骄傲,但我觉得这是一件该做的事,尤其是在那个时候,我心想:「好吧,我在这个星球上剩下的时间可能不多了。
便签引用
4:05:27
Things are getting trickier and trickier, so if I can help some couples have babies, let's do it." And then more recently, when I was working on my will, I realized that I shouldn't make a distinction between the kids conceived naturally and the kids who are just my biological kids that I never seen. As long as they can establish their
局面越来越棘手,所以如果我能帮一些夫妻拥有孩子,那就做吧。」后来在我立遗嘱的时候,我意识到我不该区分自然受孕的孩子和那些只是我生物学上的、我从没见过的孩子。只要他们能证明
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4:06:03
shared DNA with me, someday, maybe in 30 years from now, they have to be entitled to a share of my estate after I'm gone. And that made a lot of noise in the news for some reason. People get very excited by this kind of news. I got a lot of messages from people claiming they're my kids. I got a lot of requests from people asking me to adopt them. The memes were priceless, but understanding that... no, it's not a thing that most people do. I don't see anything wrong with it. If anything, I think more people should be donating sperm.
自己和我共享 DNA,也许在 30 年后的某一天,他们就该有权分到我遗产的一份,在我离开之后。不知为什么,这件事在新闻里闹得很大。人们对这类新闻特别兴奋。我收到了大量自称是我孩子的人发来的消息。我还收到很多人请我收养他们的请求。那些梗图简直无价。但我明白……不,这确实不是大多数人会做的事。我不觉得这有什么不对。要我说,应该有更多人去捐精。
便签引用
4:06:52
- So, yeah, we should say that the 100-plus kids is from that, and you also have naturally conceived kids. And it was a pretty bold decision to, from a financial perspective, to treat them all equally. And also quite interesting was that you kind of said that they don't receive any money for the first few decades of their life. Can you describe that thinking? - Yeah, I think overabundance paralyzes motivation and willpower. It's extremely harmful, particularly for young boys, to grow up in an environment where they can be proud, not of their own achievements, but of their father's achievements or their father's wealth. This removes the incentive to work on developing their own skills, removes the incentive to study, to work. So, I thought if they're going to have this money, it should be something that they would only get when they're already adult. It's still risky. But one of the reasons I decided it makes more sense to divide this huge wealth that I'm likely to leave behind among 100 or more than 100 people, is that it won't be too much
——所以我们得说清楚,那 100 多个孩子是这么来的,你也有自然受孕的孩子。而从财务角度看,把他们一视同仁是个相当大胆的决定。另外挺有意思的是,你还说过他们在人生的头几十年里拿不到任何钱。你能讲讲这背后的思路吗?——嗯,我觉得过度的富足会麻痹一个人的动力和意志力。这是极其有害的,尤其对年轻男孩来说,如果他成长的环境让他引以为傲的不是自己的成就,而是他父亲的成就或者父亲的财富。这会消除他去磨练自身能力的动力,消除他去学习、去工作的动力。所以我想,如果他们要拿到这笔钱,那也应该是等他们已经成年之后才拿得到。当然这仍然有风险。但我之所以觉得把我大概率会留下的这笔巨额财富分给 100 个甚至 100 多个人更合理,原因之一就是这样一来
便签引用
4:08:49
for every single descendant. But at the same time, some people did the calculation. It's still many, many millions of dollars for each child, so I'm not sure it helps too much. - On the topic of abundance, offline, we had a lot of fascinating philosophical discussions, one of which was about the mouse paradise experiment, also known as Universe 25. It's an experiment from the 1960s and early 70s, conducted by ethologist John B. Calhoun. And we can talk about this one for hours also, I'm sure. But it was an experiment with a few hundreds of individual mice compartments, and they provided them with unlimited food, water, nesting, no predators, stable temperatures, and frequent cleaning.
对每一个后代来说都不会太多。但与此同时,有人算了一下,每个孩子还是能分到好多好多百万美元,所以我也不确定这有多大用。——说到富足,我们在镜头之外聊了很多很有意思的哲学话题,其中之一是关于「老鼠天堂」实验,也就是著名的「25 号宇宙」。那是 1960 年代到 70 年代初由动物行为学家约翰·B·卡尔霍恩做的实验。我相信这个我们也能聊上几个小时。那个实验有几百个独立的老鼠隔间,实验者给它们提供了无限的食物、水和筑巢材料,没有天敌,温度恒定,还经常打扫。
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4:09:51
Basically, the definition of abundance as far as mice go. And the interesting aspect of this experiment is that at first the population doubled, it grew very quickly, but then it leveled off, and certain really negative social things started happening. Like mothers neglected or killed their young. Violent attacks and hypersexual activity became widespread. Some "beautiful" ones, largely inactive, well-groomed mice withdrew, refusing to mate or interact. So, all of these kind of societal qualities that we see as negative for the functioning of a society started to emerge because of the abundance, and finally the collapse. The reproduction rates crashed. Social dysfunction spread to the next generation and eventually just went extinct. It didn't just plummet to a low level, it plummeted steadily to zero despite the fact that there was ongoing resource abundance. As the description states, "The last mice died surrounded by untouched food and water." So, I mean, there's deep wisdom to that about abundance. It seems... You've mentioned this in different
基本上就是老鼠版的「富足」定义。这个实验有趣的地方在于,一开始种群数量翻倍,增长得非常快,但随后就趋于平缓,而且开始出现一些非常负面的社会现象。比如母鼠忽视甚至杀死幼崽。暴力攻击和过度性行为变得普遍。还有一些所谓「美丽者」——基本不活动、只顾梳理毛发的老鼠——退缩起来,拒绝交配或social互动。所以所有这些我们视为对社会运转有害的群体特征,都因为富足而开始出现,最后就是崩溃。繁殖率暴跌。社会功能失调蔓延到下一代,最终整个群体彻底灭绝。它不只是跌到一个低水平,而是在资源依然充足的情况下一路稳步跌到零。正如描述里写的:「最后那些老鼠死去时,身边围绕着从未被碰过的食物和水。」所以我是说,这里头有很深的智慧……关于富足。似乎……你在这次对话中不同的语境下都提到过这一点,就是说,似乎
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4:11:06
contexts throughout this conversation, is it seems like scarcity, it seems like constraints, it seems like non-abundance is essential for human flourishing, which is a counterintuitive notion. It's true for mice, and I think it's probably true for humans too. - We have evolved to overcome scarcity. Almost by definition there has never been such thing as infinite amount of food or entertainment in our lives before now. We seem as a species to lose our ability to identify purpose in a world where you have everything, and everything loses its meaning. Restrictions are important. I think, though, that they should be coming from within. It should be self-restriction rather than restriction in order to create purpose and meaning in life. In a way, I was lucky in a very counterintuitive way because I grew up poor. I didn't have money when I was a teenager. I had the same jacket for years, which was bought on a second-hand marketplace. My father wouldn't receive his salary as a university professor for months because
稀缺、似乎约束、似乎不富足才是人类繁荣的关键,这是个反直觉的想法。这对老鼠是成立的,我想对人类大概也是成立的。- 我们是在克服稀缺的过程中进化出来的。几乎可以说,在此之前,我们的生活中从来不存在无限量的食物或娱乐这种东西。作为一个物种,当你拥有一切时,我们似乎就失去了辨识目标的能力,而一切也就失去了它的意义。限制是重要的。不过我认为,限制应该来自内部。应该是自我约束,而不是外加的约束,这样才能创造出人生的目标和意义。从某种非常反直觉的角度看,我算是幸运的,因为我是在贫穷中长大的。我十几岁的时候没有钱。我同一件夹克穿了好几年,那还是在二手市场上买的。我父亲作为大学教授,有好几个月都领不到工资,因为
便签引用
4:12:43
the Russian state was almost bankrupt back then. My mom had to juggle two jobs to take care of us. It was not easy, but it also created purpose, it created meaning, it created priorities. It allowed us to focus on things that mattered, allowed us to develop our character and intellectual abilities. Now, if we had everything... why do anything? These mice...
当时的俄罗斯几乎是破产的。我妈妈得同时打两份工来养活我们。那不容易,但它也创造了目标,创造了意义,创造了优先级。它让我们能专注在真正重要的事情上,让我们得以磨练性格和智识能力。而现在,如果我们什么都有了……又何必去做任何事呢?那些老鼠……
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4:13:30
suffered societal collapse that was irreversible. And this is not an accident. This kind of experiment has been repeated countless times. At a certain point, social dysfunction and the erosion of social roles becomes contagious, and the society gradually degrades into a chaotic collection of individuals unable to take care of the next generation or even to produce the next generation, and it goes extinct. - It's fascinating because we're creating technologies, and this is what AI is proposing to our future generations as a problem to solve, which is AI may very well create abundance. And so we will be like these mice potentially, whether it's AI or other kinds of technologies that increase and give more and more to all of us, and it is a thing that will decrease the amount of suffering in the world, increase the quality of life. But as we reach towards that abundance, the fabric that connects us, rooted in our biology that's developed by evolution might create a real challenge for us.
经历了不可逆转的社会崩溃。这并不是偶然。这类实验已经被重复过无数次。到了某个临界点,社会功能失调和社会角色的瓦解会变得具有传染性,社会会逐渐退化成一群混乱的个体,无力照顾下一代,甚至无力产生下一代,然后就走向灭绝。- 这很耐人寻味,因为我们正在创造各种技术,而这正是 AI 给我们未来几代人抛出的一个待解难题,那就是AI 很可能会创造出极大的富足。所以我们有可能会变得像那些老鼠一样——无论是 AI 还是其他那些不断给予我们越来越多东西的技术,它确实会减少世界上的痛苦,提高生活质量。但当我们朝着那种富足迈进时,那种把我们连在一起的、根植于生物本性、由进化塑造的纽带,可能会给我们带来真正的挑战。
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4:14:54
- We should find the right balance between chaos and order, between self-restriction and freedom for creativity. - Your father recently celebrated his 80th birthday. You had a conversation with him. He gave you some life advice. I think you mentioned to me one of the things he said was not to just speak of your principles, but to live them, to lead by example. I think this is something you already do well. Maybe can you speak to what you've learned about life from your father, maybe some of the lessons he told you in the conversation you had with him on his birthday?
- 我们应该在混乱与秩序之间、在自我约束与创造自由之间找到恰当的平衡。- 你父亲最近庆祝了八十大寿。你和他聊了一次。他给了你一些人生建议。我记得你跟我说过,他讲的其中一点是,不要只是把你的原则挂在嘴上,而要活出它们,以身作则。我觉得这一点你本来就做得很好。也许你可以谈谈你从父亲身上学到了什么,或者在他生日那次谈话中,他告诉你的一些人生道理?
便签引用
4:15:40
- I'm incredibly lucky to have my father. He's a person who wrote countless books on ancient Rome and ancient Roman literature, dozens of scientific papers, and I always remember him working. He would be busy typing his books and articles on an old-school typewriter back in the late '80s, early '90s. He was relentless. The example he set to myself and my brother was priceless. Some people make this mistake of thinking that you can instill the right principles in the future generation or into your kids by saying things to them, but kids are smart. They discount words; they look at the actions.
- 有这样一位父亲,我真的非常幸运。他写过无数关于古罗马和古罗马文学的书,还有几十篇学术论文,而我记忆中他永远在工作。在八十年代末、九十年代初,他总是忙着用一台老式打字机敲他的书稿和文章。他从不懈怠。他为我和我弟弟树立的榜样是无价的。有些人会犯一个错误,以为你可以通过对孩子说教来把正确的原则灌输给下一代,但孩子很精。他们不看你说什么,他们看你做什么。
便签引用
4:16:48
So observing our father was a big lesson by itself. It wasn't necessary for him to say anything to us. And then at the same time, he was incredibly patient, emotionally resilient. And, you know, my mom, great woman, incredibly smart, highly educated, but she would sometimes try to test the patience of my father, and it's a trait rooted in our biology. There's an evolutionary explanation for that, that women sometimes tend to do that. And he demonstrated incredible patience all the time. He told me recently, "You shouldn't give the wrong example to the people around you, and in particular, to your kids, because you can do the right thing nine times out of ten, but you make a mistake once, and they will instantly copy it. If you're telling your kids not to use a smartphone, but you're using a smartphone all the time yourself and coming up with all kinds of sophisticated, brilliant explanations why they shouldn't be using a smartphone, it won't land. It's bound to fail."
所以光是观察我们的父亲本身就是一堂大课。他根本不需要对我们说什么。同时,他还极其有耐心,情绪上非常坚韧。你知道,我妈妈是个了不起的女人,非常聪明,受过很好的教育,但她有时候会去试探我父亲的耐性,而这是根植于我们生物本性里的一种特质。这背后是有进化解释的,女性有时候就是会这么做。而他始终展现出难以置信的耐心。他最近对我说:“你不该给身边的人、尤其是给你的孩子树立错误的榜样,因为你可以十次里有九次做对,但只要错一次,他们马上就会学过去。如果你告诉孩子不要用智能手机,可你自己却一直在用,还编出各种精妙、高明的理由说明他们为什么不该用,那是没用的。注定会失败。”
便签引用
4:18:17
So you lead by example. And there are other numerous lessons: staying positive, looking at the bright side, never despair, be honest. And, you know, he told me last time I spoke to him that AI can have consciousness, can be creative, but it cannot have conscience. In a way, it cannot be moral. It cannot have deeply rooted principles, cannot have integrity in the meaning that we understand it as human beings. - I love the fact that you're talking to your 80-year-old father and you're talking about AGI. And the difference between human, the human spirit, human nature and what AGI, AI is able to achieve, and conscience is the thing that humans have. The ability to know the right from wrong.
所以要以身作则。还有其他许许多多的教诲:保持积极,看事情光明的一面,永不绝望,做人诚实。还有,我上次和他聊天时,他跟我说,AI 可以有意识,可以有创造力,但它不可能有良知。从某种意义上说,它不可能有道德。它不可能有深植于内心的原则,不可能拥有我们人类所理解的那种正直。- 我特别喜欢这一点:你在和你八十岁的父亲谈论 AGI。谈论人与 AGI、AI 所能达到的成就之间的区别,谈论人的精神、人的天性,而良知是人类独有的东西。那种辨别是非的能力。
便签引用
4:19:23
- This is the lesson that he gave me. One of my goals in life is never to disappoint him. - Another thing we've talked about, which I think is a fascinating topic, is the power of the mind, power of thought. Do you believe you can affect your life in reality by thinking about it, by manifesting it into being? What do you think? - There are many explanations why it works. One thing most people agree on is that setting goals and staying positive and confident does allow you to achieve the things you want to achieve.
- 这就是他教给我的一课。我人生的目标之一,就是永远不让他失望。- 我们聊过的另一件事,我觉得是个很迷人的话题,就是心念的力量、思想的力量。你相信可以通过思考、通过把它显化出来,从而在现实中影响自己的人生吗?你怎么看?- 关于它为什么有效,有很多种解释。大多数人都认同的一点是,设定目标、保持积极和自信确实能让你实现你想实现的东西。
便签引用
4:20:13
It's very hard to believe, though, that you can just manifest things into being without applying effort in the direction that seems to be logical. Maybe some people exist that can just sit on the bank of a river and materialize things by the power of their thought, but I'm not sure I'm one of these people. I always found it more easy to believe that if you couple this optimism and faith with logical action, then it is bound to be successful. - Prolonged effort, hard work coupled with positive focus, thinking about the thing.
不过,很难相信你可以在不朝着合乎逻辑的方向付出努力的情况下,就把东西凭空显化出来。也许世上真有人可以坐在河岸边,靠思想的力量把东西变出来,但我不确定我是不是这样的人。我一直更容易相信的是:如果你把这种乐观和信念,与合乎逻辑的行动结合起来,那就必定会成功。- 长期的努力、辛勤的工作,加上积极的专注,一直想着那件事。
便签引用
4:21:13
- Oh, yes, over many, many, many days. It is possible to imagine our world as a high dimensional universe where humans have the ability to navigate through it with the power of belief, which is coupled with positive emotion and logical thinking. But we are getting into an esoteric realm. We don't have any proof of that, but we also know that we probably, at this point, haven't discovered even 1% about this universe. - I agree with you fully, and I like what you said in the way you were thinking about it. You've told me before that maybe there's a way that with effort and with a focused mind, you can shape, you can morph the sort of landscape of probabilities around you, and it's a nice way to visualize it, that somehow our effort and our focus changes the things that are likely and less likely, and by focusing on it, we make the thing more and more likely. At least as an estimate, as a kind of field that we through our thoughts and through our actions change that field, and there's eight billion of us doing so. And
- 哦,是的,日复一日,很多很多天。我们可以把这个世界想象成一个高维宇宙,而人类有能力靠信念的力量在其中穿行,这种信念又与积极的情绪和逻辑思考结合在一起。不过我们这就说到玄学的领域去了。我们没有任何证据,但我们也知道,到目前为止,我们对这个宇宙的了解可能连 1% 都不到。- 我完全同意你的看法,我也喜欢你思考这件事的方式。你以前跟我说过,也许通过努力、通过专注的心念,你可以塑造、可以改变你周围那片概率的地貌,这是个很好的想象方式——不知怎么地,我们的努力和专注会改变什么更可能发生、什么更不可能发生,而通过聚焦于它,我们让那件事变得越来越可能。至少作为一种估计,把它看作一种场,我们通过思想、通过行动去改变那个场,而我们有八十亿人都在这么做。而且
便签引用
4:22:49
together there's this collective intelligence that creates the world we see around us, like the mice. And like you said, us as a humanity together are perfect. I like that you said that. - I admire your belief in the fact that we get to experience this together, because it's not obvious. Maybe each of us experiences his own or her own universe, and maybe every second the universe splits into a billion of different universes, and everything that can happen, happens. And there is a universe where, say I died in 2013, maybe every time I die I actually get to shift to a parallel universe where I don't die and then it keeps going and at certain points we achieve this quantum immortality when we are 1,000 years old, but a lot of people from other versions of reality think we are long gone.
大家合在一起,就形成了一种集体智能,创造出我们眼前的这个世界,就像那些老鼠一样。而且像你说的,我们作为一个整体的人类是完美的。我喜欢你说的这句话。- 我很佩服你相信我们是在一起经历这一切,因为这并不是显而易见的。也许我们每个人经历的都是他自己或她自己的宇宙,也许每一秒宇宙都会分裂成十亿个不同的宇宙,而所有可能发生的事情都发生了。于是存在这样一个宇宙,比如说我在 2013 年就死了——也许每次我死的时候,我其实是转移到了一个我没死的平行宇宙里,然后一直继续下去,到了某个时候我们就实现了量子永生,活到一千岁,但另一些版本的现实里的很多人会以为我们早就不在了。
便签引用
4:24:04
- Yeah, this is something that you explained to me, the idea of quantum immortality, which is a thought experiment, which I find deeply fascinating. People should look into it. it. Which is very crisp, clean consequence of the many worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics, that we as conscious beings can't experience our death. We can only... As we branch into these many worlds, only the living consciousnesses get to experience it. So in some sense, yeah, there's many universes. If we're to seriously take the many worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics, there's many universes where you died many times, especially you. And I'm glad we're in a universe where we get to share the table we're the, in a universe where we get to share the table with this impressive bond, a little humor and a lot of serious topics covered today. Once again, I can't say enough, a giant thank you from me and a giant thank you from hundreds of millions of people that follow your work for you fighting for the freedom of all of us to speak and creating a
- 是啊,这是你跟我解释过的,量子永生的概念,这是个思想实验,我觉得极其迷人。大家应该去了解一下它。它是量子力学多世界诠释一个非常干脆、清晰的推论,即我们作为有意识的存在,无法经历自己的死亡。我们只能……当我们分叉进入这许多世界时,只有还活着的意识才能去经历它。所以从某种意义上说,是的,存在许多宇宙。如果我们认真对待量子力学的多世界诠释,那就有很多宇宙里你已经死过很多次了,尤其是你。而我很庆幸我们身处的这个宇宙,让我们能一起坐在这张桌子旁——在这个宇宙里,我们能坐在同一张桌子旁,有这份难得的情谊,今天聊了一点幽默,也聊了很多严肃的话题。我要再说一次,怎么说都不够:由衷地感谢你,来自我,也来自追随你工作的数亿人,感谢你为我们所有人的言论自由而战,感谢你创造了一个
便签引用
4:25:13
platform where we can do so. And thank you so much for talking today, brother. It's been an honor getting to know you and to be able to call you a friend. - Thank you for saying that. I'm also incredibly grateful to you and to the fact that I happen to be in this version of reality. When I haven't died, at least yet. And hopefully we'll get to spend more fun moments in the years to come together. - Thank you, brother. Thank you for listening to this conversation with Pavel Durov. To support this podcast, please check out our sponsors in the description.
让我们能自由发声的平台。也非常感谢你今天来聊天,兄弟。能认识你、能称你为朋友,是我的荣幸。- 谢谢你这么说。我也对你、对我恰好身处这个版本的现实,心怀无比的感激。在这个版本里我还没死——至少目前还没有。希望我们在未来的岁月里还能一起度过更多有趣的时光。- 谢谢你,兄弟。感谢你收听这期与帕维尔·杜罗夫的对话。如需支持本播客,请查看简介中的赞助商信息。
便签引用
12结语:卡夫卡的《审判》
4:25:52
And now, let me try to articulate some things I've been thinking about. If you would like to submit questions or topics like this for me to talk about in the future, go to lexfridman.com/ama. I'd like to use this opportunity to talk about Franz Kafka, one of my favorite writers. The reason he has been on my mind is that his work, "The Trial," and the case of Pavel Duro in France has, let's say, eerie parallels, both metaphorically and literally. Of course, "The Trial" is a work of fiction, but I think it is often useful to go to the surreal world of literature, even of the over-the-top dystopian variety like "1984," "Animal Farm,"
现在,让我试着把最近一直在想的一些事情说清楚。如果你想提交这类问题或话题,让我在以后的节目中谈谈,请访问 lexfridman.com/ama。我想借这个机会聊聊弗朗茨·卡夫卡,我最喜欢的作家之一。他之所以一直萦绕在我心头,是因为他的作品《审判》和帕维尔·杜罗夫在法国的案子之间,可以说有着诡异的相似之处,无论是隐喻意义上还是字面意义上。当然,《审判》是虚构作品,但我认为,走进文学那种超现实的世界往往是有用的,哪怕是《1984》《动物农场》
便签引用
4:26:35
"Brave New World," "The Trial," "The Castle," "Metamorphosis," even "The Plague" by Albert Camus, all to better understand our real world and the destructive paths we have the potential to go down together, which also hopefully helps us understand how to avoid doing so. So lemme zoom out and speak about Franz Kafka. Who was he? He was an insurance clerk who wrote at night. He died young and almost completely unknown, and he asked for his manuscripts to be burned. Luckily for us, his friend, Max Brod, refused to do so, giving us the work of what I consider to be one of 20th century's greatest writers.
《美丽新世界》《审判》《城堡》《变形记》乃至加缪的《鼠疫》这类极端的反乌托邦作品,都能帮助我们更好地理解现实世界,以及我们有可能一起走上的那些毁灭性的道路,同时也希望这能帮我们弄明白该如何避免走上那些路。那么,让我把视角拉远一点,来说说弗朗茨·卡夫卡。他是谁?他是一名保险公司的职员,在夜里写作。他英年早逝,几乎完全默默无闻,而且他要求把自己的手稿烧掉。对我们来说幸运的是,他的朋友马克斯·布罗德拒绝这么做,让我们得以读到在我认为堪称二十世纪最伟大作家之一的人的作品。
便签引用
4:27:20
In his work, Kafka wrote about the cold, machine-like reduction of humanistic case files through the labyrinth of institutional power. He wrote about an individual's feeling of guilt even when a crime has not been committed. Or more generally, he wrote about the feeling of anxiety that is part of the human condition in our modern, chaotic world. His writing style was to use short, declarative sentences to describe the surreal and the absurd, and in so doing, effectively, I think, convey the feeling of an experience versus simply describing the experience.
在他的作品中,卡夫卡写的是:在制度权力的迷宫里,充满人性的个案被冷冰冰地、机器般地简化。他写的是一个人即使没有犯罪,也会感到有罪。或者更宽泛地说,他写的是那种焦虑感,那是我们这个现代而混乱的世界里人类处境的一部分。他的写作风格是用简短的陈述句来描写超现实与荒诞的东西,而我认为,他这样做有效地传达出了一种体验的感受,而不只是描述那种体验。
便签引用
4:27:56
For example, famously, his work, "The Metamorphosis" opens with the following lines, "As Gregor Samsa awoke one morning from uneasy dreams, he found himself transformed in his bed into a gigantic insect. He was lying in his hard, armor-plated back, and when he lifted his head a little, he could see his dome-like brown belly divided into stiff arched segments, on top of which the bed quilt could hardly keep in position and was about to slide off completely. His numerous legs, which were pitifully thin compared to the rest of his bulk, waved helplessly before his eyes."
比如说,他最著名的作品《变形记》就是这样开篇的:“一天早晨,格里高尔·萨姆沙从不安的睡梦中醒来,发现自己在床上变成了一只巨大的甲虫。他仰躺着,背像铠甲一样坚硬;他稍稍抬起头,就看见自己那穹顶似的褐色肚子被分成一道道僵硬的弓形节段,被子几乎盖不住它,眼看就要整个滑下去。他那许多条腿,跟他身躯的其余部分相比细得可怜,在他眼前无助地挥舞着。”
便签引用
4:28:38
Kafka, I think, effectively uses this image of being transformed into a giant bug stuck on his back to convey a feeling of helplessness and uselessness to his family, to his job, to society. The feeling of being a burden to everyone, dehumanized, alienated, and abandoned, the feeling of being only temporarily valued as long as he served some function for his job or for his family, and quickly discarded otherwise. I will probably talk about this work in more depth at another time, because it is so haunting and I think it is such a profound description of the burden of existence in modern society for many people.
我认为,卡夫卡用这个变成一只仰面朝天、动弹不得的大虫子的意象,有效地传达出一种无助感,以及在家人面前、在工作面前、在社会面前的无用感。那种成为所有人的负担、被非人化、被疏离、被抛弃的感觉,那种只有在为工作或家庭发挥某种作用时才被暂时看重、否则就被迅速丢弃的感觉。我大概会在以后另找时间更深入地聊聊这部作品,因为它太令人难忘,而且我认为它对许多人来说,是对现代社会中生存之重负的一种极其深刻的描写。
便签引用
4:29:24
But here, lemme talk about another of his work, "The Trial." In this novel, the main character, Josef K, is a successful bank officer, and he's arrested on his birthday for an unspecified crime by a kind of amorphous court whose authority is everywhere and nowhere. He navigates a labyrinth-like legal system where everyone knows about his case, but no one can really explain it. The so-called trial never actually occurs in any conventional sense. Instead, Josef K's entire life becomes the proceedings leading up to the trial.
不过在这里,我想聊聊他的另一部作品——《审判》。在这部小说里,主人公约瑟夫·K 是一名事业有成的银行职员,在他生日那天,他被一个说不清形态的法庭以某种不明罪名逮捕了,而这个法庭的权力无处不在,又无处可寻。他在一个迷宫般的司法体系里四处奔走,人人都知道他的案子,却没有人能真正说清楚这是怎么回事。所谓的审判,从来没有以任何常规意义上的方式真正发生过。相反,约瑟夫·K 的整个人生,都变成了通往那场审判的漫长程序。
便签引用
4:30:01
In a sense, "The Trial" is the state of being accused itself, a permanent condition rather than a singular event. Kafka's genius in this work was to show that modern institutions don't need to hold trials, they just need to hold you in the permanent looming possibility of one. Public attention to this case, both positive and negative, gives Josef K a feeling of constantly being judged by people around him. This wears at his mind and his psychological wellbeing begins to deteriorate. In a sense, the trial doesn't need to convict him.
某种意义上说,《审判》本身就是一种“被指控”的状态,是一种长期的处境,而不是某个一次性的事件。卡夫卡在这部作品中的高明之处,在于他揭示了:现代体制并不需要真的开庭审判你,它们只需要让你一直悬在“随时可能被审判”的阴影里。这桩案子引来的公众关注,无论是正面的还是负面的,都让约瑟夫·K觉得自己时刻在被周围的人评判。这不断消磨着他的心神,他的心理状态开始逐渐崩坏。某种意义上说,这场审判根本不需要给他定罪。
便签引用
4:30:38
The internal psychological turmoil and the external social scrutiny performs a conviction and the eventual execution. And exactly one year after his arrest, Josef K is visited by two men who walk him courteously through the city to an abandoned quarry and stab him in the heart, without Josef K resisting. To me, "The Trial" shows that tyranny's final victory isn't when it kills you, but when you hold still for the knife, not because you're forced, but because you've been exhausted into submission.
内心的心理煎熬与外部的社会审视,共同促成了一次定罪和最终的处决。在被捕整整一年之后,两个男人来找约瑟夫·K,彬彬有礼地押着他穿过城市,来到一处废弃的采石场,然后一刀刺进他的心脏,而约瑟夫·K没有做任何反抗。在我看来,《审判》所揭示的是:暴政的终极胜利并不在于它杀死了你,而在于你自己一动不动地迎向那把刀——不是因为你被逼无奈,而是因为你已经被消耗殆尽,只剩下屈服。
便签引用
4:31:16
Once again, it is a haunting story of the soullessness of bureaucracy and its suffocation of the human spirit. I highly recommend this short book, and I'll probably talk about it even more in the future. I don't think it's especially useful for me to speak any parallels between "The Trial" and Pavel Durov's case, because after all, "The Trial" is a work of fiction. But on a positive note, let me report that as far as I saw, Pavel has maintained optimism and a general positive outlook throughout this whole process.
这再一次是一个令人心悸的故事,讲述官僚体制的无魂无心,以及它对人类精神的窒息。我强烈推荐这本小书,以后我可能还会更多地聊到它。我觉得,把《审判》和帕维尔·杜罗夫的案子拿来类比,对我来说并没有太大意义,毕竟《审判》是一部虚构作品。但说点积极的:据我所见,帕维尔在整个过程中始终保持着乐观和总体积极的心态。
便签引用
4:31:49
What I always fear in such cases is that a bureaucratic system can wear people down, exhaust them into surrendering. I saw none of that with Pavel. I don't think he knows how to give up or give in, no matter how much pressure he's under. Again, this is truly inspiring to me. Also, now that we're talking about it, let me mention some other of Kafka's work that was moving to me, "The Castle." A similar description as "The Trial" does of the absurd inaccessibility of those in authority of the nightmarish bureaucracy.
在这类案件里,我一直担心的是:官僚体制会把人一点点磨垮,把他们拖垮,逼他们投降。但在 Pavel 身上,我完全没看到这种情况。我觉得他根本不知道怎么放弃、怎么妥协,不管承受多大的压力。再说一次,这真的让我深受鼓舞。另外,既然聊到这儿了,我再提几部卡夫卡让我很受触动的作品,比如《城堡》。它和《审判》一样,描写了权威人物那种荒诞的不可接近,以及噩梦般的官僚体系。
便签引用
4:32:25
The character in "The Castle" is also named K. Both bureaucracies operate through exhaustion, endless deferrals, procedures, waiting rooms. Again, highly relevant to modern times. I can also highly recommend Kafka's "In the Penal Colony" and "Hunger Artist." Both are too interesting and weird to explain in depth here. But let me say, "The Hunger Artist" is a story that I think is relevant to our modern-day attention economy, where so many people want to be famous. It tells the story of a, let's say, professional faster who performs starvation in a cage as entertainment, and he slowly loses his audience to newer spectacles, so much so that eventually when he starves himself to death, nobody cares.
《城堡》里的主人公也叫 K。这两种官僚体系都是靠消耗人来运作的——无尽的拖延、程序、等候室。同样,这对当今时代也极具现实意义。我还非常推荐卡夫卡的《在流放地》和《饥饿艺术家》。这两部都太有意思、太怪异了,在这里没法深入解释。但我想说,《饥饿艺术家》这个故事,我觉得和我们当下的注意力经济很有关系,在这个时代,那么多人都想出名。它讲的是一个,怎么说呢,职业禁食者的故事,他把挨饿当作表演关在笼子里供人观赏,而他的观众慢慢被更新奇的表演吸引走了,以至于最后他把自己饿死的时候,没有一个人在意。
便签引用
4:33:14
Kafka's work is heavy. It serves as a warning for the nightmare that civilization can become, and yet I think it is also a source of optimism, because when we can recognize elements of our own world in Kafka's stories, when we can see elements of our institutions in "The Trial" or in "The Castle," when we can see ourselves in Gregor Samsa, we're not just diagnosing the disease, we're proving that we're still human and wise enough to see it and name it. Kafka gave us the goal to resist against such systems that try to dehumanize us and to ensure that individual freedom and the human spirit keep flourishing.
卡夫卡的作品是沉重的。它像是一种警示,提醒我们文明可能变成怎样的噩梦,但我觉得它同时也是一种乐观的来源,因为当我们能在卡夫卡的故事里认出我们自己的世界,当我们能在《审判》或《城堡》里看到我们自身制度的影子,当我们能在格里高尔·萨姆沙身上看到自己时,我们就不只是在诊断这种病症,我们还证明了自己依然足够有人性、足够清醒,能看见它并把它说出来。卡夫卡给了我们一个目标:去抵抗那些试图剥夺我们人性的体制,去确保个体自由和人的精神能够继续蓬勃生长。
便签引用
4:33:53
I think it will. I have faith in us humans. I love you all.
我相信它会的。我对我们人类有信心。我爱你们所有人。
便签引用
视频总结 · 一句话概括与核心要点

一句话概括

Pavel Durov 以"恐惧与贪婪是自由最大的敌人"为轴心,讲述了他如何用极端自律、40 人的核心团队和 100% 个人持股,把 Telegram 做成一个拒绝出卖用户隐私、拒绝政治审查、并在 2024 年首次盈利的十亿用户平台,同时首次公开了 2018 年疑似投毒事件以及法国情报部门要求他审查罗马尼亚、摩尔多瓦选举频道的经过。

核心要点

  • 自由的两个敌人是恐惧和贪婪,解法是提前接受最坏结果。 Durov 四岁随家人从苏联搬到意大利,直观感受到没有自由就没有商品、观点的丰富,更重要的是"没有自由就无法为这种丰富做贡献"。他的方法论:想象最坏情况(被杀)并与之和解,之后就没有什么可以被威胁的。他多次说宁可"在监狱里绝食而死",也不做违背原则的事。
  • 20 多年完全戒断酒精、烟草、咖啡、药物,逻辑是"短期快感不值得用未来交换"。 11 岁时生物化学老师送他一本《天堂的幻觉》,讲酒精让脑细胞"僵尸化"并在次日部分死亡。他把 Banya(东欧式桑拿)加冰浴称为"反向的酒精":先痛苦几分钟,换来数小时到数天的良好状态和长期健康收益。对止痛药的态度同理:药只掩盖症状,像"把驾驶舱里报警的红灯砸掉"而不是避开山体。
  • 每天 300 俯卧撑 + 300 深蹲,锻炼的核心肌肉是"自律"本身。 每周 5~6 次健身房,每次 1~2 小时。他最长在芬兰游过 5.5 小时并迷路,横渡过日内瓦湖、苏黎世湖。他的理由是生理性的:大脑效率受限于心肺能往脑部输送多少糖和氧,运动是唯一提升途径,所以运动是 CEO 的生产力工具而非健康装饰。饮食:18 小时间歇性禁食,无加工糖、无汽水,20 年不吃红肉,主食是海鲜和蔬菜。
  • 不用手机、不看算法推荐流,目的是自己定义"什么重要"。 他每天预留 11~12 小时躺床时间,睡不着就在床上思考,最好的想法都来自没有手机的清晨和淋浴。他的日常练习是读任何新闻都问"谁从我读这条中获益",并推断 95% 的新闻是为了让人买东西、支持某项事业、打某场仗或捐钱。要成为某个细分领域的世界第一,只需要持续读别人不读的东西,因为"所有人都在读同样的新闻"。
  • Telegram 核心工程团队仅约 40 人,管理近 10 万台服务器,靠的是禁止扩编逼出自动化。 人多带来 90% 时间用于协调,闲人会"通过寻找不存在的问题来找存在感"。他举例:200 名工程师赶不上进度时,与其招第三个人,不如开掉那个拖后腿的,几周后发现根本不需要第三个。招聘几乎只靠编程竞赛:一个人从 16 岁开始参赛 10 次、赢 8 次,比 LinkedIn 上的 Google 履历有说服力得多,而且他们没有大公司"责任分散、开会成瘾"的习气。
  • 隐私架构设计成"员工和政府都无法访问",并明确说宁可退出某国市场也不改。 数据加密分布在多法域数据中心,解密密钥拆分存放,拔走硬盘也读不出内容。他称 Telegram 从未向任何政府或情报机构交出过一条私信,从未发生数据泄露。Telegram 是唯一在 iOS 和 Android 上都提供可复现构建(reproducible builds)的主流通讯应用,客户端自 2013 年开源;后端数据库引擎、Web 服务器、API 编程语言全部自研以缩小攻击面。端到端加密的"秘密聊天"比 WhatsApp 早 1 年 3 个月,但只做成可选项,因为端到端加密无法支持大群持久历史、多设备同步和高流量机器人。
  • 法国案件的核心荒诞:以用户的犯罪起诉平台创始人,且调查者不懂机器学习。 2024 年 8 月他到法国出差两天,被一打持枪警察逮捕,被宣读约 15 项重罪,在无窗、水泥床的拘留室待了近四天。而 Telegram 早在八年前就每日发布儿童虐待与恐怖主义内容的下架透明报告,每周处理数百万条内容。更严重的是后续:法国对外情报机构负责人通过一位法国科技企业家约见他,要求关闭支持罗马尼亚保守派候选人的频道;此前该机构还要求他下架摩尔多瓦数十个频道,并在他下架少数违规频道后"跑去对预审法官说他的好话",两件事毫无关联,让他警觉这是系统性施压。他把谈话内容全部公开,理由是"我从不签 NDA"。他同时拒绝过法国警方下架法国极左抗议者频道的请求。
  • 2018 年俄罗斯封禁战:数百万 IP 轮换、"数字抵抗"运动,最大阻力反而来自苹果。 俄方索要不存在的"加密密钥",Telegram 拒绝后被封。俄审查机构封 IP 段过猛,导致超市付款、银行、俄本土社交网站一起瘫痪。苹果以"先和俄罗斯达成协议"为由拒绝更新 Telegram 至少四周,直到《纽约时报》报道后、距他设定的"放弃俄罗斯市场"截止时间仅 15 分钟时才批准。伊朗方案不同:让架设代理服务器的人可以在置顶位置放广告获利,靠市场机制维持了约 5000 万伊朗用户。
  • 商业模式故意放弃约 80% 的广告收入,靠 Premium 订阅在 2024 年首次盈利。 他年薪 1 迪拉姆(约三分之一美元),持股 100%,无股东,个人向 Telegram 投入远超取出。2022 年推出的 Premium 订阅已超 1500 万付费用户,今年仅此一项收入超 5 亿美元。广告只按频道主题投放,不用私信、通讯录、元数据。小程序平台抽成仅 5%,有开发者一年靠小程序赚 1200 万美元。TON 区块链因 SEC 反对融资方式被迫放弃,由开源社区接手后反而成为 Telegram 所有链上功能(用户名、礼物、广告结算)的底层。Snoop Dogg 联名礼物 30 分钟卖出 1200 万美元,早期 5 美元的礼物现最低价约 1 万美元。他个人生活开支来自 2013 年以约 700 美元买入的数千枚比特币,而非 Telegram。
  • 首次公开 2018 年春疑似投毒:视力、听力、呼吸依次关闭,全身血管破裂,两周无法行走。 当时他正在为 TON 融资,两国在封禁 Telegram,他选择不告诉团队。事件让他"感觉更自由",因为"你早已死过一次,之后每一天都是奖励时间"。更早的一次是 2011 年 12 月,俄检察官要求他下架纳瓦尔尼反对派群组,他公开发了一张穿帽衫吐舌头的狗的照片作为回复,随后武装警察上门,他当时的决定是"若入狱就绝食",并意识到当时 WhatsApp 是明文传输,"没有任何安全的方式告诉哥哥发生了什么",这直接催生了 Telegram。

结论与值得注意的细节

结论。 Durov 的整套哲学可以压缩成一条:无论对身体(戒断、冰浴)、对公司(不扩编、不签 NDA)还是对政府(宁关服务不交密钥),都拒绝用长期换短期。他反复用"可以被杀,但不能被恐惧驱使"作为最后的锚点,这也是他能对法国、俄罗斯、伊朗、美国 SEC 同时说不的心理基础。

值得注意的细节。

  • 哥哥 Nikolai 是三届 IMO 金牌、两届 ICPC 冠军、两个数学博士,VK 的搜索、广告、消息引擎都是他用 C/C++ 重写的,2009 年 Facebook 早期团队问 Durov 为什么 VK 在硅谷都比 Facebook 加载快。Nikolai 给的创业第一课是"先只写一个登录模块",Durov 称之为一生中最好的建议。
  • Durov 21 岁在两周内独自写出 VK 第一版,之后近一年是唯一员工(后端、前端、设计、客服、营销全包)。这成了他在 Telegram 压 deadline 的依据:有人要三周,他会问"我两周写完 VK,你三天以外的时间打算做什么"。
  • 他 11 岁进入圣彼得堡实验学校,同时学拉丁、英、法、德四门语言外加生物化学与进化心理学,因为屡次被其他学校开除("行为分"极差,专挑老师错误)。他坚信数学和竞争是教育的核心,取消排名的国家"消灭了输家也消灭了赢家",并把欧洲经济竞争力下滑归因于此。
  • 法国公共支出占 GDP 58%,他认为"接近或超过苏联末期"。他讲了两个法国创业者案例:一个位置社交网络因数据保护调查被"慢慢抽血"最终卖给 Snapchat,调查以无指控结束;另一个因税务调查冻结账户八年,公司死亡后被判无问题,现在在迪拜重新成功,法国邀他回香榭丽舍开店并给补贴,他回答"永不"。
  • 产品细节上的偏执:默认聊天背景是四色(非双色)流动渐变,他看过数千种方案;删除消息的"灭霸响指"粒子动画在 Android 上极难实现,且必须与相邻消息合拢同时进行;矢量贴纸每个仅 20~30 KB 却含 180 帧,比 WhatsApp 早 3 年 8 个月;自毁计时器早 7 年,WhatsApp 抄袭时连 1、3、5 秒的档位都原样照搬。
  • 他是精子捐献者,"不知道自己确切有多少生物学子女",遗嘱规定所有子女平等继承,但要等成年数十年后才能拿到,理由是"过度富足会瘫痪动机",尤其对男孩。
  • 2022 年俄乌开战时他曾提议暂停两国所有政治频道,结果两国用户一起反对,说"你不能替我们决定看什么",他由此得出"人是聪明的,能从互相仇视的信息源中自己拼出真相"。
  • 他 80 岁的父亲是古罗马文学学者,给他的两条忠告:原则要靠身教而非言传(十次做对一次做错,孩子只学那一次),以及"AI 可以有意识和创造力,但不能有良知"。
  • 对 Elon Musk 的评价:好坏性格是同一种性格的两面,Musk 的情绪化是他持续创业动力的来源;企业家必须愿意做"不愉快的事",包括毫无悔意地开人。
  • 结尾的两个隐喻:Tucker 采访背景里的"两把椅子"谜题,他的解法是"拒绝在两个坏选项中选,重构问题"或"用一把椅子的钉子削掉另一把椅子的东西";奥斯陆演讲背景里的海象阴茎骨是西伯利亚鄂温克族对领袖的赠礼,在俄语里恰好是"什么都没有"的粗话,他在视频通话里把它放在背景,作为对不合理要求的无声回复。
核心句型 · 10
1. If you ..., and then ..., there's nothing (more) left to ...
“If you imagine the worst thing that can happen to you, and then make yourself be comfortable with it, there's nothing more left to be afraid of.”
用「先…再…,就再无…」表达一种彻底解决的逻辑。适合讲方法论或心态建设。仿写:If you list every risk and then accept each one, there's nothing left to worry about.
2. There's no such thing as ...
“There's no such thing as your death in your life.”
断然否定某物存在,语气比 there isn't 更强,常用于打破常识。仿写:There's no such thing as a neutral news source.
3. The more ..., the less ...
“The more connected and accessible you are, the less productive you are.”
双比较级表反向相关。注意两边都用形容词比较级或 more/less 加形容词。仿写:The more features you add, the less clear the product becomes.
4. I would rather ... than ...
“I would rather lose everything I have than yield to this pressure.”
表达强烈取舍,than 后接动词原形。杜罗夫全片多次用它表明底线。仿写:I would rather quit a market than compromise on encryption.
5. It's not that ..., (it's that) ...
“It's not that you don't have fear. You can have fear, but you overcome this fear.”
先否定一个可能的误解,再给出真实情况,用于精确澄清。仿写:It's not that they lack talent; it's that they can't focus.
6. If anything, ...
“If anything, I felt even more free after that.”
「若说有什么变化的话,反而…」,用来反驳对方预期的方向,后接与预期相反的结论。仿写:The criticism didn't hurt sales. If anything, it boosted them.
7. Who benefits from ...?
“Who benefits from me reading this?”
以「谁获益」为核心的追问句,用于分析动机与激励。from 后接动名词复合结构(me reading)。仿写:Who benefits from this rule being passed?
8. What can be better than ...?
“What can be better than a competition?”
反问句表示「没有比…更好的了」,语气自信。仿写:What can be better than hiring someone who already uses your product?
9. No X in the world ever said, "..."
“No dictator in the world ever said, "Let's just strip you away from your rights because I want more power to myself."”
用「从没有哪个…说过…」揭示表面说辞与真实动机的落差,带讽刺意味。仿写:No company ever said, "We collect your data because we want to sell it."
10. leave ... on the table
“You're leaving a lot of money on the table.”
商业习语,指本可拿到却主动放弃的利益。常与 money、value 搭配。仿写:By refusing targeted ads, they leave most of the ad revenue on the table.
词汇精讲 · 152 · 按出现顺序
surveillance /sərˈveɪləns/ n. 0:00
监控、监视(尤指政府或机构对个人的)
principled /ˈprɪnsəpld/ adj. 0:37
有原则的、讲原则的
stoic /ˈstoʊɪk/ adj. 0:37
斯多葛式的,坚忍克己、不为外物所动的
out-innovate v. 1:12
在创新上胜过(对手);out- 前缀表「超过」
Kafkaesque /ˌkæfkəˈesk/ adj. 1:50
卡夫卡式的,指荒诞、压抑、无理可讲的官僚处境
abundance /əˈbʌndəns/ n. 3:02
丰裕、充足
stand your ground phr. 4:14
坚守立场、不退让
self-preservation /ˌself ˌprezərˈveɪʃn/ n. 5:08
自我保存本能、求生本能
hard-coded /ˌhɑːrd ˈkoʊdɪd/ adj. 5:08
(程序)写死的;此处比喻天生固化、无法更改的
abstinence /ˈæbstɪnəns/ n. 6:03
戒绝、禁欲(尤指对酒精等)
paralyzed /ˈpærəlaɪzd/ adj. 6:53
麻痹的、瘫痪的
contrarian /kənˈtreriən/ n./adj. 8:06
逆流而行者;特立独行、与多数人相反的
conceal /kənˈsiːl/ v. 8:06
掩盖、隐藏
banal /bəˈnɑːl/ adj. 8:59
陈腐的、老套的
pay the debt with interest phr. 8:59
连本带利地偿还;比喻逃避的问题会加倍反噬
inclination /ˌɪnklɪˈneɪʃn/ n. 9:51
倾向、癖性
niche /niːtʃ/ n. 11:45
细分领域、利基
curate /ˈkjʊreɪt/ v. 12:57
精心筛选、策展(信息源)
counterintuitive /ˌkaʊntərɪnˈtuːɪtɪv/ adj. 17:32
反直觉的
bombarded /bɑːmˈbɑːrdɪd/ v. 18:28
被轰炸;be bombarded by/with 被信息狂轰滥炸
reluctance /rɪˈlʌktəns/ n. 22:12
不情愿、抗拒
regimen /ˈredʒɪmən/ n. 23:13
养生法、训练方案
escapades /ˈeskəpeɪdz/ n. 25:07
冒险行为、出格之举
holistic /hoʊˈlɪstɪk/ adj. 25:49
整体的、全方位的
cold plunge n. 25:49
冷水浸泡(桑拿后跳入冷水)
fleeting /ˈfliːtɪŋ/ adj. 26:42
转瞬即逝的
stress-resilient adj. 28:09
抗压能力强的
lunacy /ˈluːnəsi/ n. 29:23
愚蠢至极的想法、疯话
intermittent fasting /ˌɪntərˈmɪtənt ˈfæstɪŋ/ n. 31:16
间歇性断食
militant /ˈmɪlɪtənt/ adj. 31:51
激进的、好斗的;be militant about 对…态度极端
longevity /lɔːnˈdʒevəti/ n. 31:51
长寿
incentivized /ɪnˈsentɪvaɪzd/ v. 36:08
被激励;be incentivized in the right way 激励方向正确
swept up into phr. 36:55
被卷入、被裹挟进
manipulated /məˈnɪpjuleɪtɪd/ v. 37:31
被操纵;be manipulated into doing 被操纵去做
clouded /ˈklaʊdɪd/ adj. 38:50
(头脑)混沌不清的
surrogate /ˈsɜːrəɡət/ n. 39:55
替代品、代用品
runs lean phr. 41:26
精简运营、人少而高效
demotivate /ˌdiːˈmoʊtɪveɪt/ v. 42:10
打击积极性、使失去动力
attack vectors /əˈtæk ˈvektərz/ n. 44:31
攻击途径(安全术语);此处指人是安全漏洞
jurisdictions /ˌdʒʊrɪsˈdɪkʃnz/ n. 45:09
司法管辖区
point of failure n. 46:34
失效点;single point of failure 单点故障
undecipherable /ˌʌndɪˈsaɪfrəbl/ adj. 47:38
无法破译的
blackmail /ˈblækmeɪl/ v. 49:33
要挟、敲诈
well-meaning /ˌwel ˈmiːnɪŋ/ adj. 51:47
出于好意的(但常有副作用)
slippery slope n. 52:32
滑坡;一旦开头便难以止步的过程
autocratic /ˌɔːtəˈkrætɪk/ adj. 52:32
专制的、独裁的
censorious /senˈsɔːriəs/ adj. 53:21
好审查的、动辄压制的
suffocates /ˈsʌfəkeɪts/ v. 55:23
使窒息、扼杀
subordinates /səˈbɔːrdɪnəts/ n. 55:23
下属
carve out exceptions phr. 56:22
开出例外、划出豁免
mind-boggling /ˈmaɪnd ˌbɑːɡlɪŋ/ adj. 57:12
匪夷所思的、令人难以置信的
latent /ˈleɪtnt/ adj. 59:57
潜在的、潜伏的
enraged /ɪnˈreɪdʒd/ adj. 1:04:05
暴怒的
emotionally charged adj. 1:04:05
情绪色彩强烈的、易激起情绪的
investigative judge n. 1:05:01
预审法官(法国等大陆法系特有)
crystal ball n. 1:08:01
水晶球;比喻预知未来的能力
wear you down phr. 1:09:23
把你磨垮、消耗你的意志
defiant /dɪˈfaɪənt/ adj. 1:10:19
不屈的、公然反抗的
yield to phr. 1:11:42
屈服于
a shell of your former self phr. 1:11:42
昔日自我的空壳
intermediary /ˌɪntərˈmiːdieri/ n. 1:16:59
中间人
incite /ɪnˈsaɪt/ v. 1:22:13
煽动
misapplication /ˌmɪsæplɪˈkeɪʃn/ n. 1:23:56
错误适用(法律)
organic traction n. 1:26:26
自然增长势头(非付费推广带来的用户增长)
ill-gotten /ˌɪl ˈɡɑːtn/ adj. 1:30:17
不义之财的、来路不正的
rigorous /ˈrɪɡərəs/ adj. 1:33:30
严格的、严苛的
existential crisis n. 1:37:58
存在主义危机(对人生意义的怀疑)
overprotective /ˌoʊvərprəˈtektɪv/ adj. 1:42:22
过度保护的
ruthless /ˈruːθləs/ adj. 1:43:27
无情的、残酷的
prodigy /ˈprɑːdədʒi/ n. 1:45:51
神童
liability /ˌlaɪəˈbɪləti/ n. 1:48:34
负累、不利因素
void /vɔɪd/ n. 1:48:34
真空、空白
single-handedly /ˌsɪŋɡl ˈhændɪdli/ adv. 1:49:32
独自一人地
scarcity /ˈskersəti/ n. 1:50:27
匮乏、稀缺
amenable /əˈmiːnəbl/ adj. 1:56:40
易于…的、适合…的;amenable to 便于
disoriented /dɪsˈɔːrientɪd/ adj. 1:56:40
迷失方向的
shard /ʃɑːrd/ v. 2:03:53
(数据库)分片
bad actors n. 2:05:02
恶意行为者
latency /ˈleɪtnsi/ n. 2:09:24
延迟(技术术语)
sloppy /ˈslɑːpi/ adj. 2:10:45
马虎的、草率的
propagate /ˈprɑːpəɡeɪt/ v. 2:10:45
扩散、传播
shift responsibility phr. 2:17:43
推卸责任
take credit for phr. 2:17:43
把功劳归于自己
typography /taɪˈpɑːɡrəfi/ n. 2:23:31
字体排印
overlay /ˈoʊvərleɪ/ n. 2:25:34
叠加层
morph /mɔːrf/ v. 2:27:51
(平滑地)变形
evaporates /ɪˈvæpəreɪts/ v. 2:29:53
蒸发、消散
imposing /ɪmˈpoʊzɪŋ/ adj. 2:30:45
突兀的、压迫感强的
pull it off phr. 2:30:45
把难事做成
osmosis /ɑːzˈmoʊsɪs/ n. 2:32:50
渗透;比喻潜移默化
inkling /ˈɪŋklɪŋ/ n. 2:32:50
一丝感觉、微弱的意识
intricate /ˈɪntrɪkət/ adj. 2:37:04
精细复杂的
trade-off /ˈtreɪd ɔːf/ n. 2:42:27
取舍、权衡
paranoid /ˈpærənɔɪd/ adj. 2:43:04
偏执多疑的
reproducible builds n. 2:44:31
可复现构建(任何人可从源码编译出一致的二进制)
honeypot /ˈhʌnipɑːt/ n. 2:46:05
蜜罐;诱人上钩的陷阱
attack surface n. 2:47:12
攻击面(系统可被攻击的所有入口总和)
thoroughness /ˈθɜːroʊnəs/ n. 2:48:09
彻底、周全
eroding /ɪˈroʊdɪŋ/ v. 2:50:50
侵蚀
laudable /ˈlɔːdəbl/ adj. 2:50:50
值得称赞的
the cure is worse than the disease phr. 2:50:50
药比病更糟;对策造成的伤害大于问题本身
obsolete /ˌɑːbsəˈliːt/ adj. 2:59:13
过时的、被淘汰的
sanctions regime n. 3:00:55
制裁体系
acute /əˈkjuːt/ adj. 3:05:20
剧烈的、急性的
bonus time phr. 3:08:36
赚来的时间、额外的寿命
mocked /mɑːkt/ v. 3:10:20
嘲讽
plaintext /ˈpleɪntekst/ n. 3:12:22
明文(未加密的数据)
dormant /ˈdɔːrmənt/ adj. 3:13:09
休眠的、蛰伏的
summoned /ˈsʌmənd/ v. 3:13:09
被传唤
putting your life on the line phr. 3:14:08
押上性命、冒生命危险
pretext /ˈpriːtekst/ n. 3:17:51
借口、托词
vicious circle n. 3:17:51
恶性循环
decelerate /ˌdiːˈseləreɪt/ v. 3:19:11
使减速
early adopters n. 3:19:11
早期采用者
masquerading /ˌmæskəˈreɪdɪŋ/ v. 3:22:11
伪装成;masquerade as 冒充
crossfire /ˈkrɔːsfaɪər/ n. 3:22:11
交火;caught in the crossfire 两面受敌
bipolar /ˌbaɪˈpoʊlər/ adj. 3:23:46
两极的、态度反复的
Not in my backyard phr. 3:23:46
别在我家后院;支持某事但不愿它发生在自己身边
discredit /dɪsˈkredɪt/ v. 3:25:13
抹黑、使失去信誉
babysit /ˈbeɪbisɪt/ v. 3:27:34
当保姆看管;比喻家长式管理
revolted /rɪˈvoʊltɪd/ v. 3:27:34
反抗、造反
recklessness /ˈrekləsnəs/ n. 3:30:20
鲁莽
invincible /ɪnˈvɪnsəbl/ adj. 3:30:20
不可战胜的
stretched too thin phr. 3:33:13
摊得太薄、精力过度分散
without remorse phr. 3:34:03
毫无愧疚地
dubious /ˈduːbiəs/ adj. 3:37:14
可疑的、靠不住的
recurring revenue n. 3:39:09
经常性收入(订阅等持续产生的收入)
confiscate /ˈkɑːnfɪskeɪt/ v. 3:42:23
没收
congested /kənˈdʒestɪd/ adj. 3:44:03
拥堵的
encapsulate /ɪnˈkæpsjuleɪt/ v. 3:49:04
浓缩、概括
monetize /ˈmɑːnətaɪz/ v. 3:52:31
变现
anecdotally /ˌænɪkˈdoʊtəli/ adv. 3:53:16
据个别说法、据传闻
like no tomorrow phr. 3:56:35
不顾后果地、拼命地
stay afloat phr. 3:56:35
维持下去、不至于破产
suboptimal /ˌsʌbˈɑːptɪməl/ adj. 3:57:29
次优的、不理想的
buying into phr. 3:59:12
接受、相信(某种说法)
overabundance /ˌoʊvərəˈbʌndəns/ n. 4:06:52
过度丰裕
ethologist /iːˈθɑːlədʒɪst/ n. 4:08:49
动物行为学家
leveled off phr. 4:09:51
趋于平稳
plummeted /ˈplʌmɪtɪd/ v. 4:09:51
暴跌
juggle two jobs phr. 4:12:43
同时打两份工
contagious /kənˈteɪdʒəs/ adj. 4:13:30
传染性的
relentless /rɪˈlentləs/ adj. 4:15:40
不懈的、不松劲的
instill /ɪnˈstɪl/ v. 4:15:40
灌输
conscience /ˈkɑːnʃəns/ n. 4:18:17
良知(区别于 consciousness 意识)
esoteric /ˌesəˈterɪk/ adj. 4:21:13
玄奥的、只有少数人懂的
labyrinth /ˈlæbərɪnθ/ n. 4:27:20
迷宫
alienated /ˈeɪliəneɪtɪd/ adj. 4:28:38
被疏离的、异化的
amorphous /əˈmɔːrfəs/ adj. 4:29:24
无定形的、说不清形态的
looming /ˈluːmɪŋ/ adj. 4:30:01
迫近的、阴影笼罩的
tyranny /ˈtɪrəni/ n. 4:30:38
暴政
deferrals /dɪˈfɜːrəlz/ n. 4:32:25
拖延、推迟
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