How to Find the Meaning You’ve Been Looking For - Jordan Peterson (4K) · 苏菲拉底
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How to Find the Meaning You’ve Been Looking For - Jordan Peterson (4K)

节目发布 2023-11-27 · Chris Williamson
乔丹·彼得森 克克里斯·威廉森
EDITED TRANSCRIPT · 依据现场录音编译整理,可划线生成便签
这场对谈录制于英国,是播客《Modern Wisdom》主持人克里斯·威廉森与加拿大临床心理学家、多伦多大学心理学教授乔丹·彼得森的第若干次长谈。两人从「人为什么有道德义务去做非凡的事」谈起,一路穿过犬儒、献祭、名声、性、人口、圣经与大学的废墟,谈了将近三个小时。本文依据现场录音编译整理,只删去口头语、寒暄、重复与广告插播,论证、例证与语气一概保留。文中人物均按谈话当时的身份与时间点称呼。

你欠世界一件非凡的事

主持人: 你说过,人在道德上有义务去做非凡的事。为什么?

彼得森: 一部分原因是,生活本来就艰难到这个地步,如果你不把自己全部押上去,它十有八九会把你熬成一个满心怨毒的人,然后你就成了黑暗的力量,而不是善的力量。生命短暂,而且可能极其残酷,这件事可以把你吓得躲起来、什么都不敢碰;但你也可以把它整个翻过来看:反正你已经全副身家都在桌上了,那不如去冒那些值得冒的险。这是一个很值得想明白的道理。

还有一件同样值得想明白的事:没有什么比真话更冒险。这一点我花了很久才弄懂。你当然可以把话措辞得漂漂亮亮,好让自己拿到想要的东西,人们天天都在这么干。他们把话说得圆滑,好逃掉本该承担的责任;他们把话说得动听,好占到本不该属于他们的便宜。这就是操纵。你可能会说,既然能拿到我想要的,为什么不呢?答案是:你未必是判断自己需要什么的最佳裁判,而且人对自己「想要什么」这件事极容易自欺。追逐权力的人,追的就是这一类幻觉。

反过来,如果你决定只说你认为真实的话,你就必须放弃对结果的掌控。你可能会想,我不想放弃结果,我想控制事情的走向。可你这么一想,就把冒险丢了。因为如果你不控制事态,你就不知道接下来会发生什么,而那说不定恰恰是最令人兴奋的地方。事实上这一点毫无疑问。另外你还多得一样好处:如果你努力说你相信为真的话,努力用你认为最恰当的方式行事,那就是真正的你,而且现实的力量站在你这一边。所谓「活在真实里」,得到的正是这个:现实站在你背后。有现实,又有冒险,这买卖不算差。

至于为什么这是道德义务:如果你躲着,不把你身上的东西放出来,不把你本可以带给世界的东西带来,你就会变得愤世嫉俗、满腹苦水,然后你会开始做很阴暗的事。你不但没为这个世界添上你本该添的那一份,你还会开始嫉妒那些有本事、过得好的人,并且动手去毁掉他们。那是一条通往地狱的路。

犬儒不是终点

主持人: 我最近一直在抨击的一个风气就是犬儒:一种弥漫开来的信念,认为一切都糟透了,而且不可能变好,凡是相信情况能改善的人都是又蠢又天真。我不知道它是从哪儿来的。

彼得森: 犬儒是智慧的开端,所以它才特别难对付。人一开始是天真的,天真的人看上去乐观,其实不是乐观,只是天真。天真的人不知道世上有恶意,也不知道自己心里有恶意,他们受着庇护,依赖别人。等这层壳被打破,往往就直接碎成了犬儒。

主持人: 也就是说犬儒其实是一种进步,眼睛上的纱落下来了。

彼得森: 正是。犬儒的问题在于,尤其当它和某种傲慢结合起来时,你会停在那里,而这是大错。所以问题变成了:一个人被狠狠咬过一口,不再天真了,这对乐观是很重的打击,那接下来该怎么把乐观找回来,又不倒退回天真?倒退是回不去的,除非你把自己的眼睛重新蒙上。答案是:你用勇气去替换天真,你把乐观当成一条道德律令重新捡起来。

你可以问问自己:如果未来很可能在各种意义上是灾难性的,无论社会层面还是个人层面,这几乎是肯定的,那你应该带着什么态度去面对?答案是,如果你有勇气、有信,我待会儿解释「信」是什么意思,那你就会正面迎上去,并且预设自己应付得了。这也是我们在政治上应该带着的预设。现在那些靠恐惧攫取权力的人,总是指着各式各样可能降临的末日说事。你很难反驳他们,因为未来永远是一道末日的地平线,一切都可能崩塌,历史上崩塌过,将来也很可能再崩塌,而且在你自己的生命里它一定会崩塌,你会衰老、会死。所以召唤一场末日太容易了。于是真正的问题不是「那场末日是不是可能真的发生」,答案是肯定的,而是「你应该用什么态度面对它」。天真?不行。犬儒?好一点,但还是不行,那是另一种地狱,而且它还会让那些潜在的末日更容易成真。

那么越过犬儒之后是什么?是智慧。它不天真,它是有勇气的。宗教界人士这些年做得相当糟的一件事,就是没能讲清楚「信」与「勇气」的关系。道金斯那一批新无神论者,把「信」描述成对愚蠢迷信的相信,但「信」在最深的意义上不是那个意思。它的意思是:你愿意用行动去兑现这样一个命题,无论浪头有多大,你都能骑在上面,而且只要我们心怀善意,我们可以一起做到。我认为这才是面对未来更恰当的方式,也是治疗犬儒的正确药方。

犬儒还有一点很有意思:犬儒对自己的犬儒不够犬儒。你完全可以怀疑到开始怀疑自己怀疑的正当性:你凭什么这么聪明?你凭什么当存在的裁判?科伦拜的那两个孩子就是这样,他们断定存在本身因其残酷而不值得维持,正确的回应是朝着人和神竖中指。那么,怎么对犬儒本身犬儒一下呢?这样问:你的犬儒让你逃掉了什么?你的犬儒怎样为你逃避该负的责任、追逐眼前的快感提供了借口?你为什么不对自己的怀疑怀疑一下?智慧也从这里开始。所以有两条:犬儒胜过天真,但它不是终点;而且你应该犬儒到足以去质疑自己的怨恨、自己转身背对世界的那股冲动,在道德上到底站不站得住。

幻想与妄想的分界

主持人: 我的看法是,既然我们不知道未来,既然我们的大部分动机对自己都是不可见的,我们不是一潭能一眼看到底的清水,那你就必然要对未来抱有某种「错觉」。你尽力去看清它会怎样,但既然这杯水可以说是半空也可以说是半满,为什么不选一个对你有用的错觉呢?一个带着希望的错觉,同时也明白前面会有困难和障碍。

彼得森: 社会心理学里确实有一条研究路线主张过这个,说人必须持有关于未来的「积极错觉」,这是人抵御绝望、支撑自尊的根本方式。但我觉得我们得把幻想和妄想分开。你确实有一个关于未来的幻想,你不得不有,因为就像你说的,未来还没有成形,你必须先给它画一张临时的地图,那就是计划,就是战略。可这并不使它成为妄想。它变成妄想,是在地图和地底下的实际地形完全对不上的时候。

比如说,你给未来定的战略是三年内拿到五百万 YouTube 订阅。严格来说你没有任何证据表明事情会这样发展,因为这三年里什么都可能发生。但没有理由把它叫做妄想,它只是潜在路径中理论上可能的一条,然后你可以为了让它实现去做必要的献祭。所以它虽然是幻想,因为那东西还不存在,但它不是妄想。变成妄想,是当你明明有一些自身经验可以修正这个幻想,你却把它们视而不见,好让自己住在一幅关于未来的美好图景里,同时不必付出相应的代价。

主持人: 这两年我学到最喜欢的一个概念,是以赛亚·伯林的「内在城堡」。伯林说:当通向人类圆满的自然道路被堵死,人就退回自身,沉溺于自身,试图在内心造出一个被某种恶运在外部剥夺了的世界。他说,如果你无法从世界那里得到你真正渴望的东西,你就必须教会自己不再渴望它;如果你得不到你想要的,你就教自己去想要你能得到的。这是一种非常常见的精神撤退,退进一座内在的城堡,把自己反锁在里面,挡住世上一切可怕的灾祸。我们共同的朋友亨德森说得更直白:腿受伤了,你可以试着治这条腿;治不好,你就把腿砍掉,然后宣布「想要腿」这个念头本身是错的,必须予以克服。我觉得这种事现在到处都是。

彼得森: 好,那你设想一下:你铺开一个计划,撞上了障碍,计划被打得散了架。现在你撤退。撤退的时候你有选择。一个选择是在幻想里造一个世界,在那里你向伤害过你的人复仇,并且得到你想要的东西。那是一条通往疯狂的路。重度妄想的人往往就是这么发展出来的,他们造出一套补偿性幻想,然后长住其中,常常一住就是几百个小时。科伦拜那两个孩子,在动手之前在幻想世界里泡了几百个小时。

但你也可以往回折进自己内部。这就是忏悔与赎罪,用这个框架去想最合适:你可以去想,我做错了什么,或者哪里做得不够,才导致计划的崩塌。这是第一项调查。我做了些献祭,我试图促成未来的某一种形态,结果没成,为什么?「因为世界跟我作对,因为宇宙是邪恶的,因为没有神,所以我痛苦、我犬儒。」这是一种可能的解释,「可怜的我」。我不是要轻慢这件事,因为有时候人的梦想相当现实,却仍然一败涂地。生活可以很残忍。你可能确实做了很多正确的决定,然后突然生病,或者家里有人病了,整个局面塌了。失败并不一定是因为你犯了什么根本性的蠢错,这本来就写在世界的结构里。

但不管怎样,你也可以退回来说:好,我需要重新打磨我的战略,甚至可能要重新打磨我的目标。也许我找错了地方,也许我得往别处看。然后你就让自己对某种启示敞开。福音书里有一句话跟这直接相关:基督对门徒说,叩门,门就开;祈求,就得着;寻找,就寻见。听起来像巫术,新无神论者可以拿它大做文章,但那不是聪明的读法。正确的读法更像是对思维运作方式的一种描述。

设想你的计划落空了。你坐下来对自己说:我想知道,即便世界确实在跟我作对,我的失败百分之九十五是外部事件和别人造成的,那我自己有哪些地方本可以做得更好?我在哪里漏看了,以至于我失败的概率被抬高了?要问出这个问题,你必须真的想要那个答案,这才是「叩门」「祈求」「寻找」的意思。这不是玩笑,你必须真心想知道。而这件事非常痛苦,尤其当你已经尽了全力、有充分理由感到愤懑,你却还要去搜寻自己犯下的错。发现自己的错误永远极其痛苦,尤其是那些你深爱着的错误。所以你必须愿意把自己剥光,这就是谦卑最根本的意思。

好处是什么?这正是听别人说话为什么如此有用:你可能会发现自己蠢在哪里,然后你就可以不再那样蠢下去。人为什么要认罪?因为你想找出自己的不足。那是痛的,撞上别人的意见、被指出自己盲目甚至是故意盲目的地方,这很痛。但好处是你能把错纠正过来,往前走的时候你就更强了。

我教我孩子的一件事,希望多少教成了,就是永远要问蠢问题。这不是指那种走神的人才会问的问题。如果你在听别人说话,你没听懂,你把这一点说出来,你就是在暴露自己的无知。也许你在一屋子人里面,你觉得只有你蠢到听不懂,顺便说一句,这几乎从来都不是事实。关键在于,如果你把这份无知暴露给自己和对方,对方就能把它补上。这样做一千次,你就不无知了。这也是一条实实在在的成功路径。你在播客里就是这么做的,你问真问题。罗根也是这样,他永远在试着比现在的自己聪明一点,反复迭代,这招就管用。你问一千个蠢问题,并且听答案,你就知道了一千件以前不知道的事,其中有些还很深。这就是搜索自己灵魂、寻找未了之罪并试图补赎的好处。这不是妄想,这是把自己摆正,它是妄想的反面,哪怕其中有些想象的成分。

把理想缩到你迈得动的尺寸

主持人: 那些已经尽了全力、能做对的都做对了,却还是因为世界的随机和不幸而落空的人,该怎么办?在我看来,幸福住在期待与现实之间的那道缝里。可问题是,标准高的人常常反而觉得自己什么都缺。像这样拼命的人,怎么才能不因为够不着自己的高标准而灰心?我听你讲过大卫像,你说的大意是:你还不是你本可以成为的样子。

彼得森: 你一旦设立了一个理想,你就开始拿自己去和它比。这是个好问题。终极的理想同时也是终极的审判者,因为在终极理想面前你差得太远,远到可能痛得难以忍受。那怎么办?我想有两件事:把理想降下来,同时把你对自己潜力的估计抬上去。

「把理想降下来」是什么意思?如果你在跟某个人比,或者跟一个未来的自己比,而那道差距痛到让你瘫痪,那你就造了一条你根本没工具制服的龙。你要做的是把这条龙缩小,缩到一个你愿意朝它挪动的尺寸,无论那有多小。你在这里,理想在那里,差距难以承受,那就缩短差距,再缩短。反正你也非这么做不可,你不可能一步从现在跳到完美,中间必然有许多小台阶。所以你得把那条递进的阶梯填满,填到足够细的颗粒度,你才迈得出第一步。

福音书里还有一条很有意思的说法,叫马太原则:凡有的,还要加给他;凡没有的,连他所有的也要夺去。这话很狠,因为它意味着现实是这么运作的:往上走的时候,曲线是这样翘起来的;往下掉的时候,是这样一路滑到悬崖。所以你要避开下坡那条路。而如果上坡那条是指数式的、几何式的,那就意味着你最初迈的步子有多大根本不重要,哪怕小到可笑,小到你都觉得丢人,因为你实在太没用了。只要你在这上面守得住纪律,你加速起来会快得惊人。这是好消息:你可以迈非常小的步子,小到你得羞愧地对自己承认,但球一旦滚起来,它不是线性地滚,是几何级数地滚。知道这一点很要紧,它能把「意识到自己有多蠢」的那股刺痛感抽掉。

每个人都有弱的那一面,都有让自己难堪的东西。我第一次去健身房是一九八五年,二十三岁,体重大概一百三十五磅,身高六英尺一,瘦得厉害,腰围二十七英寸左右,烟抽得凶,酒也喝太多,身体状况很差。我在健身房迈出的第一步,是去上一门游泳课。天哪,那个班上是我、一个挺胖的年轻人,状况大概不比我差,还有七个七十岁以上的老太太。她们能游得过我,相当丢人。我上了一个学期,体能好了一点,然后开始去健身房举铁,那也很难受。我压在卧推架下面,想把七十五磅从架子上推起来,总会有个肌肉发达的家伙过来教我怎么做。是啊,谢谢你,但确实难堪。很多人不肯去健身房,就是因为太在意自己的样子和身材。从底层开始是很难受的,但你就是在底层,那里是你弱的地方。你想修补弱的地方,就得接受自己在底层这个事实,接受最初几步一定很疼。

大概花了三年,我戒了烟,然后戒了酒,三年半左右长了四十磅。后来我不得不停下来,因为一天得吃六顿,太夸张了。但我的身体自信强了很多,协调性也好了很多,因为举哑铃能练到所有细小的韧带和肌腱,下半身的协调性尤其进步大,我后来能跳舞了。研究生时期我常出去跳舞,这就派上了用场。总之,要修补自己的弱点,你必须向自己的羞耻承认自己的不足。而如果你和理想之间的鸿沟大到让你瘫痪,你就把它缩小。

你的参照组选错了

主持人: 我在巡演的现场一直在讲一件事:你的参照组选错了。今天我们有机会坐下来听这个星球上任何一个人说话,最好的头脑、最好的运动员、最好的思想家、最会表达的人,活着的都能听,死了的只要留下影像也能听。于是你拿自己跟这一群人比。可这不是你的参照组。如果你有那个劲头坐下来听我和别人扯三个小时深水区的话题,你早就已经被从常人堆里挑出来了,你在问的问题几乎没有别人在问。

但因为你的参照组是那些高得离谱的人,我记得开播客之前我听你、听山姆、听乔的节目,心想天啊,这种记忆调用太惊人了,好像他们有过目不忘的本事,读过的一切都能浮到表面,还能天衣无缝地说出来。可是,一个从没录过播客的人,真要拿自己去跟录了一千期、在舞台上待了一万小时、做过那么多 UFC 解说和电视节目的乔·罗根比吗?这不公平。我看到的问题是,那些对自己有大梦想、想做大事的人,喜欢把标尺定得很高,然后又在比较中一蹶不振。

彼得森: 这里面其实有一种骄傲。「我应该是那样的人」,或者「那才是我该比的对象」,这就是骄傲。骄傲的内容大致是:我应该是那样,甚至是我本可以是那样。也许你确实可以,但正如你说的,没有学徒期你绝无可能做到。所以可以说,那种沮丧的程度,正好和虚假骄傲的程度成正比。

我在第一本书里写过一章,叫「与今天的你比,别与今天的别人比」,我复述得不太准,但意思你明白。对你来说合适的参照组是昨天的你。首先,你是唯一适合你的对照组,因为你有一套独属于你的天赋、可能性、局限和悲剧。你在某个维度上拿自己跟别人比,这比较本身就不讲理,因为你不知道对方被赐予了什么天赋,也不知道对方有过什么你没有的机会。远不如去想:你以前是什么样,然后想想,你能不能在某个维度上比那时好一点?这样想的好处是,答案几乎永远是「能」。

你当然可以把这场转变朝着某个耀眼的标靶去对准,那是合理的。但那并不等于你该拿自己跟那个标靶比。瞄准一个东西和拿自己跟它比,不是一回事。

而且你那个比较对象本身也是妄想。这一点也得想明白:你看着你嫉妒的那个人,其实你是透过一条很窄的缝,在看他生命中很薄的一片。而且是最光鲜的那一片,同时还是被包装出来要显得最光鲜的那一片。你根本不知道那个人整体的人生里可能有多少恐怖的东西。比方说你想成为罗素·布兰德,想像他那样有魅力、那样有名。可你真正的愿望是:罗素·布兰德拥有的一切我都要,他的麻烦我一样都不要。拜托,这种愿景当然会让你沮丧,因为它天真、怨恨、嫉妒、苦涩,而且不讲道理。你得好坏一起拿,人们在羡慕名人的时候几乎从不想这一点。

天才的代价

主持人: 最近有一则埃隆·马斯克的访谈,他说了一句:我的脑子是一场风暴,我不认为大多数人会愿意做我。他们可能以为自己想,但他们不知道,他们不明白。你怎么看?

彼得森: 高水平天才的一个副作用,可以称作轻躁狂。这里有个简单的测试,测的是「词语流畅性」,它和创造力相关。比如:三分钟内写下尽可能多的以 T 开头的四个字母的词。这个限制挺死。或者三分钟内写下尽可能多的以 S 开头的词,这个限制松一些。你产出的词的数量,和你一生的创造性成就之间有相当强的相关,在艺术和语言领域尤其如此。这和词汇量不是一回事,词汇量是你能理解多少词,流畅性是你在给定时间里能产出多少词。

人和人之间的差距大到你难以想象。四个字母那个测试,三分钟里有人写十二个,有人写一百五十个。写一百五十个的那些人,脑子是以轻躁狂的速度在转,思维快上五倍,而且毫无间歇。等这东西彻底失控,人就躁狂了,躁狂一点都不好玩,maniac 这个词就是从这儿来的。躁狂的人脑子里有一千个计划,每个只有一句话长,他对每一个都热情高涨,会把每一分钱都砸进去,然后一切立刻崩盘。那是创造力这一侧的病理极限。像马斯克这样明显是天才的人,他在内心地景里要对付的就是这个东西。我不是说他躁狂,我看不出任何迹象,但一个创造力那么强的人,就是走在那条边上。

本·夏皮罗也是这样,跟他聊天非常有意思,罗素·布兰德同样。夏皮罗说话大概是我见过最快的人,但你跟他待着就能很清楚地看出,他脑子转的速度大概还要再快五倍,那已经很可怕了。我写《意义的地图》的时候,很难把自己的脑子关掉。我被那本书缠住了,每天写三个小时,然后有十二个小时都在想那些材料,而且念头来的速度比「思考」快得多,大概跟我阅读的速度差不多。材料不算极密的话我一分钟能读一千两百字左右,所以那就是一天十六个小时不停的念头。我开始举铁有一部分原因就在这儿:只要举得够重,背上压着一百磅的时候你没法一分钟想一千两百字,这足以把它关掉。我喝酒也有同样的原因,那是另一样能把它关掉的东西。

主持人: 「要成为你所仰慕的那个人,你得付出的代价」,这个视角太有意思了。马斯克说他的脑子是一场风暴,要成为我,你得付的价钱你不会愿意付。可是,你是这个星球上最富有的人之一,你能在台上跳舞,发布防弹的汽车,把火箭送上天。

彼得森: 是啊,可那些包袱呢?代价是什么?在我看来他还极其尽责。我认识和他共事过的人,马斯克不只是创造型天才,他还是个极其尽责的工程师。真正尽责的工程师,脑子非常有意思。我喜欢和工程师聊天,我姐夫吉姆就是很棒的工程师,他理解一样东西的时候,是理解到能用原子把它搭出来,每一层他都懂。马斯克在我看来属于罕见的组合:超高创造力加超高尽责性。我知道他一直在工作。

主持人: 那种过度发达的执行功能,是不是能把弥散的创造力收拢起来?至少一段时间里,把它全灌进一件事,然后再换下一件。

彼得森: 对,绝对是。埃里克·温斯坦就是个好例子,希望埃里克别为这话不高兴。埃里克创造力惊人,但不算特别尽责,我觉得他找到了一个非常适配的位置,他给彼得·蒂尔做了很久的「点子人」。埃里克是个极有意思的人。马斯克则是创造力和尽责性双高,而尽责性确实能带来专注。很多有创造力的人并不尽责。这个组合很罕见,因为创造力和尽责性之间没有相关。如果你的创造力是千里挑一,尽责性也是千里挑一,你就是百万里挑一。而马斯克大概是一亿里挑一,也许还更稀有,也许是十亿。

名声让我看见的东西

主持人: 随着平台变大、外界的审视越来越密,人会发生变化,这很值得想。对你来说,这段旅程差不多快十年了,是二〇一六年开始的。名声怎么改变了你?那些审视、监视、崇拜和攻击,影响了什么?

彼得森: 第一件变了的事,是我看到了此前从未见过的规模的苦难。我做临床工作很久,一周见二十个人,一直待在艰难的存在性问题里,和来访者一起搏斗他们的麻烦,我很喜欢那份工作。同时我有研究,有家庭,有一些生意,所以那些苦难在某种意义上是被装在盒子里的,我周围有足够的结构支撑我运转,尽管我整天泡在二十个人的严重问题里,顺便说,这我是真喜欢。

可当我开始在更大的规模上讲话、见越来越多的人,那种士气崩塌的规模真的击中了我。我不知道我们文化里的士气崩塌已经深到这个地步。那时候在年轻男性身上尤其明显。现在看起来,按乔纳森·海特的研究,年轻女性的状况可能更糟,但不管什么原因,我当时遇到的大多是年轻男性,大概因为 YouTube 上年轻男性多得多。看到这种崩塌散布得有多广,既震撼又残酷。除此之外,其他所有事情至少都有趣得离谱。我拥有多得不可思议的机会,我要是不彻底地感恩,那就是傻子。但我看到的那些苦难是一个冲击,它伤到我了。

主持人: 它怎么影响你?改变了你看世界的方式吗?

彼得森: 它让我更深地明白,给人一句鼓励的话有多重要。我能看到那么多人在心理上死去,甚至真的死去,就因为缺一句鼓励的话。所以处在能提供这个的位置上,就变得重要得多。我和塔米之所以一直在做这件事,有一部分原因就是它看上去是好的。

我们甚至看到了观众的变化。五六年前我们第一次巡演,来听的人里很多状况相当糟,男性比例比现在高,男的多半是一个人来,不少人看上去很落魄。五年后的今天,一半观众穿着西装来,像是去参加婚礼,大多数男的是带着一位女士来的,观众的状况好得多,讲座现场气氛极其正面。

如果你从外面看我的生活,会以为我一直处在争议的风暴里,但那几乎全是虚拟的,只在网上。它偶尔也会碰到现实世界,因为我被安大略的执业监管学院追着不放,那主要是个麻烦,一个荒谬的、昂贵又耗时间的麻烦。除此之外,发生在我周围的一切都是正面的。奇怪的地方在于,那种正面的强度大到连它本身都令人生畏。你会觉得很难想象一个人会处在「好到几乎承受不住」的处境里,但我就在这个处境里,相当难对付。我某种程度上算幸运,这一切发生在我年纪已经不小的时候,我从来没真正习惯过它。

主持人: 我观察你,还有温斯坦兄弟,有个想法。我们常听人说「太年轻成名」的危险,麦考利·卡尔金那种,布兰妮·斯皮尔斯那种,还没有任何身份认同的人被塞进一个完全不具代表性的世界里,彻底失锚。但我觉得还有一个同样有意思的问题:如果你以为你已经知道自己是谁呢?你花了几十年,五十年、六十年,弄清楚了自己的位置、地位、轨迹,然后突然之间,你所有的参照系、所有你以为熟悉的路标全被扯走了,你就悬在半空。我想那可能更让人不安。

彼得森: 一开始一切爆开的时候确实有压力,因为我的工作岌岌可危,我的大学职位。我从没想过会有这种事。我在哈佛和多伦多大学的经历都是正面的,我真的很喜欢带研究生,跟同事的关系至少是客气的,在哈佛还不止于客气。在多伦多大学,我开始建立友谊的那些教员,后来大多是拿到别处的聘书走掉的,所以我在同侪友谊网络里扎得不如在哈佛深。但我和本科生、研究生的关系很好,那就足够了。我不是孤零零地在那儿望着别人,完全不是,我有不错的朋友圈。然后这一切在二〇一六年受到威胁并且基本消失了,我的临床执业也受到威胁,那确实让人不安。

不过有些东西是延续着的。即便我还在当大学教授的时候,我教书的方式就不典型,我教的内容也不典型。几十年里我一直想,早晚有人会发现我在教什么,然后就要出事了。我简直不敢相信我被允许甚至被鼓励去教那些东西。但当时的大学,尤其是九十年代的哈佛,结构就是那样的。

主持人: 你教的东西哪里叛逆了?

彼得森: 当时基本没有人在做原型意象、宗教观念和神经科学之间的那个交汇点,那不是一个研究领域。有少数几个人,雅克·潘克塞普算一个。很多研究情绪神经科学的人后来对深层叙事产生了兴趣,因为他们开始明白,我们的情绪生活是一个故事,这么理解很合适。我们被情绪本能引导,而情绪本能所做的事,就是把我们放进某些故事里。比如说,恋爱的意思就是你进了一个爱情故事。

主持人: 恋爱不是你能觉察到的某种催产素和内啡肽的配比,它不会被拆解成零件。

彼得森: 当然不会。

主持人: 它是你向自己讲述的一个叙事的一部分,关于这意味着什么、这感觉如何。

彼得森: 对,而且有趣的正是:本能是以故事的形式显现的。所以我对叙事和故事非常感兴趣。另外,几乎没有心理学家研究卡尔·荣格,字面意义上的几乎没有。心理学在某种意义上是作为精神分析的唯物主义对立面发展起来的,所以弗洛伊德、荣格,某种程度上还有阿德勒,对受过科学训练的行为心理学家是禁区,而我当时是、现在也是这种心理学家。我在麦吉尔受训,麦吉尔没有精神分析理论的课,弗洛伊德和荣格我完全是自己读的,而且是逆着我得到的建议读的,连我那位好心的导师都劝过我,他是个好人,从没挡过我的路,恰恰相反。

比如我去找工作的时候,有人警告我不要谈我真正感兴趣的东西,我没听。结果是有些地方不要我,但哈佛要我,这就挺好。忠于自己的视野还有一个好处:你不会得到你不想要的东西。我不想去一个不想要我的地方工作,我想去一个想要我的地方。所以我的策略是:这就是我,你们不要我,那很遗憾,因为我在找工作,但我也不会为了在这儿上班而假装成别人。那样开启职业生涯多蠢啊。

主持人: 这又回到讲真话。如果你说了一个足够诱人的谎,你能指望的最好结果是什么?是那个被你骗的人爱上了一个投影。

彼得森: 完全正确。我申请研究生院的时候写了一封疯狂的申请信,基本上把我是谁全抖出来了,包括我的毛病,还有我感兴趣的东西。三个人回应了,我最喜欢的那位,一部分原因是他在麦吉尔而我想住在蒙特利尔,成了我的导师罗伯特·皮尔。他知道他招进来的是什么人,我们合作得非常愉快。我到现在还和他一起工作,我和鲍勃的关系是我一生中最好的关系之一,持续了四十年。这是因为鲍勃是个非常诚实的人。我们非常不同,他很务实,是很好的管理型人才,虽然他极聪明,对相关的研究心理学文献了如指掌;而我是踩着精神分析理论、哲学和宗教观念飞进去的,差别极大,虽然我们都真心关心研究的实操层面,他教会了我爱上研究分布里更偏科学的那一端。但重点是,他从一开始就知道他要的是什么,我也知道,于是一切顺得不得了,完全不需要任何伪装。而且事实证明,他的才能和我的才能咬合得极好。我们玩得很开心,所以才一起工作了四十年,我跟他跑遍了北美,因为我们还合开过一家公司,那段经历非常棒。

关键是,如果你把你是谁告诉别人,那么当一个机会打开时,它是为你打开的,不是为你造出来的那个谎、那个故事打开的。

主持人: 道格拉斯·默里跟我讲过他早年报社里一位上司的故事。这人在行业里是传奇,干了很多年,攒了一堆仇家也攒了一堆拥趸。在他职业生涯的尾声、道格拉斯的开端,他决定要在西区推出一部关于查尔斯王子生平的戏,而且是用押韵对句写的,就西区戏剧而言可谓相当冒险。因为他在出版界名气很大,各方目光都盯着。结果首演当晚,到中场休息的时候,整个剧场一个人都没剩下,连演员都走了,他崩溃了,还在报上被嘲笑了一通。道格拉斯不久后见到他,很客气地问:你到底怎么想的,一部关于查尔斯王子的西区戏,还是押韵对句?他说,道格拉斯,我跟着我的直觉走。直觉有时候会把你带错路,但它是唯一一样带你走对过的东西。这话我一直记着。

彼得森: 在直觉这件事上,这里确实有非常要紧的东西。事物会向你招手、呼唤你,你会对该走哪条路有直觉,而你十有八九会跟着走,因为你还有别的什么可依靠呢?你有的就是这些定向的本能。这是你不该撒谎的另一个原因:如果你撒谎,而且把撒谎练熟了,你就把自己的本能弄病了,然后你的直觉就会把你带错路。福音书里讲到一种罪,叫亵渎圣灵的罪,是不可赦免的。人们争论了两千年这罪到底是什么,但它大概就是把那些为你定向的本能弄成病态。如果你牺牲掉自己和真实之间的关系,你就扭曲了自己的视觉,然后你就看不见了。总有一天天会黑,前方的路上有尖锐的东西,你会一头撞进去,因为你把自己的视觉弄病了。

你不该撒谎,因为你会把自己编错程序,然后你会自动看见并不存在的东西,然后世界当然会不断扇你耳光,你会想:天啊,这世界真是个病态的地方。而真相是,你只是一次次撞上你拒绝看见的东西,然后你觉得这世界除了障碍什么都没有。可那些障碍是你自己放在自己路上的,你是靠着编织一套套复杂的、自利的妄想放上去的,靠着给别人讲一个关于你是谁的不真实的故事。你在画一张和现实毫无关系的地图,然后你不停地纳闷自己为什么总走偏、掉进坑里。这怎么可能有别的结果?

很多人说我勇敢,我不喜欢这个说法,它不准确。我只是害怕的东西和一般人不一样,这么讲也许更合适。比起说出我相信的话、做我认为对的事可能带来的后果,我远远更害怕说出假话、走上不该走的路的后果。我最近在读《马太福音》,我正在写一本书,叫《我们这些与神摔跤的人》。基督反复对人说的一件事就是:不要损坏你的视觉。这大概是最好的说法:不要弄瞎你的眼。只要你愿意看,你就能看见眼前的东西;只要你愿意看,生活中许多可怕的障碍你绕开就是了。可要是你为了追随自己狭隘自利的妄想而故意把自己弄瞎,你就会一直撞上可怕的事、可怕的人,还有你自己灵魂里可怕的那部分。那才是你该害怕的。

主持人: 而且你那样做,能指望的最好结果,也不过是侥幸成功,过着别人的人生。

彼得森: 对,你成了一个成功的骗子。

泡学、假装与心理变态

彼得森: 我记得有一部关于罗恩·杰里米的纪录片,他们管他叫刺猬,他是个有名的色情片演员,长相不算好看。他活在一个很特别的世界里,走在街上不停被人拦住,因为很多人把罗恩·杰里米当英雄。他在地狱里,因为仰慕他的人恰恰是那种会仰慕他的人,他被一群把他当成「成功化身」的人围着。我想他确实得到了他想要的,他能轻易地接触到轻易的女人。

主持人: 我给你讲一件事,这就是为什么我认为「非自愿独身」和「黑药丸」思潮最初是从泡学里生出来的。如果你顺着网络历史往回追,黑药丸意识形态的源头是一个叫 PUAhate(恨泡学)的论坛,那是一群走完了泡学整条流水线、然后从另一头出来、对世界更加幻灭的男人。

我说说为什么。一个男人学了老派的泡学,他会发现确实存在一套动作、一个脚本,跑完之后一个女人跟你上床的概率会变高。可你在真干这件事的时候会发现,你学会了「打压」,学会了肢体升级,学会了讲那个门外打架的段子,或者你那套脚本里的别的什么,然后你开始看清:那个人离你真实出场的样子有多远。为了把这个女人弄上床,你必须扭出来的那套浮夸人格,让你感觉更糟了,因为「你在哪里」和「你必须做什么才能拿到你想要的」之间的鸿沟更大了。而你没意识到的是,还有一百万种别的方式可以让你变得足够有魅力、让这个人喜欢你。泡学只是其中一种,只不过它恰好稳定,而且简单到能写进书里。

彼得森: 它基本上是一种脚本化的心理变态。心理变态者干的事是伪装能力。大多数心理变态者情绪极其稳定,而「能力」的一个早期外部标记就是自持和镇定,所以如果你不是个焦虑的人,你在这上面已经有优势了。大多数心理变态者情绪稳定性很高,所以看上去自信,因为自信的人往往不紧张。你做一件你精通的事时不会紧张,因为你知道怎么做,所以「不紧张」是能力的一个提示。而这是可以伪装的,你可以伪装能力,伪装自信,这就是泡学教的东西。

我甚至会说他们做的事有点用。如果你依赖、苦涩、怨恨、毫无魅力、自毁、紧张、社交笨拙,你和女人成功的概率非常非常低,所以你确实该变成另一个人。如果你开始套上这套人格,你可以把它想成一套新衣服,你可以通过它学着把空缺一点点填上。

主持人: 假装到成真。

彼得森: 完全正确。可如果你套上它,却不做把它真正整合进自己的那份功夫,那结果就只是:你因为虚假而受奖赏。这就是问题的一部分,另一部分是你在练习用心理变态的方式操纵别人。你练这个,当然会变得幻灭,还有什么比心理变态者更幻灭的?那是幻灭的极端。而且如果你练习操纵,尤其被你操纵的还是相当不错的女人,你练了并且成功了,你就是在学着成为那种人,学着成为一个可怕的人。你原来那个完全没用、没产出、不讨人喜欢的自己当然算不上出色,可是用心理变态去替换它,就像用犬儒去替换天真一样,是个复杂的问题。

像安德鲁·泰特之所以对年轻男人有吸引力,一部分原因就是他摆出了那种自信,那种虚假的自信。泰特这个人很复杂,因为并不全是假的,真实的人本来就复杂,不像漫画书里的反派。泰特是个格斗者,他显然有某种程度的真实的身体勇气。他说的话里有一部分对住在地下室的失败者很有吸引力,因为他至少是在外面的世界里,挨过打,有快车,招摇,对女人有吸引力。但他做过的很多事,尤其在女人这件事上,不只是接近心理变态,而是越了线,那不是好的榜样,对想要往前走的人来说不是最优的榜样。

可这件事很奇怪,正如犬儒比天真是一种进步,「有能力变得阴暗」也比「根本没有能力阴暗」是一种进步。泰特之所以有吸引力,是因为阴影会向尚未发育的人招手,它确实会。你神经质、依赖、压抑,因为你不成熟、无害。而走出来的一条路,就是不再无害。关于泰特可以说的一点是,他不是无害的,这算一种德性。但这种德性必须被加上括号,就像犬儒相对于天真是一种德性,但它本身并不是德性,它只是路上的一级台阶。

也许你可以学会伪装自信,学会它是怎么运作的,那也许是个进步。我的临床实践里有个人卷进过泡学社群,他教了我很多。他们让新人做的一个练习是:一天之内向五十个女人要电话号码。这是个很棒的练习。

主持人: 暴露疗法,搭讪焦虑。

彼得森: 完全是。克服对被拒绝的恐惧。他们会做五十次,因为你多半会被拒绝绝大多数次,不过一般来说人们的体验不是这样,只要稍微有点技巧,至少能骗到一个假号码。但他们会学到,被拒绝并不像想象中那样是灾难,更重要的是,他们学到自己能够在被拒绝之后继续往前走。

爱你的敌人

主持人: 这让我想到智识上的谦卑,以及人抱住自己信念的紧度。如果你相信自己永远是对的,相信你之外没有什么可学的,相信任何承认自己可能错了的举动都等于毁灭,效果是一样的。这又回到问蠢问题:你要准备好去问那个蠢问题,去显得不像屋里最懂行的人,但同样重要的是,你其实离屋里最蠢的人远得很,因为你是那个发问的人。

彼得森: 屋里最蠢的人,是那个不懂却不问的人;更糟的是那个不懂、不问、还装作懂的人,那就非常不妙了。

「爱你的敌人」这个说法也有这层意思。你可能会问,为什么要爱敌人?因为你的敌人是你最严厉的批评者。如果你运气好,有一个好敌人,他会让你看见你自己都不知道的性格缺陷。「你应该欢迎攻击」,这是一种很怪的看世界的方式,但确实如此。我说这话要留有余地:攻击越狠,你身上可能被揭出来的隐藏缺陷就越多。

主持人: 你自己觉得这是真的吗?

彼得森: 当然。而且我发现攻击会逼着你去处理它,去看看那东西是不是真的在,去检验。追着我来的那些攻击里最成功的,几乎都出自记者,而且通常是英国的女记者,但也不全是。

主持人: 我们出产的是一个铁头记者的国度。

彼得森: 而英国民众对记者的信任度是整个西方世界最低的,我能理解为什么。但面对这种人确实有实实在在的好处。这是福音书里的法利赛人问题。基督总在和法利赛人交手,法利赛人总在给他下语言的圈套。

主持人: 法利赛人是指某种人?

彼得森: 法利赛是犹太教的一个派别,他们对摩西律法的解释非常律法主义。在福音书的描绘里,他们是伪善的、照本宣科的道德家,他们的道德大多是做给人看的,喜欢在公开场合祷告,喜欢被人看见自己圣洁,至少这是加在他们身上的指控。在福音书的叙述里,他们一直在给基督设语言陷阱,好把他指为异端、把他弄死。所以他们说的每一句话都是某种套索。有很多记者就是这样。

内莉·鲍尔斯给《纽约时报》写过一篇关于我的文章,在很多方面相当有杀伤力,非常阴柔曲折。三年后她又写了一篇,讲她在《纽约时报》工作时那里是什么样子,讲记者们玩的那些把戏,包括她自己玩的。她说,那个游戏就是通过摧毁别人的名声来抬高自己的名声。你可以把它想成一场道德地位的比较游戏。记者的手法是骗你说出一句能终结你职业生涯的话。

主持人: 他们的社会地位是踩在你的肩膀上的。

彼得森: 完全正确。而处在那种情境里的好处是,如果你走得极其小心,运气又好,你就躲开了那些陷阱,然后整场访谈会猛地倒向对你有利的一边。长远看对我帮助最大的访谈,就是那两场最有敌意的:一场是第四频道的凯茜·纽曼,另一场是海伦·刘易斯。凯茜至少还有幽默感,海伦完全没有,而且这些年看起来什么也没学到。我想海伦那一场现在有八千万播放,是凯茜那场的两倍,而且还在往上涨。原因是海伦有五十种、也许一百种把戏,凯茜大概只有四种,而且相当直白,她自己对此还有点幽默感。海伦则全是把戏,数量多,而且聪明。和一个相当聪明、相当有教养、却全是把戏的人对话,是件很不寻常的事。

主持人: 现在回头看那两场,感觉如何?那算是你的一个转折点。我记得你当时说,那种剑拔弩张的访谈要花好几天才能缓过来。现在看它像上辈子的事,还是仍然贴着你?

彼得森: 我现在比那时健康得多,所以那种事今天不会对我有当年的效果,因为我当时在生病,花了很长时间才恢复。我第一次和山姆·哈里斯对话的时候病得厉害到几乎坐不住椅子。不是说山姆玩把戏,我喜欢山姆,我们的对话一直很有成效。

主持人: 和山姆·哈里斯聊天会让人生病。

彼得森: 完全不是。山姆和我有过非常有成效的对话,那也是「对抗性对话有用」的一个好例子。山姆参加这种对话时装备相当精良,但这很有帮助,因为它逼你去查看那些你平常不会去翻的犄角旮旯,逼你在力所能及的范围内把自己到底在说什么讲得一清二楚。

主持人: 「爱你的敌人」这个念头我最近也在琢磨。我的平台大概涨到了一个程度,有理由让人把靶心对准我,哪怕只是遥遥地对着。因为把一个毫无地位的人拉下马没有意义,你踩着他肩膀能涨的地位太小了。

彼得森: 所以那算一种反着说的恭维。

主持人: 某种意义上是。但你说得对,我收到的一些批评,最近有朋友提醒我,确实是我最好的几个转折点。非常难受,但把那件事看成礼物,那感觉像是:我知道你做这件事不是为了让我变好,我知道你不是想帮我,然而,回头看,它确实帮了。这就像罗里·萨瑟兰说的炼金术,把坏东西点化成别的东西。

彼得森: 我们家也学到了这一点:公开攻击发生的时候,里面往往嵌着一个巨大的机会,前提是你能重新定向。「好,这很糟,这很恶毒,这看起来不妙,它甚至可能把我们干掉。」那么有没有办法,我们不但能化解它,还能把它拧到相反的方向去?在这方面我们做得最有效的一次,是我被写进《美国队长》的时候,那天发生之后我就跟你聊过。

主持人: 对,那个会飞的神奇纳粹之类的。

彼得森: 那件事很震撼,真的很震撼。后来还有奥利维娅·王尔德那次。

主持人: 那也很震撼,一连串的。

彼得森: 而且越来越荒唐。王尔德那一回荒唐到几乎当场就变成了笑话,谢天谢地那部电影拍得太烂了。

主持人: 我挺确定她把男朋友塞进了主演位置,赶走了一个很能干的人,换上一个相当不行的,我觉得那大概是它扑街的原因之一。说到这个,我后来和我最严厉的批评者之一成了很好的朋友,很奇怪,但事后看又完全说得通。

彼得森: 你们怎么成的朋友?

主持人: 有一对播客搭档专门做这个,他们用非常挑剔的眼光看待播客这个圈子,他们做了一期节目批评我的某一期,然后提供一个「答辩权」的环节,山姆上过,康斯坦丁·基辛上过,还有别人。我听他们的节目,我觉得那是一个很能开眼的方式,能看到一群持完全不同视角的人怎么看你所在的这个世界。于是我去了,聊了之后发现他们两个都比我预想的可爱得多。我和克里斯、马特都成了朋友,尤其是克里斯,我们大概每个月、每两周就会有人打个电话,聊聊最近世界上发生了什么。他的世界观和我很不一样,住在世界的另一头,是研究宗教,或者说仪式,的心理学家。他会指出我自己看不见的盲区。

而当初那一次真的很难受,那是三年前左右的事,我到现在想起来还不舒服。当时我想,天啊,这些人要把我干掉了,他们都是学者,受过极好的教育,一定很聪明,一定会说出让我显得很蠢的话。而我确实说过让自己显得很蠢的话,他们挑的那一期确实如此。可回头看,那一次以及之后的反刍,是我最大的转折点之一,让我从有一堆没看见的盲区,变成看见了它们。我几乎觉得,那种程度的不适是必须的。如果我没有那么恐惧、焦虑和难堪,没有意识到这东西会公开出去、会有那么多不友善的注意力和推文,那份不适就不足以逼我去真正诚实地看自己做错了什么。我肯定现在还有一百万件事在做错,但那一次,它尽其所能地成了一份礼物。

从被欺负到感恩

主持人: 还有一件事,去年我和大卫·戈金斯聊过。我小时候被霸凌,在学校不受欢迎,又是独生子,所以在操场上没什么人替我撑腰。很长一段时间我对那些欺负过我的孩子耿耿于怀,这大概不奇怪。直到几年前我认真回头反省,才发现我身上很多我珍视的东西,都是那段时间里造出来的某样黑暗东西的光明面。

比如我完全能够长时间独处,这意味着我不介意搬到一个谁也不认识的国家,去把播客这件事做成,不介意花上无数小时工作、做资料、录节目、剪片头。小时候没有一张紧密的社交网,意味着我长大后不受任何人牵制,我不需要一路上有那么多支撑。当然也有不好的一面,我到现在仍然在寻求认可,寻求很多认可,因为那是我小时候缺的东西。但我意识到,第一,没有那些经历你大概不会站在这里;第二,我对自己做出来的东西相当感激;第三大概是,我为自己把负面的东西变成正面的而骄傲。不过再上一层的话,大概就是:哇,也许我该心怀感谢。

彼得森: 对。我们前面在谈面对未来该有什么态度,我会说,过去、现在和未来其实可以放进同一个筐里:你要做的事之一是练习感恩。感恩是最主要的宗教操练之一。你可能会说,我的人生这么惨,我要感恩什么?我会说,无论好坏,那仍然是一种盲。人确实可能处在极其困难的处境里,而正是在那样的处境里,对感恩的寻找才必然变得更深、更难。但这并不意味着它不恰当。而且「爱你的敌人」和「在糟糕的事情里依然感恩」之间,有非常紧的关联。

我一直在写《约伯记》。约伯的故事讲的根本上是不义的苦难。神断定约伯是好人,所以「约伯是好人」这件事我们是有神的背书的,然后一切都崩了,部分原因是神和撒旦打了个赌,这可真是件了不得的事,神说:你尽管出手,无论你做什么他都不会背弃我。于是约伯受尽折磨,他病得很重,失去了一切,他的朋友来嘲笑他,告诉他你是个坏人,所以这些可怕的事才落在你头上,这太残忍了。而约伯拒绝失去对自己的信心。他说:我不完美,但就人而言,我做了我该做的,我受的罚显然不是和我的罪相称的,这更像是世上悲剧力量的随机发作,无论如何我不会失去对自己的信心。他也拒绝了他妻子说的那句话,他妻子说:向神挥拳头,咒诅他,然后去死吧。她觉得约伯落到这步田地,只剩这条路了。约伯不肯。他无论遭遇什么都守住了信。

这就是约伯故事真正的寓意:无论发生什么,你在道德上都有义务守住信。这里还有非常实际的一面。设想神和撒旦联手对付你,你人生中总会有些时刻感觉就是这样。再设想你的反应是变得苦涩、怨恨、充满敌意,那么,除了你因悲剧事件的汇合而已身处的那个地狱之外,你又在它底下凿开了另一个地狱:苦涩、怨恨和忘恩的地狱,而那很快就会变成复仇的欲望。你以为事情糟只是因为它糟?等你允许自己被不义的苦难腐蚀之后,你才知道它能糟到什么程度。

所以我确实认为,能给人的最实际的忠告就是:无论你身上发生过什么,你在道德上都必须守住信,向上瞄准,并且用你希望别人待你的方式去待别人。这是句分量很重的话。你可能会说,这不可能,有些人的生活残酷到他们注定要腐坏。但我会说,不是这样。我在临床实践里见过很多很多人,他们的人生残酷到你光是听都会被击碎,童年之恶毒深到你几乎无法设想,而他们决定了,即便如此,他们要向上瞄准,要守住对自己和对世界的信。所以这件事对每个人都是摆在桌面上的。

主持人: 有个看似奇怪的悖论:那些在最优渥的环境里长大的人,往往是对世界抱怨最多的;而在匮乏中长大的人,很多时候反倒能完完全全地感恩。

一万次微小的退让

彼得森: 我在大学里看到过类似的事。我看着我的同事,在三十年里一步步在行政系统的推进面前后退,直到大学真的腐烂掉。我在哈佛的九十年代还没到那个地步,虽然边缘已经开始起毛。但在多伦多大学的二十年里我是真真切切看着它发生的。行政部门不断向我们提要求,每提一次我们就让一次,每一次都让。一万次微小的退让。于是行政官员接管了大学,然后觉醒派接管了行政部门,事情就这么定了。

我看着我的同事们,那些学者,看清了腐化是怎么开始的。你读本科的时候,为了拿分数,写下你以为教授想听的东西。然后你成了研究生,你必须和你的教授、导师处好关系,你得说他们想听的话,好拿到博士学位。然后你也许上了学术轨道,成了助理教授,教授有三级,助理教授没有终身教职,所以你不能说你真正想说的、做你认为该做的,因为你得先拿到终身教职。拿到之后呢,你还不是正教授,所以你还是不说。而你心底一直有个念头:等我有了足够的安全感,我就能说真话了。

可这是建立在一个奇怪的想法上的:讲真话的勇气要以安全为前提。勇气不以安全为前提,那是个愚蠢的理论。没有风险就不叫勇敢。你的想法是等风险为零时你再勇敢,这显然自相矛盾,只有存在风险时才谈得上勇敢。而且,等你为了虚幻的安全出卖了自己的言语十五年之后,你身上已经没剩下什么真的东西了,那早就没了。你多半会回头看那个天真的、以为自己可以想什么说什么的旧我,而且是用犬儒的眼光看:那人当时就是不懂世道罢了。

这和你刚才说的是同一件事:以为物质富足会使人变好,这是个傻念头,凭什么呢?就跟假定所有有钱人都有品位一样。

主持人: 有些穷人家里的内饰漂亮得很,有些富人家里乱七八糟。

彼得森: 那样的话,穷人其实才是富的。

年轻人为什么找不到方向

主持人: 有一份报告我想拿给你看。哈佛教育研究生院最近发布了一份关于十八到二十五岁年轻成年人焦虑来源的报告:百分之三十四报告有孤独感;百分之五十一说成就压力对心理健康有负面影响;百分之五十八说过去一个月里觉得生活缺乏意义或目的;百分之五十说「不知道该拿自己的人生怎么办」损害了心理健康。关于十四到十七岁青少年的福祉已经有很多研究,但对处在关键的青年期的人了解不多,而年轻成年人报告的焦虑和抑郁比率大约是青少年的两倍。年轻人状态很差。

彼得森: 我信。我在自己孩子身上也看到了。我小时候,大概十三到十五岁是最难过的过渡期;但我看到这个年龄往后推了,等我的孩子进入青年期,我孩子现在三十岁了,我能看出困难开始堆积的位置,是从青年期迈入成年的那一段。

我反常地认为,心理治疗这个行业对此负有不小的责任,部分原因是治疗师,本质上可以把他们理解成世俗化的自由派新教徒,倾向于把心理健康设想成主观的东西,好像心理健康是你揣在脑子里随身带着的,就像你随身带着你的身份认同一样。这就是为什么我们会有那种荒唐的观念,觉得你可以自行定义你的身份:我说我是谁我就是谁。显然不是,因为别人得配合你玩这个游戏。他们要么配合要么不配合,要么自愿配合要么被迫配合。不配合,你就完了;要靠强迫,那行不通;想让他们自愿,那这游戏就不可能全都围着你转。连一个四岁孩子,如果永远由他来定玩什么,都找不到人陪他玩。

那年轻人为什么会迷失?一部分原因在于他们以为,我不是要评判整整一代人,这是一种思路的问题,以为你的心理健康只取决于你自己。这个想法不对。我不认为一个人可以在没有长期稳定关系的情况下保持心理健康。所以你得结婚,我们就把这个当成青年期成功适应的前提之一:你得结婚。你得和某个人建立一种把性纳入其中、并且是为长远打算的关系。因为「为长远打算」,反过来说就是不为明天打算、不为下一分钟打算的那种状态,那不是理智,那是冲动。冲动和无方向是一回事。如果一切都取决于你此刻想要什么,或者更准确地说,取决于你身上某个部分此刻想要什么,那就是不成熟的疯狂的定义。

你必须承诺。你向另一个人承诺,你向家庭承诺,你向社群承诺。身份有很多层次,一层层伸展进社会世界,而自愿接过这些层层递进的责任,就给了你身份,给了你目的,保护你不受焦虑侵袭,而且是以各种方式做到的。你刚才说你会寻求认可,并把它和你很小时候的不愉快经历联系起来。也许你做的事不完全是「寻求认可」,也许你是在恰当地调查自己应该如何被嵌入社会阶梯的每一个层级。

人们以为心理健康是他们脑子里带着的一样东西,以为只要把看世界的方式调对了,或者只要别人肯配合他们的游戏,他们突然就心理健康了。可技术上讲,「想着自己」和「痛苦」之间没有区别。如果你把关于自我的描述性陈述做统计归类,所有反映自我意识的描述词都会载荷在负面情绪上。

主持人: 人就不能以正面的方式想自己吗?

彼得森: 大概真的不能。我们拆开看。你喜欢做你的播客,你对它有正面感受。可你的播客不是关于你的。所以如果你在想的是自己对一大批人有用,你可能会从中得到某种满足,但那不完全是在想你自己,那是在想你和别人建立起来的关系,而且是一种责任关系。你为什么喜欢做播客?你完全可以只追自己好奇的东西,但你不必公开地做。你为什么要公开做?

主持人: 有几个原因。第一个是它让我有所交代。这是主要原因之一,因为我知道,如果我不做,如果我不严谨、不精确、不和自己此前说过做过的保持一致,就有一双外部的眼睛在看着。

彼得森: 这很有意思。我会说这也不完全是关于你的,这是关于你有没有能力让你说的话、你做的事,和一个越来越广的社会共同体因你的言行而对你形成的期待之间保持和谐。这不是关于你,这是关于你在社会阶梯中的嵌套。

再进一步,你可能会说,那我在设定目标的时候总算是在想自己了吧?如果目标是好目标,那也不是。因为技术上讲,我认为「好」的意思是:这个目标在中长期里、在大量不同情境下、对很多很多人都能奏效。所以一个能在时间中反复奏效的、与具体情境无关的、并且在社会意义上广泛包容的方案,才是更好的目标,是更高的目标,因为它整合得更多。你当然可能在设定目标,并且为自己朝目标推进而高兴,但如果那些目标具备我刚说的这些特征,它们就不是关于你的。

我们在现代世界玩的这些身份游戏,正在让人焦虑和无望。其中一个游戏是「我由我的性来定义」。好,那我们拆开看。你说的「性」到底指什么?你指的是发生性行为的机会吗?你是把作为整体的性欲还原成性行为吗?就算是吧。那你现在告诉我的是:你之所是,就是你处在性欲状态时的那个你,你把自己压缩成了这个。而且还不止于此,那是一种要求此刻就被满足、完全不要任何关系的性欲。所以你不但把「你是谁」还原成了性欲,还把性欲还原成了能满足它的最小前提集合。

那么第一个冒出来的问题就是:那你干脆用色情片不就行了,简单得多?答案是,人们正是在这么做。难怪他们焦虑、孤单、没有方向,因为他们把自己压缩成了一个短期欲望,找到了满足它的最省事的办法,于是放弃了一切能让性有更宽广理解的东西,比如说,从一段关系开始。

这不只是意见。动物界的繁殖策略大体分两种。一种是零投入,鱼、蚊子,一百万个后代全死光,活一个就行。所以蚊子的繁殖基本可以还原成性行为,你造一百万个蚊子后代,只要活下来一个,问题解决。而光谱的另一端,字面意义上的另一端,就是人类,因为我们的依赖期是所有动物里最长的,长出一大截。我们采取的是高投入的繁殖策略。所以性对人类而言绝不是「完事走人」,它嵌在一段关系里。

你也许会说,我们可以把性从关系里拽出来,单纯为了快感去享用它。好,那我们先不管别的动物,现在有两类人:一类是不断换人的一夜情者,一类是长期承诺关系者。那我们就问,这两个筐里的人有什么人格特征?先看短期、一夜情、连续更换的那一类,他们是谁?心理变态、自恋、马基雅维利主义、施虐,全在一夜情这一堆里。就算一开始不是,最后也会变成这样。因为你不可能把自己和别人当作短期满足的工具来使用还不出事。心理变态的定义就是「把人用于短期满足的人」,这是定义层面的事。

你可能会说,我不是那样的人,我只是喜欢性。是啊,可你练这个练上五年,你不会变成你所练的东西吗?我和罗素·布兰德聊过一点这个,我可以说,因为那是在他的播客上,不是什么秘密。罗素拥有安德鲁·泰特向追随者许诺的一切:名声、魅力,以及几乎无限的短期性满足,再加上让这一切更容易发生的化学品,酒精和可卡因。那后果是什么?我问过他后果是什么,他说:绝望、焦虑、无望。而且不止如此。罗素一个半月前惹上了大麻烦,差点被彻底掀翻,那是他的过去回来找他。他必须在自己的心灵里把带子倒回去看:在那么多短期关系、那么多短期性满足的狂欢里,我有没有越过界?答案是,你有两百次那样的遭遇,喝醉了、嗑着可卡因,你当然会越过一堆界,然后它会回来缠住你。

所以回到你说的年轻人的绝望和无望,很有意思。它是这样的:一切都是关于我,那是自尊运动;然后「我」变成「一切都是关于我想要什么」;然后变成「一切都是关于我此刻想要什么」;最后变成「是我身上最低的那部分此刻想要什么,其他人都去死」。好,你要怎么玩这个游戏而不绝望?你一开始玩就注定绝望。而且还更糟,因为你会遇上那个色情片演员的问题:和你一起玩这个游戏的那些人,你不会喜欢。他们不会是那种真正让你觉得人生值得活的人。在女性一侧,那些愿意为了短期性满足而糟蹋自己的女人不是快乐的女人,通常是受过伤的女人;而她们如果开始玩这个游戏时还没受伤,等玩完的时候伤也足够多了。

身份不在你脑子���

主持人: 上次我们聊过人口下降。美国人口普查局今天刚发布预测,说美国人口将在二〇八〇年达峰,到二一〇〇年首次出现下降。他们的估算是,目前约三亿三千三百万的美国人口会在二〇八〇年增至三亿七千万,然后到二一〇〇年回落到三亿六千六百万,而且移民也无法抵消出生率的下滑。这两年里,出生率和结婚率的情况,比你预期的好了还是坏了?

彼得森: 大概还在变坏。马斯克是少数几个明确指出「独生子女政策」或者「我们该减少人口」这类想法有多危险的人之一。不生长的东西会死,而它们会因各种各样的原因死。

这也可以接回身份这个话题。我的身份是什么?现在到处都在说,是我对自己的感觉。「你没资格告诉我我是谁,我知道我是谁,我感觉我是谁我就是谁。」首先我根本不知道你说的「感觉」是什么意思。你此刻的情绪状态?然后你就可以把它强加给所有人?这就是你的理论?这是两岁小孩的理论,字面意义上的。

那你的身份还能在哪儿?我在哈佛教书时,我的身份之一显然是教授,那是个好身份。可那不是我揣在脑子里的东西,它是我和一大群人,我所有的学生,之间的一种关系模式。它不在我脑袋里。我对自己的表述和我在世界中的行动之间有一致性,那份一致性就是健康。健康不在于我怎么看自己。你之所以能从「成为一个成功的播客主持人」里得到某种满足,是因为你真的是一个成功的播客主持人。这不在你脑子里,它在一百五十万订阅里,你做了多少期?七百期?那它在这七百期里,它不是你随身带着的一样东西。

主持人: 你记不记得,我很喜欢你从四十二条规则里挑出来做成书的那些,但有一条你没用:如果必须选,就当那个把事情做对的人,而不是那个被看见在做对事的人。

彼得森: 完全对,那是条好规则。事情是这样的:只要你愿意承担责任、并且不要功劳,你几乎可以做任何你想做的事。我见过的最厉害的政治操作之一,出自一位女士,她极其聪明,我不会说她是谁。她在各种事情里插手了三十年,总在你意想不到的地方冒出来。我上次见她时问她,你到底怎么办到的?她说,三十年前我就决定了,只要我不要功劳,我就可以做任何我想做的事。她就是这么干的,职业生涯极其耀眼。我还见过别的这样做的人,非常有意思。

你可能会说,我为什么要承担责任却不要荣光?喂,你确定你想要那份荣光吗?你确定它不会反过来碍你的事吗?无名有无名的好处。第二,也许你想要的就是责任,因为那才是冒险。你真的在做那件事,而别人只是想把功劳拿走而已。也许「做这件事」本身就是足够的回报。

说到身份,我当教授的时候也是丈夫,也是父亲。那都是身份,但它们不在我脑子里,它们嵌在我和孩子的关系里,那是一种有意义的关系,嵌在我和妻子的关系里。在现代世界说这话几乎是异端:你不可能孤立、独处、毫无责任、还在追逐你那套享乐主义的胡闹,同时不发疯不痛苦。这些是同一件事。

我甚至说过一些让我不太受欢迎的话,比如:人在有孩子之前很难成熟。你在那段关系里会找到你之所是的一大部分。它让你负起责任,让你长大,它给你机会去指引另一个人,你身边有了一个比你更重要的人。这是心理健康的一部分,而且是很大的一部分。

我在伦敦参与创办的这个机构,「责任公民联盟」,我们想提出一种治理模式,叫辅助性原则模式。想法是人有多重的、可以层层放大的社会角色:你首先要照顾好自己,把自己整合起来,也就是能在中长期里妥当地行事,自我维持;然后你或许可以把这份能力扩展到伴侣,再到家庭,再到本地社群,再到更广的社群,随着你越来越有能力承担更多责任。这是孤立的享乐主义奴役之外的另一条路,你是自己一时兴起的奴隶;这也是暴政之外的另一条路,因为如果你承担起了这些责任,你就不需要任何人来统治你。

这也是我前面说要怪罪治疗师的地方,我叫他们世俗化的自由派新教徒,因为他们把心灵的所在地设想成内在的、主观的,自由派就会这么想。可这不准确,心灵不是那样运作的。它不在你脑子里,它同时在你脑子里和世界里。你的理智,真正说来,就是你这个个体与世界之间的一致性。理智不在于你颅骨内部心灵或大脑的结构排布。你是分布在世界里的,你也应该如此,你会想要如此,因为冒险就在那里。你想当那个唯我论者,那个对着色情片自渎的唯我论者?天哪,那当然没方向、当然痛苦。「上帝啊,好可悲,我为什么这么不快乐?」因为你老在想自己。不,是因为你一直在想自己身上最低的那些冲动,所以你才痛苦。

幽默是最锋利的武器

主持人: 你们在 O2 那场现场活动,那天晚上所有人都很好,但我觉得道格拉斯简直是一场炸场演出。和道格拉斯做朋友这些年,你从他身上学到了什么?

彼得森: 道格拉斯非常非常不随和,而且他享受战斗,这不是我的特点,我一点都不享受战斗。我之所以会进入那些艰难的对话,某种程度上是反过来的:因为我不想没完没了地有这些对话。我在婚姻里有一条规矩,我太太也乐意遵守:有问题就当场解决,而且一路解决到底。这很不愉快,但如果你这么做了,有时候只需要做一次,问题就消失了,你不必余生每天都面对那个该死的问题。当然有时候要来回二十次才见底,那可能非常难受。

道格拉斯极其擅长不放过任何人,他很硬,很擅长防守,而且他身上有一种无情,一种令人钦佩的、审慎的无情。这是一场危险的游戏,因为福音书里还有一个洞见:你用什么标准审判别人,你自己就会被什么标准审判。原因很实在:你怎么可能审判所有人却不把同样的标准用在自己身上?这不可能,因为你会变成你所练习的东西,你投向别人的那只敌意的眼睛,你一定会掉转过来投向自己,没有别的可能。所以道格拉斯玩的是危险的游戏,因为他很好斗,但他同时也极其小心,他用词非常谨慎。

我们一起跑过欧洲,大概做了九场,Q&A 环节分着来,我讲座之前他做一小段引言,我很喜欢,我觉得棒极了。能认识他是我的荣幸,他极其敏锐,非常有教养,非常机智。他的幽默感很好,这也很有趣,而且这正是他在辩论中极其危险的原因之一:他不仅像比约恩·隆伯格那样手握事实,他还刀刀见血地机智和尖刻,看着都过瘾,他是这方面的大师。

主持人: 这让我想到,在一场现场辩论里你真正需要的东西不多。这个我大概是很早以前从你和山姆那儿学到的:如果是现场辩论,不是那种有开场陈述之类规矩的正式智识辩论,那么只要你能抖出两三个真正的包袱,不管内容如何你就赢了。两三个真包袱,全场大笑,你就赢了。

彼得森: 对,伟大的公共知识分子都有一种狠辣的幽默感。

主持人: 我也觉得这就是为什么这么多成功的播客主持人是喜剧演员出身。

彼得森: 在 ARC 大会上,我觉得康斯坦丁·基辛的演讲是整场大会压倒性的亮点。截至今天,ARC 那边有六十五万播放,他自己频道上大概六十万。康斯坦丁把智识内容和喜剧融合得非常漂亮。

主持人: 说到这个,我即将开始的巡演,好几个喜剧演员朋友对我说:兄弟,我太嫉妒你能做的这种巡演了,因为没人指望你好笑。你要是在九十分钟里逗笑四次,你就封神了。而我如果不能每七秒逗笑一次,我就是个废物喜剧演员。门槛摆在那儿。康斯坦丁有喜剧背景,所以他远比大多数公共演讲者好笑得多,而且他不必被同样的标准要求,没人指望他一直抖段子。

被文化战争俘获的聪明人

主持人: 你们在台上聊天时道格拉斯提到的一件事我觉得特别有意思,就是聪明人被文化战争的破事俘获的危险。你有没有想过,过去十年里这个星球上一些最聪明的头脑,他们的注意力、他们的认知带宽,被拿去争论男人是不是男人、女人是不是女人,或者当天流行的随便什么议题,浪费掉了多少?

彼得森: 我和「每日电讯」合作大概一年半了,非常成功,他们合作起来很愉快。但他们持续挣扎的正是这个。那里所有的核心人物,在某种真实的意义上都更愿意去思考哲学的、神学的或者戏剧性的问题。这也是为什么「每日电讯」在转向娱乐,不只是给孩子的,也有给成年人的,比如开始拍电影和剧集,他们更想做那个。

我做过一个《出埃及记》研讨班,请了大概九位极有意思的思想家,本·夏皮罗也参加了。本在政治上是被浪费的。政治是必要的,但它之所以叫「上帝之下的一国」是有道理的:政治永远不是顶点。如果你有能力在顶点的层面上讨论,那么政治讨论就是次一级的。而且政治是易逝的。

主持人: 政治本身也分深浅。YouTube 上很多时候管用的,是对着某个疯狂的觉醒派短视频做反应,人很容易被定型在那儿。

彼得森: 对。那算浪费吗?算不上最优。但这是个有意思的问题:从算法的角度看,你得露出多少脚踝、多少裙边,才能把数字维持住?因为你最终生产的是人们愿意点开的东西。你不想完全被受众绑架,那是受众俘获;但你也不想对什么是当下的脉搏毫无感知,那样你就变得冷僻、过时。

当你处理的是最高的事物,同时又要让它公开可及,这条线非常非常窄。乔纳森·帕若在这方面做得不错,虽然他的市场还相对小众,而且他确实比「每日电讯」那些人更玄一些,那些人时不时会堕入政治,而政治又时不时堕入廉价的政治,为热度而热度,追着算法跑。

所有政客也面临这个危险。我见过很多发展出某种人设的政治人物,在美国尤其明显,因为美国人太懂推销了。我说这话没有轻蔑的意思,推销、营销、传播其实非常难。我最近看了那部《猫王》电影,我觉得它把这一点呈现得很漂亮:猫王是一流的天才,但他那个骗子经纪人也是一流的天才,没有那个腐败的经纪人,猫王不会成为后来的猫王。这有点像和魔鬼做交易,但魔鬼那份也得认。美国文化里推销员的这一面,很容易堕落成一种自恋式的操纵,那就是它病态化之后的去向。可正如你说的,你必须了解你的受众,必须交付市场需要的东西,把这些同时做对非常难。

我们这些与神摔跤的人

主持人: 这就引到我对你明年出的新书的疑问。我一个字都没看过,但从你最近在读的东西看,你是在和宗教文本,尤其是圣经,角力。

彼得森: 书名叫《我们这些与神摔跤的人》,这正是「以色列」这个词的意思,以色列的意思就是「与神摔跤的人」。这很有意思,因为它意味着,所谓选民,就是那些与神摔跤的人。你可能会问,谁与神摔跤?答案是,所有人都与神摔跤。为什么?因为你的任何行动都以道德抉择为前提,你迈出的每一步都建立在一个道德决定之上,所以我们全都在与神摔跤。

主持人: 神是一个道德决定?

彼得森: 我不会说神是一个道德决定,他是在你做出正确道德决定时引导你的那个灵,是道德抉择之灵。这其实不算个坏定义。我在这本书里想做的一部分事,正是指出圣经文本里发生的很多事情其实是定义性的。现代人以为根本问题是「你信不信神」,可那不是根本问题,根本问题是「你所说的神是什么意思」。

我举个例子好让这事清楚一点。中世纪有个观念,神是 summum bonum,也就是一切善的总和,或者说一切善的本质。你可能会说,我不信这个。好,记住,这是对神的一个定义:神是一切善的总和。你说你不信。那我们拆开来看。你相不相信有些东西比另一些东西更好?人们会说相信。那你就相信存在一个善的量表。那么所有好的东西之间有没有某种共同的东西?答案必须是有,否则你就不可能有「善」这个概念,「善」这个词本身就意味着好的事物之间有某种本质。好,中世纪对神的定义就是「善的本质」。你说你不信这个。那是不是意味着你不相信任何东西是好的?那你怎么行动呢?因为行动的意思就是去做比你现在做的更好的事,没有朝向善的运动就没有行动。

你也许会说,我不相信有一个统一的善,我相信善是碎片化的。那当这些碎片彼此冲突时你怎么办?那就是义务的冲突。你靠什么来裁决不同的善?一般来说,如果 A 是善的、B 也是善的,而它们冲突,那你就选更高的那个善。你相不相信有更高的善?如果不信,你就没法在诸善之间做选择,那你就瘫痪了。如果你相信有更高的善,那你信不信有最高的善?而最高的善就是神,按定义如此。好,现在你有了一个定义。接下来的问题是:你和这个最高的善是什么关系?你可能说我没有什么关系。其实你有,因为你在行动时就是相对于它而行动的,你没法不这样。圣经文本有意思的地方在于,它坚持认为你和「存在与生成」之间有一种关系,而且是一种人格性的关系。

主思人: 你说圣经文本的时候,是指构成圣经的那一批文本?

彼得森: 是的,因为它本质上是一座书的图书馆。圣经其实是第一座图书馆,由极多不同的人写成,在数千年里被汇集起来,然后被编排,被编排进一个叙事里,这很有趣,因为没有人真正编排它,我是说没有任何个人。那是集体的工程,或者说那个附在集体身上的灵的工程,跨越数千年。而这个叙事居然是连贯的,这真是件了不得的事。这个叙事第一是对神之本性的探究,第二是对与神之关系的本性的探究,第三是对与神之恰当关系的探究。而神是一切善的总和,所以圣经其实是对人与善之关系的一部分析。

事实救不了你

主持人: 《我们这些与神摔跤的人》出版之后,要发生什么,你才会回头认为这本书成功了?你希望人们感受到什么、带走什么?

彼得森: 我认为我们正处在「反启蒙」的开端。启蒙运动关于人的看法是错的。科学是从启蒙运动里出来的,可现在的科学恰恰表明启蒙运动关于人的看法是错的。

主持人: 什么意思?

彼得森: 启蒙派相信我们可以经验性地为自己在世界中定向,这也是山姆·哈里斯的主张:你可以依照事实行事,可以通过对事实的冷静分析给自己定向。你不能。我会说人工智能的工程师已经发现了这一点,后现代文学批评家发现了,知觉的心理学家和生理学家发现了,神经科学家也发现了。所以这不只是零星的证据,证明那种看法必然错误的证据是压倒性的、多维度的。

为什么你不能靠事实定向?因为有多少事物就有多少事实,而且如果你把事物组合起来,组合本身也是事实。所以事实的数量等于事物加上事物的各种组合。你不可能靠这个定向,你会淹死在混沌里。就像你站在沙漠中间,有无数个方向可走,你怎么选一个方向?这正是你刚才提到的那份调查所显示的:人们感到无意义、无目的。

主持人: 他们迷失在沙漠里。

彼得森: 迷失在沙漠里。而那个沙漠是事实的沙漠,是死掉的事实。

主持人: 尤其考虑到现在几乎没什么人能就「这是不是事实」达成一致。

彼得森: 这也是个问题,事实并不必然是自明的。有些是。某种意义上,科学的整个积累就是一套无可争辩的事实的展开。我最近读到「大爆炸」那套叙事正在散架,那东西曾经很长时间被当成事实。我不知道是不是真的,我对这个了解不够,但我的感觉是韦布望远镜的新发现让大爆炸模型赖以成立的许多前提变得可疑。

我不想掉进后现代的兔子洞,因为「什么构成事实」本身就是极其复杂的问题。你可以直接切入要害:我们是按照价值的等级来组织事实的。我在书里想论证的正是这一点:你在看世界的时候,只能透过一个价值等级去看。比如我们现在坐在这里,我的眼睛可以看向无穷多个地方,我可以一边和你说话一边盯着水泥地上的某个小点,或者旁边那个点,或者围绕它的无穷多个点。但我没有,我在看你的眼睛。为什么?因为我给它们排了优先级。在这片景观里占据支配地位的事实,就是你眼睛这个事实。为什么?因为我可以用你的眼睛去评估我们共同的关注点。这也是为什么人会看别人的眼睛。

主持人: 也是为什么人的眼白在动物里那么突出。

彼得森: 正是,为的是让我们能看见别人在注意什么,从而进入那个故事。故事是对一个价值等级的描述。

主持人: 可故事也可以是天马行空的,如果它不系在任何东西上。我可以编一个,《哈利·波特》就是故事。

彼得森: 如果它不系在任何东西上,你不会觉得它有意思,因为它不会共振,不会抓住你。故事是系在现实上的,只是系的方式非常复杂,因为现实并不是那个逐刻呈现在你眼前的东西。

哲学家们对数学抽象是否真实有过一场大争论。你完全可以论证:一个数学抽象比它所抽象自的那个东西更真实。怎么论证?如果你精通数学,你就精通了世界。那么数学抽象比原物更真实还是更不真实?叙事抽象也是抽象。原型就是这个东西:原型是一种比世界,比表象世界,更真实的叙事抽象,它在幕后。而圣经文本是一种叙事,一种超真实的叙事,这么理解才对,它比真实更真实。

主持人: 一个「不是那个东西」的东西,怎么会比那个东西更真实?

彼得森: 这正是抽象的难题所在。「教堂」这个理念,是否比某一座具体的教堂更真实?在某些方面确实如此,因为它把所有教堂之间相同的东西凝结起来了。它像一个柏拉图式的理念。一个范畴就像一个柏拉图式的理念,它更真实还是更不真实?你可以说,柏拉图的说法是:现实是本质的暗淡影子,现实比理想更不真实。而这其实在某种程度上内建在我们的知觉里:我们批评呈现在我们面前的事物,正是因为它们是那个假想理想的拙劣反映。你可能会说,理想不是真实的。可你也可以反过来论证:理想比事物本身更真实。

献祭这件事

彼得森: 我可以举个例子说明这些模式。在该隐与亚伯的故事里,有两种献祭的模式。为什么献祭是个问题?因为人是以一种献祭性的关系存在于世界之中的。这是什么意思?它大致意味着:人意识到自己有一个被延展的自我。你明天还在,下周还在,下个月、明年、五年后、十年后还在,越往后越不确定,但你确实感到自己是一个横跨数十年的东西。这意味着你行事不能只顾眼前,你必须以一种能跨越时间奏效的方式行事。

人怎么做到这一点?他们工作。工作是一种献祭的姿态。工作按定义几乎就是:牺牲现在以换取未来。你现在付出时间和精力,即便这不是你此刻最想做的事,你还是付出时间和精力,因为你「相信」,这到底是什么意思?你相信它会有回报。那这是一份和未来签的合约吗?是一个圣约吗?因为圣经文本坚持认为,刻画人类奋斗的那种关系就是圣约性的,是一场交易。这场交易是:你献上正确的祭,它就会有回报。你可能说,这不过是社会契约的一部分。但圣经文本坚持它比那更深,它内建在现实本身的结构里,而且如果你把献祭完全做对,未来将是乐园。

主持人: 我脑子里一直转着荣格那句「当心不劳而获的智慧」,这好像正好用得上。你必须投入的那份功夫,才能让你真正知道那件事。真正有吸引力是因为你这个人有吸引力,和你能当一个泡学高手、会发出那些嘴上的声音和手上的动作,是两回事。

彼得森: 那些是虚假献祭的果实。你可以说,不劳而获的道德声誉,就是虚假献祭的结果。

主持人: 这就是表演性的共情。

彼得森: 完全是,这和在公开场合祷告是一回事:看我多好。如果那个「看」跑在「我多好」前面,「好」这个说法就彻底完了。

主持人: 我和道格拉斯也聊过,这几乎成了一个预测指标,一个提示你该对这个人多留一份心的标记。

彼得森: 绝对是。

主持人: 如果一个人甜得腻人、好得发嗲。你知道莉佐吗?她最近上了新闻,就是那个被指控虐待身边伴舞的人。她让伴舞去把香蕉从阿姆斯特丹脱衣舞女的身体里咬出来。

彼得森: 这就有点偏向享乐加权力狂了。

主持人: 而她本来应该是那个替女孩们撑腰的人,身体自爱之类的。结果幕后她对伴舞极其糟糕,一直在羞辱她们的身材。可她就是站在最前面、当这场运动先锋的那个人。吉米·法伦最近也被曝出对下属是个暴君,艾伦·德詹尼斯也一样。几乎成了规律:谁把「甜美、和善、我为小人物而来」演得过满,你就该对幕后发生的事起点疑心。

彼得森: 如果你必须宣告自己的纯洁和良善,如果全是话语和意见而没有行动。十诫里有一条是「不可妄称神的名」。人们以为那是指别说脏话,某种意义上也沾边,那是它边缘的含义之一。但它真正的意思是:不要为自利的行为宣称神圣的动机。这就是表演性的同情。你做的事是把同情抬到最高的位置,你把它当成你的神,这是大错,因为神无论是什么,他都不仅仅是同情。你把同情抬到最高位,然后你说「我为这些人难过」,这就把你自己的道德地位抬到了最高的位置,而且是完全不劳而获的。

J.K. 罗琳的多洛雷斯·乌姆里奇这个角色抓得太准了。

主持人: 她是个绝对的权力狂,却摆着一堆小猫的盘子。

彼得森: 就是那种有毒的伤感。「我这么好。」是啊,我还是离你远点吧,你那份和善是会吃人的。弗洛伊德派很早就对此有过相当精细的认识,因为那个吞噬性的母亲、俄狄浦斯式的母亲,正是同情的阴影面。

主持人: 我一直想给这个东西起个名字,我喜欢用命名把事物召唤出来。目前我想到最好的叫法是「共情的浅水塘」:任何此刻能安抚人、不让人立刻感到不适的做法总是被优先,哪怕它长期的净效应是让那个人受苦。

彼得森: 完全正确,那正是俄狄浦斯式处境的本质:把短期的情绪舒适置于中长期的繁荣之上。因为那个把孩子踢出巢的母亲说的是:现在会疼,但它一轮轮累积下来的后果是好的。

主持人: 米开朗基罗的《圣母怜子》。

彼得森: 正是。那个故事的寓意是:如果你把孩子交给世界,你才能留住他们。亚伯拉罕的献祭就是这个意思。神要求亚伯拉罕献上他的儿子,他说好,于是他不必真的献。你必须把你的孩子交出去,让世界去磨他们,否则你就会失去他们,你会拆他们的台,你会毁掉他们。这是一个极其吊诡的真理。

回到模式:该隐是不恰当献祭的模式。他什么都做得二流,他撒谎,他隐瞒,他搪塞,他假装,他不献上最好的。亚伯相反,他献上最好的,这意味着他的光是照在山上的,无处藏身,他把全部都给出去了。和神的圣约是:如果你把全部都给出去,你就会得胜。这正是神对该隐说的话。

主持人: 把今天的几条线索串起来:直觉,忠于直觉;诚实,说你真正的意思;不把「避免自己或别人短期的不适」当成优先,而是相信这才是长期让你更好的东西。

彼得森: 那本身就是一种献祭:你愿意牺牲短期的生理和心理舒适,换取中长期的好处。这就是献祭的本质。无神论者不理解圣经叙事的一点正在这里:那个叙事坚持我们活在一种献祭性的关系中,活在献祭性的关系中是人之为人的本质。那么这是真的吗?你的关系越成熟,它就越是献祭性的,它越少关乎你此刻狭隘意义上想要什么,越多关乎在中长期里、包括对别人而言什么是好的。这就是献祭性的关系。

而那份圣约,这是关乎信、关乎最深的信的事:你愿不愿意用行动去兑现这个命题,也就是让世界向你显露出它最正面的那一面的方式,是你采取最恰当的献祭性关系?这当然是大冒险,因为你得放弃一切,这就是条件。

主持人: 放弃一切?

彼得森: 放弃一切低的东西,全部。基督的受难正是如此,因为受难是一个原型故事:基督是那个彻底地、百分之百地献出一切的人。而圣经的观念是,这和旧约之神降入人类现实的空间之间没有区别。神在旧约里被展开为一种灵,这么理解比较好,被血肉化为律法与先知,而基督把自己呈现为那个东西的化身。

换个方式想:你可以邀请各种灵来附你的身。你向暴怒让步时就是在做这个,你向情欲让步时就是在做这个,你让那些灵附体。那么,如果你除了让最高的灵附体之外什么都不做,你会是什么样?这就是新约提出的问题。答案的一部分是:如果你让一切可能的灵中最高的那一个附你的身,你将有能力面对生活能抛给你的一切。这正是基督受难里发生的事,因为生活能抛给你的最坏的东西是最深的悲剧,而最深的悲剧是最惨的死亡,把最痛苦的死加在最不该死的人身上,那是悲剧所能抵达的极限。而这还不够,基督还必须直面恶意,那就是「下降阴间」。所以这个意思是:要完全适应生活,你必须让自己被那个能使你自愿面对不义的苦难、死亡和邪恶的灵所附。你有反对这个说法的论证吗?还能是别的样子吗?

面对,还是回避

主持人: 我看到很多人面对这种压力的反应是这样:眼前有不适,我要通过它,才能到达未来那个我认为我该去的地方。而他们想出的一个「解决方案」,其实不是解决方案,但在他们看来是,就是什么都不做。好像「不做决定」等于一个中性的选择。我朋友亚历克斯有句话我很喜欢:人生中最重的东西不是铁和金,而是没做的决定。你之所以有压力,是因为你有决定要做,而你不做。

彼得森: 毫无疑问。根本没有「不决定」这回事,因为你在变老,你要为你的犹豫付账。犹豫本身就是一个决定,一个逃避的决定。

约伯的故事和基督的受难里所含的教训之一是:你能驾驭你将要面对的东西。也许这是真的。临床文献看起来支持这一点。一个称职的临床工作者要做的事之一,是看清病人想要完成什么,也许那需要重新调整,但假设他有一个可行的目标,你和他从战略上谈过,他有一份规划得不错的图景。现在他铺开这张图,撞上了阻挡他的障碍,也许那些障碍让他害怕、让他瘫痪。那你做的事就是把这个障碍拆解,像我们前面说的那样,一直拆到他能找到一个真正算数、并且他真的会做的推进。你把问题收窄,收到他愿意面对为止。然后他面对了,接着会发生什么?他变得更有能力。然后他面对一切问题的能力都变强了。他学到的不只是处理那个具体问题的方法,他学到的是一个能跨越问题推广的教训:他变勇敢了。做暴露疗法的时候,人不是变得不那么害怕,是变得更勇敢,这好得多,因为勇敢可以从一个情境带到另一个情境。

所以问题是:如果你面对了摆在你面前的一切,你会成为谁?圣经的答案是:你会成为神真正的儿子。你信不信?这取决于你说的「信」是什么意思。你有没有比「面对眼前之物」更好的赌注?理智一点想,你的理论难道是你可以靠虚假和回避来更好地适应吗?因为那是相反的理论。你要么面对它,而你之所以能面对,是基于一种信,相信只要你面对,你身上的某样东西会回应;要么你不面对。就这两条。而不面对也是一种信,是对「回避和欺骗足够用」的信。

主持人: 我觉得很多人是出于恐惧,出于讨好型人格,不想伤害周围的人,不想告诉他们不爱听的话,不想做或说会让身边的人不快的事。

彼得森: 但那又是短期的。你看一个好母亲,好母亲经常惹她的孩子不高兴。「别再这样了。」为什么?为什么不干脆让孩子做他想做的一切?答案是,首先那会吓坏他们。孩子其实想要墙,他们不想待在沙漠里想做什么做什么,他们想要一个围起来的空间,在里面拥有最优数量的自由。

所以一个真正爱另一个人的人,不会不惜一切代价永不让对方难过,那是吞噬性的母亲。如果你爱一个人,用圣经的说法,你会管教他。什么意思?如果你爱一个人,而他在做一件愚蠢的、自毁的事,你看得见,那你就有义务说:我知道这话会让你不高兴,但据我看你在做一件愚蠢又自毁的事。然后会有一场拉扯,因为对方会说,你凭什么评判我?这是个非常好的问题:你凭什么认为你是对的?然后你说出你的理由,对方说出他经历过的那些可怕的事,正是那些把他推上这条路的。有时候这真的很有说服力。你会遇到苦涩怨恨的人,听完他们的人生,你会想,是啊……但你也会遇到人生同样可怕、却并不苦涩怨恨的人,而且他们过得更好。所以哪怕看上去情有可原,哪怕真的情有可原,它依然站不住。

主持人: 这种讨好倾向最常见的场景之一,大概是一个人觉得自己应该结束一段关系,却不结束,赖着不走,说是为了保护对方。我在 Reddit 上看到一个帖子,列了五个问题,让你在对关系犹疑时问自己:如果有人说你很像你的伴侣,这对你算是夸奖吗?你是真的满足,还是只是没那么孤单?你能不能毫无歉意地做你自己,还是你觉得必须换一副样子出现?你爱的是你伴侣此刻作为整体的样子,还是只爱他好的那一面、他的潜力,或者你想象中的他?你会希望你未来的孩子和一个像你伴侣这样的人交往吗?这个帖子底下全是陷入存在危机的人。在我看来,那是一群人说服了自己:把关于伴侣的那个决定的不适一天天往后推,不知怎么成了高尚的、善的、有德的事,成了最终能带来最好结果的事,尽管他们心里明白,拖得够久,事情就只是被塞到地毯底下藏起来了。

彼得森: 大多数关系里,你要么分手,要么吵上一千次架。如果你吵了一千次,你就不必再吵了,你是用这种方式获得和平的。因为你和你的伴侣不一样,所以有东西需要磨合。你也许会把它想成妥协,但它不是。正因为你和伴侣不同,你们必须找到一个双方都愿意玩的游戏,那不是妥协,那是解法。我把我的本事摆上桌,你把你的本事摆上桌,然后我们琢磨出一个能让双方都得到最优发挥的游戏,而且这个游戏比我们各自单独玩的更好。这不是妥协。

但要走到那一步很难,人会给一段关系带来各种各样的包袱。这其实跟管教孩子是一回事。你注意到孩子在惹你烦,好,你注意到了:我被我的孩子惹烦了。那你要问什么问题?我是不是一个暴君脾气、动不动就炸的混蛋?这正是你需要妻子的原因,你可以去问她:孩子惹我烦,我是不是个爱挑刺的混蛋?她可能说,你大概是需要吃点东西,或者你在这事上确实有点讨人厌。你得听,因为也许问题在你。也许她说,是啊,那孩子这几天也一直在惹我。然后你们互相问:我们俩是不是都在当暴君?答案是不,那孩子确实烦人。好,我们希望他烦人吗?如果你爱你的孩子,答案是不,因为他惹你烦,他也会惹别人烦,他会惹他潜在的朋友烦,会惹别的大人烦,他会在世界上一路烦下去,所有人都对他皱眉头,这对他没好处。那你就把它修好,这会造成一些短期的不愉快。

比如你有个十三个月大的孩子,外向又不随和,家里她说了算,妈妈只要离开她一英尺她就大哭一场,因为她学会了控制。也许妈妈还陷在哺育的状态里,立不起界限,于是现在你得对这个正在成形的十四个月大的小怪物做点什么。你要做的事之一,是每次孩子专横的时候你都注意到,并且注意到你自己也不太喜欢那个被十四个月大的孩子压着的自己,这对地位是个打击,本来就该是。所以你得注意到:我被这孩子惹烦了,那我该做点什么。这会造成短期的情绪不适。

对伴侣也是一样:你惹到我了。好,也许问题在我,那我们该谈谈。你惹到我了,你来说服我问题在我,我该听着,因为也许真是我;如果我在为你生气而其实不该,那我该改。但也许真是你,那我们就把到底怎么回事弄清楚。这种对话里会有不断的出招和接招,谈着谈着一般就会绕到那个真正的症结上,直到你们摸到底,天知道底在哪儿,但也许你们就能把它理顺。如果你把足够多的这类事理顺,你就活在和平里了,那是值得争取的东西。我在婚姻里一直觉得:没有什么事小到不值得吵。

我以前和来访者也定过一些规矩:如果有人让你不舒服,你注意到,但大概不要做什么;如果他用同样的方式又让你不舒服一次,你想,好,两次了,但大概还是先别动;可如果第三次,那你就可以说,你刚才做了什么什么。对方会说,我没有。你说,你有,而且你在另外那个场合做了完全一样的事,在再另一个场合也做了完全一样的事,所以别跟我说你没做,你做了三次,我看着的。然后他们会给出各种理由,其中一些也许和「你是个蠢货」有关,而你该听,因为也许他们是对的。但这至少是把问题一点点拆开的过程的开端。你想弄明白:我们不想这样,我们不想这样对待彼此,我们想抵达一个地方,在那里我们整个人生就像我们约会过的最好的时刻里最好的那一段。这是个好目标,而且是能达到的。但你得下功夫。

《创世记》里有一幕:神因为亚当和夏娃的骄傲把他们逐出乐园,他们各有各的那一款骄傲,夏娃的和亚当的,但总之是因骄傲被逐出去。神在乐园门口放了基路伯,那是一种怪异的天使,可怖的形象,他们手持燃烧的剑,剑四面转动,会烧。你可能问这是什么意思。剑是砍掉东西的,一片锋利的刃;火是烧掉东西的;一把既烧又砍的剑,而且四面转动,是一把无物可逃的燃烧之剑。现在你想走进乐园:你身上一切不配的东西都必须被烧掉、砍掉。

关系中的那些冲突就是这个。这一块不适合乐园,那它要怎么办?它必须被扔进外面的黑暗里,在那里有哀哭切齿。它必须被砍掉、被毁掉,一切不配的都得走。

主持人: 而米开朗基罗效应讲的正是你和伴侣彼此成为对方理想化的版本:在你可控的范围内,你会为我做那些我想要的事,因为你想成为对我最好的伴侣,我也想为你做同样的事,我们彼此沟通,在有边界的地方守住阵地,同时不断磨合。

彼得森: 爱本该如此。如果是真正的爱,你会看见对方隐藏的灵魂,这么说比较合适,你瞥见了那道光,如果他把它放出来,他本可以照亮世界的那道光。你看见的是这个。而以爱行事,就是鼓励那道光走出来,并且阻挡一切挡在它前面的东西。

主持人: 我喜欢米开朗基罗效应这个名字的原因正在这儿:米开朗基罗看见一块巨大的、未经雕琢的石头,他能看见里面的大卫,然后他一点点地凿,一点点地凿。

彼得森: 你看见的是一样不在那儿的东西,它在那个粗糙、未琢、未开化、未驯服、不安分、有时候相当可怕的东西里面。这其实也是道家「朴」的一部分:一个孩子在道家看来就是一块未经雕琢的璞,你把一切多余的去掉,直到完美的部分留下来。这就是旧约和新约里的「道」,那个创造世界的道就是那种审判的能力,那种把麦子和糠分开的能力。它在某种意义上就是同情,因为如果你对一个人有同情,你会想要对他整体而言最好的东西。但最高意义上的同情离不开判断,因为那份判断说的是:你身上这一部分不配继续存在。

你对孩子做的正是这件事。你看见他们行为不当,你想:不,不是那样,要更讲究一点。前几天我和我的小孙女在一起,她非常爱玩,是个很可爱的小姑娘,很爱玩,很好玩很逗,不神经质,跟她待着是种享受。她有阵子没见我了,就一直戳我,要我追她,戳来戳去,还会上来打我一下。有一次她打得太重了,她自己也知道。我说,这样不好玩,这样不行。她就停了。她是在试那个边界,想搞清楚「好玩」到底在哪儿,我能打爷爷多重?她不知道,她大概知道,但她需要确切地知道。而我不能让她蒙混过去,因为那样她就不好玩了,她得学会用恰好能引出嬉戏回应、又不让人烦的方式来打爷爷。

你可能觉得,对一个五岁孩子下这种判断太严厉了。不严厉。我希望她成为一个尽可能好玩的孩子。所以在事情不对的时候,我不会假装它没问题。

主持人: 不设那个界限,几乎像是一种诅咒。

彼得森: 就是诅咒。否则她要怎么和别的孩子玩?她不知道那条线,而别的孩子不会像爷爷这么宽容。

追求本身的快乐

主持人: 我们开始录之前聊到,我和罗伯特·萨波尔斯基做过一次对谈,非常深刻。他的新书讲自由意志和决定论,这个题目对我来说有趣度是有上限的,但他对安德鲁·休伯曼说过一句话:多巴胺不是关于「追求快乐」,而是关于「追求的快乐」。

彼得森: 这绝对是对的。

主持人: 从那以后我到处都能看见这个。我朋友告诉我一个关于摩根·豪泽尔的故事,他是投资人,有基金,写书,有家庭。他们计划了很久要出去度假,带上孩子和妻子,还有他那一堆生意,把一家人弄出门是件极折腾的事。终于到了,经过长途飞行、孩子哭闹等等一切,第一天晚上他走到阳台上,第一个念头是:明年要是能再来这儿该多好啊。所以就在这趟本该享受的「目的地」里,他已经在想下一段旅程了。「重要的不是目的地而是旅程」这话听着像陈词滥调,但这个故事给了它新的角度:根本没有目的地,每一个目的地只是下一段旅程的开始。我现在在自己生活里到处都看得见它。

彼得森: 技术上讲,奖赏有两种形式。一种是「消受型奖赏」,高潮就是消受型奖赏,它让行为和知觉的序列停下来,在顶点处结束,然后就完了,那段旅程结束了。另一种是萨波尔斯基说的多巴胺能奖赏,多巴胺能奖赏是「朝目标推进的证据」。

那么推论是什么?多巴胺促进投入和专注,这也是为什么安非他命类药物可以用于注意缺陷的孩子,你把多巴胺反应调上去,他们就锁定了。锁定在一个目标导向的追求上。安非他命的问题是它可能让你锁得太死,出不来那个框,比如吃了安非他命的孩子会执着于收拾衣柜,没法切换到下一项活动。

多巴胺能奖赏是相对于目标而累积的奖赏。那这意味着什么?意味着你应该去追求尽可能高的目标。为什么?因为推进带来的那一下快感更强。但你得平衡,因为你必须在「推进」才行。这份奖赏有两个成分:第一,你在朝一件有价值的东西移动,所以你希望它尽可能有价值;但第二,你必须真的在移动,所以它不能有价值到远在你够不着的地方。

主持人: 「去月球」的话,我就看不见自己迈出的每一小步了。

彼得森: 对。你确实想上月球,但你不可能走过去,所以那是个糟糕的计划。你需要一个极有价值、而你又能向它移动的东西。所以你之所以要和神建立一种关系,一部分原因就是那设定了你视野的上限。「我希望事情尽可能地好」,这是关于乐园的想象。它当然必须被分解成你手边的那些决定,但潜伏在它们背后的,应该是朝着某种东西的持续推进,一个你越接近、它越后退的天堂。天堂是一个既完美、又同时在变得更好的地方。音乐向你展示的就是这个:一首伟大的乐曲是完美的,同时它在展开中不断变好。

这一点也解释了静态乌托邦想象的问题,陀思妥耶夫斯基批评过。他有句名言,说如果你给人们的只有消受型奖赏,让他们除了泡在热水里、吃蛋糕、忙着繁衍后代之外什么都不做,人类会立刻把这一切砸个稀烂,只为了给自己找点有意思的事干。

主持人: 你多年前在罗根节目上说的那句话是怎么说的?如果我们把世界做得足够完美,唯一被渴望的匮乏,就是匮乏本身。那是克尔凯郭尔?

彼得森: 克尔凯郭尔指出,随着我们把世界变得越来越容易,这大概也是唾手可得的物质富足带来的问题的一部分,到了某个点上,匮乏的东西就是匮乏本身。

主持人: 对,正是。

彼得森: 是最优的匮乏。如果什么都用盘子端到你面前,那你到底还在这儿干什么?亚伯拉罕的故事里就有这个。亚伯拉罕是万国之父,他一开始什么都有:父母有钱,他什么都不用做。故事开场时他大概七十岁了,一辈子被人伺候得妥妥帖帖。然后神的声音来了,说,我是你列祖的神,离开你的舒适区,走进世界去。亚伯拉罕这时候年纪已经不小,但不管出于什么原因,他决定放弃舒适去冒险。随着亚伯拉罕往前走,他献上必要的祭,每一次都比上一次更难,越往上爬越难。他和那个呼召他去冒险的神建立起这种关系模式,而这正是让他成为万国之父的东西。

你也可以从生物学的角度理解这件事。道金斯那种人以为繁殖就是性,所以他能大谈自私的基因如何通过性表现自己。可繁殖不是性,性是繁殖的必要条件而非充分条件。亚伯拉罕采取的是一种献祭性的存在方式,这种方式为他的儿子创造了最优的环境,儿子再为他的儿子创造最优环境,一代一代下去。所以你可以设想,亚伯拉罕在做的事,也正是这个故事的意思,是采取一种在多个世代里全盘看来最奏效的行为方式,并且为此献上一切。这是一个视野极其宏阔的构想。

燃烧的荆棘

主持人: 我们身处一个舒适的世界,我们造出了一种建筑,里面有重的东西,你把它举起来再放回原处,因为你实在太少有机会举重物了;出于同样的理由,路上要造减速带;冰浴和桑拿越来越多;某种程度上连阅读也是,读难的东西。既然这世界比以往任何时候都舒适,人该往哪儿去找那些难的东西?

彼得森: 真理。真理是最优难度的东西。真理的难度是恰到好处的,这是件很美妙的事情。真理就是冒险,两者之间没有分别。部分原因是,如果你只说你相信为真的话,你就必须放开结果,你无法预测结果。而「无法预测结果」和「正在冒险」之间没有区别,这是同一件事。如果你知道结果,那就不是冒险;正如没有风险就没有献祭、没有勇气。完全一样。所以知道这一点很好:最优的冒险就在真理之中,在任何一个处境里都是。

基督在登山宝训里说,要正确地给自己定向。那段话常被读成嬉皮士的颂歌:不要为明天忧虑,明天的事明天自会照管,神既看顾麻雀,必然看顾你。听起来像嬉皮士的白日梦。可那不是这段话的核心。核心非常直白:基督说,向上瞄准,瞄准你能想象的最高之物,那就是与神的关系。你把该在顶点的东西正确地放在顶点,然后瞄准它。然后把这个,加上「你希望别人怎样待你就怎样待人」,合在一起设定道德框架。接下来你处理今天的事,操心今天的事就够了。也就是说,一旦建立了正确的道德框架,你就专注于这一天,活在真实里,而这会把你推向那个目的地。方向必须是对的,你必须向上瞄准,然后剩下的就是守住真理。那就是使人自由的道,就是把事情做对。

主持人: 你书里还有一条没用上的规则:凡是做得好的事,没有一件是不重要的。

彼得森: 对。基督在福音书里告诉门徒,要把财宝积在天上,不要积在虫蛀锈蚀的地方。这是什么意思?意思和你刚说的一样:如果你让自己经受一个有纪律的过程,你完成了某件事,也许你并没有达到你瞄准的那个目标,但你积累下来一种看世界的新方式和一套技能。你一直这么做,你就有了越来越多看世界的方式和越来越多的技能,那就是你的财宝库。

女人之所以拿财富当吸引力的替代指标,是因为财富是能力的替代指标。财富不等于能力,你可以既有钱又没用,虽然那不容易,但至少能暂时如此。女人用财富的标记来评估能力,而真正的财宝是能力,不是财富。因为如果你有能力,你被扔进沙漠里也能让它开花。

主持人: 我对健身房也说过类似的话。从外面看,一个人去健身房,练出了好身材,那是身体,那是做爱时你摸到的东西。但比身体的呈现更重要的,是那个人可靠,能扛得住难事,有自律,还有一长串别的东西,能应对疼痛和不适,这在某种意义上相当性感。

彼得森: 那是最完美的唯物主义纪律策略,因为它极其具体,你改变的是你的身体。这算不算一种属灵的追求?就其需要长期的纪律和献祭而言,算。而你可以指望,我认为事实往往如此,虽然你可能困在身体自我改善这个小格子里,过度沉溺其中,但你也可以把它当成通往「纪律本身」的踏脚石,很多人确实是这么做的。

主持人: 上次我跟你聊过我造的那个词,「男版更年期」。我在二十多岁快到头的时候注意到,很多按某一种模式训练的人,通常是健美,通常纯粹为了外形,接近三十岁时发现自己上楼梯会喘,可能连脚趾都摸不着。他们看上去很棒,但他们觉得自己或许该开始看重别的东西了。于是他们改了训练,去练巴西柔术、瑜伽、CrossFit 或者别的什么,而这又催生了其他一切的改变。我在自己身上也看到了这件事:二十多岁快结束时,社会告诉一个年轻男人应该看重的那些成功,我在很多方面都拿到了,可有什么东西不合拍,有什么东西掉了下来。然后你会想,好吧,我或许该评估一下,别人告诉我该想要的东西,是不是我真正想要的。很快你会发现,这感觉像一场四分之一人生危机。我觉得很多男人都经历这个:我在一个别人告诉我应该看重的游戏里赢了,或者输了,而回头一想,我其实没那么在乎它。我曾为我和合伙人做出来的东西无比自豪,但另一些事上我会想,我为什么把这么多自我价值感挂在这个、这个和这个上?然后你就必须重新评估。

彼得森: 《出埃及记》里摩西遇见燃烧的荆棘就是这个。他本来就在当牧羊人,过得还行,有两个妻子,喜欢他的岳父,在他所在的这个新国家里颇受尊重。他离开了埃及,在那里因为杀了一个折磨希伯来人的埃及人而被通缉。总之摩西就在做他的本行,牧羊,那在当时是份很苦的活。然后有个东西吸引了他的眼睛,那一点微光,那一线闪烁,他就过去看。这是什么意思?意思是,在你人生往前走的过程中,会有某样东西攫住你的兴趣。在你刚讲的故事里,就是某个人决定开始去健身房,那个「变得体格健壮」的东西在召唤他。这很有意思,因为它是在召唤,那甚至不一定是他做出的决定,更像是一种可能性自己显现出来,而且是有意思的。于是他决定去追,于是他往深处看。

摩西越走越近,而荆棘是生命的象征,是一棵树,生命之树,而一棵着火的生命之树,树是存在,火是生成,是转化。所以燃烧的荆棘是「存在与生成」本身的象征。而它在招手。你追你的体能,因为它召唤你,你越来越专注,越来越有纪律,而随着你越来越有纪律,你开始转变,你的视野开始改变。摩西身上发生的是,他越靠近那燃烧的荆棘,越意识到自己站在圣地上,他往深处走,这场探究把他带得更深。于是他脱下鞋,继续走近,仍然沿着同一条路追下去。然后神的声音从荆棘中对他说话,而那把他变成了一个领袖。

所以这个故事的意思是:当你以平常的方式走在人生里,会有东西召唤你;如果你去追,它们会把你带向深处。召唤你的是什么其实不重要,重要的是你去追,而且一路追到底。当你追到底的时候,你会被转化。如果你毫无保留地这么做,它会把你变成那个解放奴隶、对抗暴君的人。这就是它的运作方式,那是一次召唤,而它可以发生在任何方向,几乎任何方向,你只需要带着足够的信去追。

大学还有救吗

主持人: 现在几乎所有人都在贬低的一样东西是大学教育。我在大学的时光非常有意思,但几乎全都发生在我的「教育」之外。我在纽卡斯尔的五年里所有好事都和我被教的东西无关,从来不在阶梯教室里,全都在那之外,我很多朋友也一样。在网上嘲笑高等教育是一张没用的纸很流行,说你不需要它也能成功。我现在做的这个播客确实不需要我上大学,也许在某些方面需要,但从资格证的角度绝对不需要。可我到现在仍然比较支持「大学经历」。你在做彼得森学院,我想知道,考虑到大学经历里好的部分几乎和教育本身无关,大学还有救吗?

彼得森: 有些有救,我想。希尔斯代尔就做得很好,那是美国东北部的一所保守派学院,由拉里·安恩掌管。他们的辍学率是百分之一,而典型的辍学率是百分之五十。他们提供的是一种古典的、过去叫作博雅教育的东西。考虑到奥弗顿之窗的移动,它算是比较保守的机构。安恩的学生们很重视体能,他的哲学系常常在举重房开会,这挺有意思,校园里到处散落着卧推架。大约三分之一的学生修音乐课,所以那地方非常有音乐氛围。那是个纪律严明的地方,教育质量极高。所以确实有一些机构守住了自己的使命。但我认为这很罕见,整体而言,据我所见,大学已经败坏到无法挽回。

所以我们希望提供一个近似的替代品。但你点到了其中一个难处:人们很容易以为大学就是知识从专家传给空容器,也就是学生,所以它等于讲课、考试加文凭。可大学其实不是这个,它是一种学徒制。如果你运气好,你会在大学里找到一两位教授,你可以跟他们一起做事,他们真正教会你怎么思考。这样的教授一般相当稀有,你要是能建立起这样一种关系,你是幸运的,在大学生比例荒唐的大学里尤其如此,师生比高到两百比一。

主持人: 我上过三百比一的阶梯教室。我没有和任何一位老师建立过那种关系。

彼得森: 这真的很不好,因为你要真正受教育,根本上需要一种学徒关系。我们做彼得森学院,希望能给人提供极高质量的讲座。我和你一样幸运,能够找到那些有魅力、有学养的人,我们给他们不错的报酬,也待他们很好,他们会来迈阿密录一套相对短的课程,八个小时。我们在做最先进的测评流程,我们会颁发一张必须挣得的证书。我们希望毕业生的质量能让这张证书本身说话,成为尽责性和受过教育的专业性的标记。走着看。

我们也在把社交那一面建起来,因为正如你指出的,上大学时发生在你身上的很大一部分事是社交和社会化。你会交到一整批新朋友,这是件大事。

主持人: 这是你人生中少有的几个能把过去的自己剥掉、变成新东西的时刻。我记得每一年暑假,大概因为我在学校长期不受欢迎,我都会想象自己能重新发明自己:今年我要当酷小孩,今年我要当运动小孩。但最大的那一次是十八岁,因为你甚至不在同一个城市,没人知道你是谁,没人知道该怎么看你。那对我来说是从小孩变成后来那个年轻人的最大转折点。

彼得森: 如果你运气好,人生中会有若干次这样的机会,你可以做一个相对干净的切割,重新发明自己。

主持人: 插一句,有个概念叫「苦修模式」,在网上已经有点成了梗。我最早读到它是很多年前,它指的是一段较长时间的相对隔绝,用来打磨自己、反省自己的缺陷,做内功,做内省,通常还配合冥想、改善饮食、改善体能和精神状态等等。我几乎把它看成:在一小段时间里,也许就是两个月,非常非常专注地打磨自己,照常做你的工作和别的事,但除此之外全力让自己尽可能变好。把这件事周期化,对我来说是除了生活方式改变之外最有力的转折之一。

彼得森: 那本质上就是忏悔该有的样子。你盘点自己,你忏悔,你向自己忏悔,你让自己的罪成为现实,你评估自己的不足,并把这些不足宣告出来。然后你就能开始处理它们。这很痛:这是我不具备的一切,这是我希望具备而不具备的一切,这种自我检视很痛。但好处是,你把所有问题都摆上了桌,而好处在于,一个问题一个问题地看,往往都有希望。比如你说你青少年时不受欢迎,但那不意味着你得把它带进大学。当时确实有这样一种可能性。你是怎么走出来的?你做了什么?

主持人: 我想主要原因是我当时根本不懂怎么和别的孩子相处。所以我发现自己一直纠结于别的孩子怎么穿衬衫、怎么打领带、穿什么鞋。

彼得森: 所以你在看外部的模型,想搞清楚他们为什么有朋友而你没有。

主持人: 对,而我没意识到,那只是因为我不擅长社交,我不太懂怎么和别的孩子相处。我想我只是到了某个阶段,尤其上大学之后,我已经攒够了时间,至少学会了一些粗糙的社交技能,终于能把一些跟着我的成见甩掉。

彼得森: 你在大学里的第一段友谊是怎么开始的?还记得吗?

主持人: 记得,是和我住在一起的那几个人。

彼得森: 室友。这就是个好起点。这也是线上很难复制的东西:有一群室友是一种塑造性的经历。

主持人: 对我来说太疯狂了。我是独生子,两个大人,一间小房子,我不知道进别人卧室之前要先敲门,我从来没敲过。我十八年里从来不需要敲任何人的卧室门。爸妈就在楼下,家里还有谁?难道我要敲厨房的门问问狗介不介意我进厨房吗?现在回头看,这类事荒唐得很,我居然不知道那是该做的事。

彼得森: 不懂这些基本技能是巨大的障碍。我的临床实践里有人,我们花了好几个小时练习怎么自我介绍、怎么握手。因为你得擅长这个。如果你在这件事上很差,你就完了,你连自己的名字都说不清楚,你要怎么交朋友?你的第一个动作就宣告了你不胜任。而这种事发生十次,你就吓坏了。

主持人: 完全失去动力。

彼得森: 可怕得很。所以你应该精通这件事。这也是你可以和孩子一起练的,让他们精通自我介绍:握手,力道稍微紧一点,看着对方,试着微笑,把语速调到和对方一致。

面具会长进皮肤里

主持人: 还有一个我最近在想的现象。几个月前我在洛杉矶参加一个静修,有个人说他不再在网上说话和写作了,因为他发现自己在公开场合讲的那个故事,开始逼着他在私下里也必须活成那样。我觉得不管你是作家,还是只是某个在 Instagram 上有五百个粉丝、还有个很久以前的 Facebook 的人,都存在一个人们摆出来的网络人格,而他们几乎觉得那比真实的自己更真实,然后他们试着反向改造自己去贴合它。

彼得森: 这是不是就是「写教授想听的论文」的问题?你没法这么干而不改变你的灵魂,你做不到。你不可能为自己造一个为了从世界榨取资源而设计的虚假人格,而这人格不会成为你的一部分。没有人精巧到那个地步,没有人能同时拥有两个那样的自我。这也是你必须非常小心自己言行的原因之一:当你练习虚假,你就变得虚假。那些不只是留在脑子里的信念,你把自己重新布线了,于是你开始真的透过你的虚假的框架去看世界。这是个很糟的计划。

主持人: 我听你说过,一句话说得够久,你就会开始相信它,你会变成它。

彼得森: 比「相信」更糟,比那更深。它们被砌进你身体,成为不被质疑的隐性公理。

主持人: 而正如我们前面说的,这条路可以往两个方向走。你可以一小步一小步地假装到成真,朝着一个你知道是正面的愿景移动,并且不断复查,确保自己没有被劫持、没有走错方向。

彼得森: 是的,或者你造出一个……你看《匹诺曹》,迪士尼那版我分析过无数遍。

主持人: 你是匹诺曹先生,世界第一匹诺曹专家。

彼得森: 匹诺曹想做的事是摆脱那些牵着他四处乱扯、不受他控制的线,成为某种真实的东西。他有三个基本的诱惑。一个是撒谎,那是鼻子。另一个是当演员。我第一次在电影里看到这个时想,这是怎么回事?匹诺曹的诱惑之一居然是当演员?好莱坞的人为什么要这么干?为什么要贬低演员?然后我明白了:那不是演员,那是虚假人格。是去做那个表演者而不是真东西,是去做外表而不是实质,是去拿走功劳而不是去做事,是去当假的。第三个诱惑是变得神经质,这点特别有意思,尤其在我们今天这个世界里,那些动画师有多敏锐。匹诺曹是被一个假医生诱骗到快乐岛去的,那医生给他诊断出一种他根本没有的病,那套说辞是:看你病得多重,你工作太辛苦了,你需要去快乐岛。而快乐岛是由奴隶贩子经营的,太完美了。

所以,小心你在练什么。你可以当你自己理想的演员,那是一种向前迈步的方式;但当你为了换取地位而对「你是谁」做出虚假的宣称,你就是在扭曲你的灵魂。灵魂是什么?灵魂大概是那个让世界向你显现的结构。你看不到世界的多少,你是透过狭窄的孔隙看它,你看见的是你允许进来的东西,这也是一种理解方式。那你最好确保向你显现的是世界光明的那一部分,而如果你撒谎,那就不可能。

注意不是智力

主持人: 我觉得听这个播客的很多人,还有我很多聪明、爱动脑的朋友,都会遇到一个问题:他们把自己想进死胡同,很难使用直觉,因为他们随时能给「该做」或「不该做」编出一个理由。谈到灵魂、内在的声音、良知,或者你可能称之为神的那个东西,那是从你最好的那个版本里传出来的。爱反刍、爱内省的人,非常擅长把自己说服进某件事或说服出某件事,那感觉像是在崇拜智力。你会怎么建议一个喜欢深想的人,把这层东西卸掉,让自己更清楚地听见自己?

彼得森: 注意和智力是两回事。「注意」这件事本身是有分量的,它和智力不一样。智力产出思想,注意收集信息。我在做一场对谈的时候,我注意的是我没听懂的东西,我不是在思考,这不一样。有时候我也会思考,因为对方说了什么,引出一串念头。但我常常做的事只是:我听懂你刚说的话了吗?这是注意的事。我必须留意我的无知,我在关注我的无知。罗根就极擅长这个,你也是。如果你关注自己的无知,你就知道该做什么:问那个问题就行了。我不明白这个。关注自己的无知是一种谦卑,这是好事。对那些崇拜路西法式智力的人来说,该做的正是关注自己的无知。重要的不是你知道什么,而是你不知道什么。你已经知道你知道的了,那为什么不去探究你不知道的?怎么探究?关注你的无知。谦卑的定义是什么?谦卑就是关注你的无知,而这件事你在任何地方都能做。

主持人: 这难道不仍然是一种智性活动吗?这里是我知识里的窟窿,所以我要不断问问题去把它们填上。

彼得森: 它并不完全脱离智性,但区别在于提问和作答。我会说,这几乎是定义性的:路西法式的智力手里有答案。

主持人: 你说的「路西法式的智力」是什么?

彼得森: 路西法式的智力,是那种想把自己放在最高位置上的智力。很多聪明人都有这个倾向,因为他们以为自己的根本价值就是自己的智力,并且以为智力就是根本价值。而如果他们很聪明,世界却没有铺开在他们脚下,他们往往会���常恼火,因为他们想:我这么聪明,一切都该朝我涌过来。他们以此为傲。而智性上的骄傲,也许正是首罪。路西法式的智力想把自己放在最高位置上,它挑战神。撒旦就是这个,弥尔顿故事里的路西法就是这样,路西法是那个试图篡夺神位的灵。共产党人干的是这个,法西斯干的是这个,我们建巴别塔时干的是这个。我们太容易把智力抬到最高的位置了,聪明人尤其常这么做。

更好的做法是关注你不知道的东西。罗根就是很好的例子,因为罗根不是知识分子,他是一个寻找者,这两件事不一样。罗根永远像一条猎犬,循着他不知道的东西的气味走。结果是他知道得很多。两千期、两千五百期播客,那相当于两千五百场高水平的研究生研讨课,太夸张了。而他的问题越来越好,因为他把缺口一个个填上了。这算智性活动吗?不算。智性追求和属灵追求之间是有分别的,而修补自己的无知是属灵的追求,它以谦卑为前提:我哪里蠢?我怎么把它修好?

我特别努力教我孩子的一件事就是问蠢问题。而这意味着你必须承认自己的不足,这就是谦卑;然后你必须公开宣告它:我在这儿蠢,你能不能把我修好?有时候是难堪的,虽然远没有人们以为的那么频繁。通常你在一群人里有一个蠢问题,而且你一直在认真听,那么百分之八十的人有同样的问题,他们会松一口气,实际上他们会觉得你很勇敢。这很有意思:你在研讨课上提问时会害怕,你怕自己会暴露愚蠢、被羞辱,而实际发生的恰恰相反,所有那些懦弱到不敢提问的人,现在都觉得你勇敢。和你以为的完全相反。

这一直在发生,我的研究生研讨课上也是。那些问出最「无知」问题的学生,前提是他们确实在认真听,因为你也可以问出真正的蠢问题:你在玩手机,课上刚讲过的东西你没注意,然后你问了,那你自己该有点数,那不是真问题,那只是在浪费别人的时间。但如果你是真的不懂,我从来没遇到过一个学生问出一个我认为愚蠢的真诚问题,一次都没有,而且我绝不会那样对待学生。这还很妙,因为有时候最「蠢」的问题恰恰切中要害。是那些问最基础问题的孩子,逼着我真正搞懂我在教什么。而那反映的是他们的谦卑,是在追求理想过程中的谦卑。这不是智性活动,至少不是严格意义上的。

主持人: 但它确实在生产知识,而且看起来是通往「赚来的智慧」的好台阶。

彼得森: 那就是赚来的智慧,通过谦卑赚来的智慧。

接下来

主持人: 接下来你有什么安排?未来几个月大家能期待什么?

彼得森: 我现在在做的是把这本书写完,希望十二月底完稿,十一月出版。然后我大概一月开始为这本书巡演,先在美国巡演,然后我想去非洲、南美和东南亚,这是计划。我对这本新书非常兴奋,我希望它是我写过最好的一本。它会比前两本更难,但不会像我的第一本《意义的地图》那么难。它更重,更深。

主持人: 你有没有在为「让它好读」而苦战?

彼得森: 其实没有。我一直只是尽可能清楚地把论证铺开,我觉得这就够了。我还得再过一遍,编辑一遍,确保它不会比必要的更晦涩。我想把它铺陈得可以被理解。我之前在圣经方面的几次尝试都相当成功,二〇一七年我做过一个《创世记》系列,影响不小,后来又和一群思想者做了《出埃及记》的研讨班。我知道人们对深层故事的分析是有饥渴的。我身边也有很好的人能帮我磨过这些故事、把它们弄懂。写这本书其实过得挺愉快的,它写起来非常难,但极其令人兴奋、有意思。

你刚才问我怎样才算这本书成功。我想,你读完这本书并且理解了它之后,应该没法继续做无神论者。我想我可以永久地拆掉无神论的论证。这事很怪,因为并不是说人们会突然扑倒在神脚下敬拜,而是它要求我们重新考虑「相信」是什么意思。我在书里一步步走了一遍:你相不相信善?而「相信善」和「相信神」之间的差别非常小。当然有重要的差别,但那差别很窄。关键是,如果你不相信善,你就没有方向;没有方向,你就没有希望;既没有方向又没有希望,你就焦虑、碎裂,而且人们没法在信念上联合起来。另一条路不好走。

主持人: 逆转启蒙运动可不是小工程。

彼得森: 希望我们也能保住启蒙运动里最好的东西。

主持人: 就像切斯特顿的篱笆,问题是这片田里到底有多少道篱笆,我们已经拆掉了这一道,现在想把它插回去,可该插回哪一段?

彼得森: 有件事很有意思,我觉得连道金斯这样的人也开始意识到了,我知道道格拉斯·默里、阿亚安·希尔西·阿里和尼尔·弗格森都意识到了:神死的时候,很多别的东西也跟着死了,是你想不到的东西。神死了,跟着死掉的一样东西是科学,没人料到这个。

主持人: 怎么讲?

彼得森: 因为科学作为一种实践本身就是宗教性的实践,它以宗教性的公理为前提。你必须相信存在「真理」这种东西;你必须相信真理是可理解的;你必须相信理解真理是好的;你必须相信存在「好」这种东西。你想想,要当一个科学家,你首先得设想这个世界对人的智力是可理解的,更要设想如果你去探究物质世界的奥秘,那将带来益处。这些都不是科学主张,它们是形而上学主张,而这些形而上学主张嵌在一个故事里。

启蒙派把科学革命描绘成与宗教基底相对立的东西,这不准确,那是法国大革命的叙事,是路西法式智力的历史叙述,不是真的。大学是从修道院里长出来的,这就是大学的来处,而科学作为一项广泛的事业,起步于大学,大学又长自修道院,这不是可争论的事。你去哈佛,或者去牛津剑桥,一眼就看得出来,那些学院的布局就是修道院的布局。所以,认为宗教信仰和科学事业之间存在某种根本矛盾,这个说法里没有一点是真的。而我们现在之所以正在失去科学事业,一部分原因就是我们把它从形而上学的基底上拽了下来,而它离了那个基底活不下去。你要当科学家,就必须把真理置于一切之上。真正的科学家非常稀有,你必须相信真理才能做科学家。顺便说,我认为道金斯是相信真理的,所以他虽然是无神论者,但他远比自己以为的更不无神论,这是我的印象。

主持人: 撒谎的科学家是无神论者,还是只是心怀恶意?

彼得森: 道金斯是诚实的科学家。只要他在追求真理,只要他相信追求真理会使人自由,他走的就是一条从根子上说是基督教的路。我知道他不喜欢这个说法,但他同样不喜欢另一个事实:科学事业在可靠性和有效性上似乎正在到处崩塌。

上台之前

主持人: 谢谢你,兄弟,谢谢每次我们能一起度过的时间,总是一个很有意思的节点。这次的节点是你要出去巡演了。

彼得森: 是的。

主持人: 你有什么建议给我?我该怎么在路上活下来?

彼得森: 当你踏上舞台的时候,务必明白你能有这个特权是多么不可思议的事。务必记住,来看你的那些人是对你抱着期待的,他们花了时间和精力赶来,你做的事是有分量的。你带着感恩走上舞台,这会帮你很多,也会让你脚踩在地上。他们没往你身上扔石头,你就该心怀感激。你能做这件事,多么荒唐?多么不可能?所以把这个放在心里最靠前的位置,记住你应该为「有机会做这件事」这个奇迹感到震惊般的感恩,因为它的概率低得离谱。

主持人: 是啊,只是想做到这一点又不被压垮,越来越难了。

彼得森: 处理这个的办法之一,是把别人能做的活儿分出去。你在路上时,社交那一块会压垮你,所以你得在某种程度上保护自己。另一件事是:凡是别人能做的,就交给别人去做,而且要找有能力、靠得住的人,这样你要专注的就只剩下准时到达下一场、并且把自己调到对的状态,那就是你的工作,其他人有其他人的工作。确保你身边的人都在做自己的事。我们的巡演到现在已经越来越顺,我不操心交通、酒店、餐食、接送,一概不操心。我只操心提前一小时到场馆,把自己的脑子调到对的位置上,那和我刚才说的那种感恩的态度有关,然后试着和在场所有参与者一起认真面对一个严肃的问题。如果还是太多,那就再把责任往下分一些。

主持人: 你演出结束后怎么放松?

彼得森: 我看《拖车公园男孩》。

主持人: 果然。

彼得森: 当了那么久的「好」,你需要有一阵子不那么好。《拖车公园男孩》是很好的办法。

主持人: 稍微中和一下。我昨天还给罗根发短信问这个,天知道那家伙做过多少场演出,我以为他会有什么智慧给我。我说,每次演出完我都兴奋得很难平静下来,而我有四场背靠背,然后飞迪拜,然后是美国和加拿大一连串的场次,我担心自己睡不着,睡不着第二天就发挥不好,然后就会螺旋下去。我以为他会有什么高见,结果他说:这个难办,兄弟,说实话我从来没有睡不着的问题。那我还能说什么呢。不过我确实很兴奋,等一切结束了我会回来跟你汇报。我们会认认真真录一场,当成一个特别节目,也许放出来,也许就留着做个纪念,不知道,但我们会把它录下来。

彼得森: 那祝你好运。

主持人: 谢谢你,兄弟。我肯定会学到很多。就像我们今天说的,推着自己穿过不适,去做不同的事,跟着接近直觉的东西走。我要讲的很多东西在某种意义上是脆弱的,是对我有意义的东西。我希望人们能从中带走一些东西,也希望他们从今天这场对话里带走一些。

彼得森: 我上台时会做的一件事,是先花十到十五秒看观众。

主持人: 我看过你这么做很多次,技术上我管它叫「盯梢」。

彼得森: 那也差不太远,而且是好事。我到处看,这是一种暴露技术。你不想害怕观众,一点都不想;你也不想在「对着观众说话」。所以我看着一个个人,如你所知,场地大的话后排是看不见的,但基本上我能看多远看多远,我看着一个个具体的人,把他们标记成人,然后我记住我在和这些一个个来到这里的人说话,这就容易了,因为你可以对具体的人说话,他们是你的客人。

这也是要让你的团队知道的事:每一个来你活动的人都必须被用最好的方式对待,因为他们是来向你寻求某种东西的。如果他们被怠慢,那对他们是很大的伤害。我现在出行团队人不少,但每个人都知道第一条规矩是:把观众当客人对待,包括那些有点麻烦、甚至相当难缠的人,因为他们就是客人,而且他们肯来是你走了大运。所以别端着,他们付出了时间和精力赶来,他们在寻找某种东西。这也是那份感恩的一部分,而且这样它才好玩。你能站在那里跟他们说话,这是天大的特权。这些人专程来听你说话,这买卖太划算了,好到不能再好。所以要把这一点牢牢放在心里的最深处,也放在最前面。

主持人: 我会尽力。乔丹·彼得森,女士们先生们。乔丹,非常感谢你今天的时间,期待下次再聊。

彼得森: 和你聊很愉快,克里斯。

本期讲者
乔丹·彼得森加拿大临床心理学家,曾任教于哈佛大学与多伦多大学,研究人格、创造力与成瘾。著有《意义的地图》《人生十二法则》,2016 年因公开反对加拿大 C-16 法案进入公共视野,谈话当时正在写作《我们这些与神摔跤的人》。
克里斯·威廉森英国播客主持人,Modern Wisdom 节目创办人,节目已录制约 700 期、订阅数逾 150 万。此次对谈时他正准备开启自己的首轮现场巡演。
章节 · 点击跳转视频
0:00 道德义务:人为何必须活出非凡 ▶ 正在看
2:21 天真、愤世嫉俗与之后的智慧 ▶ 正在看
8:03 幻想与妄想:地图与地形之别 ▶ 正在看
16:28 理想太高时,把龙缩到能打的尺寸 ▶ 正在看
28:25 创造力的代价:言语流畅与轻躁狂 ▶ 正在看
34:50 成名之后看见的大规模士气低落 ▶ 正在看
54:15 泡妞术、伪装自信与精神病态 ▶ 正在看
1:01:56 爱你的敌人:敌意采访的真实用处 ▶ 正在看
1:15:40 约伯记:不义之苦中的坚守与感恩 ▶ 正在看
1:23:37 心理健康不在脑子里,而在关系里 ▶ 正在看
1:54:11 神的定义:至善与价值的等级 ▶ 正在看
2:49:31 大学、学徒制与巡演前的最后建议 ▶ 正在看
本期论点
本期回应
1:39:30
心理健康在于自我表征与在世界中的行为是否一致,而不在于怎么看自己 心理健康在人的头脑里,还是在他的关系里?乔丹·彼得森
1:57:00
不承认存在更高的善,人就无法在相互冲突的善之间做选择,只能陷入瘫痪 不同的好能换算成同一个尺度吗?乔丹·彼得森
其他论点
0:00
人生艰难短暂,若不全力以赴活出非凡,人就会心生怨恨并成为一股破坏性的力量 乔丹·彼得森
1:47
只说自己相信为真的话,就必须放弃对结果的掌控 乔丹·彼得森
4:23
走出天真的正确方式不是恢复天真,而是用勇气取代天真,把乐观当成道德义务 「愤世嫉俗比天真更高一层」,这说法站得住吗?乔丹·彼得森
18:08
当理想与现状的差距大到让人瘫痪,就该把理想调低到自己愿意迈出一步的尺度 乔丹·彼得森
25:26
把顶尖高手当成自己的对照组本质上是一种傲慢,沮丧程度与这份虚假傲慢成正比 克里斯·威廉森
34:05
创造力与尽责性之间没有相关性,两者兼具的人极其罕见 乔丹·彼得森
49:17
反复说谎会让指引方向的本能病态化,使人此后看不见真实的路 乔丹·彼得森
56:04
泡妞术本质是一套照本宣科的精神病态,核心就是伪装能力与自信 乔丹·彼得森
1:34:12
反复的一夜情会让人逐渐变得精神病态、自恋、马基雅维利主义和施虐倾向 乔丹·彼得森
1:42:12
人在有孩子之前很难真正成熟 乔丹·彼得森
2:52:40
大学的本质不是知识传递,而是学徒制,真正的教育必须发生在师徒关系里 乔丹·彼得森
3:00:51
人无法给自己构建虚假人设去换取地位而不被它改变,练习虚假就会变得虚假 乔丹·彼得森
3:07:59
把智力当作人的根本价值是智识上的骄傲,也可能是首恶之罪 乔丹·彼得森
01道德义务:人为何必须活出非凡
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you say you are morally obligated to do remarkable things why well I think partly because life is so difficult and challenging that unless you give it everything you have the chances are very high that it will embitter you and then you'll be a force for darkness and not good and so you know the the fact that life is short and can be brutal can terrify you into hiding and avoiding but it it can also you can flip that on its head and understand that since you're all in anyways you might as well take take the risks that are adventurous and that's a very good thing to understand and what is also useful to understand in that is that there isn't anything more adventurous than the truth this is something that took me a long time to figure out well you can craft your words to get what you want you know and people do that all the time they craft their words so they can avoid taking responsibility for things they should take responsibility for they can craft the words to gain an advantage that they really don't deserve that's
你说你在道德上有义务去做非凡的事情 为什么呢 我想部分原因在于 人生如此艰难、充满挑战 除非你全力以赴 否则很可能会让你心生怨恨 那样你就会成为一股黑暗的力量 而不是善的力量所以你知道 人生短暂又可能残酷 这个事实会把你吓得躲起来、逃避 但它也可以你可以把它反过来看 既然你横竖都得全情投入 那还不如去冒那些富有冒险精神的险 这是非常值得理解的一点 同样有用的是要明白没有什么比真理更具冒险性 这一点我花了很长时间才想明白 你当然可以精心措辞来得到你想要的你知道 人们一直都在这么干 他们精心措辞 好逃避本该由自己承担的责任 他们可以用言语来获取自己其实并不配得的好处 这就是
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1:23
what you do when you manipulate and the problem with that you might say well why not do that if I can get what I want and the answer that is you aren't necessarily the best judge of what you need and it's easy to be diluted in what you want and that's the sort of delusions that people chase if they chase power if you decide instead that you're going to just say what you believe to be true you have to let go of the consequences and you might think well I don't want to let go of the consequences because I want to control what's going on but what you miss then is Adventure because if you don't control what's going on you don't know what the hell's going to happen and maybe that's exciting and actually there's no doubt about it and then you have the additional Advantage if you're attempting to say what you believe to be true and attempting to act in the manner that you think is most appropriate that's genuinely you and you have the force of reality behind you and obviously that's what you have if you're
你在操纵别人时所做的事 而问题在于 你可能会说 如果这样能得到我想要的 为什么不呢 对此的回答是你未必是判断自己需要什么的最佳人选 而且人很容易在自己想要什么这件事上产生错觉 那正是人们追逐权力时所追逐的那类妄想 如果你反过来决定 只说你所相信的真话 你就必须放下对结果的执着 你可能会想 我不想放下对结果的控制因为我想掌控局面 但你这样就错过了冒险 因为如果你不控制局面 你就不知道究竟会发生什么 而那也许才是令人兴奋的 事实上这一点毫无疑问 而且你还有一个额外的好处 如果你努力说出你所相信的真话 并努力以你认为最恰当的方式行事 那才是真正的你 而且你背后有现实的力量 显然 如果你
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02天真、愤世嫉俗与之后的智慧
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trying to say live in the truth is you have the force of reality behind you that seems like a good deal then you have the reality and the adventure so why is that a moral obligation well if you hide and you don't let what's inside of you out and you don't bring into the world what you could bring and you become cynical and bitter you will start doing very dark things so you'll start in not only will you not add to the world what you could add but you'll start being jealous of people who are competent and doing well and work to destroy them so that's the pathway to hell really so one of the trends that I've been railing against most recently has been cynicism is this pervasive belief that everything is terrible and it can't get better and the people who believe that it can improve a dumb and delusional and the problem and I I don't know where it comes from I don't I don't it's the beginning of wisdom cynicism this is part of the reason why it's hard to combat you know because people start out naive
试图 比方说 活在真理之中 你就会拥有现实的力量 这听起来是笔划算的交易 那么你既拥有现实 也拥有冒险 那为什么说这是道德义务呢 因为如果你躲藏起来 不把内在的东西释放出来 不把你本可以带给这个世界的东西带出来 你就会变得愤世嫉俗、满心苦涩 你就会开始做非常黑暗的事 所以你不仅不会为这个世界增添你本可以增添的东西 你还会开始嫉妒那些有能力、过得好的人 并想方设法毁掉他们 所以那真的是一条通往地狱的路 所以我最近一直在极力抨击的一种趋势就是愤世嫉俗 就是那种弥漫性的信念 认为一切都很糟糕 而且不可能变好 而那些相信情况能改善的人都是蠢货、活在幻觉里 问题是 我也不知道它从哪儿来 我不 我不 愤世嫉俗是智慧的开端 这也是它难以对抗的部分原因 你知道 因为人一开始都很天真
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3:33
and naive people are optimistic but not really they're just naive and naive people have no idea that there's say malevolence in the world they have no idea that there's malevolence in their own heart they're sheltered and dependent and when that breaks it often breaks into cynicism and so cynicism is actually an improvement the veils have fallen from your eyes exactly exactly the problem with cynicism is that especially if it's allied with a kind of arrogance is that you can end there and that's a big mistake so then the question becomes what once you once you've been bitten hard and you're no longer naive well that is very hard on your optimism let's say so then the question is how do you restore that without reverting to the naivity which you can't do anyways without blinding yourself once you've been bitten and the answer to that is you substitute courage for naivity and you and you regain your optimism as a moral imperative right so one of the things you might ask yourself is well if the future is likely to be
天真的人是乐观的 但其实也不算 他们只是天真而已 天真的人根本不知道 比方说这世上存在恶意 他们也不知道自己心里就有恶意 他们被保护着、依赖着别人 而当这一切崩塌时 往往就崩塌成了愤世嫉俗 所以愤世嫉俗其实是一种进步 你眼前的面纱掉下来了 没错 正是如此愤世嫉俗的问题在于 尤其当它还伴随着某种傲慢时 你可能就停在那儿了 而那是个大错误 所以问题就变成了 一旦你被狠狠地咬过一口 不再天真了 那对你的乐观来说是非常沉重的打击 那么问题就是 你要如何在不退回天真的情况下恢复乐观 反正你也回不去了 除非再次蒙蔽一旦你被伤过之后……而答案就是,你用勇气取代天真,然后你重新找回你的乐观,把乐观当成一种道德义务。所以你可以问问自己:如果未来很可能是
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4:38
catastrophic in a variety of different ways which is definitely the case both socially and personally then what attitude should you bring to bear on that and the answer might be well if you were courageous and faithful and I can explain what that means then you would conduct yourself in in a manner that met the future headon with the presumption that you can manage it and this is the presumption we should bring to bear politically now these the people who are using fear to Garner power point to the various apocalypses that might befall us and it's difficult to counter them because the future is always an apocalyptic Horizon like everything can fall apart and and has before and might well again and will in fact in your life as you age and die and so it's very easy to conjure up an apocalypse then the question becomes the question becomes not is that apocalypse potentially real because the answer to that is yes but what attitude should you have towards that naive that's not good cynical that's that's better but it's
灾难性的,而且是在各种不同的层面上——无论在社会层面还是个人层面,这都确实如此——那么你该带着什么样的态度去面对它?答案也许是:如果你是勇敢的、有信念的——我可以解释这是什么意思——那么你就会以直面未来的方式行事,并且预设你能够驾驭它。这也正是我们在政治上应该带着的预设。而如今那些利用恐惧来攫取权力的人,总是指向各种可能降临到我们头上的末日。要反驳他们很难,因为未来永远是一道末日般的地平线——一切都可能崩塌,过去崩塌过,将来也很可能再崩塌,而且事实上在你的人生里一定会发生,你会衰老、会死去。所以凭空造出一个末日太容易了。于是问题就变成了问题不在于那个末日是否有可能成真——因为答案是肯定的——而在于你该以什么态度去面对它。天真?那不好。愤世嫉俗?那要好一点,但仍然不好,那是另一种形式的地狱
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5:47
still not good it's another form of hell and it also tends to make the potential apocalypses more likely well so what do you have when you move Beyond cynicism and what you have when you move Beyond cynicism is wisdom and that's not naive it's Courageous one of the things that religious people have done relatively badly especially in recent years is theyve failed to delineate the relationship between faith and courage you know people like Dawkins and the new atheists they point to Faith and they describe it as something like belief in foolish superstitions but that isn't really what faith in the deepest sense means it means that you are willing to act out the proposition that you can ride the wave no matter how big it becomes and that we can all do that together especially if we do that in Good Will and I think that's that's a much more it's a much more appropriate way to confront the future and it's also the proper medication for cynicism now the other thing the cynics see the other thing about cynicism that's interesting
而且它往往还会让那些潜在的末日更有可能发生。那么当你超越愤世嫉俗之后,你会得到什么?当你超越愤世嫉俗之后,你得到的是智慧。智慧不是天真,它是勇敢的。有件事宗教人士做得相当糟糕,尤其是近些年,就是他们没能把信仰和勇气之间的关系讲清楚你知道,像道金斯这样的人、还有那些新无神论者,他们一提到信仰,就把它描述成某种对愚蠢迷信的相信。但在最深的意义上,信仰并不是那个意思。它的意思是,你愿意把这样一个命题活出来:不管浪变得多大,你都能驾着它往前走;而且我们所有人可以一起做到,尤其是当我们带着善意去做的时候我认为这是一种远为……远为恰当的面对未来的方式,它同时也是治疗愤世嫉俗的正确药方。还有另一点,愤世嫉俗的人……关于愤世嫉俗还有一点很有意思
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6:51
too is that cynics aren't cynical enough about their own cynicism right because you can get doubtful enough to start doub the validity of your own cynicism it's like what makes you so smart what makes you the judge of being and the Coline kids were like that you know they decided that existence itself was unsustainable given its cruelty and that the proper response was to put up a giant middle finger to man men and God right well here's a way of being cynical about cynicism how does your cynicism let you off the hook right how does your cynicism justify your desire to avoid necessary responsibility and to pursue your own short-term hedonic gains it's like why aren't you cynical about your own doubt and that's that's another place where wisdom begins it's like that so that's two right cynicism beats naivity but it's not the ultimate destination and you should be cynical enough to question the moral validity of your own of your own resentment and your own what would you say your own turning away from the world
就是愤世嫉俗的人对自己的愤世嫉俗还不够愤世嫉俗。因为你完全可以怀疑到开始怀疑自己那套愤世嫉俗是否站得住脚——凭什么你那么聪明?凭什么由你来审判存在本身?科伦拜那两个孩子就是那样。他们认定存在本身是不可接受的,因为它太残酷,而恰当的回应就是竖起一根巨大的中指,对着人、也对着神。好,那么这里有一种对愤世嫉俗的愤世嫉俗:你的愤世嫉俗是怎样让你逃脱责任的?你的愤世嫉俗是怎样为你逃避该负的责任、追求自己短期的享乐找借口的?为什么你不对自己的怀疑也怀疑一下呢?那也是智慧开始的地方之一,就是这样所以这是第二点:愤世嫉俗胜过天真,但它不是终点。你应该愤世嫉俗到足以去质疑你自己的怨恨在道德上是否站得住脚,去质疑你自己那种——怎么说呢——对世界的背过身去
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03幻想与妄想:地图与地形之别
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the way that I see it given that we don't know the future given that much of our motivations are invisible to us we're not a Crystal Pond that we can see into you have to have some form of delusion about what's going to happen in the future you're trying your best to see the way that it's going to be but given that the glass could be half empty or half full why not have a delusion that's going to be useful to you one of Hope even in the face and the understanding that things might be difficult and that there's going to be obstacles yeah there was a there was a line of social psychology that pursued that argument for quite a while that made the argument that people had to have positive Illusions about the future and that that was the fundamental way that people staved off Despair and bolstered their self-esteem but I don't think I don't think we need to separate out the distinction between fantasy and delusion you do have a fantasy about the future you have to because like you said it's not structured so you have to you
我的看法是,既然我们不知道未来,既然我们的许多动机对自己都是不可见的,我们不是一潭能看透的清池你就不得不对未来抱有某种形式的幻想。你尽力去看清事情将会是什么样,但既然这个杯子可以说是半空也可以说是半满,为什么不选一个对你有用的幻想呢?一个带着希望的幻想,哪怕你清楚事情可能会很艰难,会有各种阻碍。是的,社会心理学里曾经有一派观点,在相当长一段时间里就是这么主张的他们认为人必须对未来抱有积极的错觉,而那正是人们抵御绝望、支撑自尊的根本方式。但我觉得……我觉得我们需要把幻想和妄想区分开来。你确实对未来有一个幻想,你不得不有,因为就像你说的未来是没有结构的,所以你必须暂时性地为未来画一张地图,那就是计划,就是策略
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9:04
have to provisionally map the future that's what a plan is what a strategy is right but that doesn't make it a delusion like it becomes a delusion when the map Bears no relationship to the underlying territory so if you have a strategy for the future you know maybe let's say that your strategy for the future just for the sake of argument is that you have 5 million YouTube subscribers in 3 years well well you have no evidence of the strict sort that that's how it's going to be because Anything could happen between now and 3 years from now let's say but you there's no reason to call that a delusion it's a it's one it's one hypothetically possible path of potential and then you can make the sacrifices necessary to bring that about so even though it's a fantasy because it something that isn't there it's not a delusion it's a delusion when you're ignoring elements of your own experience that would inform your fantasy more effectively you're ignoring them so that you can live in a positive representation of the future without
但这并不使它成为妄想。只有当地图和底下真实的地形毫无对应关系时,它才变成妄想。所以如果你有一个对未来的策略,比如说——就当是打个比方——你的策略是三年之内拥有五百万YouTube订阅者。好,你并没有严格意义上的证据能证明事情一定会那样,因为从现在到三年后什么都可能发生。但是没有理由把它叫做妄想。它只是一条假设上可能实现的潜在路径,然后你可以做出必要的牺牲去让它成真所以哪怕它是一个幻想——因为它还不存在——它也不是妄想。它变成妄想,是在你无视自己经验中那些本可以让幻想更贴近现实的东西的时候。你无视它们,好让自己能活在一个关于未来的美好想象里,却不必为此付出应有的代价
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10:16
having to pay the appropriate price for it one of my favorite ideas I learned over the last couple of years is the inner Citadel from isai bin do you know this MH so isai bin says when the natural Road toward human fulfillment is blocked human beings Retreat into themselves become involved in themselves and try to create inwardly that world which some evil Fate has denied them externally that's a delusion often if you cannot obtain from the world that which you really desire you must teach yourself not to want it if you cannot get what you want you must teach yourself to want what you can get this is a very frequent form of spiritual retreat in depth into a kind of inner Citadel in which you lock yourself up against all of the fearful ills of the world mutual friend Henderson explained it in a simpler way if your leg is wounded you can try to treat the leg MH and if you can't then you cut the leg off and announce that the desire for legs is misguided and must be subdued and I think that we see this everywhere
我这两年学到的最喜欢的概念之一,是以赛亚·伯林说的“内在堡垒”,你知道吗?嗯,伯林说:当通往人类圆满的那条自然之路被堵死时,人就会退回到自身内部,沉浸在自我之中,试图在内心创造出那个被某种邪恶命运在外部剥夺掉的世界。那往往就是一种妄想。如果你无法从世界上得到你真正渴望的东西,你就必须教会自己不去想要它;如果你得不到你想要的,你就必须教会自己去想要你能得到的。这是一种非常常见的精神撤退形式,深深退入一种内在堡垒,把自己锁在里面抵挡世界上一切可怕的祸患。我们共同的朋友亨德森用更简单的方式解释过:如果你的腿受伤了,你可以试着治那条腿;嗯,如果治不好,你就把腿砍掉,然后宣布说,想要有腿这件事本身就是错的、必须被压制下去。我觉得这种事我们到处都能看到
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11:12
well okay so you so imagine that you lay out a plan and it meets with an impediment and it knocks the slots out from underneath the plan okay now you Retreat okay now you have an option when you're retreating and one option is to construct a world in fantasy where you're taking revenge on those who wronged you and getting what you want that's that's a pathway to Madness so often people who develop serious delusions do develop um what would you call them their their compensatory fantasies and then they start to dwell in them and often for hundreds of hours so the the kids again who shot up the Coline high school they dwelt in a fantasy world for hundreds of hours before they undertook their Dreadful actions right but you can also flip back back into yourself let's say and you can this is like this is like confession and atonement it's the proper way to think about it is you can think about what it is that you did wrong or insufficiently that led to the collapse of your plan right so that's the first investigation
好,那么想象一下,你定了一个计划,结果遇到障碍,把计划的地基整个抽掉了。好,现在你退了回来。在撤退的时候你有选择,一种是在幻想里构建一个世界,在里面你向那些亏待过你的人复仇,并得到你想要的那是一条通往疯狂的路。所以那些发展出严重妄想的人,往往会形成——怎么说呢——那种补偿性的幻想,然后他们开始沉溺其中,常常一沉溺就是几百个小时还是那两个在科伦拜高中开枪的孩子,他们在做出那些可怕的事之前,已经在幻想世界里沉浸了几百个小时但你也可以反过来,转回到自己身上。这就像是忏悔和赎罪,这才是看待它的正确方式就是你可以去想,是你做错了什么、或者哪里做得不够,才导致了计划的崩塌这是第一层追问:我做出了一些牺牲,我试图让未来变成某个特定的样子
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12:18
I made some sacrifices I attempted to bring about a particular form of the future it didn't happen okay why well the world is set against me and the cosmos is evil and there's no God and I'm bitter and cynical that's one potential explanation right poor me right and and I'm not trying to be flippant about this because sometimes people's dreams are quite realistic and they still fail catastrophically you know it can be brutal you know maybe you did make a lot of good decisions and you suddenly got ill or someone in your family did and everything went to hell on you it doesn't have to be because you've done something cardinally foolish that you fail you know it's built into the structure of the world but doesn't matter you can also Retreat into and you can say something like all right I need to retool my conception of strategy but also potentially my conception of goal you know maybe I'm looking in the wrong place maybe I have to look somewhere else and you can open yourself up to a revelation so there's a gospel statement
结果没有成真。好,为什么?“因为世界跟我作对,宇宙是邪恶的,根本没有神,我又苦涩又愤世嫉俗”——这是一种可能的解释,“我好可怜”。我不是想对这件事轻描淡写,因为有时候人的梦想相当现实,却仍然彻底失败了。它可能极其残酷。也许你确实做了很多好决定,然后你突然生了病,或者家里有人病了,一切都垮了这不一定是因为你干了什么根本性的蠢事才失败的,这是世界结构里自带的东西。但那不重要,你同样可以退回内心,然后说:好,我需要重新调整我对策略的构想,甚至可能是对目标的构想。也许我找错了地方,也许我得换个方向去找。于是你可以让自己向某种启示敞开。福音书里有一句话
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13:16
that's very relevant to this so Christ tells his followers that if they knock the door will open if they ask they'll receive and if they seek they'll find and so it sounds like it sounds magical it sounds like like the sort of thing that the new atheists would have a field day with but that isn't that's not an wise interpretation of that saying the proper interpretation is something more like a recognition of the way thought works so imagine your plans didn't work out okay now you sit down and you say to yourself I'd like to know even if the world was conspiring against me and my failure was 95% % the fault of external occurrences and other people what did I do that wasn't as good as it could have been and where did I fail to look so that the probability of my failure was higher now now to ask that question you have to want the answer that's that's what it means to knock or to ask or to seek this this is no joke it's like you have to want to know and it's a very painful thing to do because especially if you had given it
跟这个非常相关:基督告诉他的追随者,叩门,门就为他们开;祈求,就必得着;寻找,就必寻见。听起来很像魔法,听起来正是那种新无神论者会大肆嘲笑一番的东西。但那不是……那不是对这句话明智的理解更恰当的理解,更像是对思维如何运作的一种认识。所以想象一下你的计划失败了好,现在你坐下来对自己说:我想知道,即使世界都在跟我作对,即使我的失败有95%是外部事件和别人造成的,那么我做的哪些事本来可以做得更好?我在哪里没有去看,以至于我失败的概率变高了?而要问出这个问题,你必须真的想要那个答案。这就是“叩门”“祈求”“寻找”的意思。这不是开玩笑,你必须真的想知道。而这是一件非常痛苦的事,尤其是当你已经尽了自己所能的全部努力
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14:27
you're all to the degree you are able and you have reason to be bitter you're going to be searching for the errors that you still made and discovering your own errors is always extremely painful right especially if they're errors that you're in love with and so you have to be willing to strip yourself down that's what humility means fundamentally and then but the advantage is this is why it's so useful to listen to people you might find out where you're stupid and then you could start stop being stupid and so one of the reasons you confess your sins let's say is because you want to discover where you're insufficient now it's painful you know it's painful to encounter an impediment in the form of someone else's opinion that might show you where you're blind and ignorant or willfully blind even but the advantage to that is you can rectify the error and then as you move forward you're stronger you know one of the things I taught my kids and I hope Le at least somewhat successfully was that
而且你有理由感到苦涩的时候,你还要去搜寻自己仍然犯下的错误。发现自己的错误永远是极其痛苦的,尤其是那些你自己深爱着的错误。所以你必须愿意把自己剥得一干二净,这从根本上就是谦卑的含义。但好处在于——这也是为什么听别人说话如此有用——你可能会发现自己在哪里犯傻,然后你就可以不再那么傻了。所以人之所以要忏悔自己的罪,原因之一就是你想找出自己不足的地方。这很痛苦,你知道,遇到以别人意见形式出现的阻碍是很痛苦的,它可能让你看到自己在哪里盲目、无知,甚至是刻意视而不见但好处是你可以纠正这个错误,然后往前走的时候你就更强了。你知道我教给孩子们的其中一件事——我希望至少还算教得成功——就是你应该永远敢问一个蠢问题
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15:30
you should always ask a stupid question and and that doesn't mean the sort of question that someone who wasn't paying attention would ask if you're listening to someone and you don't understand what they're saying and you reveal that you're revealing your ignorance you know and maybe you're in a room full of people and you think you're the only person stupid enough to not get it which is very rarely the case by the way the thing is though if you if you reveal that ignorance to yourself and to the other person they can Rectify it and if you do that a thousand times you're not ignorant anymore and and this is a real Pathway to success too you see it you do this because you ask real questions in your podcast and Rogan does this okay Rogan's always trying to be a little smarter than he already is and then that works iterated like if you ask a thousand dumb questions and you listen to the answer then you know a thousand things some of them deep that you didn't know before so that's the that's the
这并不是指那种压根没在听的人会问的问题。如果你在听某个人说话,你没听懂他在说什么,而你把这一点说出来,你就是在暴露自己的无知,你知道也许你身处一屋子人当中,你觉得自己是唯一蠢到听不懂的人——顺便说一句,这种情况其实极少成立。但关键是,如果你把那份无知对自己、也对对方暴露出来,它就能被纠正。而如果你这么做一千次,你就不再无知了。这也是一条真正通往成功的路径。你看,你就是这么做的,因为你在播客里问的是真问题,罗根也是这样。罗根总是想比现在的自己再聪明一点,然后这件事一遍遍叠加起来就起作用了。如果你问了一千个蠢问题,并且认真听答案,那你就多知道了一千件事,其中有些还相当深刻,都是你以前不知道的。所以这就是
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04理想太高时,把龙缩到能打的尺寸
16:28
advantage to searching your soul let's say for the for unrequited sins and attempting to atone that's not a delusion right it's an attempt to set yourself right it's the opposite of a delusion even though there can be a Fantastical element to it yeah the uh conversation around people who try their best do as many things right as they could and yet still fall short because the world is random and and unfortunate things happen happiness as far as I can see it sits in the gap between your expectations and reality but the problem here is that people who have high standards often end up feeling a lack right how can people who strive like this avoid feeling despondent at falling short of their own high standards I've heard you talk about the Statue of David saying something like you are not all that you could be yeah and as soon as you posit an ideal you begin to compare yourself to that ideal so well part that's a good question I mean um the ultimate ideal is also the ultimate judge because the
在自己灵魂里搜寻那些尚未偿还的罪、并试图赎罪的好处。那不是妄想,那是试图把自己摆正,它恰恰是妄想的反面,尽管其中也可以有某种想象性的成分。是的,关于那些已经尽了全力、能做对的都做对了、却仍然落空的人——因为世界是随机的,不幸的事就是会发生……在我看来,幸福就落在你的期待和现实之间的那道缝隙里但问题在于,标准很高的人往往最后总觉得欠缺了什么,对吧?那么这样不断努力的人,怎样才能避免因为达不到自己的高标准而沮丧?我听你谈过大卫雕像,说过类似“你还远不是你可能成为的样子”这样的话而你一旦设定了一个理想,你就开始拿自己和那个理想比。嗯,这是个好问题。我是说,终极的理想同时也是终极的审判者,因为终极理想是那种你远远够不着的东西,而这可能
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17:36
ultimate ideal is is something against which you fall far short and that might be so painful that you can barely stand it but then what you do is you you you two things I suppose is you lower the ideal and you raise your estimation of your Poss of your potential and what do I mean by lower the ideal well if you're you're comparing yourself to someone or even to a future self and the Gap is so painful that it paralyzes you then you've created a dragon that you don't have the tools to master and so what you have to do is you have to scale the dragon down to size and you want to scale the dragon down to size until it's a size that you are willing to move toward however small that is now you know if you're here and you're deal is here and that Gap is unbearable then you reduce the Gap and you reduce the Gap and you're going to have to do that anyways because you're not going to move from where you are to perfect in one Fell Swoop right there's going to be incremental steps so you have to fill in
痛苦到你几乎受不了。但这时你要做的,我想有两件事:一是把理想放低一点,二是提高你对自己潜力的估计。我说的“把理想放低”是什么意思呢?如果你在拿自己跟某个人、甚至跟未来的自己比,而那个差距痛苦到让你瘫痪,那么你就造出了一条自己还没有工具去驯服的巨龙。所以你要做的,是把那条龙缩小到合适的尺寸。你要一直把它缩小,直到它小到你愿意朝它迈出一步为止,不管那一步多小。你知道,如果你在这里,你的理想在那里,而那个差距无法承受,那就把差距缩小,再缩小。反正你也不得不这么做,因为你不可能一步就从现在的位置跳到完美。中间一定会有渐进的台阶。所以你必须把
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18:43
that that hierarchy of progression with with a high enough resolution representation so that you can start to move forward and and then you should be butress there's another gospel comment that's very interesting it has to do it's called the Matthew principle and the Matthew principle is to those who have everything more will be given and from those who have nothing everything will be taken now it's brutal because it implies that reality works like this when you're moving up you go like this right and that's pretty nice that's a lot better than this but when you're going down you go like that right it's like downhill downhill Cliff okay so you want to avoid the downhill path well if the uphill path is like this which is like exponential let's say or geometric then what that means is that it doesn't matter how big the first steps you take uphill are even if they're trivial even if they're shameful in their in their size because you're so useless that if you're if you're disciplined in that you'll speed up
那个进阶的阶梯填上足够高分辨率的刻度,这样你才能开始往前走。然后你还应该有支撑——福音书里还有一句很有意思的话,叫“马太原则”马太原则就是:凡有的,还要加给他;凡没有的,连他所有的也要夺去。这很残酷,因为它意味着现实是这样运作的:当你往上走的时候,是这样对吧,那挺不错的,比这个要好得多;但当你往下走的时候,是那样,就像下坡、下坡、然后是悬崖。好,所以你要避开那条下坡的路。那么如果上坡那条路是这样的,是指数式的,或者说几何式的,那就意味着,你往上迈出的头几步有多大根本不重要,哪怕它们微不足道,哪怕小到让你觉得丢脸——因为你实在太没用了——只要你在这件事上保持自律,你就会以极快的速度加速起来。所以好消息就是,你
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19:52
extraordinarily rapidly and so that's the good news you might say is that you can take very small step STS even ones that might be shameful in their size and you have to admit that to yourself but once you get the ball rolling it doesn't roll in a linear fashion it rolls in a geometric fashion and this is a really good thing to know because it can take the sting out of the realization of your own stupidity it's like yeah you know everybody has their weak sides let's say things they're embarrassed about when I first started going to the gym I was like how old was I 198 5 23 and I think I weighed 135 lbs and I was F 6'1 very very thin a TW right 27 inch waist something like that I smoked like mad and I drank too much like I wasn't in good shape the first the first attempts forward I took in the gym I went to this swim sze class Jesus it was me and this like really fat guy young guy probably not in any worse shape than me and like seven old women over 70 and they could outswim me like it was pretty damn humiliating and so I
可以迈非常小的步子,甚至小到让你觉得丢脸的步子,而你得对自己承认这一点,但是一旦你让球滚起来,它就不是线性滚动的,而是几何级数式地滚动,知道这一点非常有用,因为它能减轻你意识到自己有多蠢时的那种刺痛感。就像是,你知道的,每个人都有自己的弱项,比如说那些让他们难堪的事。我刚开始去健身房的时候,我那时候多大来着,1985年,23岁,我记得我体重大概135磅,身高6英尺1,非常非常瘦,腰围27英寸之类的。我烟抽得要命,酒也喝太多,身体状况一点都不好。我在健身房迈出的最初几步,是去上了一个游泳班,天哪,班上就我、一个特别胖的年轻人,他的身体状况大概也不比我差,还有大概七个70岁以上的老太太,她们都能游得比我快,那真是相当丢人。所以我
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21:05
did a semester of that and got myself in somewhat better shape and then I started to go to the gym to work out to lift weights and that was also rough because you know I'd be underneath the bloody bench press trying to lift 75 lbs off the off the rests and you know some muscle-headed bastard would come over and tell me how to do it and it's like yeah thank you but you know it's embarrassing and lots of times people won't do things like go to the gym because they're so embarrassed about how they look or what sort of shape they're in and it's a pain to start at the bottom but you start at the bottom where you're weak and if you want to rectify what's weak you have to accept the fact that you're at the bottom and that the first steps are going to be painful you know I it took me about 3 years but I stopped smoking and then I stopped drinking and I gained 40 lbs of in like 3 and a half years something like that I basically had to stop doing that cuz I had to eat like six times a day it was crazy but I
上了一个学期,身体状况稍微好了一些,然后我开始去健身房锻炼,举铁,那也很难熬,因为你知道,我躺在那该死的卧推架下面,想把75磅的杠铃从架子上举起来,然后就有某个肌肉发达的家伙过来告诉我该怎么做,那感觉就是,好吧谢谢你,但你知道,这挺让人难为情的。很多时候人们不愿意去做像去健身房这样的事,就是因为他们太在意自己看起来什么样、身体状况有多差。从最底层开始确实很痛苦,但你就是得从底层开始,从你薄弱的地方开始。如果你想纠正自己的弱点,你就必须接受一个事实:你处在最底层,而且最初那几步会很痛苦。你知道,我花了大概三年时间,我戒了烟,然后戒了酒,而且我在大概三年半的时间里增重了40磅肌肉之类的。我基本上后来不得不停下来,因为我得一天吃六顿饭,太疯狂了。但我在身体上自信多了,协调性也好多了,因为用哑铃训练
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22:06
got a lot more physically confident and a lot more coordinated cuz working out with dumbbells makes you coordinated right because it it exercises all the small ligaments and the tendons and so my lower body in particular got a lot more coordinated then I could dance so that was better when I was going out dancing because I did a lot of that in graduate school and but the point of all this is if you're going to rectify your weaknesses you have to admit your insufficiency to your own shame now if the gap between you and your ideal is so great that it paralyzes you you shrink that right we'll get back to talking to Jordan in one minute but first I need to tell you about Maui NE venison Maui Nei venison is the most protein dense and nutrient-dense red meat on the planet thank you plus they're the only stress-free 100% wild harvested meat available my favorite method for cooking it is straight from Frozen salt the hell out of both sides 12 minutes in an air fryer at maximum temperature turn it over 12
会让你变得更协调,对吧,因为它锻炼到所有那些细小的韧带和肌腱。所以我的下半身尤其变得协调多了,然后我就会跳舞了,所以我出去跳舞的时候感觉好多了,因为我研究生期间经常去跳舞。但所有这些的重点是,如果你想纠正自己的弱点,你就必须向自己的羞耻感承认你的不足。如果你和你理想中的自己之间的差距大到让你动弹不得,那你就把差距缩小。我们一分钟后继续和Jordan聊,但首先我得跟你说说Maui Nui鹿肉。Maui Nui鹿肉是地球上蛋白质密度和营养密度最高的红肉,谢谢。而且它们是市面上唯一无应激、100%野外捕获的肉。我最喜欢的烹饪方法是直接从冷冻状态开始,两面都使劲撒盐,放空气炸锅里用最高温度炸12分钟,翻面再炸12
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23:06
minutes again and it is perfect every single time it is such a life hack actually taught to me by Jordan's daughter Michaela and all she does is eat meat so that's the way to do it all of the cuts are spectacular but their venison sticks have been my new favorite while I've been traveling on the road you can get the healthiest red meat on the planet delivered directly to your door by following the link in the show notes below or going to mauw venison docomo wisdom using the code modern wisdom at checkout that's 20% off by going to M aui Nui venison tocom wisdom and modern wisdom at checkout one of the things I've been talking about in the live shows is your comparison group is incorrect the fact that you know we have the opportunity to sit down and listen to anybody on the planet right the best Minds the best athletes the best thinkers the most articulate that are alive right now or listen to the people that have died that were around when video cameras existed and you can compare yourself to that
分钟,每一次都完美无缺。这真是个生活妙招,其实是Jordan的女儿Michaela教我的,而她只吃肉,所以就该这么做。所有部位都棒极了,不过我在路上出差的时候,他们的鹿肉肠已经成了我的新宠。你可以让地球上最健康的红肉直接送到你家门口,点击下方节目简介里的链接,或者访问mauinuivenison.com/modernwisdom,在结账时使用优惠码modernwisdom,可以打八折。访问Maui Nui venison.com/modernwisdom,结账时输入modern wisdom。我在现场演讲中一直在讲的一件事是,你的参照群体选错了。事实上,你知道,我们有机会坐下来听听这个星球上的任何人——最顶尖的头脑、最优秀的运动员、最厉害的思想家、最能言善辩的人,那些还在世的人,或者去听那些已经去世但生活在有摄像机的年代的人,然后你就可以拿自己去和那个群体比较
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24:08
group yeah but that's not your comparison group if you have the impetus to sit down and listen to me and you waffle on for three hours about these deep topics these interesting ideas you are so already selected out of the normal group you're already already asking yourself questions that almost nobody almost nobody else is right but because your comparison group of people that are unbelievably High performing I remember before I started my podcast I'd listen to to you or to Sam or to Joe and I'd think God that recall is is amazing it's so it's like that they they've just got this identic memory and everything that they've ever read is able to come to the surface and they're able to say it in this way that's completely seamless and all the rest of it you go okay well are you really person that's never recorded a podcast before going to compare yourself to Joe Rogan man that's recorded a thousand and spent 10,000 hours on stage and done all of this UFC commentary and done all of this stuff in
对,但那不该是你的对照组。如果你有那份动力坐下来听我讲,还能跟着聊上三个小时这些深刻的话题、这些有意思的想法,那你其实早就已经从普通人群里被筛选出来了。你已经在问自己一些几乎没人、几乎其他任何人都不会问的问题。可问题就在于,你的对照组是那些表现好到不可思议的人。我记得在我开播客之前,我会听你的、听 Sam 的、听 Joe 的,然后心想:天哪,那种记忆提取能力真是惊人,太厉害了,就好像他们天生有过目不忘的记忆,读过的每一样东西都能随时浮到表层,而且还能用一种完全流畅自如的方式讲出来,诸如此类。然后你想,好吧,你真的要以一个从没录过播客的人的身份,去跟录了上千期、在舞台上花了一万个小时、还做了那么多 UFC 解说、做了那么多电视节目的 Joe Rogan 比吗?你真的要拿自己
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25:08
terms of TV is that really who you're going to compare yourself to and it's unfair and the problem that I see is people who have big dreams for themselves and want to do great things they like to set their sights High yeah and yet they feel despondent In the comparison so I think well there's a pride in that too e like can be I want to be well or that's who I should be comparing myself to right that's the pride and the pride is something like I should be that or even I could be that it's like well maybe you could but you're certainly not going to do it as you already pointed out without the apprenticeship right so you could say that the despondency is actually is is in proportion to the to the false Pride now I wrote a chapter in I think my first book which was compare yourself to who you are today not to who someone else is it's sorry I I mangled out to some degree but you get the point the proper comparison group for you is you yesterday because you can make first of all you're the you're your you're the
跟他比吗?这不公平。而我看到的问题是,那些对自己怀有远大梦想、想做成大事的人他们喜欢把目标定得很高,是的,可他们又在这种比较中感到沮丧。所以我觉得,这里面其实也有一种傲慢在。就像,我想成为那样的人,或者说,那才是我该去比较的对象——这就是那种傲慢。而这种傲慢大概是:我应该成为那样,甚至我本来能成为那样。那我说,也许你确实能,但你肯定做不到——正如你刚才已经指出的——没有经过学徒期是做不到的。所以可以说,那种沮丧的程度,其实和那份虚假的傲慢成正比。我在我的第一本书里写过一章,我想是第一本,讲的是:拿今天的你和昨天的你比,而不是和别人比。抱歉,我表达得有点粗糙,但你明白我的意思。对你来说,恰当的对照组是昨天的你。因为首先,你是唯一真正适合你的对照组,因为你有一套
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26:12
only control group that's appropriate to you because you have a certain set of talents and possibilities and limitations and tragedies that are truly unique to you and so you might be comparing yourself to someone else on some Dimension but it's not a reasonable comparison because you don't know what talents they were blessed with and you also don't know what opportunities they had that you didn't Etc it's just not a reasonable comparison it's a lot better to think about who you were and then to think well could you be somewhat better in some Dimension and the the positive thing about that is the answer is almost always yes now you can Orient that transformation towards some Stellar Target and that a reasonable thing to do but that doesn't exactly mean that you should compare yourself to that Target aiming at something and comparing yourself to it are not exactly the same thing plus your bloody comparison is also a delusion you know that's another thing that you have to understand is that you look at the person you're
独属于你的天赋、可能性、局限和人生悲剧,它们是真正独一无二的。所以你可能在某个维度上拿自己跟别人比,但那不是一个合理的比较,因为你不知道他们被赋予了什么样的天赋,你也不知道他们有过哪些你没有的机会等等。这根本就不是一个合理的比较。更好的做法是去想想昨天的你是什么样,然后想:你能不能在某个维度上稍微变好一点?而这件事好的地方在于,答案几乎总是肯定的。当然,你可以把这种转变朝着某个耀眼的目标去定向,这是合理的做法,但这并不完全等于你该拿自己去和那个目标比较。瞄准某样东西和拿自己去和它比较,并不完全是一回事。再说了,你那该死的比较本身也是一种妄想。这是另一件你必须明白的事:你看着你嫉妒的那个人,而你实际上在做的,
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27:17
jealous of and really what you're doing is you're you're looking through a very narrow aperture at a very thin slice of their life you're looking at the thin slice of their life that's turning out the best but you're also looking at a thin slice of their life that's marketed to be the best right and you have no idea what the horror of that person's life might be in its totality and you have no idea if like if the deal was say you wanted to be Russell Brand there's a good example you want it to be Russell Brand you want it to be as charismatic and as famous as he is well your real wish is that you get to have everything Russell Brand has but none of his problems well come on I mean that's just it's just it's no wonder that a vision like that would make you despondent because it's it's naive it's resentful it's jealous it's bitter and it's unreasonable you have to take the good with the bad you have to take the bad with the good and people very rarely think about that when they're thinking
是透过一个非常狭窄的孔径,去看他们生活中非常薄的一片。你看到的是他们生活中最光鲜的那一小片,而且你看到的那一小片还是被包装成最好的样子的。你根本不知道那个人的整个人生里可能藏着什么样的不堪和痛苦。完全不知道,比如说如果你的愿望是想成为罗素·布兰德,这是个很好的例子,你想成为罗素·布兰德,你想像他那样有魅力、那样有名,那你真正的愿望其实是:拥有罗素·布兰德拥有的一切,但不要他的任何烦恼。这么说吧,难怪这样一种愿景会让你灰心丧气,因为它太天真、太怨恨、太嫉妒、太苦涩,而且不合理。你必须连好带坏一起接受,有好就有坏,有坏就有好。可人们很少会去想这一点,当他们想到
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05创造力的代价:言语流畅与轻躁狂
28:25
about you know the famous people they think they'd like like to be there was a recent interview with Elon Musk where he said something my mind is a storm I don't think most people would want to be me right they may think they would want to be me but they don't they don't know they don't understand what do you think of that elon's someone that people probably look up to and admire and aspire to be one of the downsides to high level genius is you might describe it as hypermania so here's a simple test that people can do so this is a test of something called verbal fluency and verbal fluency is associated with creativity and so a ver here's a simple verb verbal fluency test write down as many four-letter words as you can in three minutes that begin with t okay that's that's pretty constrained four letters and T or or write down as many words as you can in three minutes to begin with S that's less constrained all right so there's quite a powerful correlation between the sheer number of words that
那些他们觉得自己想成为的名人时。最近有一段马斯克的采访,他说了一句话:我的脑子像一场风暴。我想大多数人并不会想成为我。他们可能以为自己想成为我,但其实不会,他们不知道,他们不明白。你怎么看这话?马斯克是那种大家很可能仰慕、崇拜、想要成为的人。高层次天才的一个副作用是,你可以把它形容为轻躁狂式的亢奋。有个很简单的测试大家可以做,这是一个叫做言语流畅性的测试,而言语流畅性跟创造力是相关的。所以,这是个简单的言语流畅性测试:在三分钟内尽可能多地写下以 T 开头的四个字母的单词。好吧,这个限制挺严的,四个字母,还得是 T 开头。或者写下三分钟内尽可能多的以 S 开头的单词,这个限制就宽松些。好的,结果发现有相当强的相关性,存在于你所能产出的单词数量与你一生的创造性成就之间,尤其是在
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29:33
you produce and your lifetime creative achievement right especially in the artistic and verbal domains that's different than vocabulary vocabulary is how many words you understand fluency is how many words you can produce in a given Dey of those words yeah well people vary to a degree that you can hardly imagine so some people if you get them to do the four-letter test in 3 minutes they'll write down like 12 words and some will write down 150 and the ones who are writing down 150 their minds are going at a hypomanic rate they're just thinking five times as fast yeah without any remission whatsoever and you know when that gets completely out of control you have manic you have someone who's Manic and there's nothing fun about manic that's where the word maniac comes from from and someone whose manic has a thousand different plans Each of which are one sentence long that they're hyper enthusiastic about they'll spend every scent of their money pursuing them and things just go immediately to hell and so that's the
艺术和语言领域。这跟词汇量不一样,词汇量是你能理解多少词,流畅性是你在给定时间内能产出多少词。在这些词上,人和人的差别大到你几乎无法想象。有些人如果让他们做三分钟的四字母测试,他们会写下大概 12 个词,有些人会写下150 个。而那些写下 150 个的人,他们的大脑是在以轻躁狂的速度运转,他们思考的速度是别人的五倍,而且完全没有停歇。你知道,当这种情况彻底失控时,就成了躁狂,就是一个躁狂发作的人,而躁狂一点都不好玩,maniac(疯子)这个词就是从这儿来的。躁狂的人会有一千个不同的计划,每个计划就一句话那么长,但他极度兴奋,会把每一分钱都花在追逐这些计划上,然后事情立刻一塌糊涂。所以那就是
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30:42
that's the outer limit of pathology on the creative front and someone like musk who's clearly a genius that's what he's contending with in his internal landscape now I'm not saying that he's manic because I see no signs of that but someone that creative is on that edge or you see someone like Ben Shapiro I mean it's very interesting to talk to Ben because and Russell Brand is the same way Shapiro speaks I think more rapidly than anyone I ever met but if you're with him you see very clearly that he's probably thinking five times that fast and that's a lot and when I was writing maps of meaning which was my first book I had a very difficult time shutting off my mind I was obsessed with that book and so I was writing about three hours a day and then I was thinking about the material like for 12 hours as and the thoughts came as way faster than thinking they probably came about as fast as I can read I can read about 12200 words a minute if the material isn't overwhelmingly dense and so it was just
创造力这条线上病理的极端。而像马斯克这样明显是天才的人,那正是他在自己内心世界里所要应对的东西。我并不是说他躁狂,因为我看不到任何这方面的迹象,但那么有创造力的人就是走在那个边缘上。或者你看本·夏皮罗,跟本聊天是很有意思的,因为——罗素·布兰德也一样——夏皮罗说话的速度我觉得比我见过的任何人都快,但如果你跟他在一起,你会很清楚地看到,他思考的速度大概还要再快五倍,那已经非常快了。当我在写《意义的地图》,也就是我的第一本书时,我很难让自己的脑子停下来。我对那本书着了魔,所以我每天写大概三个小时,然后大概有 12 个小时都在想那些材料。而且那些念头来得比一般思考快得多,它们大概跟我阅读的速度差不多快。如果材料不是特别晦涩,我一分钟大概能读 1200 个词。所以那基本上就是
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31:45
nonstop thought for like 16 hours a day that's part of the reason I started lifting weights because if I was lifting heavy enough think 12200 words a minute while I've got 100 pound on my back it was enough it was enough to shut it down and it was also one of the reasons that I drank because that was another thing that would shut it off yeah well I I think the price that people pay to be the person that you admire is just such an interesting frame to look at someone like Elon Musk my mind is a storm I don't think most people would want to be me the price that you would have to pay in order to be me is not one that you would but you're one of the richest men on the planet and you get to you know dance on stage and and release cars that bu proof and put rockets in space and stuff well yeah but what about all of the baggage what's the price what's well he also he also appears to me to be hyper conscientious and I know people who've worked with him like musk isn't just a creative genius he's also an
一天 16 个小时不停地在思考。这也是我开始举重的原因之一,因为如果我举的重量够大——试试背上扛着 100 磅还要一分钟想 1200 个词——那就够了,足够让它停下来,这也是我喝酒的原因之一,因为那是另一种能让它停下来的东西。是啊,我觉得,人们为了成为你所仰慕的那个人所付出的代价,是一个非常有意思的视角,用来看待像埃隆·马斯克这样的人。我的脑子像一场风暴,我想大多数人并不会想成为我。你为了成为我所要付出的代价,不是你愿意付的。但你是地球上最富有的人之一,你可以在台上跳舞,发布防弹的汽车,把火箭送上太空之类的。是啊,但那些包袱怎么算呢?代价是什么?他在我看来还是个极度尽责的人,我认识一些跟他共事过的人。马斯克不只是个创造性的天才,他还是个极其尽责的工程师,这
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32:44
extremely conscientious engineer which and really conscientious Engineers they have very interesting Minds I like talking to Engineers because my brother-in-law is a great engineer and when when he understands something Jim when he understands something thing he understands how to build it out of atoms right like he understands it at every single level and musk appears to me to be someone who's this rare combination of hyper creative but also hyper conscientious and I know that he works all the time yeah does that sort of uh hypertrophied executive function help to Wrangle some of the diffuse Creative Energy oh we're going to put it into this one thing at least for a while and then we'll move on to another thing yes yes definitely definitely you Eric Weinstein's a good example of someone I hope Eric isn't annoyed by this but Eric is unbelievably creative but he's not particularly conscientious and so his and and I think he found an occupation where that works extremely well because he's he I don't know if he's still doing
一点——真正尽责的工程师,他们的头脑非常有意思。我喜欢跟工程师聊天,因为我姐夫就是个很棒的工程师,当他理解一样东西时,吉姆,当他理解一样东西时,他明白怎么用一个个原子把它造出来,对吧,他在每一个层面上都理解它。而马斯克在我看来就是那种罕见的组合:极具创造力,同时又极其尽责。而且我知道他一直在工作。是啊,那种可以说是过度发达的执行功能,是不是有助于驾驭一部分弥散的创造能量?好,我们至少暂时把它全都投到这一件事上,然后再转到下一件事。是的,是的,绝对是。埃里克·温斯坦就是个很好的例子,我希望埃里克别因为这话生气,但埃里克的创造力高得难以置信,他却不怎么尽责,所以他——我觉得他找到了一份让这一点发挥得极好的职业,因为他——我不知道他现在是不是还在做
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33:43
this but he worked with Peter teal for quite a long time as his idea man right and Eric's an extremely interesting person musk is hyper creative and as far as I can tell hyper conscientious and the conscientiousness does Focus you know it it and and that lots of people who are creative aren't conscientious well it's rare like if you're one in the there's no correlation between creativity and conscientiousness okay so if you're one in a thousand if you're the most creative person in a thousand and you're the most conscientious person in a thousand you're one person in a million and musk is probably more like one person in a 100 million right something like that maybe more but or maybe a billion right maybe yeah it's interesting to consider the changes that happen to people as well as they as that their platforms as the scrutiny around them continues to increase obviously this has been a journey for you over the last you know nearly approaching 10 years now of was it 2006 was that pH c16 2016 2016 yeah
这个——但他跟彼得·蒂尔共事了相当长一段时间,做他的点子人,对吧。埃里克是个极其有意思的人。马斯克是极具创造力,而且据我所知也极其尽责,而尽责性确实会让你专注。而很多有创造力的人并不尽责。是啊,这很罕见,就好比如果你是——创造力和尽责性之间是没有相关性的。好,所以如果你是千里挑一,如果你是千人中最有创造力的那个,同时又是千人中最尽责的那个,那你就是百万里挑一的人,而马斯克大概更像是一亿里挑一,差不多是这个量级,也许还要更高,或者也许是十亿分之一,也许吧。是啊,还挺有意思的,想想人们身上发生的变化,随着他们的平台越来越大,围绕他们的关注度不断上升。显然这对你来说是一段旅程,在过去这,你知道的,快十年里了。是 2006 年吗?是 pH c16 吗?2016,2016,是的,抱歉。嗯,你觉得名气怎么改变了
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06成名之后看见的大规模士气低落
34:50
sorry um how have you found Fame change you what's been impacted or changed due to the the scrutiny and the surveillance and the Adoration and the criticism well the first thing that changed I think was that I saw misery on a scale that I hadn't really seen it before you know I had worked as a clinician for a long time and i' worked with say 20 people a week and I was always in the realm of difficult existential problems wrestling with my clients's problems alongside of them and I liked that a lot and then I had my research and I had my family and various business interests and so that misery in some ways was contained and boxed in and I had a lot of structure around that to be able to function despite the fact that you know I was neck deep in 20 people's serious problems which I really like by the way when when I started speaking on a larger scale and meeting more and more people this scale of demoralization really hit me I didn't know that I didn't know how deep the demoralization in our culture had become and I think
你?因为这些审视、这种被注视的状态、崇拜��批评,你身上什么受到了影响,什么变了?嗯,第一件改变的事,我想是我看到了一种以前从没真正见过的规模的痛苦。你知道,我做临床工作做了很长时间,我大概每周见 20 个人,而我一直处在那种艰难的存在性问题的领域里,和我的来访者一起摸索他们的问题,我很喜欢那样。然后我有我的研究,我有我的家庭,各种生意上的事,所以那种痛苦在某种程度上是被限制住、被框住的,而且我有很多结构在周围支撑着我,让我能正常运转,尽管你知道,我整天深陷在二十个人的严重问题里,顺便说一句,我其实很喜欢这个当我开始面向更大规模的人群演讲、接触越来越多的人时,这种士气低落的规模真的击中了我,我之前根本不知道我根本不知道我们文化中的士气低落已经深到什么程度,我觉得那时候这一点在年轻男性身上
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36:13
that was especially obvious to me at that point among young men now it looks like this is Jonathan Height's research is indicating this that possibly young women are even in worse shape but for whatever reason most most of the people I was meeting at least to begin with were young men I think it was probably because most of them far more people on YouTube are young men and so the it was shocking and brutal to see how much demoralization how widely spread the demoralization in our culture was other than that and that that was a real shock and it it was very hard on me I would say um everything else about it has been at minimum ridiculously interesting I have an unbelievable wealth of opportunity I'd be a fool to be anything but abjectly grateful I mean the misery that I saw was a shock and it hurt me and it it was part of what made how did that how did that impact you did it change the way that you see the world at
尤其明显,现在看来,乔纳森·海特的研究显示,也许年轻女性的状况甚至更糟,但不管出于什么原因,至少一开始,我遇到的大多数人都是年轻男性,我想大概是因为他们中大多数——YouTube 上的年轻男性要多得多——所以看到这一切既令人震惊又残酷看到我们文化中的士气低落有多严重、蔓延得有多广,除此之外,那真的是一次巨大的冲击,我得说那对我来说非常难熬,嗯,除此之外的一切至少可以说是极其有意思,我拥有难以置信的大量机会,如果我不心怀彻底的感激,那我就是个傻子,我是说我看到的那种痛苦是一种冲击,它伤到了我,它也是促成……那对你产生了什么影响?那有没有改变你看待世界的方式?
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37:26
all it made me understand more deeply how important it was to offer people an encouraging word I could see that so many people were dying psychologically or actually for lack of an encouraging word and so it made being in the position to provide that much more necessary mean part of the reason that Tammy and I too are const LLY is because it seems to be good it seems to be a good thing you know we've even seen changes in the audience so five years ago six years ago when we did our first tour a lot of the people who came to the talks were in pretty rough shape there were more men than there are now like the proportion of men to women was higher and the men were generally there alone and they were a lot of them were looking pretty ragged around the edges and now five years later half the audience comes in suits like it's as if they're dressed for a wedding most of the guys are there with some woman um the the audience members are doing much better and the lecture events are extremely positive you know if you
它让我更深刻地明白,给人一句鼓励的话有多重要,我能看到有那么多人因为缺少一句鼓励的话而在心理上、甚至真的在走向死亡,所以身处能够提供这种鼓励的位置就变得更加必要,塔米和我一直这么做的部分原因,就是因为这似乎是好事,这似乎是件好事,你知道,我们甚至看到了听众的变化,五六年前我们做第一次巡讲时,很多来听讲座的人状态都相当糟糕,男性比现在更多,男女比例更高,而且那些男人通常是一个人来的,他们中很多人看上去都相当憔悴落魄,而现在五年过去了,一半的听众穿西装来,就好像他们是去参加婚礼一样,大多数男士都带着女伴来,嗯,听众们的状态好得多了,讲座活动的氛围极其正面,你知道,如果你从外面看我的生活,你会以为我一直处在
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38:47
looked at my life from the outside you'd think that I was in a constant storm of you know aggravated controversy but all of that virtually all of that is virtual it's just in the online world now it touches the actual World from time to time because I am being pursued by my regulatory College inario yeah yeah yeah which is you know mostly just an annoyance and a Preposterous annoyance a Preposterous expensive and timec consuming annoyance but apart from that everything that's happened around me has been positive H that's a strange thing too positive at such an intensity that even that is daunting you know you'd think it's hard to imagine that you could be in a situation where things are so positive that you can barely stand it but but I am in that situation and it's quite something to contend with I I was fortunate I suppose to some degree that it didn't happen to me till I was old CU I've never really I've never really got accustomed to it I've had a thought about this observing what's happened to
一场激烈争议的风暴中,但所有这些,几乎所有这些都是虚拟的,只存在于网络世界里,现在它偶尔也会触及现实世界,因为我正被安大略的监管学院追着不放,是啊是啊那主要就是个麻烦事,一个荒唐的麻烦,一个荒唐的、昂贵又耗时的麻烦,但除此之外我身边发生的一切都是正面的,嗯,这也是件奇怪的事,正面到那种强度,以至于连这本身都让人望而生畏,你知道,你会觉得很难想象一个人能处在这样一种状况:事情好到你几乎承受不了但我确实处在那种状况里,那真的很不容易应付,我想在某种程度上我算幸运的,因为这些事直到我年纪大了才发生在我身上,因为我从来没有、从来没有真正习惯它,关于这个我有一个想法观察发生在你身上的事,你知道,温斯坦兄弟也是个很好的例子,我们常听到
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39:58
you and you know the Weinstein are a good example of this too we often hear the Perils of getting Fame too young the McCoy Culkin of the world the Britney Spears of the world you know uh individuals who don't have any sense of identity being thrust into a non-representative experience of the world and they're completely unmowed but I think that there's an equally interesting question to ask okay and what happens if you think you know who you are if you've spent de decades five decades six Decades of your life understanding your place your status the trajectory that you're on and then out of nowhere you get ripped away from all of the areas of reference all of the way markers that you thought you knew and now you're just floating in the air I imagine that could be even more disquieting in some ways well when everything blew up around me to begin with it was stressful I would say because my job was on the light my university job and I never thought that would happen I mean my when I worked at Harvard Anna at
太年轻成名的危险,像麦考利·卡尔金那样的人,像布兰妮·斯皮尔斯那样的人,你知道,那些还没有任何自我认同感的人,被抛进一种非典型的世界体验里,他们完全没有依托,但我觉得还有一个同样有意思的问题可以问,好吧,如果你以为自己知道自己是谁呢?如果你已经花了几十年五十年、六十年的人生去理解自己的位置、自己的地位、自己所处的轨迹,然后突然毫无预兆地,你被从所有的参照系、所有你以为自己熟悉的路标那里连根拔起现在你就那样悬在半空中,我想那在某些方面可能更让人不安,嗯,当我身边一切爆发的时候一开始我得说是有压力的,因为我的工作岌岌可危,我的大学工作,而我从没想过会发生那种事,我是说,我在哈佛工作时,还有在多伦多大学,那些都很正面,我真的很喜欢和我的研究生
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41:04
the University of Toronto that was all positive like I really liked working with my graduate students I had at least cordial relationships with my with my fellow faculty members at Harvard they were more than cordial at the University of Toronto most of the faculty members that I started to develop friendships with were also those who ended up moving away and so and they were often people who got offers from other places and you know they they would disappear and so a lot of the friends I developed at the University of Toronto went elsewhere and so I didn't get as tightly tied in with regards to Friendship networks among my peers as I had at Harvard for example but I had great relationships with undergraduates and with my graduate students that was plenty like I loved working with my graduate students and so it wasn't like I was pining and alone not at all and I had a good network of friends and um and so then that was threatened and really disappeared in 2016 um and my clinical practice was
一起工作,我和哈佛的同事们至少有着友好的关系,其实不止是友好,在多伦多大学我开始建立友谊的那些教职员工,大多后来都搬走了而且他们往往是收到了别处offer的人,你知道,他们就消失了,所以我在多伦多大学结交的很多朋友都去了别处,所以在同侪的友谊网络方面我没能像在哈佛那样扎得很深,但我和本科生以及我的研究生关系非常好,那已经足够了,我很喜欢和我的研究生一起工作,所以并不是说我孤单地渴望什么完全不是,我有一个不错的朋友圈,嗯,然后那些在2016年受到了威胁并且真的消失了,嗯,我的临床执业也受到了威胁,所以那让人不安,我想有些东西是一直延续着的,即使在我
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42:07
threatened and so that was unsettling I think there were things that continued though even when I was teaching as a university Professor the way I taught wasn't typical the things I taught weren't typical I thought for decades you know eventually someone's going to find out what I'm teaching and and you know there's going to be trouble I couldn't believe I was allowed encouraged to teach what I was teaching um but you know the universities and this was particularly true of Harvard in the 90s that's how they were structured what was so rebellious about what what you were teaching well there wasn't really anybody who was concentrating on the Nexus between say architect ideas archetypal and religious ideas in Neuroscience so that wasn't a thing I mean there was a few people Yak panp was one of them who a lot of the researchers who were interested in the Neuroscience of emotion became interested in deep narrative because they started to understand that our emotional life is a story that's a good way of thinking
还是大学教授授课的时候,我教的方式也不典型,我教的内容也不典型,几十年来我一直在想,你知道总有一天会有人发现我在教什么,然后,你知道,就会有麻烦,我简直不敢相信我被允许、甚至被鼓励去教我所教的东西,嗯,但你知道,大学——尤其是九十年代的哈佛——就是那样构建的,你教的东西有什么叛逆之处呢?嗯,当时其实没什么人专注于——比如说——原型观念、宗教观念与神经科学之间的交汇点,所以那不是一个成熟的领域,我是说有少数几个人,雅克·潘克塞普就是其中之一,很多对情绪神经科学感兴趣的研究者开始对深层叙事产生兴趣,因为他们开始明白,我们的情感生活就是一个故事,这是个不错的思考
便签引用
43:21
about it and that we're guided you know we're Guided by our emotional instincts and what are emotional instincts do is put us into certain stories that's what it means to be in love for example is that you're in a love story and it's not it's not uh a particular balance of oxytocin and endorphins that you are aware of it's not broken down to its constituent Parts no definitely not part of a narrative that you tell yourself about what this means and how this feels right right well and it's interesting that the Instinct manifests itself as a story and so I was very interested in narrative and story and I and also see no psychologist study Carl Yung like literally virtually none really now oh yeah yeah oh definitely not I mean psychology psychology really developed in some ways as the materialist antithesis to psychoanalysis so Freud and Yung and even Adler to some degree they were off limits for for scientifically trained behavioral psychologists and that's what I was and am like I trained at Migel there were no
方式,而且我们是被引导的,你知道,我们是被情感本能引导的,而情感本能所做的就是把我们放进某些故事里,比如说,所谓恋爱,就是你身处一个爱情故事里,它不是它不是你能意识到的某种催产素和内啡肽的特定配比,它不会被拆解成组成部分,绝对不是,它是你对自己讲述的一段叙事的一部分,关于这意味着什么、这感觉如何,对对,嗯,有意思的是本能是以故事的形式显现出来的,所以我对叙事和故事非常感兴趣,而且我还发现没有心理学家研究卡尔·荣格,字面意义上几乎没有,真的吗,现在哦是的是的,哦绝对没有,我是说,心理学在某种意义上是作为精神分析的唯物主义对立面发展起来的,所以弗洛伊德、荣格,甚至某种程度上包括阿德勒,对受过科学训练的行为心理学家来说都是禁区,而我当时是、现在也是这样的人,我在麦吉尔受训,那里根本没有
便签引用
44:30
courses in psychoanalytic theory at Mill I read Freud and Yung completely on my own uh flying in the face of the advice that I was getting even from my well-meaning graduate supervisor who was a great guy and who never got in my way in the least quite the contrary but I was warned for example when I went on the job market not to talk about the things that I was truly interested in and I ignored that by the way and what that meant was some places that I went to apply for a job didn't want me but then Harvard did so that worked out quite nicely you know and that's one of the advantages too also of being true to your own vision is that you won't get what you don't want see I didn't want to go work somewhere where they wouldn't want me I wanted to go work somewhere where they wanted me so my strategy was well this is who I am and if you don't want me you know that's a drag because I'm looking for a job but by the same token I'm not going to pretend to be someone other than who I am so I can
精神分析理论的课程,弗洛伊德和荣格完全是我自己读的,嗯,这完全违背了我当时收到的建议甚至包括我那位好意的研究生导师给的建议,他是个很棒的人,从来没有丝毫阻拦过我,恰恰相反,但比如说,当我去求职市场的时候,我被警告不要谈论那些我真正感兴趣的东西,顺便说,我没理会那个建议,结果就是我去申请工作的一些地方不要我,但后来哈佛要了我,所以结果相当不错,你知道,这也是忠于自己愿景的好处之一:你不会得到你不想要的东西,你看,我并不想去一个不想要我的地方工作,我想去一个想要我的地方工作,所以我的策略是好吧,这就是我,如果你不想要我,你知道,那挺糟的,因为我在找工作,但同样地我也不会为了能在这里工作而假装成另一个人,那是多蠢的一种开始
便签引用
45:35
work here what a stupid way of starting your career well that goes back to the truth right telling the truth what are you going to if you tell a sufficiently seductive lie what is the best that you can hope for right the person that you're telling the lie to falls in love with a projection right right absolutely well when I applied to graduate school I wrote a crazy admissions letter and I basically out who I was flaws and all and what I was interested in and two people three people bit and the one that I liked best partly because he was at Mill and I wanted to be in Montreal was my graduate supervisor Robert Peele and he knew what he was getting and we had a great time I still work with him like I had one of the best relationships with Bob that I've ever had with anyone in my life and it's lasted four decades and it was because like Bob's a very honest person we were very different he's very practical he's a very good administrator managerial type although he's he's super smart he had an exhaustive knowledge of the
职业生涯的方式啊,嗯,这又回到了真话,对吧,讲真话,你要怎么……如果你讲了一个足够诱人的谎言,你能指望的最好结果是什么?对吧,就是你欺骗的那个人爱上了一个投射,对对,完全正确,嗯,我申请研究生院的时候,写了一封疯狂的入学申请信,我基本上把我是谁、连同我的缺点,还有我感兴趣的东西全都摊了出来,有两个人、三个人接了招,而我最喜欢的那位——部分原因是他在麦吉尔,而我想待在蒙特利尔——就是我的研究生导师罗伯特·皮尔,他知道他要的是什么样的人,我们合作得非常愉快,我到现在还和他一起工作,我和鲍勃的关系是我这辈子和任何人有过的最好的关系之一,而且持续了四十年,这是因为,鲍勃是个非常诚实的人,我们非常不同,他非常务实,是个很出色的管理者类型,虽然他也超级聪明,他对相关的研究心理学文献了如指掌,而我进来的时候,你知道,是乘着一张由
便签引用
46:39
relevant research psychology literature and I came in you know flying on a mat of psychoanalytic theory and philosophy and religious ideas very very different although we shared a real deep interest in the practicalities of research and he taught me how to fall in love with the more scientific end of the research distribution but the point I'm making is that he knew he knew what he was getting right from the beginning and so did I and that worked like a charm there was no re reason for any sort of subterfuge and it turned out that our his talents and mine dovetailed extremely well so and we had a blast I loved working with well like that's why we been working together for 40 years I traveled all over North America with because we also started a business and uh it was great it was great the thing is you know if you tell people who you are and an opportunity opens up it opens up for you yes not for this thing you've created this lie this this story that Douglas Murray told me about one of his first bosses at an
精神分析理论、哲学和宗教观念织成的毯子飞进来的,非常非常不同,尽管我们都对研究的实操层面有着真正深切的兴趣,是他教会我爱上研究谱系中更偏科学的那一端,但我想说的重点是,他从一开始就知道他要的是什么样的人我也知道,这一点效果奇佳,完全没有任何需要遮掩的理由,而且结果证明他的才能和我的才能配合得极其好,所以我们玩得很开心,我很喜欢和他共事,这就是为什么我们一起工作了四十年,我和他跑遍了整个北美,因为我们还一起创办了一家公司,嗯,那很棒那真的很棒,关键在于,你知道,如果你如实告诉别人你是谁,那么当机会敞开时,它是为你敞开的,是的,不是为你编造出来的那个东西、那个谎言、那个故事,道格拉斯·默里跟我讲过他在早期供职的一家报社里
便签引用
47:46
early newspaper that he worked at I can't remember the gentleman's name this guy is a legend within the industry he's been working for a long time he's accumulated a number of uh haters and and fans and toward the back end of his career as Douglas is starting his he decides that he wants to release a West End play about the life of Prince Charles in rhyming couplets adventurous as as West End plays go and obviously there was all of this scrutiny because he was this very welln individual within the publishing world and uh opening night by the halftime interval there was no one left in the entire Auditorium including the cast and this guy was devastated right and he was mocked in the press and all the rest of it apparently Douglas saw him shortly afterward and asked him kindly he was like look like what were you thinking West End play about the life of Prince Charles and [ __ ] rhyming couplets he said well Douglas I followed my instincts and instincts that may sometimes Lead You Wrong mhm but they're
遇到的一位老板,我记不住那位先生的名字,这人在业内是个传奇,他干这行很久了他积累了一批仇视他的人,也积累了一批粉丝,在他职业生涯的后期,正当道格拉斯刚开始他自己的生涯时,他决定要推出一部西区舞台剧,讲查尔斯王子的生平,还用押韵对句写成,就西区剧目而言算是相当大胆的,显然,这事受到了各种关注,因为他在出版界是个非常有名的人物,然后,嗯,首演之夜,到中场休息的时候,整个剧场里一个人都不剩了,连演员都跑光了,这家伙彻底崩溃了,对吧,他还被媒体嘲讽,诸如此类,据说不久之后道格拉斯见到了他,很客气地问他,他说,你当时到底在想什么啊,一部关于查尔斯王子生平的西区剧,还他妈用押韵对句?他说,道格拉斯啊,我跟随了我的直觉,直觉有时候确实会把你带错路,嗯,但它们是
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48:51
the only thing that's ever led you right right right and that stuck with me because yeah well well there there there's something very relevant there too on the instinctual front Okay so things will beckon to you and call to you and you'll have intuitions about which pathway to take and you will in all likelihood follow those because what else do you have you have these orienting instincts this is another reason why you don't lie CU if you lie and you practice lying you pathologize your instincts and then your intuitions lead you wrong and so there's a sin that's laid out in the gospels it's the sin against the Holy Ghost and it's unforgivable and people have been debating for like 2,000 years about what this particular sin is but it's something like the pathologization of the instincts that Orient you if you sacrifice your relationship to the truth you warp your vision and then you can't see and then one day it'll be dark and there'll be sharp things in the fall in front of you and you'll wander right
唯一曾经把你带对过的东西,对对对,这话我一直记着,因为,是啊,嗯,这里面有个非常相关的点也是关于本能这一面的,好吧,有些东西会向你招手、呼唤你,你会对该走哪条路产生直觉,而你多半会跟随那些直觉,因为你还有什么别的呢?你有的就是这些定向的本能,这也是你不该说谎的另一个原因,因为如果你说谎、如果你反复练习说谎,你就让自己的本能病态化了,然后你的直觉就会把你带错路,福音书里讲到一种罪,就是亵渎圣灵的罪,而且是不可饶恕的,两千年来人们一直在争论这种特定的罪到底是什么,但它大概就是指那些为你指引方向的本能被病态化了,如果你牺牲了自己与真理的关系你就扭曲了自己的视力,然后你就看不见了,然后某一天天黑了,你面前的地上有尖锐的东西而你会直接一头撞上去,因为你已经让自己的视力病态化了,是啊,你不该
便签引用
49:58
into them because you've pathologized your own Vision yeah you don't want to lie because you you program yourself falsely and then you automatically see what isn't there and then of course the world will slap you in the face continually and you'll think oh my God the world's such a pathological place when the truth of the matter is is that no you just keep running into things that you refuse to see and then you think well the world's made of nothing but obstacles it's like well you put the obstacles in your own path and you did that by developing these complex self-serving delusions a story that you tell other people about who you are that isn't true you're trying to lay out a map that bears no relationship to reality and you keep wondering why you wander off the path and into a pit it's like well how could it be otherwise if see if you really un this people have commented to me many times about my bravery and I I I don't like that I it's it's it's not right I'm afraid of different things
说谎,因为你会把自己错误地编程,然后你会自动看见并不存在的东西,然后当然这个世界会不断扇你耳光,你会想,我的天,这世界真是个病态的地方,而事实的真相是不,你只是不断撞上那些你拒绝去看的东西,然后你就想,这世界除了障碍什么都没有,其实是,那些障碍是你自己放在自己路上的,你之所以那么做,是因为你发展出了这些复杂的自利妄想,一个你讲给别人听的关于你是谁的、并不真实的故事,你是在画一张与现实毫无对应关系的地图,然后你还一直纳闷自己为什么老是走偏、掉进坑里,这怎么可能不是这样呢?你看,如果你真的懂这一点——很多人多次跟我说起我的勇敢,我不喜欢那种说法,那不对,我只是害怕的东西和一般人不一样,也许这样
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51:06
than the typical person maybe that's a good way of thinking about it I'm way more afraid of the consequences of saying something that's false or wandering off the appropriate path than I am of whatever consequences might come for saying what I believe and doing what I believe to be the case I'm way more afraid of that you know I've been reading the gospel of St Matthew I'm I'm writing a book at the moment called we who wrestle with God and one of the things Christ says to people continually is to not damage their vision is to not put that's the best way of putting it don't olude your eye you can see what's in front of you if you're willing to see it and if you're willing to see it the terrible OB many of the terrible obstacles in life you can just walk around but if you blind yourself purposefully to follow your own narrow self-serving delusion you're going to run into terrible things and terrible people and the terrible part of your own soul all the time that's what you should be afraid of well the best thing that
说比较恰当,比起说出我相信的话、做我认为对的事可能带来的后果,我远远更害怕说出虚假之言、或者偏离正确道路的后果,我远远更害怕那个,你知道,我一直在读《马太福音》,我现在正在写一本书,叫《我们这些与神摔跤的人》基督反复告诉人们的一件事,就是不要损害他们的视力,不要让……这是最好的说法不要蒙蔽你的眼睛,只要你愿意去看,你就能看见眼前的东西,而如果你愿意去看生活中许多可怕的障碍你是可以绕过去的,但如果你为了追随自己那套狭隘的自利妄想而故意让自己失明,那你就会一直撞上可怕的事、可怕的人,还有你自己灵魂里可怕的那部分,那才是你该害怕的,嗯,如果你真那么做了,你能指望的最好结果就是
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52:18
you can hope for if you do do that is to fluke success living somebody else's life right right great wonderful yeah exactly you get to be you get to be a successful fraud I remember this documentary about Ron Jeremy I think they called him the Hedgehog he was this famous porn star I've seen a music video with him in yeah yeah okay not one of the world's most attractive people physically and you know he lived in this very interesting world he lived in this world he was stopped constantly on the street by people who thought Ron Jeremy was a hero right so he was in hell because the people who admired him were the people who admired he was surrounded by the people who thought that he was an avatar of of success right and so he got what he wanted I suppose he had easy access to easy women in other news this episode is brought to you by manscaped if you are a gentleman who is still using an old face shaver from three Christmases ago to trim your gentleman's area what are you doing join us here in the modern world there are
侥幸成功,过着别人的人生,对对,太好了,太棒了,是啊,正是如此,你最终会成为、会成为一个成功的骗子,我记得这个关于罗恩·杰里米的纪录片,我记得他们管他叫'刺猬',他是个很有名的成人片明星,我看过一个音乐录影带有他出镜的,对对,好吧,他外形上并不算是世界上最有魅力的人,你知道,他生活在这样一个非常有意思的世界里,他生活在这样的世界里,走在街上不断被人拦下来,因为那些人觉得罗恩·杰里米是个英雄,对吧?所以他其实身处地狱,因为崇拜他的那些人,崇拜他的那些人,他被这样一群人包围着他们认为他是成功的化身,对吧?所以他得到了他想要的,我想他可以轻易地接触到那些容易得手的女人另外插一句,本期节目由 Manscaped 赞助,如果你是位绅士,却还在用三个圣诞节以前的旧剃须刀来修剪你的私密部位,你在干什么呢?快来加入我们现代人的行列吧,市面上有
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53:24
purpose built tools for the job and the brand new lawn mower 5.0 Ultra is the tool that you need it's got a Cutting Edge ceramic blade to reduce grooming accidents a 90-minute battery so that you can take a longer shave waterproof technology so that you can groom in the shower and an LED light which illuminates grooming areas for a closer and more precise trim or if you just want to do it in the dark like a ninja would going into the holiday season you might want to get the man in your life a gift or hint at him that he's a tiny bit more hairy than you would like and the manscaped lawn mower 5.0 Ultra is the perfect blending of these two worlds so since we're on YouTube I can't show you how this actually works but what I can show you is that transformation right there that's you gentlemen unwrap the gift of smoothness this season by going to the link in the description below or heading to manscaped.com wisdom using the code wisdom a checkout for 20% off and free shipping that's manscape.com
为此专门设计的工具,全新的 Lawn Mower 5.0 Ultra 就是你需要的那个工具,它配有尖端的陶瓷刀片,减少修剪意外,90 分钟续航电池,让你可以慢慢刮,防水技术,让你可以在淋浴时打理,还有一个 LED 灯,可以照亮修剪区域,让修剪更贴近、更精准,或者如果你就是想像忍者一样在黑暗中操作也行,节日季就要到了,你可能想给你生命中的那位男士送份礼物,或者暗示他毛发比你希望的稍微多了那么一点点,而 Manscaped 的 Lawn Mower 5.0 Ultra 正是这两个世界的完美结合,既然我们是在 YouTube 上,我没法给你演示它实际是怎么用的,但我能给你看的是那边那个前后对比,那就是你,先生们,这个季节就送出光滑顺畅这份礼物吧,点击下方简介里的链接,或者访问 manscaped.com/wisdom,结账时使用优惠码 wisdom 可享八折并免运费,网址是 manscaped.com/wisdom,结账时输入 wisdom,那么让我来给你讲讲这个,这就是
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07泡妞术、伪装自信与精神病态
54:15
wisdom and wisdom at checkout well let me give you let me give you this this is why I think the beginning of the incel movement and the black pill movement was born out of pick a partistry the origin if you trace it back using internet history of the incel blackpill uh ideology was a I think it a subreddit or a website called Pua hate pickup artist hate and what it was was a group of men who had been through the pipeline of pickup Artistry yeah and come out the other side with a very jaded and even more jaded view of the world even more jaded yes and I'll tell you why so what happened Happ s if a guy learns old school mid2 norts pickup Artistry is you realize that there is a particular set of actions a script that you can run which makes it more likely that a woman is going to go to bed with you right right right right but what you realize when you do that as you learn how to neg and do Kino escalation and tell them that story about the [ __ ] fight outside or whatever your script is that you're running you then begin to
为什么我认为 incel(非自愿独身者)运动和黑药丸运动的开端正是源自泡妞术,这个源头如果你顺着互联网历史往回追溯,incel 黑药丸意识形态的源头是,我想是一个叫 PUA Hate 的 subreddit 或者网站,就是'泡妞高手憎恨',它其实是一群男人,他们经历了泡妞术的整套流程,对,然后从另一头出来时,对世界抱着非常愤世嫉俗,甚至更加愤世嫉俗的看法,更加愤世嫉俗,是的,我来告诉你为什么,所以一个男人学了老派的两千年代中期泡妞术之后会发生什么呢?你会意识到,存在一套特定的行为、一套剧本,你照着演,就更有可能让一个女人跟你上床,对吧,对对对,但是你在这么做的时候会意识到什么呢?当你学会打压(neg)、学会肢体升级(Kino escalation),跟她们讲那个关于外面那场该死的打架的故事,或者不管你演的是什么剧本,你就开始看清,那个角色跟你真实
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55:25
see just how far away that person is from the person that you actually show up as right who you are and this extravagant Persona that you need to convolute into existence in order to get this woman into bed makes you feel worse even F the gap between where you are and what you have to do in order to achieve the thing that you want now what you don't realize is that there are a million other ways that you could become sufficiently Charming to get this person to like you this is by actually doing it example this is just one that happens to be robust and easy enough to write down in a book and easy enough for it's basically a form of scripted psychopathy so what a psychopath does is feain competence right so most psychopaths are very emotionally stable and so one of the early stage markers for competence is self-possession and calmness and so if you're not an anxious person you've got an edge on that already and most psychopaths are very high in emotional stability and so they look confident
呈现出来的那个人差得有多远,对吧,你到底是谁,而这个你必须费尽心机编造出来的浮夸人设,只为了把这个女人弄上床,这会让你感觉更糟,你和你为了得到你想要的东西所必须做的事之间的那道鸿沟让你更加难受,而你没意识到的是,其实还有一百万种别的方法可以让你变得足够有魅力,从而让这个人喜欢上你,这是通过真正去做到,比如说,泡妞术只不过是碰巧足够可靠、足够容易写进一本书里,也足够容易让人学会,它基本上就是一种照本宣科的精神变态,精神变态者做的事就是伪装能力,对吧,所以大多数精神变态者情绪都非常稳定,而情绪稳定正是判断能力强弱的早期标志之一就是沉着和冷静,所以如果你不是个容易焦虑的人,你在这方面已经有优势了,而大多数精神病态者情绪稳定性都非常高,所以他们看起来很自信,因为自信的人通常不会那么
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56:35
because confident people tend not to be that nervous like if you're doing something you're expert at well you're not nervous because you know how to do it okay so the lack of nervousness is a hint to competence well you can feain that you can feain competence you can feain confidence that's what the pickup artists teach now I would say there's even some utility and what they do right because if you're dependent and bitter and resentful and charmless and self destructive and nervous and socially unskilled the probability that you're going to be successful with women is very very low okay so you should be other than who you are now if you start putting on this Persona then you could think about that as a new suit of clothes and you could learn through through that how to fill in the gaps take it until you make it absolutely absolutely but if you take on that without doing the effort necessary to integrate that in a genuine way then all that's happening is that you're you're being rewarded for being fake yeah right
紧张,就像你在做一件自己很擅长的事时,你不会紧张,因为你知道该怎么做对吧,所以不紧张是能力的一个暗示,但你可以假装,你可以假装有能力,你可以假装自信,这正是那些「把妹达人」教的东西。我得说,他们做的事甚至有一定的用处因为如果你依赖别人、满腹怨气、充满怨恨、毫无魅力、自我毁灭、紧张兮兮、社交上又笨拙,那你在女性那里成功的概率就非常非常低。所以你应该变成跟现在的自己不一样的人。如果你开始披上这层人设,你可以把它想成一套新衣服,你可以通过它学会怎么把欠缺的地方补上「装久了就成真了」,完全没错,完全没错。但如果你披上这层东西,却不下必要的功夫把它真正地整合进自己,那么发生的就只是——你因为「装假」而得到奖赏,对,没错,而这也正是其中的问题之一
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57:43
and that's part of the problem with that too is that you're practicing learning how to manipulate people in a psychopathic way and if you practice that of course you're going to become jaded like there's nothing more jaded than a psychopath I mean that's that's the ultimate extreme of jadedness and if you practice manipulating especially if the women happen to be reasonably good women if you practice manipulating them and you're successful then you're learning to be one you're learning to be one horrible person now you know as your completely useless unproductive and undesirable former self you weren't exactly Stellar to begin with but substituting psychopathy for that what sort of like substituting cynicism for naivity now that's a complex problem I mean part of the reason that people like Andrew Tate are so attractive to young guys is because they do put up that confident that false confidence Tate's a complicated guy because it's not all false you know real people are complicated the way that like villains
另一个问题是,你其实是在练习用精神病态的方式操纵别人,而如果你一直练这个,你当然会变得麻木。没有什么比精神病态者更麻木的了,我是说那是麻木的终极形态。而如果你练习操纵,尤其当那些女性恰好是相当不错的女性,如果你练习操纵她们并且成功了,那你就是在学着成为那样的人,你在学着成为一个糟糕透顶的人。当然啦,作为你从前那个彻底无用、毫无产出、毫无吸引力的自己,你本来也算不上出色,但用精神病态来取代它,就有点像用玩世不恭去取代天真。这是个复杂的问题。我是说,像安德鲁·泰特这类人之所以对年轻男性这么有吸引力,部分原因就是他们确实摆出了那种自信,那种虚假的自信。泰特是个复杂的人,因为那并不全是假的。你知道,真实的人是复杂的,不像漫画书里的反派那样扁平。他是个格斗者,很明显
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58:53
in in comic books aren't hates a fighter it's clearly the case that he's got a certain degree of physical bravery that's real all right there's an element of what he says that's very attractive to bed bedroom basement dwelling losers because he's at least there out in the world you know taken the blows and he's got a fast car and he's flashy and he's attractive to women but a lot of what he's done especially with women doesn't just border into the psychopathic it crosses the line and that's not a good model it's not an optimal model for people who are trying to progress but it's a strange thing because just as cynicism is an improvement over naivity right the capacity to be dark is an improvement over the lack of ability to be dark at all and so Tate is attractive in the way that the shadow beckons to people who are undeveloped right because it does it's like you're you're neurotic and you're dependent and you're repressed because you're immature and harmless well one way out of that is to stop
他确实有一定程度的身体上的勇气,那是真的。他说的话里有一部分对那些窝在卧室、住在地下室的失败者极具吸引力,因为他至少是在真实世界里闯荡的,你知道是挨过打的,而且他有跑车、够张扬、对女人有吸引力。但他做的很多事尤其是对女性做的那些,不只是擦到精神病态的边,而是越过了那条线,那不是个好榜样对于想要进步的人来说,那不是个最优的榜样。但奇怪的地方在于,就像玩世不恭相比天真是一种进步一样,对吧,有能力展现「黑暗面」相比完全没有这种能力也是一种进步。所以泰特的吸引力,就像阴影对那些尚未发展成熟的人的召唤,对吧,因为它确实如此就好比说,你神经质、你依赖别人、你压抑,因为你不成熟、人畜无害那么走出这种状态的一条路,就是不再做一个无害的人。而关于泰特,你可以说的一点就是,他并不
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1:00:03
being harmless and one of the things you can say about Tate is that he's not harmless right well that's that's a it's a virtue now it's a virtue that has to be bracketed it's like cynicism is a virtue compared to naivity but it's not it's not virtuous in and of itself it's a step on the way and so maybe you can learn how to Fain confidence and you can learn how that works and maybe that's an improvement I had a guy in my clinical practice who got involved with the pickup artist community and he told me taught me a lot about it and one of the exercises that their initiates had to do was to go out and ask 50 women for their phone number in one day and that's a great exercise you know and I'm not exposure therapy approach anxiety absolutely absolutely getting over your fear of rejection right and 50 times they'll do that because you're going to get rejected the vast majority of times likely 50 times although generally that wasn't people's experience you know if if they were even vaguely skilled they'd
无害,对吧。那算是一种美德,但这种美德必须加上限定条件。就像玩世不恭相比天真是一种美德,但它本身并不是美德,它只是路上的一步。所以也许你可以学会怎么假装自信,学会它是怎么运作的,也许那算是一种进步。我临床执业时有个来访者卷入了「把妹达人」那个圈子,他跟我讲了很多,教了我不少。其中一个新人必须完成的练习,就是出去在一天之内向50个女性要电话号码,而那其实是个很棒的练习。你知道,我并不是……这是暴露疗法,用来处理焦虑——完全正确,完全正确,克服你对被拒绝的恐惧,对吧,而50次他们会去做,因为你绝大多数时候都会被拒绝,很可能50次全被拒。不过一般来说人们的实际经历并不是那样。你知道,只要他们稍微有点技巧,至少也能从中弄到一个假号码
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1:01:03
at least get a false phone number out of the deal but then they could they learn that the rejection wasn't as catastrophic as they thought but more importantly they learned that they could continue moving forward in the face of rejection so the thing that it makes me think about there is intellectual humility and how tightly people hold on to their beliefs that if you believe that you are always is going to be right that there is nothing to learn outside of you and that any kind of admission that you might be wrong is tant amount to destruction it does exactly the same thing you need to and it goes back to uh asking stupid questions being prepared to ask the stupid questions and look not like the most informed person in the room but also importantly nowhere near the most stupid person in the room because you're the one that's asking the question well the stupidest person in the room is the person who doesn't know and won't ask or even worse who doesn't know and won't ask and acts like they
但接着他们就学到,被拒绝并没有他们想象的那么灾难性。而更重要的是,他们学到了自己能够在被拒绝之后继续向前走。这让我联想到的是「理智上的谦逊」以及人们把自己的信念抓得有多紧。如果你相信自己永远是对的相信在你之外没有什么可学的,相信任何承认自己可能错了的举动都等同于毁灭,那结果是一样的。这又回到了——问愚蠢的问题,愿意去问那些愚蠢的问题,看起来不像房间里最懂的人,但同样重要的是,你也远远不是房间里最蠢的那个人,因为你就是那个敢提问的人。是啊,房间里最蠢的人是那个不懂又不肯问的人,或者更糟,不懂、不肯问,还装出一副
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08爱你的敌人:敌意采访的真实用处
1:01:56
know that's not good at all yeah there's a from your see that's part of that idea that you should love your enemy so you might say well why should you do that well your enemy is going to be your harshest critic now it's possible that if you have a very good enemy that he will show you flaws in your character that you didn't know were there and so that's a it's a very it's a very strange way of looking at the world to think that you should welcome an attack you should it and this is but this is right it yeah I'm saying that with all due caution let's say the most the more vicious the attack the more of your potential hidden flaws might be revealed have you found that to be true oh definitely but I've also found that the attacks force you to contend with it to to see if it's there right to to test it I suppose the attacks that have come after me that have been most successful they they're almost always journalists and they're usually British female journalists but not always we produce a a nation of hardhead
什么都懂的样子,那就太糟糕了。是啊,这也是「你应当爱你的敌人」这个观念的一部分。你可能会说,为什么要这么做呢?因为你的敌人会是你最严厉的批评者。而如果你有一个非常好的敌人,他有可能指出你性格中你自己都不知道存在的缺陷,所以这是一种非常、非常奇怪的看待世界的方式——认为你应该欢迎攻击。你应该……而这……但这是对的。是的,我说这话时是带着应有的谨慎的。可以说,攻击越是恶毒,你身上潜在的隐藏缺陷就可能被揭露得越多。你发现真是这样吗?噢,绝对是。但我也发现,攻击会迫使你去正视它去看看那个缺陷是不是真的在那儿,对吧,去检验它。我想,那些冲我来的攻击里最成功的,几乎总是记者,而且通常是英国的女记者,但也不全是。我们盛产一整个国家的硬骨头记者。是啊,而且英国民众对记者的信任度是全英国、乃至整个西方世界最低的,我也能
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1:03:12
journalists yeah well and faith in journalists is the lowest in the UK and anywhere in the western world and I can see why you know but there's some Advantage there's some real advantage to facing someone it's a Pharisee problem in in the gospels Christ was always contending with these Pharisees and what the Pharisees were always trying to do was to lay a verbal trap for him so is a Pharisee a person Pharisee was a was a Jewish sect okay and the Pharisees were very legalistic in their interpretation of Mosaic law and so they were sort of they were hypocritical the way they're portrayed in the gospel S as they're hypocritical by the book moralists and part of what and most of their morality was for show they like to pray in public they like to be seen being holy at least that's the criticisms that are levied against them and what they're always trying to do in the gospel accounts is to lay a verbal trap for Christ so that they can expose him as a heretic and kill them right so every single thing
理解为什么。不过,直面某个人还是有好处的,有真正的好处。这是个「法利赛人问题」在福音书里,基督总是在和这些法利赛人较量,而法利赛人一直想做的就是给他设下语言陷阱。所以法利赛人是指某个人吗?法利赛是犹太教的一个派别。好的。法利赛人在解释摩西律法时非常拘泥于条文,所以他们有点……他们是虚伪的,按照福音书里对他们的描绘,他们是照本宣科的虚伪道德家。而他们的道德大多是做给人看的:他们喜欢当众祷告,喜欢让人看见自己很虔诚——至少这是加诸他们身上的批评。而在福音书的记载里,他们一直想做的就是给基督设下语言陷阱,好让他们能把他定为异端并杀掉他,对吧。所以他们说的每一句话都是某种圈套。而且
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1:04:14
they say is a snare of some sort and there's lots of journalists like that Nelly Bulls who wrote an article about me for the New York Times which was a very devastating article in many ways and very Serpentine and and subtle she 3 years later she wrote another article about what it was like to work for the New York Times when she was working there and the tricks that the journalists played including her and she said that the game was to devastate someone else's reputation in the attempt to boost yours right so you could think about it as a game of comparative moral standing so the journalist's trick is to trick you into saying something that will end your career essentially their social status stands on the shoulders of yours AB absolutely absolutely and so now the the advantage to being in a situation like that is that you have to step if you step extremely carefully and you're fortunate then you evade the traps and then the interview tilts hard in your favor yeah and so the most the interviews that have done me
有很多记者就是这样。内莉·鲍尔斯,她为《纽约时报》写过一篇关于我的文章,那篇文章在很多方面都极具杀伤力,而且非常迂回、非常微妙。三年后她又写了一篇文章,讲她在《纽约时报》工作时那里是什么样子,以及记者们——包括她自己——玩的那些把戏。她说这个游戏就是摧毁别人的名声,以此抬高自己的名声,对吧。所以你可以把它想成一场关于相对道德地位的游戏。所以记者的把戏就是诱使你说出某句会终结你职业生涯的话。本质上,他们的社会地位是踩在你的肩膀上的。完全、完全正确。所以说,处在那种情境中的好处在于,你必须极其小心地走每一步。如果你走得极其小心,又有点运气,那么你就能躲过那些陷阱,然后整场访谈就会大幅倒向对你有利的一边。是的,所以那些
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1:05:29
the most good in the long run were the two interviews that were most hostile one by channels 4 Griffin Kathy Kathy new Kathy Newman Cathy Griffin and Kathy Kathy at least had a sense of humor another one by Helen Lewis who had no sense of humor at all and doesn't seem to have learned anything at all in the interim but I think that I think that one has 80 million views now twice as many as the Kathy Newman interview like it just keeps racking up views and it was because Helen Lewis she has like 50 tricks or 100 tricks Kathy had like four you know and they were pretty blunt and she had a sense of humor about them but Helen Lewis she was just all tricks and lots of them and smart you know and it's quite something to talk to someone who's quite smart and quite educated but all tricks and so but how does it feel looking back on those too they were very formative time it was kind of the inflection point or one of the inflection points I suppose for yourself as well yeah how does it feel looking
从长远看对我最有好处的访谈,恰恰是最有敌意的两场。一场是第四频道的,格里芬……凯茜、凯茜·纽凯茜·纽曼,凯茜·格里芬……凯茜至少还有幽默感。另一场是海伦·刘易斯,她完全没有幽默感,而且看起来这期间也没学到任何东西。但我觉得,我觉得那一场现在有8000万次观看,是凯茜·纽曼那场的两倍。它的播放量就是一直在涨。原因是海伦·刘易斯,她有大概50个甚至100个招数,凯茜大概只有四个,你知道,而且挺直白的,她对此还有点幽默感。但海伦·刘易斯,她全是招数,而且招数很多,人还聪明。你知道,跟一个相当聪明、受过良好教育、但满脑子都是招数的人对话,那真是不一般的体验。不过回头看这两场,你有什么感觉?那是很具有塑造性的一段时期,可以说是一个转折点,或者说对你来说也是转折点之一。是啊,现在回头看
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1:06:32
back on that I remember you said at the time it took you many days to recover from that kind of cantankerous sort of adversarial interview is that does that seem like a different lifetime or is that still very much sort of with you well I'm a lot healthier than I was then so those sorts of things wouldn't have the same effect on me now as they did then because I was Ill it took me a long time to recover from you know serious bout I mean the first time I talked to Sam Harris not that Sam played tricks like I like Sam and we've had very productive conversations I was so ill when the first time I talked to Sam that I could barely sit in my chair talking to Sam Harris makes you ill that's the No No not not at all no no Sam and I have had very productive conversations that was another good example I suppose of the utility of an adversarial conversation yeah you know I mean Sam comes to a conversation like that pretty well armed but it's very helpful because it forces you to look in nooks and crannies that
那段经历,你有什么感觉?我记得你当时说过,你花了好多天才从那种火药味十足的、对抗式的访谈中缓过来。那感觉像是上辈子的事了,还是至今仍然很真切地跟着你?嗯,我现在比那时候健康多了,所以那类事情如今对我的影响不会像当时那么大因为当时我在生病。我要花很长时间才能恢复,你知道,那是一场严重的折腾。我是说,我第一次跟萨姆·哈里斯对谈的时候——倒不是说萨姆玩什么把戏,我挺喜欢萨姆的,我们有过非常富有成效的对话——我当时病得非常厉害,第一次跟萨姆对谈时我几乎坐不住椅子。跟萨姆·哈里斯说话会让你生病,那就是……不不完全不是,不不。萨姆和我有过非常富有成效的对话。我想那也是一个很好的例子,说明对抗式对话的用处。是啊,你知道,我是说萨姆参加那种对话时是全副武装的但那非常有帮助,因为它会迫使你去检视那些你可能从未检视过的犄角旮旯,并且尽可能地
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1:07:32
you might not have looked in and to be crystal clear to the degree that that's possible about what you're actually saying the idea of of loving your enemy is something I've been playing with a little bit recently there been I guess my platform's getting to the level now where uh there's a reason for someone to have a bullseye pointed at least remotely in my direction because there's no point in trying to take somebody down that's got nothing that's got no status why would you why would you invest the time your the step that you're going to get in terms of your status standing on their shoulders is so small that no one so it's a backhanded compliment yeah in some ways yeah um but you're right man some of the some of the criticisms that I've got I was reminded by a friend recently about this uh have been some of the best inflection points very uncomfortable and to see it as a gift to think about that thing as a gift it's like I know that you weren't doing this to make me better yeah I know that you
把自己到底在说什么讲得一清二楚。「爱你的敌人」这个想法是我最近一直在琢磨的。我想是因为我的平台现在已经到了这样一个量级呃,已经有理由让某些人把靶心至少大致对准我了。因为去搞垮一个一无所有、毫无地位的人是没有意义的。你为什么要为此投入时间呢?你踩在他肩膀上能获得的地位提升太小了,小到没人会去做所以这算是一种反着说的恭维。是啊,某种程度上是的。嗯,但你说得对,兄弟,我受到的一些批评——最近有个朋友提醒我这一点——其实成了一些最好的转折点,虽然当时非常难受。把它看成一份礼物,把那件事当成礼物来看待,就像是「我知道你这么做并不是为了让我变得更好」,是啊,「我知道你
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1:08:27
weren't doing this to try and to try and benefit me and yet and yet yeah in reflection it's like Alchemy it's like how Rory Sutherland calls it Alchemy taking something that was bad I I had this reflection as well well we we've learned my family's learned like when when a public attack occurs there's a massive opportunity nested in it if you can reorient it's like okay this is bad this is vicious this is not this does not look good and maybe it could take me out take us out is there a way is there a way we can play with this that will not only neutralize it but twist it in the other direction I think the thing we did that was most effective on that side of things was when I was written into Captain America as I spoke to you that day I spoke to you that day that it happened yeah the magical magical super Nazi floating Nazi or whatever yeah yeah yeah well it was shocking right it was it was very shocking and then Olivia wild yeah the that was shocking too yeah yeah there's a Litany of yes yes well
这么做并不是想让我受益」,然而,然而……是啊,回头看,这就像炼金术,就像罗里·萨瑟兰所说的炼金术,把一件坏事……我也有过同样的体会。我们,我们学到了,我家里人也学到了,就是当公开攻击来临时,里面嵌着一个巨大的机会,只要你能重新调整方向。就像是:好吧,这很糟,这很恶毒,这看起来很不妙,而且也许它可能把我干掉,把我们干掉。有没有办法,有没有办法我们可以借力打力,不仅化解它,还把它扭转到相反的方向?我觉得我们在这方面做得最有效的一件事,是当我被写进《美国队长》的时候。就像我那天跟你说的——事情发生的那天我就跟你说了,是啊,那个魔法般的、超级纳粹,会飘的纳粹什么的。对对对,那事挺震惊的,对吧,真的非常令人震惊。然后是奥利维亚·王尔德,是啊,那件事也挺震惊的。是啊是啊,还有一长串呢。是的是的。而且事情变得越来越荒谬,奥利维亚·王尔德
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1:09:32
and it it became increasingly Preposterous and and the Olivia wild episode was one of the that was so Preposterous that it was almost immediately laugh mercifully that film was so badly made and I'm pretty sure that she'd cast her boyfriend as one of the got rid of someone that was super competent and put somebody in that was pretty incompetent uh and I think that that kind of caused it to flub but yeah man the the the thing I've ended up becoming really good friends with one of my harshest critics it's so strange uh and yet makes complete sense afterward uh you had a how did you end up making friends so I got criticized uh by a pair of podcasters who um do this they they kind of take down or or they have a very critical eye of much of the of the podcasting world and they they did an episode about an episode that I'd done and have a right of reply thing oh yeah uh Sam's been on to do it uh who else has been on to do it I I did it couple of other Constantin kiss being to do and um I I went on and there was a bit of
那一出是其中……那件事荒谬到几乎立刻就变成了笑话。还好那部片子拍得太烂了,而且我很确定她把自己的男朋友选进了……把一个非常有能力的人换掉,换上了一个相当无能的人。我觉得这大概是它扑街的原因之一。不过是啊,兄弟,我最后竟然和我最严厉的批评者之一成了非常好的朋友,太奇怪了,呃,可事后想想又完全说得通呃,你怎么会……你们最后怎么成了朋友?事情是这样,我被一对播客主持人批评了,他们呃就是做这个的,他们专门「拆台」,或者说他们用非常挑剔的眼光审视播客圈的许多内容。他们做了一期节目,讲的是我做过的某一期节目。他们有那种「答辩权」的环节。哦对,呃萨姆上过,呃还有谁上过来着……我去了,还有另外几个,康斯坦丁·基辛也去过。嗯,我就去了,当时有点
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1:10:37
like I listened to their show I think it's a very Illuminating way to see how people that have a different perspective about what's going on in in your world see it and uh I was like yeah I got the opportunity to go on and have a conversation and I did and I found them to both be like way more Charming than I thought that they were going to be and uh I've ended up both Chris and Matt all Matt l so but with Chris like we must speak once a month every couple of weeks we one of us will just ring and we'll catch up about what's been going on in the world and he has a very different sort of worldview to me he lives in a different area of the world he's a a a psychologist studying religion I think and and uh sacred rituals and stuff like that rituals rather than religion and now he points out blind spots that I don't see and that one particular instance was and it was really uncomfortable because this was still this was three years ago or something now maybe and I'm still you super uncomfortable about it and oh my God
……我听他们的节目,我觉得那是一种非常有启发的方式,可以看看那些持不同视角的人是怎么看待你所在的世界里发生的事的。呃我就想,行啊,我有机会上节目跟他们聊一聊,我就去了,结果我发现他们两个都比我预想的要有魅力得多。呃,我最后跟克里斯和马特两个人都……马特也是。不过跟克里斯的话,我们大概每个月,甚至每隔几周就会聊一次,我们中的一个会直接打电话过来,然后我们就聊聊世界上最近发生的事。他的世界观跟我很不一样,他住在世界的另一个地区,他是一位研究宗教的心理学家,我想是,还有呃神圣仪式之类的东西——是仪式,而不是宗教。现在他会指出我自己看不到的盲点。而那一次特别的经历真的非常难受,因为那还是……那大概是三年前的事了吧,我到现在还……当时超级难受,心想「天哪
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1:11:38
these people are going to take me down and they're both academics and they're really really well educated and they're going to be smart and they're going to say things that make me look silly and I said things that made me look silly and picked a particular episode where blah blah blah and yet in reflection it's been that one instance and the subsequent rumination about it was one of the biggest inflection points for me going from having blind spots that I hadn't seen to that and I I almost think that the degree of discomfort that I went through was mandatory because had I not felt so much like fear and anxiety and embarrassment about the fact that I'm going to it's going to be out there and there's going to be all this focus and attention in not a nice way and there'll be tweets and all the rest of the stuff that was sufficient uncomfortable to force me to actually genuinely look at the things that I was doing that I was getting wrong and I'm sure that there's a million things I'm still
这些人要把我搞垮了」,而且他们俩都是学者,受过非常非常好的教育,他们会很聪明,会说出一些让我显得很蠢的话。而我确实说了一些让自己显得很蠢的话。选了某一期节目说了一堆什么什么的,但现在回头看,那一次经历以及之后不断的反思,是我最大的转折点之一,让我从有一些自己看不见的盲点,变成能看见它们。我甚至觉得我当时经历的那种难受程度是必需的,因为如果我没有感受到那么强烈的恐惧、焦虑和难堪——想到这件事会被公开出去,会有那么多人关注,而且不是善意的关注,还会有各种推文之类的——那种不适感强到足以逼着我真正去正视自己做错的那些事。我相信我现在肯定还有一大堆事情做得不对,但是,那件事真的算得上是一份礼物了。我们
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1:12:31
getting wrong but yeah it was it was as much a gift as it could be we'll get back to talking to Jordan in one minute but first I need to tell you about element I've used element every single morning for over three years now it is the way I start every single day it tastes fantastic it optimizes my hydration it helps to regulate my appetite and it improves my brain health element contains a science-backed electrolyte ratio of sodium potassium and magnesium best of all they've got a brand new chocolate caramel flavor which you can have hot hot element I hear you say what sort of hydration blasphemy is this but no it tastes fantastic and on cold mornings it's perfect there is a no BS no questions asked refund policy so you can buy it and try it completely risk-free and if you do not like it for any reason they will give you your money back and you don't even need to return the Box I've used this every single morning for as long as I can remember and that orange flavor is phenomenal plus that chocolate caramel is available
一分钟后继续和Jordan聊,但首先我得跟你们说说Element。我已经连续三年多每天早上都在喝Element,它是我每一天的开始方式。味道特别棒,能优化我的补水状态,帮我调节食欲,还能改善大脑健康。Element含有有科学依据的电解质配比:钠、钾和镁。最棒的是,他们出了全新的巧克力焦糖口味,还可以热着喝。热的Element?我听见你说这是哪门子的补水异端邪说,但不是的,味道真的很棒,在寒冷的早晨简直完美。他们有一个不废话、不问原因的退款政策,所以你可以毫无风险地买来试试。如果你出于任何原因不喜欢,他们会把钱退给你,你甚至都不用把盒子寄回去。我记事以来每天早上都在喝这个,那个橙子味太赞了,另外巧克力焦糖味现在
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1:13:23
right now if you go to the link in the show notes below or head to drink LM nt.com slod wisdom for a free sample pack of all eight flavors with your first box that's drink LM nt.com slod wisdom here's another thing I spoke to David gogins about this last year about how uh I was bullied as a kid and I was quite unpopular in school and I was an only child so I didn't really have many people to back me up you know in the schoolyard or whatever and I for a long time had a chip on my shoulder about the kids that mistreated me in school as you might expect and then I got toward you know maybe a few years ago and I really really started to reflect on it and realized that so many of the things that I valued in myself were the light side of something dark that had been created during that time in school so um my complete preparedness to just spend time on my own means that I don't mind about moving out to a country where I don't know anybody and trying to make this podcast thing work or spending hours and
就能买到。去下面节目简介里的链接,或者访问 drinkLMNT.com/wisdom,第一次下单就能免费获得全部八种口味的试用装,网址是 drinkLMNT.com/wisdom。还有一件事,我去年跟David Goggins聊过这个,就是我小时候被霸凌,在学校里很不受欢迎,而且我是独生子,所以在操场上之类的场合基本没人给我撑腰。有很长一段时间我心里都憋着一股气,针对那些在学校欺负我的孩子,这你大概能想到。然后大概是几年前吧,我真的开始认真反思这件事,意识到我身上很多我自己珍视的特质,其实都是学校那段时期形成的某种阴暗东西的光明面。比如说,我完全能接受长时间独处,这意味着我不介意搬到一个我谁都不认识的国家,去试着把这个播客做起来,或者花好几个小时工作、做调研、录播客、录开场白之类的,所有这些事情,
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1:14:29
hours working or researching or recording podcasts or doing intros or whatever it is like all of those things um not having a super tight social network as a kid meant that I wasn't beholden to anybody when I grew up that I I didn't feel the need to have as much uh um support as I go along to do stuff now other sides of it haven't been so great because I still seek validation I still a lot of validation because that was something that I was missing as a kid um but yeah realizing not only you probably wouldn't be here if it wasn't for the things that you went through okay there's step one and then step two is and I'm quite grateful for what I've done and then step three would be something like wow I'm proud of myself for having turned something that was negative into something that's positive but then another level above that would be wow so maybe I should be thankful yeah right well we know we were talking earlier in the podcast about what is the appropriate attitude towards the future and I would say well we could put past
还有,小时候没有特别紧密的社交圈,意味着我长大后不用依附于任何人,我不觉得自己需要有多少支持才能去做事。当然,也有一些方面没那么好,因为我到现在还是渴望被认可,还是非常需要认可,因为那是我小时候缺失的东西。但是,你要意识到的不只是——如果没有经历过那些事,你可能根本不会坐在这里,好,这是第一步;第二步是,我还挺感激自己所做的这一切;然后第三步大概是这样的:哇,我为自己感到骄傲,因为我把一件负面的事情变成了正面的东西。但再往上一层就是——哇,也许我应该心怀感激,是啊,没错,我们前面在播客里谈到过什么才是面对未来的恰当态度,我会说,其实我们可以把过去、
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09约伯记:不义之苦中的坚守与感恩
1:15:40
present and future in the same bin say well one of the things that you want to do is practice gratitude that's one of the primary religious rituals you might say is the practice of gratitude and you might say well my life is so horrible do I have to be grateful for and I would say that's that's for better worse that's still a form of blindness right I mean people can have very very difficult situations can be in very very difficult situations and it's in those difficult situations where the search for gratitude becomes something that is by necessity deeper and more difficult but that doesn't mean it's not appropriate you know and there is there is a very tight association between loving your enemy and being grateful in spite of the terrible things that occur in your life I've been writing about the Book of Job and job is a story of unjust suffering fundamentally God deems job a good man so we have it on God's word that job is actually a good man and then all hell breaks loose partly because God makes a
现在和未来放进同一个筐里,然后说,你要做的事情之一就是练习感恩,可以说这是最主要的宗教仪式之一,就是感恩的操练。你可能会说,我的人生这么糟糕,我还有什么可感激的?我会说,不管怎么说,那仍然是一种盲目,对吧,我是说,人确实会遇到非常非常艰难的处境,可能身处极其艰难的境地,而恰恰是在那样的困境里,去寻找值得感恩的东西,就必然变成一件更深刻、更困难的事,但这并不意味着它不恰当。你知道,爱你的敌人和在生活中发生可怕之事时仍心怀感激,这两者之间有着非常紧密的关联。我一直在写关于《约伯记》的东西,约伯的故事本质上讲的是无辜受苦。上帝认定约伯是个好人,所以我们是凭着上帝的话知道约伯确实是个好人,然后一切就乱了套,部分原因是上帝
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1:16:47
bet with Satan which is you know a hell of a thing to do and says do your worst he's not going to turn on me no matter what you do and so job despite his torment he becomes very ill he loses everything he has his friends he becomes ill in a way that's disfiguring his friends come around and laugh at him and tell him that he's a bad man and that's why all these terrible things have been happening to him and it's brutal and job refuses to lose faith in himself he says look I'm I'm not perfect I'm but as far as men go I've done what I should do and it I'm not being punished in some manner that's obviously related to my sin it's more like the random play of tragic forces in the world I'm not going to lose faith in myself no matter what and I'm also not going to his wife says shake your fist at God curse him and die because things have gone so badly for job she thinks that's all that's left to him and he refuses to do that so he maintains Faith regardless of what's happened to him and that's really the moral of the
和撒旦打了个赌——这可真是件了不得的事——上帝说,你尽管使出最坏的手段,无论你做什么,他都不会背弃我。于是约伯尽管备受折磨,他病得很重,失去了他所拥有的一切,失去了朋友,他患上了一种让他容貌尽毁的病,他的朋友们围过来嘲笑他,告诉他他是个坏人,说这就是所有这些可怕的事情降临到他身上的原因,这太残酷了,而约伯拒绝对自己失去信心,他说,你看,我并不完美,但就世人而言,我做了我该做的事,我并不是因为什么明显与我的行为相关的原因而受罚罪,它更像是世界上悲剧性力量的随机作用。无论如何,我都不会对自己失去信心,也不会去做他妻子说的那些事。她说,朝上帝挥拳吧,诅咒他,然后死去,因为约伯的遭遇实在太惨了。她觉得他只剩下这条路了,但他拒绝这么做。所以不管他经历了什么,他都坚守信念,这才是约伯故事真正的寓意所在,那就是:无论你遭遇什么,你在道德上都有义务坚守信念。
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1:18:01
story of job which is that you are morally obligated to maintain Faith no matter what happens to you and there's a practical side to that so imagine that God and Satan conspire against you there'll be times in your life where it feels like that's happening and then imagine that your reaction to that is to become bitter and resentful and hostile well then whatever hell you're in merely as a consequence of the Confluence of tragic events you have opened a whole other hell underneath it the hell of bitterness and resentment and ingratitude and well and that turns into the desire for Revenge very very quickly you think things are bad just because they're bad you wait till you see how bad they can become if you allow yourself to be corrupted by your unjust suffering right and so it's a and I I I do think that this is the most practical possible advice that can be given to people which is that you are morally required to maintain Faith to aim up and to treat other people the way you would want to be treated no matter what's
这一点也有很实际的一面。所以想象一下,上帝和撒旦合谋对付你——你人生中总会有那么些时候,感觉事情就是这样的——然后再想象,你对此的反应是变得怨恨、愤懑、充满敌意。那么,你原本身处的那个地狱,仅仅是各种悲剧性事件汇合的结果,而你却在它底下又开辟了另一个地狱:怨恨、愤懑和不知感恩的地狱,而这很快很快就会变成复仇的欲望。你以为事情糟糕就只是糟糕而已,你等着瞧,一旦你允许自己被那些不公的苦难所腐蚀,事情能变得有多糟。所以这是一个……我确实认为,这是能给人的最实用的忠告了,那就是:你在道德上必须坚守信念,向上看齐,并且无论你遭遇了什么,都用你希望别人对待你的方式去对待别人。
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1:19:11
happened to you you know and that's a hell of a thing to say and you know you might say well that's impossible PE some people have such brutal lives that they're destined to be corrupt but I would say that's not true like I've met many many people particularly in my clinical practice who had lives that were so brutal that you couldn't even listen to them without it like breaking you into pieces brutal brutal childhoods of of a depth of malevolence you can hardly conceptualize who decided despite that that they were going to aim up and they were going to maintain faith in themselves and the world and so it's like that's on the table for people it seems like an odd Paradox that the people who have brought up under lives of the most privileged uh often the ones that have the most complaints about the world and people who have been brought up in deprivation a lot of the time are able to be perfectly in gratitude seems very strange that that that's the way yeah well I having so one of the things I saw at the
你知道,这话说出来分量很重。你可能会说,这不可能啊,有些人的人生实在太残酷了,他们注定会被腐蚀。但我要说,事情并非如此。比如我见过很多很多人,尤其是在我的临床实践中,他们的人生残酷到你光是听都听不下去,那会让你崩溃把你撕成碎片 极其残酷、极其残酷的童年 那种你几乎无法想象的恶意深度 但他们决定 尽管如此尽管如此 他们还是要向上看齐 要保持对自己和这个世界的信心 所以这就摆在人们面前 这似乎是个很奇怪的悖论 那些在最优渥的环境中长大的人往往是对这个世界抱怨最多的 而那些在匮乏中长大的人很多时候反而能够充满感恩 这真的很奇怪 竟然是这样是啊 所以我在大学里看到的一件事是 我看到教职人员 我的同事们在面对
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1:20:15
University I saw the faculty members my peers retreat in the face of the advancement of the administration over like three decades to the point where the universities really became corrupted and it didn't really happen at Harvard when I was there in the 1990s although it was starting to fray around the edges slightly but I really watched it at the University of Toronto in the 20 years I was there the administration kept making demands on us and every time they made a demand we would fold every time 10,000 micro Retreats so then the administrators took over the university and then the woke types took over the administr ation and that was that well the reason what I saw my faculty members do the academics that I worked with is that this is how the corruption starts it's like when you're an undergraduate you write down what you think the professor wants to hear to get the grade and then you're a graduate student and you you have to let's say get along with your professors and your supervisor you
行政管理层的步步紧逼时节节后退 大概三十年间 到了大学真正被腐蚀的地步上世纪九十年代我在哈佛的时候 这种情况还没真正出现 虽然边缘已经开始有点松动了只是轻微的 但我在多伦多大学的那二十年里 真的是眼睁睁看着它发生 行政管理层不断向我们提出要求 而每一次他们提出要求 我们就妥协 每一次 一万次微小的退让 于是行政人员接管了大学然后觉醒派又接管了行政层 就是这样 我从我的同事们身上看到的那些跟我共事的学者 原因就在于 腐化就是这样开始的 就像你本科的时候你写下你觉得教授想听的话 好拿到分数 然后你成了研究生你必须 比如说 跟你的教授和导师搞好关系 你得告诉他们你认为他们
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1:21:19
have to tell them what you think they want to hear so that you can get your PhD and then maybe you are on the academic track and you're an assistant professor there's three levels of being a professor you're not tenured as an assistant so you really can't say what you think or do what you think you should do then because you have to get tenured and then when you're tenured well you're not a full Professor yet and so you don't speak then and back in the back of your mind you have this idea well at some point I'll have enough security so that I'll be able to tell the truth but that's based on this weird idea that the courage to tell the truth is based on security well courage isn't based on security that's a stupid Theory you're not courageous if there's no risk so your notion is you'll be courageous when there's zero risk well obviously that's a contradiction in terms you're only courageous if there's a risk and not only that by the time you've sacrificed your word for illusory sec security for 15 years there's
想听的话 这样你才能拿到博士学位 然后也许你走上了学术道路 成了助理教授 教授分三个级别作为助理教授你还没拿到终身教职 所以你真的不能说出你的想法 也不能去做你认为该做的事 因为你得先拿到终身教职 然后等你拿到终身教职了 你还不是正教授呢 所以那时你也不发声 而在你的脑子深处 你有这么个念头 总有一天我会有足够的安全感 到那时我就能说真话了 但这是基于一个很奇怪的想法 就是说真话的勇气是建立在安全感之上的 可是勇气并不建立在安全感上 那是个愚蠢的理论 如果没有风险那就谈不上勇敢 所以你的想法是 等到零风险的时候你才要勇敢 这显然是自相矛盾的说法 只有存在风险时你才谈得上勇敢 而且不仅如此 等你为了虚幻的安全感而牺牲自己的言论十五年之后 你这个人已经什么都不剩了 确实如此 你早就 那东西早就没了
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1:22:27
nothing left of you that's true you've already that's gone a long time ago you you probably look back at the former self who was naive and thought that you could say what you think as just well you're bit you're cynical about it you know that person just didn't know how the way didn't know how the world worked and then it's the same thing that you pointed out the idea that you become good because you have material plenty that's a silly idea why would that be the case it's like the same as assuming that all rich people have got taste right there poor people who've got beautifully designed interiors and rich people who've got gy messes right right right right there was yeah well then the poor people are actually rich absolutely uh there's a a report I wanted to bring this to you it's so interesting so recent report was released by The Harvard Graduate School of Education detailing the drivers of anxiety for young adults aged 18 to 25 34% reported feelings of loneliness 51% said achievement pressure negatively
你大概会回头看曾经那个天真的自己 那个以为自己可以畅所欲言的自己 觉得 唉 你会变得很愤世嫉俗你会觉得 那家伙就是不懂 不懂这世界是怎么运转的 然后这就跟你刚才指出的那点是一回事 就是那种认为物质富足了人就会变好的观念 这想法很蠢 凭什么会这样呢 这就跟假设所有有钱人都有品味一样 对吧 有些穷人家里布置得非常漂亮 而有些有钱人家里俗气一塌糊涂 对对对对 是啊 那么这些穷人其实才是富有的 完全正确 有一份报告我想拿来跟你说说 特别有意思 最近哈佛教育研究生院发布了一份报告 详细分析了18到25岁年轻人焦虑的成因 34%的人报告有孤独感 51%的人说成就压力对他们的
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10心理健康不在脑子里,而在关系里
1:23:37
impacted their mental health 58% reported lacking meaning or purpose in their lives in the last month 50% reported their mental health was negatively influenced by not knowing what to do with my life there has been much examination of the well-being of teens aged 14 to 17 not much has been known about those occupying the critical young adult years and yet young adults report roughly twice the rates of anxiety and depression as teens the young adults are not okay yeah I believe that I saw even with my own kids that the the mo like when I was a kid probably the time between 13 and 15 was the most difficult transition but I saw that become older by the time my kids my kids are 30 now basically by the time my kids were young adults I could see that that transition into adulthood was the place where the difficulties were starting to mount I think perversely that the therapeutic world has a fair bit to do with this partly because therapists who are basically secular liberal Protestants that's a good way of
心理健康造成了负面影响 58%的人报告在过去一个月里感到生活缺乏意义或目标 50%的人报告他们的心理健康因为不知道自己的人生该做什么而受到负面影响。人们对14到17岁青少年的心理健康状况已经有了大量研究但对于处在关键的青年期的那些人,我们了解得并不多。然而青年人报告的焦虑和抑郁比例大约是青少年的两倍。年轻人的状态并不好。是的,我相信这一点,我甚至在我自己的孩子身上也看到了。我小时候,大概13到15岁那段时间是最艰难的过渡期,但我看到这个时间点变晚了。等到我的孩子——我的孩子现在基本上30岁了——等到他们成为青年人的时候,我能看出,进入成年期的那个过渡阶段才是困难开始堆积的地方。我觉得有点讽刺的是,心理治疗这个领域对此负有不小的责任,部分原因在于,治疗师基本上就是世俗化的自由派新教徒,这么
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1:24:53
thinking about them tend to conceptualize mental health as mental as subjective right it's like mental health is something you carry around in your head like you carry around your identity that's why we have these ridiculous ideas that you can just Define your own identity I am whoever I say I am well obviously you're not because other people other people have to go along with your game they're buddy and they're either going to do that they're not going to do it or they're going to do it voluntarily or they're going to do it by force if they're not going to do it you're screwed if you have to use Force that's not going to work and if you want them to do it voluntarily then it's not going to be all about you obviously even no four-year-old can find someone to play with if he always gets to pick the game okay so why might young adults be lost well part of it is that they're thinking I'm not trying to be judgmental of a whole generation it's a it's a form of thought your mental health isn't
理解他们挺贴切的。他们倾向于把心理健康概念化为一种主观的东西,对吧?就好像心理健康是你随身携带在脑子里的东西,就像你随身携带你的身份认同一样。这就是为什么我们会有这种荒谬的观念,觉得你可以自己定义自己的身份认同——我说我是谁我就是谁。可显然你不是,因为其他人,其他人得配合你这套玩法。他们要么会配合,要么不配合;要么是自愿配合,要么是被强迫的。如果他们不配合,你就完蛋了;如果你得动用强制手段,那也行不通;而如果你希望他们自愿配合,那这件事显然就不可能全都围着你转。就连四岁小孩,如果每次都要由他来选玩什么游戏,也找不到人跟他玩。好,那为什么年轻人会感到迷失呢?部分原因在于他们的想法——我不是想对一整代人做什么评判,这是一种思维方式——你的心理健康并不是
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1:25:59
dependent on you that's not the right way to think about it you I don't think you can be mentally healthy in the absence of a long-term stable relationship so you have to be married let's put let's let's make that part of the precondition for successful adaptation as a young adult you have to be married so you have to establish a relationship with someone that integrates sexuality that's there for the long run because there for the long run is the same as Saye there for tomorrow they're for the next minute that's not sanity that's impulsiveness that's aimlessness they're the same thing if it's what if it's all about what you want right now or more accurately all about what something in you wants this moment that's the definition of immature Insanity you have to commit so you commit to someone else you commit to your family you commit to your community like there are multiple levels of identity that stretch out into the social world and voluntarily adopting those levels of hierarchical responsibility gives you an identity it
依赖你,这种想法是不对的。我认为在没有长期稳定的关系的情况下,你不可能保持心理健康。所以你必须结婚——我们就把这个当作年轻人成功适应人生的前提条件之一:你必须结婚。也就是说你得和某个人建立一种关系,把性整合进去,而且是为了长远的。因为'为了长远'和'为了明天'、'为了下一分钟'完全是两码事,那不叫理智,那叫冲动,叫漫无目的,这两者其实是一回事。如果一切都只关乎你此刻想要什么,或者更准确地说,只关乎你内在的某个东西此刻想要什么,那就是不成熟的疯狂的定义。你必须做出承诺。所以你对另一个人做出承诺,你对你的家庭做出承诺,你对你的社区做出承诺。身份认同是有多个层次的,它们向外延伸到社会世界之中,而自愿接受这些层级化的责任赋予你一种身份,赋予你一种目标感,它保护你免受焦虑的侵扰,而且是通过各种各样的
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1:27:11
gives you a purpose it protects you from anxiety it does that in all sorts of ways like you know you said earlier that one of the things you do is seek for validation and you related that to uncomfortable experiences you had when you were very young well it might not be precisely that you're seeking for validation you might be properly investigating how you should be embedded in a social hierarchy at every possible level it's like well people think their mental health is something that they just carry around in their head and that if they just got the way they looked at the world right or if other people just played their game that all of a sudden they'd be mentally healthy it's like there's no difference between thinking about yourself and being miserable technically if you if you if you look at you can you can group descriptive statements about yourself statistically all the all the descriptive all the descriptors that are reflective of self-consciousness load on negative emotion can you not think about
方式做到这一点的。比如你之前说过,你会做的其中一件事就是寻求认可,而你把这一点跟你很小的时候那些不舒服的经历联系了起来。其实也许并不完全是你在寻求认可,你可能是在恰当地探究自己应该如何嵌入社会等级结构之中——在每一个可能的层面上。就好像,人们以为自己的心理健康只是他们脑子里带着的某种东西,以为只要他们看待世界的方式对了,或者别人愿意配合他们那一套,他们突然之间就心理健康了。其实呢,这两者之间没有区别:思考你自己,和陷入痛苦,从技术上讲是一回事。如果你去看……你可以把描述性陈述归为你自己——从统计学上看,所有那些反映自我意识的描述性词汇,全都归到了负面情绪这一项上。你就不能用正面的方式想自己吗?大概真的不能。好,我们把这个
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1:28:21
yourself in a positive way probably not really not well let's take that apart you like doing your podcast and you feel positive about it okay but your podcast isn't about you right so if you're thinking about how you're of utility to a broad number of people you know maybe you would take some satisfaction in that but that isn't exactly thinking about yourself is it it's thinking about the relationship you've established with other people and it's a relationship of responsibility why do you like your podcast you can pursue what you're curious about but you wouldn't have to do that publicly okay so why do you do it publicly for a few reasons first one being that it keeps me accountable that was one of the main reasons that it kept me accountable because I knew that if I didn't do it if I wasn't rigorous and precise and uh aligned with what I'd said and done previously that is an external eye that's watching keep okay okay so well that's very interesting so I would also say that's not exactly
拆开来看。你喜欢做你的播客,你对它感觉良好,好,但你的播客并不是关于你的,对吧?所以如果你在想的是你对一大批人有多大用处,你或许会从中获得某种满足感,但那并不完全算是在想你自己,对吧?那是在想你和别人建立起来的关系,而且那是一种责任关系。你为什么喜欢做播客?你本可以私下去追寻你好奇的东西,不必公开去做,对吧?那你为什么要公开做?有几个原因,第一个是它让我有责任感,那是主要原因之一,它让我对自己负责,因为我知道如果我不这么做,如果我不够严谨、精确,如果我跟自己以前说过、做过的不一致,那就有一双外在的眼睛在盯着。好,好,这很有意思。所以我还要说,这也不完全是关于你的,这是关于你有没有能力
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1:29:32
about you that's about your ability to live to establish Harmony between what you say and the way you act and the expectations that an increasingly Broad Social Community has of you as a consequence of what you say and how you act okay that's not about you that's about your nesting in a social hierarchy right and so I think I think you can and then you might say too well maybe you're thinking about yourself when you're establishing an aim or a goal well not if they're good aims or goals because if they're good aims or goals and and I would say what good means technically is an aim or goal that will play out well in the medium to long term across a multitude of situations including many many people so the a solution that iterates across time that and that is situation independent and that's broadly socially inclusive is a better aim right it's a higher aim because it integrates more all right now you might want to be setting up aims and you might be pleased about how you're progressing in relation to those aims but if those
去让你说的话和你做事的方式保持和谐,还有一个越来越广泛的社会群体因为你的言行而对你抱有的期待。好,这不是关于你的,这是关于你在社会等级结构中的位置,对吧?所以我觉得,然后你可能还会说,那在设定目标或志向的时候,你总该是在想自己了吧?其实也不是,如果那是好的目标或志向的话。因为如果是好的目标,我会说所谓“好”在技术层面上的意思是:一个在中长期、在各种各样的情境下都能有好结果的目标,而且惠及很多很多人。所以一个能随时间不断迭代、不依赖特定情境、并且在社会层面具有广泛包容性的方案,就是更好的目标,对吧?它是更高的目标,因为它整合的东西更多。好,现在你可能想去设定一些目标,也可能为自己朝这些目标的进展感到高兴,但如果这些
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1:30:52
aims aren't don't have the characteristics that I just described then if the Asim have the characteristics I just described they're not about you and then we could also ask what do you mean about you exactly what you are you talking about here you know and so we play these identity games in the modern world that are making people anxious and hopeless and one identity game is I'm defined by my sexuality okay so let's take that I'm defined by my sexuality okay but what do you mean by your sexuality exactly do you mean the opportunity to engage in sex like are you reducing sexuality as such to the act of sex okay let's say you are so now what you're telling me is that who you are is who you are when you're sexually desirous that's what you've reduced yourself to but it's even more than that it's the kind of sexual desire that wants gratification right now with no relationship whatsoever so not only have you now reduced who you are to your sexual desire you've reduced your sexual desire to the minimal set of
目标不具备我刚才描述的那些特征——反过来说,如果它们具备我刚才描述的特征,那它们就不是关于你的。然后我们还可以问:你说的“你”到底是什么意思?你在这里说的到底是什么?所以我们在现代世界玩的这些身份认同游戏,正在让人变得焦虑和绝望。其中一种身份游戏是:我由我的性取向定义。好,我们来看这个,我由我的性取向定义。好,但你说的性取向到底是什么意思?你指的是能不能发生性行为的机会吗?你是把性这回事简化成了性行为本身吗?好,就算是吧。那你现在告诉我的就是:你之所以是你,就在于你性欲勃发时的那个你,你把自己简化成了这个。而且还不止如此,那还是一种当下就要被满足、完全不需要任何关系的性欲。所以你不仅把自己是谁简化成了性欲,还把性欲简化成了满足它所需的最低限度的前提条件。那么这里首先会冒出来的
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1:32:03
preconditions that would satisfy it well then the first question that might come up there is why not just use porn it's a lot simpler and the answer to that is that is what people are doing well it's no wonder that they're anxious and Lonesome and aimless because they've they've reduced themselves to a short-term desire they found the easiest possible way of gratifying that and they've abandoned everything that would be a much broader conceptualization of what sexuality would be if it was embedded properly in well how about a relationship to start with and I'm not just these aren't just opinions so there are two different strategies of reproduction broadly in the animal world one is zero investment fish m mosquitoes million Offspring they all die but one right so you can reduce reproduction in mosquitoes basically to sex and you make a million mosquito Offspring all you need is one to survive problem solved okay on the opposite end of the spectrum literally are human beings because we have the longest dependency period of
问题就是:那你干脆看色情片不就行了,简单多了。而答案是,人们正是在这么做。那也难怪他们焦虑、孤独、没有方向,因为他们把自己简化成了一种短期欲望,找到了最容易的满足方式,同时抛弃了一切能让性变得更宽广的东西——比如说,先从一段关系开始。而且这些不只是我的个人看法,在动物界大体上有两种繁殖策略,一种是零投入型,鱼、蚊子,一百万个后代,全都死光只活下来一个,对吧?所以蚊子的繁殖基本上可以简化成交配,你生出一百万只蚊子后代,只需要一只活下来,问题解决。好,而在光谱的另一端的,恰恰就是人类,因为我们的依赖期是所有动物里最长的,而且长出一大截。我们采取的是
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1:33:15
any animal by a large margin we have a high investment strategy sexual reproduction strategy so whatever sex is for human beings isn't you're off and that's over that's not what it is for human beings it's embedded in a relationship now you might say well we could pull sexuality out of the relationship and just indulge in it for the pleasure okay so now let's forget about all the other animals now we've got two types of human being we've got the one night stand human being repetitive one night stands and we've got the long-term committed relationship human being and then we might ask okay what are the personality characteristics of the people in those bins so let's go to the short-term one night stand sequential relationship types okay who are they Psychopathic narcissistic mauian and sadistic all one night stand people if they don't start out that way they're going to end that way right because you can't use yourself or other people for short-term gratification look the definition of a
高投入的有性繁殖策略。所以性对人类来说无论是什么,都不会是“完事了、结束了”,那不是性对人类的意义,它是嵌在一段关系里的。现在你可能会说,我们可以把性从关系里抽出来,纯粹为了快感去享受它。好,那我们先别管其他动物了,现在我们有两类人:一类是一夜情型的人,反复的一夜情;另一类是长期承诺关系型的人。然后我们可以问,这两类人的人格特征分别是什么样的?我们先看短期一夜情、一段接一段的那类人,好,他们是什么样的?精神病态、自恋、马基雅维利主义、施虐倾向——所有一夜情的人,如果一开始不是这样,最后也会变成这样,对吧?因为你不可能把自己或别人当作短期快感的工具。你看,精神病态者
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1:34:24
psychopath is someone who uses someone for short-term gratification okay so it's definitional right so and then you might say well I'm not like that I just like sex it's like yeah but if you practice that for five years you're not going to become what you practice you know and I talked to Russell Brand about this a little bit on and I can say this because it was on his podcast so it's not like this is Secret you know Russell had what Andrew Tate promises his followers he had Fame he was charismatic and he had more or less unlimited access to short-term sexual gratification okay in combination with you know the chemicals that make that even more likely alcohol and cocaine let's say so what are the consequences well I asked him what were the consequences you had this he said uh despair anxiety and hopelessness right but but not just that because you know Russell got himself in trouble here month and a half ago just about took him out well it was his past coming back to haunt him like and he had
的定义就是:把别人当成短期满足工具的人。好,所以这是定义层面的事,对吧。然后你可能会说,我不是那样的,我只是喜欢性。是啊,但如果你这么干上五年,你不可能不变成你所练习的那个样子。我跟拉塞尔·布兰德稍微聊过这个,我可以说,因为那是在他的播客上,所以这不算什么秘密。拉塞尔拥有安德鲁·泰特承诺给他追随者的一切:他有名气、有魅力,而且几乎可以无限地获得短期性满足。好,再加上那些让这一切更容易发生的化学品,比如酒精和可卡因。那后果是什么?我问过他,你拥有了这一切,后果是什么?他说:绝望、焦虑和无望。对吧。但还不止这些,因为你知道,拉塞尔一个半月前惹上了麻烦,差点把他毁了。那是他的过去回来找他算账。他不得不
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1:35:38
to scroll through his psyche and see you know well in with all these short-term relationships these short-term sexual gratification binges that I indulged in did I ever cross the line well the answer is well you're going to have like 200 encounters like that you're not going to cross the line when you're drunk when you're on cocaine you're going to cross a bunch of lines and then it's going to come back and haunt you and
在自己的内心里一页页翻查:在所有这些短期关系、这些短期性满足的放纵里,我有没有越过那条线?答案是,你有过大概两百次这样的经历,在你喝醉的时候、嗑可卡因的时候,你不可能一条线都没越过,你肯定越过了不少线,然后它就会回过头来纠缠你。
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1:36:15
so it's very interesting to see in our culture back to the hopelessness and despair that you were mentioning that's character in young adults life it's like well it's all about me that's the self-esteem movement but then me becomes it's all about what I want and then that becomes it's all about what I want right now then it's it's what the lowest part of me wants right now and to hell with everyone else it's like okay how are you going to play that game without being desperate you're going to be desperate as soon as you start playing that game and the other thing it's even worse than that because you're going to end up with the Jeremy the the the porn star problem anybody you're not going to be very happy about being with the people who want to play that game with you because they're not going to be the people that are really going to make you feel that life is worth living they're going to be the people especially on the female side women who are willing to take advantage of themselves for short-term
所以在我们的文化里看到这一点很有意思,回到你刚才提到的那种无望和绝望,那已经成了年轻人生活的底色。就像“一切都是关于我”,这是自尊运动带来的。但接着“我”就变成了“一切都是关于我想要什么”,然后又变成“一切都是关于我此刻想要什么”,再然后就是“我身上最低级的那部分此刻想要什么”,其他人都去死吧。那好,你要怎么玩这个游戏才能不陷入绝望?你一开始玩这个游戏就会陷入绝望。而且还有更糟的,因为你最终会遇上那个色情明星的问题:你不会真的乐意跟那些愿意跟你玩这个游戏的人在一起,因为他们不会是那些真正能让你觉得人生值得过的人。他们会是——尤其在女性这一边——那些愿意为了短期性满足而
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1:37:14
sexual gratification those aren't happy women they're usually damaged women and if they're not damaged when they start playing that game game they're going to be plenty damaged by the time they're done with it the last time that we spoke me you talked about population Decline and the Census Bureau just released today predicting that the US population will decline for the first time ever by the year 201100 after peaking in 2080 so their estimates showed that the US population which is about 333 million at the moment is expected to reach 370 by 2080 but will be back down to 366 by 2100 and even immigration can't offset this birth rate decline over the last two years do you think things have got better or worse than you anticipated from birth rate and marriage rate standpoint I think they're probably still getting worse uh and I think musk musk is one of the few people Elon Musk is one of the in case anybody was wondering um he's one of the few people who who's called out the danger of you
糟践自己的女人。那些不是快乐的女人,她们通常是受过创伤的女人;就算她们开始玩这个游戏时还没受创,等她们玩完了也早就伤痕累累了。我们上次聊天时,你谈到了人口下降。人口普查局今天刚发布预测,说美国人口会在2100年首次出现下降,在2080年达到峰值。他们的估算显示,美国人口目前约为3.33亿,预计到2080年会达到3.7亿,但到2100年会回落到3.66亿,而且连移民都无法抵消这种出生率的下滑。过去这两年里,从出生率和结婚率的角度看,你觉得情况比你预期的变好了还是变坏了?我觉得大概还在继续变坏。而且我认为马斯克——埃隆·马斯克,怕有人不知道我说的是谁——他是极少数指出独生子女政策、或者“我们应该减少人口”这种想法有多危险的人之一。我是说,
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1:38:22
know a one child policy or the idea that we should decrease the population I mean things that don't grow die but they die for all sorts of reasons and we could we could tie this back to Identity you know what's my identity I could say well it's how I feel about myself that's that's the line that's used everywhere now you don't get to tell me who I am I know who I am I can I'm who I feel I am well first of all I don't even know what you mean by feel like what the hell what does that mean you're your emotional state at the moment and you can just impose that on everybody that's your theory is it that's the theory of a 2-year-old literally that's a very bad Theory well where could your identity be other than that well one of my identities when I taught at Harvard was Professor obviously and that was a good identity but you know that wasn't exactly it wasn't something I was carrying around in my head it was a pattern of relationship that I had with a whole bunch of people all my students right it
不生长的东西就会死,但它们死的原因五花八门。我们可以把这个话题拉回身份认同,比如说“我的身份是什么”,我可以说,那是我对自己的感觉——现在到处都在用这套说辞:你无权告诉我我是谁,我自己知道我是谁,我感觉自己是谁我就是谁。首先,我根本不知道你说的“感觉”是什么意思,这到底是什么鬼?就是你此刻的情绪状态,然后你就可以把它强加给所有人?这就是你的理论?那是两岁小孩的理论,字面意义上的,那是个非常糟糕的理论。那你的身份还能在哪儿呢?我在哈佛教书的时候,我的身份之一显然是教授,那是个不错的身份。但你知道,那并不完全是——那不是我揣在脑子里的某样东西,它是我跟一大群人、跟我所有学生之间的一种关系模式,对吧?它不在我脑子里。当然,我对
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1:39:27
wasn't inside my head now there was a concordance between my representation of myself and how I was acting in the world and that concordance was the health it wasn't what I thought of myself you like part of the reason that you can take some let's call it gratification from being a successful podcaster is that you're actually a successful podcast it's not in your head it's in 1.5 million subscribers it's how many podcasts have you done 700 okay so it's in 700 podcasts it's not something you're carrying around in your head do you remember I love the 42 Rules that created the 24 that you ended up coming up with but there's one that you didn't use uh if you have to choose be the one who does things right not the one who is seen to do things exactly absolutely I love that rule oh yeah that's a great rule that's a great rule yeah well the thing is is that you can do almost anything you want if you're willing to take responsibility for it if you don't want credit one of the most effective political maneuver I've ever seen woman
自己的表征和我在世界中的行为方式之间是一致的,而这种一致性才是健康所在,健康不在于我怎么看自己。你之所以能从做一个成功的播客主持人里获得某种——我们姑且叫它满足感——部分原因是你确实是个成功的播客,这不在你脑子里,而在那150万订阅者里,在你做过多少期节目里——700期?好,所以它在这700期节目里,它不是你揣在脑子里的东西。你还记得吗,我很喜欢那42条规则,后来你从中做出了24条,但有一条你没用上:如果非要选,那就做真正把事情做好的那个人,而不是被人看见在做事的那个人。完全正确,绝对如此。我特别喜欢那条规则。是啊,那是条很棒的规则,非常棒的规则。事情是这样的:只要你愿意为一件事承担责任,你几乎可以做成任何你想做的事——前提是你不要功劳。我见过的最有效的政治手腕之一,来自一位女性,
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1:40:34
who's she's so brilliant I won't tell you who she is but she's so sharp she's so brilliant and she told me the last time I saw her she's had her finger in pies for like 30 years popping up in places you'd never expect I thought I asked just like how the hell did you pull this off and she said oh I decided 30 years ago that I could do whatever I wanted if I didn't want credit and so that's exactly what she's done and she's had a stellar career stellar and I've worked with other people who've done the same thing it's very interesting it's very interesting thing to realize you might say well why would I want the responsibility without the glory it's like hey do you want the glory are you so sure that that wouldn't just get in your way you know there's something to be said for anonymity and second maybe you want the responsibility because that's the adventure you actually get to do the thing that someone else just wants to take credit for well maybe doing the thing is plenty of reward in and of
她非常出色,我不会告诉你她是谁,但她极其敏锐、极其出色。我上次见到她时她告诉我,三十年来她在各种事情里都插得上手,会在你完全想不到的地方冒出来。我当时就问她,你到底是怎么做到的?她说,哦,我三十年前就决定,只要我不要功劳,我就可以做任何我想做的事。她就是这么做的,她的职业生涯非常辉煌,真的辉煌。我也和其他这么做的人共事过,这很有意思,意识到这一点是件很有意思的事。你可能会说,我为什么要承担责任却不要荣耀?那我问你,你真的想要那份荣耀吗?你真的确定它不会碍你的事吗?匿名是有其价值的。其次,也许你之所以想要那份责任,是因为那才是真正的冒险——你真的能去做那件事,而别人只想去领功劳。也许做这件事本身就是足够的回报了。说到身份认同,我
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1:41:29
itself with regard to Identity you know when when I was a professor I was also a husband and I was also a father well those were identities but they weren't in my head they were embedded in the relationship I had with my kids and that was a meaningful relationship embedded in the relationship I had with my wife you can't be you know it's almost heretical to say this in the modern world you can't be isolated alone without responsibility and pursuing your hedonistic nonsense and not be insane and miserable those are all the same thing right and so you know it's got to the point i' I've said things that have made me somewhat unpopular like it's very difficult for people to mature until they have a child you find a huge part of what you are in that relationship it makes you responsible makes you grow up it gives you the opportunity to Mentor someone you have someone around who's more important than you well that's part of being mentally healthy it's a huge part of it this is this Enterprise that I put
当教授的时候,同时也是丈夫,也是父亲。这些都是身份,但它们不在我脑子里,它们嵌在我和孩子们的关系里,那是一种有意义的关系;也嵌在我和妻子的关系里。在现代世界里说这话几乎是异端:你不可能既孤立、孤独、不负任何责任、追逐你那些享乐主义的胡闹,同时又不疯掉、不痛苦——那些其实是同一件事,对吧。所以你知道,事情已经到了这个地步,我说过一些让我不太受欢迎的话,比如:人在有孩子之前很难真正成熟。你会在那段关系里找到你自己很大的一部分,它让你有责任、让你长大、给了你去引导一个人的机会,让你身边有一个比你自己更重要的人。而这正是心理健康的一部分,很大的一部分。我在伦敦参与创办的这个组织,
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1:42:41
together in London helped put together Alliance for responsible citizenship we're trying to put forward a model of governance it's called subsidiary model and the idea is that people have multiple social roles that scale know there's you should take care of yourself integrate yourself which means you can conduct yourself properly across the medium to long run you're self- sustaining then you can maybe extend that to your partner and then to your family and then to your local community and then to broader communities as you become more and more competent and able to take on that responsibility that's the alternative to isolated Hedon slavery you slave to your own whims and it's the alternative to tyranny because if you take on all that responsibility you don't have any need for someone to govern you and so that's another example of how I blamed it on the therapists a little bit I called them liberal Protestant secularists and that's because they think about the Locust of the psyche as in
“负责任公民联盟”,我们想提出一种治理模式,叫做辅助性原则模式,其核心想法是:人有多重社会角色,而且是层层放大的。你首先应该照顾好自己、整合好自己,也就是说你能在中长期里妥当地行事,你能自我维持;然后你或许可以把这种能力扩展到你的伴侣,再到你的家庭,再到你的本地社区,再到更大的社区,随着你变得越来越有能力、越来越能承担那份责任。这是孤立的享乐主义奴役之外的另一条路——你成了自己一时冲动的奴隶;这同时也是暴政之外的另一条路,因为如果你承担起了那么多责任,你就不需要任何人来管治你。所以这是另一个例子,说明——我多少怪罪了心理治疗师,我管他们叫自由派新教世俗主义者,因为他们把心灵的所在地看成是内在的、主观的,这正是一个
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1:43:53
interior subjective that's what a liberal would do it's just not accurate that isn't that isn't the way the psyche works it's not in your head you know it's it's in your head and in the world at the same time it's truly the case that your sanity is the concordance between you as an individual and the world that's the sanity it's not the proper structuring of your psyche or your brain for that matter inside your skull you're distributed out into the world and you should be and that's you want to be that's where the adventure is you want to be solipsistic the solipsistic porn masturbator Jesus it's no wonder you be aimless and miserable well God it's so pathetic why am I so unhappy it's because you think about yourself no you think about the lowest impulses in yourself all the time that's why you're miserable whilst being Arc what I thought was particularly interesting was your live event that you guys did at the O2 on the evening time and everyone was great but Douglas I thought was just a
自由派会做的事。可这不准确,心灵根本不是那样运作的,它不在你脑子里,你知道,它是同时在你脑子里和世界之中的。事实真的就是:你的理智健全,在于你作为个体与世界之间的一致性,那才是理智。它不在于你的心灵结构安排得好不好,或者就此而言,你颅腔里的大脑结构好不好。你是分布在世界之中的,你也理应如此,你也会想要如此,因为冒险就在那里。你想当个唯我论者?那种唯我论的色情片自慰者?天哪,那也难怪你没有方向、活得痛苦。老天,太可悲了。“我为什么这么不开心?”因为你老想着你自己。不,是因为你老想着你身上最低级的那些冲动,这就是你痛苦的原因。说到ARC,我觉得特别有意思的是你们办的那场线下活动——在 O2 那场演出,大家都很棒,但我觉得道格拉斯那晚简直是一场精彩绝伦的表演。你
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1:45:06
tour to force that evening what have you learned since being friends with Douglas how's he impacted you or influenced you well douglas douglas is very very disagreeable you know and he enjoyed combat and that isn't something that really characterizes I don't enjoy combat at all I mean part of the reason that it's perverse I suppose in some ways part of the reason that I will engage in difficult conversations is because I don't want to have them forever and so you know one of the rules I had in my marriage and it was a rule that my wife also was pleased to follow was that if we have a problem we're going to deal with it right now and we're going to deal with it right to the bottom and that's very unpleasant but if you do it sometimes you only have to do it once and the problem goes away and then you don't have that Bloody problem every day for the rest of your life and sometimes it takes you know 20 times before it's fixed before you've got to the bottom of things and that can be very unpleasant Douglas is very very good at
自从和道格拉斯成为朋友以来学到了什么?他对你有什么影响或启发?嗯,道格拉斯,道格拉斯非常非常不随和,你知道吧,而且他享受对抗,而这并不是我的特点,我一点都不享受对抗。我是说,部分原因——我想这在某种意义上有点反常——我之所以愿意进行艰难的对话,是因为我不想永远都得进行这些对话。所以你知道,我婚姻里有一条规矩,我妻子也很乐意遵守这条规矩那就是:如果我们有问题,我们现在就处理,而且要一路处理到底。这非常不愉快,但如果你真这么做了,有时候你只需要做一次,问题就消失了,然后你就不用在余生的每一天都面对那个该死的问题。当然有时候要来上二十次才能解决,才能把事情追到根上,那过程可能非常难受。道格拉斯非常擅长不让人蒙混过关,他
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1:46:25
not letting people off the hook he's very tough and he's very good at defending himself and and he there's a pitilessness about him that's extraordinarily admirable it's a judicious pitilessness you know and it's a dangerous game to play because there's another gospel realization let's say is the standards you judge other people by will be the standards that you yourself are judging judged by and the reason for that is well how are you going to judge everyone else and not apply the same standards to yourself like that's not going to happen because you become what you practice and you'll turn the eye the Hostile eye that you turn on others you will absolutely turn on yourself there's there's no way around that and so Douglas plays a dangerous game because he's very combative but he's also extremely careful he's very careful with his words and we've had a he toured with through Europe I think we did nine shows together we we split the Q&A he intro he did a little bit of an introduction before my lectures I really liked it I
非常强硬,也非常擅长为自己辩护,而且他身上有一种毫不留情的劲儿,这一点极其令人钦佩那是一种有分寸的毫不留情。而这也是一场危险的游戏,因为福音书里还有另一个洞见,就是说,你用来评判别人的标准,也将成为评判你自己的标准。原因在于你怎么可能去评判所有人,却不把同样的标准用在自己身上呢?那是不可能的因为你练什么就会变成什么,你投向别人的那种目光、那种带有敌意的目光,你绝对也会投向你自己,这是躲不掉的。所以道格拉斯在玩一场危险的游戏,因为他非常好斗,但他同时也极其谨慎,他用词非常小心。我们——他跟我一起巡回了欧洲,我想我们一起做了九场演出,我们分担问答环节,他在我的讲座前做一小段开场介绍,我真的很喜欢,我
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1:47:33
thought it was great it's been a privilege to get to know him super sharp um very cultured person um very witty so he has a great sense of humor which is also fun which also was one of the things that makes him a very dangerous opponent in a debate because not only does he have the facts at hand like Bjorn lomberg but he's devastatingly witting witty and cutting and it's fun to watch that he's a master at it so it was uh it's interesting to think about the fact that all you need really in a live debate I think I learned this from you and Sam ages ago if you're doing a live debate now that's not a proper intellectual formatted opening remarks so on and so forth if you manage to get sort of two or three real zingers you won regardless of the content if you do two or three real Zinger whole crowd laughs guess what you you got yeah well the great public intellectuals have a vicious sense of humor right and I mean I also think that's why so many of the successful podcasters have been comedians well at the ark conference I
觉得棒极了。能认识他是我的荣幸,他非常敏锐,嗯,非常有文化修养,嗯,也非常风趣,所以他很有幽默感,这也很有意思,而这也是让他在辩论中成为非常危险的对手的原因之一,因为他不仅像比约恩·隆伯格那样手握事实,而且他的机智和犀利具有毁灭性看他表现很过瘾,他是这方面的大师。所以,想想挺有意思的,在一场现场辩论里你真正需要的——我想这是很久以前从你和萨姆那儿学到的——如果你在做现场辩论,那不是那种正经的学术格式、开场陈词之类的——只要你能说出两三句真正的妙语,不管内容如何你就赢了。如果你抖出两三个真正的包袱,全场哄堂大笑,你猜怎么着,你就赢了。是啊,那些伟大的公共知识分子都有一种刻薄的幽默感,对吧。我也觉得这就是为什么这么多成功的播客主持人都是喜剧演员。在 ARC 大会上,我
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1:48:41
think Constantine Ken's speech was the overwhelming hit of the convention I think it's got 600,000 views as of today 650 on the ark side in about 600 on his own channel and Constantine did a beautiful job of merging intellectual content with wh well the thing the interesting thing about uh my live tour that I'm about to start doing bunch of my comedian friends have said to me dude I am so jealous of the tour that you get to do because no one's expecting you to be funny if you managed to be funny four times in 90 minutes you've killed if I'm not funny once every seven seconds I'm a [ __ ] comedian right so the bar is set and obviously coming in with Constantine's background of Comedy means that he is able to be by far the you know Far and Away way funnier than most public speakers uh but doesn't get held necessarily to the same standards that he he's not expecting to be one liners all the time one of the things that Douglas brought up when you guys were talking on stage that I thought was
觉得康斯坦丁·基辛的演讲是整场大会最大的爆款,我想到今天为止已经有六十万次观看ARC 那边六十五万,他自己频道上大约六十万。康斯坦丁把知识性的内容和幽默结合得非常漂亮。说到我马上要开始的巡回演讲,有意思的是,我有一堆喜剧演员朋友跟我说,老兄,我太羡慕你能做这种巡演了,因为没人指望你好笑。你要是能在九十分钟里逗笑四次,那就算大获全胜了;而我要是不能每七秒逗笑一次,我就是个[ __ ] 喜剧演员,对吧。标准就摆在那儿。显然,康斯坦丁有喜剧背景,这意味着他能远远比大多数公共演讲者好笑得多,但他又不一定被要求达到同样的标准他并不被期待一直讲金句。你们在台上聊的时候,道格拉斯提到的一件事我觉得特别有意思,就是聪明人被文化战争的
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1:49:44
particularly interesting was The Perils of smart people getting captured by culture wars [ __ ] do you ever think about how much time over the last decade some of the smartest people on the planet have had their attention their cognitive horow just yeah taken away arguing about whether men are men and women are women or not or whatever the idea the jure of the day is yeah well this is so I've been partnering with the daily wire for about a year and a half so far that's been very successful they've been a pleasure to work with but what they wrestle with constantly all them all of the principles all of the principles at Daily wire would rather in some real way be be concentrating on philosophical theological or dramatic matters so which is partly why the daily wire is turning towards entertainment for kids but also for adults starting to make movies for example and TV shows they'd rather be doing that I had Ben Shapiro um he participated in this seminar on Exodus that I produced with about nine other um extraordinarily
那些破事捕获的危险。你有没有想过,过去十年里,这个星球上一些最聪明的人把多少时间、多少注意力多少认知带宽,就这么耗在争论男人是不是男人、女人是不是女人,或者不管当天流行的议题是什么。是啊,这个嘛,我和 Daily Wire 合作大概一年半了,到目前为止非常成功,跟他们合作很愉快。但他们一直挣扎的是,他们所有的核心人物,Daily Wire 所有的核心人物,其实在某种真切的意义上都更愿意专注于哲学、神学或者戏剧性的题材。这也是为什么 Daily Wire 正转向娱乐内容,既面向孩子也面向成人,比如开始拍电影和电视剧。他们更想做那个。本·夏皮罗参加了我制作的那个关于《出埃及记》的研讨会,还有另外大约九位极其有意思的思想家。本非常敏锐
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1:50:54
interesting thinkers and Ben is Shawn you know he he's he's wasted is he wasted on the political the political is necessary but it's it's one nation under God for a reason because the political the political isn't the Pinnacle never it's never the Pinnacle and if you're capable of discourse at the Pinnacle political discourse is secondary there's also evanescent right there's ways that it can tumble as well there's uh how would you say degrees of depth of political stuff too because what works on YouTube a lot of the time is in reacts to insane woke Tik toks or does whatever and it's easy to get pigeon H holded that way yeah yeah and it is is it a waste it's nonoptimal but it's a question it's an interesting question to be asked right about how much sort of ankle or skirt need you need to show from an algorithmic perspective in order to keep the numbers churning because ultimately you're producing what people click on you don't want to be completely beholden to your audience that's audience capture but you also don't want
你知道,他其实是被浪费了——他在政治上被浪费了吗?政治是必要的,但『上帝之下的一个国家』这句话是有原因的,因为政治,政治不是顶点,永远不是顶点。如果你有能力在顶点的层面上进行论述,那政治性的论述就是次要的。而且它也是转瞬即逝的,对吧,它也可能崩塌。政治性的东西也有,怎么说呢,不同的深度层次,因为在 YouTube 上很多时候管用的是去反应那些疯狂的觉醒派 TikTok 视频之类的,而这样很容易被定型、贴上标签是啊是啊。那这算浪费吗?这不是最优解,但这是个问题,是个值得问的有趣问题,就是从算法的角度看你到底得露出多少『脚踝』或者『裙摆』,才能让数据持续转起来,因为归根结底你生产的是人们会点击的东西。你不想完全被你的受众绑架,那叫受众俘获,但你也不想完全没摸到当下流行的脉搏,以至于
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1:52:05
to be so unaware of having your finger on the pulse of what is trendy that you become obscure and obsolete right right well in that well in that line that you're trying to walk when you're dealing with matters that are the highest and also making them publicly accessible that's a very very tight line to walk I mean Jonathan Paso has done a good job of that although his Market is still relatively Niche and he certainly is more esoteric let's say than the daily wire guys who tend to devolve into the political and that devolves into the cheap political from time to time right the hit for hit sake or the or the chasing the algorithm and I mean that's the danger that all politicians have too is that and I've seen this with lots of political who have developed a Persona this is particularly true in the United States I would say because Americans are so sales money and I don't say that dismissively it's really hard to sell to Market to communicate I I saw the Elvis movie recently and I thought it did a
变得默默无闻、被时代淘汰。对,没错。那么在你试图走的那条线上——当你处理的是最崇高的议题,同时又要让它能被大众理解——那是一条非常非常窄的线。我是说,乔纳森·佩若做得相当不错,虽然他的市场仍然相对小众,而且可以说他比 Daily Wire那些人更加深奥。那些人往往会滑向政治,而政治又时不时滑向廉价的政治,对吧为了爆款而爆款,或者追逐算法。我是说,这也是所有政客面临的危险我在很多打造了人设的政治人物身上都见过这一点,我觉得这在美国尤其明显,因为美国人太会推销了——我这么说并没有贬义,推销、营销、沟通其实真的很难。我最近看了那部关于猫王的电影,我觉得它把这一点呈现得非常精彩,因为
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1:53:11
beautiful job of laying this out because Elvis was a stellar talent but his manager who was a real Shyer was also a stellar Talent like Elvis wouldn't have been who he was without his corrupt manager and you know it's sort of a deal with the devil but you have to give the devil is due too and the salesman part of American culture can easily devolve into a kind of narcissistic manipulativeness that's that's where it would go if it becomes pathological but as you said you have to be aware of your audience and you have to be delivering what there's a market for and it's very difficult to get those things right this is a question question that I've got about your new book coming out next year I haven't seen any of it and it sounds like based on what you're reading at the moment you're trying to Grapple with religious texts especially the Bible we who wrestle with God is the name of the book we who wrestle with God yeah which is the that's what the word Israel means Israel means we who wrestle
猫王是顶级的天才,但他那个十足骗子的经纪人同样也是顶级高手——没有那个腐败的经纪人,猫王就不会成为后来的他。你知道,这有点像跟魔鬼做交易,但你也得承认魔鬼的功劳。而美国文化里推销员的那一面,很容易堕落成一种自恋式的操纵,如果它走向病态,就会往那个方向去。但正如你说的,你必须了解你的受众,你也必须交付市场需要的东西,而要把这些都拿捏好非常难。我有一个问题是关于你明年要出的新书的。我还没看过任何内容,听起来,从你目前在读的东西判断,你是在跟宗教文本、尤其是《圣经》较劲。《我们这些与神摔跤的人》是这本书的名字。《我们这些与神摔跤的人》,对,这正是『以色列』这个词的意思,以色列的意思就是『我们这些与神
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11神的定义:至善与价值的等级
1:54:11
with God and so well it's very interesting because it means the chosen people are the people who wrestle with God and you might say well who wrestles with God and the answer to that is well everyone wrestles with god well why because you can't act without making moral decisions like every every step forward is predicated on a moral decision and so we're all wrestling with God is God a moral decision God is the spirit that guides you when you make the proper moral decisions so I wouldn't say God is a moral decision he's the spirit of he's the Spirit of moral decision that's that's actually not a bad definition like part of what I'm trying to do with this book is to point out that a lot of what's happening in the biblical Corpus is actually definitional right well people modern people think the fundamental issue is do you believe in God but that's not the fundamental issue the fundamental issue is what do you mean by God and so let me give you an example of this that will make it clearer so there's no there's a medieval
摔跤的人』。这非常有意思,因为这意味着上帝的选民就是那些与神摔跤的人。你可能会问,谁会与神摔跤呢?答案是,每个人都在与神摔跤。为什么?因为你不做出道德决定就无法行动,每向前迈出一步都以一个道德决定为前提,所以我们都在与神摔跤神是一个道德决定吗?神是在你做出正确道德决定时引导你的那个精神。所以我不会说神是一个道德决定,他是……他是道德决定的精神。这其实是个不错的定义。我在这本书里想做的一部分工作就是指出,圣经文本中发生的很多事情其实是定义性的。对吧,现代人认为根本问题是『你信不信神』,但那不是根本问题,根本问题是你说的『神』究竟指什么。让我举个例子会更清楚。中世纪有一个
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1:55:21
idea that that God is the sum bonum which means the sum of all that's good or the essence of all that's good okay you might say well I don't believe in that now remember this is a definition of God right God is the sum of all that's good okay all right so you don't believe in that all right let's take that apart do you believe that some things are better than other things well people will say yes okay so then you believe that there is a scale of good okay is there something that all things that are good share in common and the answer that has to be yes because otherwise you don't have a conception of good right the word good implies that across good things there's some Essence okay well the definition the medieval one medieval definition of God is the essence of good well okay let's say you don't believe in that okay does that mean you don't believe in anything that's good okay then how how do you act then because to act means to do something that's better than what you're doing now right there's no action
观念,认为神是『至善』(summum bonum),意思是一切善的总和,或者说一切善的本质。好你可能会说,我不信这个。但记住,这是关于神的一个定义,对吧,神是一切善的总和。好,那你不信这个。好,我们来拆解一下。你相不相信有些事物比另一些事物更好?人们会说,是的。好,那你就相信存在一个善的等级。好,那所有善的事物之间有没有某种共同点?答案必须是有,因为否则你就没有关于善的概念对吧,『善』这个词本身就意味着在所有善的事物之间存在某种本质。好,那么中世纪对神的定义就是善的本质。好吧,假设你不信这个。那这是否意味着你不相信任何东西是善的?那你又怎么行动呢?因为行动就意味着去做比你现在做的更好的事,对吧,没有朝向善的运动就没有行动。嗯,你可能会说,我
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1:56:30
without movement towards the the good and well you might you might say well I don't believe that there's a unitary good okay you believe there's there's a fractionated good well then what do you do when those things oppose one another right which would be in a conflict of Duty what how do you refer to what do you refer to to help you adjudicate between different Goods well generally what you do is if you could pursue a which is good or B which is good and they conflict then you pick the higher good okay do you believe in a higher good well if you don't you can't decide between goods which means you're paralyzed if you do believe in the higher good then do you believe in the highest good well the highest good is God what do you mean by that by definition okay so now you have a definition now then the next question might be well what's your relation ship with the highest good and you might say well I don't have a relationship it's like well actually you do because you act in relationship to it you can't help
不相信存在一个统一的善。好,你相信善是碎片化的。那当这些善彼此冲突时你怎么办?也就是所谓的义务冲突。你依据什么、你参照什么来裁决不同的善之间的取舍?一般来说你会这样做:如果你可以追求 A,它是善的,或者追求 B,它也是善的,而两者冲突,那你就选更高的那个善。好,你相信存在更高的善吗?如果你不信,你就无法在诸善之间做选择,那你就瘫痪了。如果你确实相信更高的善,那你相不相信存在最高的善?而最高的善就是神——你说这话什么意思?按定义如此。好,现在你有了一个定义。那么下一个问题可能是:你和这个最高的善是什么关系?你可能会说,我跟它没什么关系。但其实你有,因为你的行动就是相对于它展开的,你身不由己。圣经文本
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1:57:30
it you one of the interesting things about the biblical Corpus is that it's based on the insistance that you have a relationship with being and becoming a relationship like a personal relationship when you say biblical culus do you mean the collection of texts that makes up the Bible yeah because it's a library of of books essentially right the Bible is actually the first library of books it's written by a v a very large number of different people and aggregated over thousands of years and then sequenced actually sequenced into a narrative interestingly enough because no one really sequenced it or by no one I mean no individual person it was the Endeavor of the collective or the spirit that possessed the collective over thousands of years but the narrative is coherent which is really quite something and so the narrative is an investigation number one into the nature of God number two into the nature of relationship with God and then number three into the nature of the proper relationship with
有意思的一点是,它建立在这样一种坚持之上:你与『存在』和『生成』有一种关系,一种关系,就像一种个人性的关系。你说圣经文本的时候,指的是构成《圣经》的那一整套文本吗?对,因为它本质上是一座书的图书馆。《圣经》其实是第一座书籍的图书馆,它由非常多的不同作者写成,在数千年里汇集起来,然后被编排——真的是被编排进了一个叙事里,这一点很有意思,因为并没有谁真正去编排它,我说没有谁,是指没有哪个个人。那是集体的努力,或者说是数千年里附着于这个集体的那个精神的努力。但这个叙事是连贯的,这真的很了不起。所以这个叙事是一场探究:第一,探究神的本质;第二,探究与神的关系的本质;第三,探究与神的正当关系的
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1:58:38
God all of those things and God is the sum of all that's good so the Bible is an analysis of H the human relationship with the good what what would have to happen after the publishing of we who wrestle with God for you to look back on that publication and consider it a success what is it that you want to happen what do you want people to feel or to take away from that work I think we're at the beginning of the counter Enlightenment the the propositions the enlightenment view of man is wrong and this you know out of the Enlightenment view came science but the Science Now indicates that the enlightenment view of man is wrong what do you mean well the enlightenment types believe that we could Orient ourselves in the world let's say empirically that and this is Sam Harris's proposition you can abide by the facts you can Orient yourself as a consequence of the dispassionate analysis of the facts you can't and I would say the artificial intelligence Engineers have figured that out the postmodern literary
本质。所有这些。而神是一切善的总和,所以《圣经》就是对人与善的关系的分析。那么在《我们这些与神摔跤的人》出版之后,要发生什么,你回头看这次出版才会认为它是成功的?你希望发生什么?你希望人们感受到什么,或者从这部作品中带走什么?我认为我们正处在『反启蒙』的开端。启蒙运动关于人的那套命题是错的,你知道,科学正是从启蒙运动的世界观里产生的,但如今科学恰恰表明启蒙运动关于人的看法是错的。你什么意思?启蒙派认为我们可以在世界中给自己定向,比方说以经验的方式,这也是萨姆·哈里斯的主张:你可以依循事实,你可以通过对事实的冷静分析来给自己定向。你做不到。而且我要说,人工智能工程师已经想明白了这一点,后现代文学
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1:59:59
critics have figured that out the psychologists and physiologists of perception have figured it out and the neuroscientists have figured that out so it's not just the evidence that that view is necessarily incorrect is overwhelming and multi-dimensional you can't Orient Yourself by the facts why because there are as many facts as there are things in fact if you combine things the nature of the combination is also a fact so there's as many facts as there are things and combinations of things well you can't Orient Yourself by that that's you drown in chaos it's like you're standing in the desert and there's an infinite number of directions you could go well how do you choose a direction and that's showing up in that most recent survey that I just mentioned people feeling meaninglessness purposelessness I overwhel lost in the desert they're lost in the desert that's and the desert is the desert of fact it's dead facts especially given how few people can agree on is this a fact or is this counter the well that's also a
批评家想明白了,研究知觉的心理学家和生理学家想明白了,神经科学家也想明白了。所以这不只是……那种观点必然错误的证据是压倒性的、多维度的。你无法靠事实给自己定向。为什么?因为有多少事物就有多少事实,而且如果你把事物组合起来,组合的性质也是一个事实。所以事实的数量等于事物加上事物组合的数量。而你没法靠那个给自己定向,你会淹没在混沌里。就好像你站在沙漠里,有无穷多个方向可以走,那你怎么选一个方向?这也体现在我刚才提到的那份最新调查里人们感到无意义、无目的,被彻底压垮,在沙漠里迷失——他们迷失在沙漠里,而这片沙漠是事实的沙漠是死的事实。尤其考虑到能就『这算不算事实』达成一致的人如此之少……嗯,这也是一个
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2:01:09
problem is it's not like the facts are necessarily self-evident some facts are and I suppose to some degree what the scientific Corpus is is the elaboration of a set of incontrovertible facts I've read recently that the whole big bang narrative is starting to come apart you know that was a fact for a long time now I don't know if that's the case I don't know enough about it but my sense is that the new discoveries from the web telescope have made many of the presumptions upon which the Big Bang model was based questionable so now I don't want to you know fall down a postmodern rabbit hole because alth the issue of what constitutes a fact is a very complicated issue anyways you can cut to the chase by pointing out that we organize facts in a hierarchy of value and you see the thing about I'm trying to make this case in the book you do this when you look at the world you can't look at the world except through a hierarchy of value so for example as we're sitting here there's an infinite number of places we could be
问题,事实并不必然是不言自明的。有些事实是。我想在某种程度上,科学的整个文献体系就是一套无可争辩的事实的展开。我最近读到,整个大爆炸叙事正在开始瓦解。你知道,那曾经长期被当作事实。我不知道是不是真的,我不……对它了解得不够多,但我的感觉是,韦伯望远镜的新发现让大爆炸模型所依据的许多前提都变得可疑了所以现在我不想,你知道,掉进后现代的兔子洞,因为虽然什么才算事实这个问题本身非常复杂,不管怎样,你可以直接切入要害,指出我们是把事实按价值等级来组织的。你看,我在书里想论证的就是这一点——你看世界的时候就是这么做的你只能透过一个价值等级体系去看世界。比如说,我们现在坐在这里,有无限多个地方是我们可以把目光投过去的,比如我可以一边跟你说话,一边盯着水泥地上这一小块地方,或者旁边
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2:02:19
pointing our eyes like I could be talking to you and looking at this little spot on the concrete floor or the spot beside it or the infinite number of spots surrounding it constantly but I'm not I'm looking at your eyes okay why because I'm prioritizing them so the fact that dominates in this landscape is the fact of your eyes why I can use your eyes to evaluate our shared Focus right and that's why we look at other people's eyes it's also why humans have got white around the exactly it's so that we can see what other people are attending to so that we can get insight into the story a story is a description of a hierarchy of value stories can be Fantastical though right if they're untethered to anything I can make up Harry Potter's a story now this if they're untethered to anything you won't find them interesting because they won't resonate they they won't grip you yeah they're they're tethered stories are are Tethered to reality in a very very complicated way because reality isn't what presents itself moment to
那块地方,或者周围无限多个点中的任何一个,但我没有,我在看你的眼睛。好,为什么呢因为我把它们排在了优先位置。所以在这片景观中占主导地位的事实,就是你眼睛的事实。为什么?我可以用你的眼睛来评估我们共同的关注点,对吧。这也是为什么我们要看别人的眼睛,这也是为什么人类眼睛周围有白色的没错,就是为了让我们能看见别人在注意什么,这样我们就能洞察那个故事。而一个故事就是对一个价值等级体系的描述。不过故事也可以是纯幻想的,对吧,如果它们跟任何东西都不挂钩,我可以编出来——哈利·波特就是个故事。可是如果它们跟任何东西都不挂钩,你就不会觉得有意思,因为它们不会引起共鸣,不会抓住你。是啊,它们是挂钩的,故事是以一种非常非常复杂的方式跟现实挂钩的,因为现实并不是每时每刻呈现在你面前的那些东西
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2:03:31
moment
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2:03:39
it's our math there's a huge debate among philosophers about mathematical abstractions are they real well you could make a case that a mathematical abstraction is more real than the thing from which it's abstracted how would you make that case if you're a master of mathematics you master the world so are the mathematical abstractions more or less real narrative abstractions are abstractions but you could say this is what an archetype is an archetype is a narrative abstraction that's more real than the world than the apparent world it's behind the scenes and the biblical Corpus is a is a narrative narrative it's a hyperreal narrative that's the right way to think about it it's more real than real it's more real than reality how could something that isn't the thing be more real than the thing well that's exactly the problem with abstraction right is the idea of a church more real than a given Church well it is in some ways because it encapsulates what's similar across all churches right so it it's like a
那是我们的数学。哲学家们对数学抽象有一场很大的争论——它们是真实的吗?其实你可以论证说,一个数学抽象比它所抽象出来的那个东西更真实。你怎么论证呢?如果你精通数学,你就掌控了世界。那么数学抽象到底是更真实还是更不真实呢?叙事抽象也是抽象,但你可以说,原型就是这个东西。原型是一种叙事抽象,它比世界更真实,比那个表象世界更真实,它藏在幕后。而圣经文本是一种叙事,是一种超真实的叙事,这么想才对它比真实更真实,它比现实更真实。一个不是那个东西的东西,怎么可能比那个东西更真实呢?这恰恰就是抽象的难题所在,对吧。教堂这个理念比某一座具体的教堂更真实吗?从某些方面说确实是,因为它概括了所有教堂之间的共同点,对吧。所以它就像一个柏拉图式的理想,一个范畴就像一个柏拉图式的理想,它是更真实还是更不真实
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2:04:48
platonic ideal a category is like a platonic ideal is it more or less real well you could say that the reality this is what Plato said the reality is a dim shadow of the essence the reality is less real than the ideal and we we certainly and that's actually in some ways built into our perception like we we criticize we criticize the things that present themselves to us because they are poor reflections of the hypothetical ideal you might say well the ideal isn't real it's like well you could make the opposite argument which is that the ideal is more real than the thing itself and I mean I can give you an example of these patterns so in the story of Cain and Abel you have two patterns of sacrifice okay why is sacrifice an issue the reason it's an issue is because people exist in a sacrificial relationship to the world what does that mean it seems to mean something like human beings are aware of their extended self you know you're going to be around tomorrow and next week and next month and next year and 5 years from now and
你可以说——柏拉图就是这么说的——现实是本质的一道暗淡影子,现实比理想更不真实。而我们当然……而且这实际上在某种程度上就内建在我们的知觉里,比如我们我们会批评呈现在我们面前的事物,因为它们只是那个假想的理想的拙劣映照你可能会说,理想并不真实。那你也可以做出相反的论证,就是理想比事物本身更真实。我可以给你举个例子,说说这些模式。在该隐和亚伯的故事里,你看到两种献祭的模式。好,为什么献祭会成为一个议题?之所以是议题,是因为人与世界处在一种献祭性的关系之中。这是什么意思呢?它似乎意味着,人类意识到自己延展的自我,你知道,你明天还会在下周还在,下个月还在,明年还在,五年后还在,十年后还在——越往后当然越不确定
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2:05:58
10 years from now now it's less certain as you go out but you do have the sense of yourself as something that stretches across the decades okay and so what that means is that you have to conduct yourself in a manner that isn't merely immediate you have to conduct yourself in a manner that will work across time now how do people do that they work work is a sacrificial gesture so you work by definition virtually work is the sacrifice of the present for the future I mean maybe someone can come up with a better definition of work than that but I don't think so it's like you you put in time and effort right now it's something even if it's something maybe not what you'd like to be doing at the moment you put in time and effort because you believe what the hell does that mean you believe it'll pay off well is that a contract with the future is it a covenant because the relationship that the biblical Corpus insists characterizes human striving is covenantal it's a bargain the bargain is you make the right
但你确实有一种感觉:你自己是某种横跨几十年的存在。好,那么这意味着,你必须以一种不只着眼于当下的方式来行事,你必须以一种跨越时间都行得通的方式来行事。那人们怎么做到呢?他们工作。工作就是一种献祭的姿态。所以你工作——从定义上讲,工作基本上就是为了未来而牺牲当下。我的意思是,也许有人能想出一个比这更好的工作定义,但我觉得没有。就像你现在投入时间和精力哪怕这可能不是你此刻想做的事,你还是投入了时间和精力因为你相信——这到底是什么意思?你相信它会有回报。那这算是跟未来签的合同吗?是不是一种圣约?因为圣经文本坚持认为,刻画人类奋斗的那种关系是立约式的,是一种交易这笔交易就是:你做出正确的献祭,它们就会有回报。这就是交易。你可能会说,这不过是社会契约的一部分,但
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2:07:10
sacrifices and they pay off that's the bargain now you might say well that's just part of the social contract but the biblical Corpus insists that it's deeper than that it's built into the the structure of reality itself and that if you got the sacrifices right the future would be paradisal I've got it in my head that KL young quote beware of unearned wisdom that feels like that feels like it plays a role here like how the work that you need to put in in order to be able to arrive at genuinely knowing the thing the difference between actually being attractive because who you are is attractive and you being able to be a pickup artist that is able to make the mouth noises and the hand gestures that caus those those are the fruits of false sacrifice you could say that unearned unearned moral reputation is the consequence of false sacrifice well this is performative empathy right sure exactly definitely that's the same as praying in public look at how good I am if the look at if the look at comes
圣经文本坚持认为它比那更深,它内建在现实本身的结构里,而且如果你把献祭做对了,未来就会是天堂般的。我脑子里一直有荣格那句话,当心未经赚取的智慧。感觉这在这里也起作用,就是说你必须付出的那些努力,才能真正抵达对某件事的真知。这就像是:你真正有吸引力,因为你这个人本身有吸引力;跟你能够当个搭讪艺术家,能发出那些口头的声响、做出那些手势去引发反应——这两者的区别。那些就是虚假献祭的果实。你可以说,未经赚取的道德声望,就是虚假献祭的后果这就是表演式的共情,对吧。当然,完全没错。这跟当众祷告是一回事:看看我多好如果那个“看看我”排在“我多好”前面的话。对对对对,这真的把那个“好”的说法搞得一团糟。还有,我
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2:08:17
before the how good I am right right right right it really re's havoc on the good claim it's also I spoke to Douglas about this it seems to almost be a predictor it's an identifier that you should be a little bit more cautious about what this person is do definitely you know if every single person that's super sweety and nicey nicy lizo do you see lizo was in the news recently no so she is a uh artist singer uh she the one that that got in trouble for abusing her close compatriots dancers she made her dancers eat bananas out of the vaginas of amster Damian strippers um Douglas said that he oh yeah that's a little on the hedonistic power mad side well she was supposed to be you know this bass like for the girls and body positivity and all this stuff but it turned out behind the scenes that she was treating her dances terribly body shaming them all of the time but she was the one up front that was the Vanguard of this particular movement but you'd seen the same with uh was it Jimmy Fallon I think he was uh
跟道格拉斯聊过这个,这几乎像是一个预测指标,一个识别标志,提醒你应该对这个人在干什么多留一份心。绝对是。你知道,如果每一个特别甜、特别和善的人……Lizzo,你看到Lizzo最近上新闻了吗?没有。她是个艺人、歌手,就是那个因为虐待身边的伙伴、她的舞者而惹上麻烦的人。她让她的舞者从阿姆斯特丹脱衣舞女的下体里吃香蕉。嗯,道格拉斯说他……哦是啊,那有点偏向纵欲和权力上头那一边了。可她本来应该是,你知道,那种“为姐妹们发声”的代表,身体自爱之类的这一整套东西。但结果幕后她对她的舞者糟糕透顶,一直对她们进行身材羞辱。可她就是那个站在台前、走在这场运动最前列的人。但你也见过同样的事,呃是吉米·法伦吗?我记得他最近也卷进一场风波,说他作为老板是个暴君,而在
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2:09:18
caught up in a fural recently that he was a tyrant to work for and yet out front Ellen degenerous again the same it's almost actually like if somebody is it's very much like that overloading on the sweetie nicey I am here for the underlings that you go I'm a little bit suspicious of what's going on there if you need to Proclaim your Purity and your good standing if it's all words and opinions and not Deeds one of The Commandments one of the Ten Commandments is do not use God's name in vain okay now people think that means don't swear and it sort of means that that's one of its like tangential meanings but what it really means is do not claim Divine motivation for self-serving Behavior right and that's performative compassion so what you do is you elevate compassion to the highest place so you make it your God which is big mistake because whatever God is he is not merely compassion you elevate compassion to the highest place and then you say I feel sorry for people and what that does is elevate your moral status
台前……艾伦·德杰尼勒斯也一样。这几乎就像,如果某个人过度地表现出那种甜美、和善、“我站在小人物这边”的姿态,你就会想,我对这背后发生的事有点怀疑。如果你需要宣告自己的纯洁和良好品行,如果全都是言辞和观点而没有行动……诫命之一,十诫之一就是不可妄称神的名。好,现在人们以为这是说不要说脏话,某种程度上也确实有这层意思,那算是它的一个边缘含义,但它真正的意思是:不要为自利的行为宣称神圣的动机。对吧,这就是表演式的慈悲。所以你做的事就是把慈悲抬到最高位,把它变成你的神,而这是个大错因为不管神是什么,他都不仅仅是慈悲。你把慈悲抬到最高位,然后你说我为人们感到难过,而这么做就把你的道德地位抬到了最高的位置,对吧。而这完全是未经赚取的。因为这正是J.K.罗琳
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2:10:32
to the highest possible place right it's completely unearned because this is something JK Rowling got so accurate with her Dolores Umbridge character right he was an absolute power mink with little kittens had the kittens on the plates it's like this toxic sentimentality I'm so nice it's like yeah I'd like to stay away from you and you're devouring niceness and the freudians knew about that very very in a very sophisticated way very early because the devouring mother the edle mother is the shadow side of compassion I've been trying to come up with the term for this for a while I like Ming things into existence giving them names useful uh and at the moment the best one I've got is the the shallow Pond of empathy which is at the moment something which appeases people and does not cause them any discomfort immediately is always prioritized even if the net effect of that over the longterm results in their suffering absolutely that's exactly what that's exactly what the edle situation is it's
刻画得极其准确的地方,她那个多洛雷斯·乌姆里奇的角色,对吧。那是个彻头彻尾的权力狂,却摆弄着小猫咪,盘子上都是小猫图案,就是这种有毒的煽情:我多好啊。你会觉得,是啊,我还是离你远点吧那是一种吞噬性的和善。弗洛伊德学派很早就非常非常精细地了解这一点,因为那个吞噬性的母亲,恋子的母亲,就是慈悲的阴影面。我一直想给这个东西找个说法。我喜欢把东西命名出来、给它们名字,很有用。目前我想到的最好的说法是“共情的浅水塘”,就是说:凡是能安抚人、当下不让人感到任何不适的东西,总是被优先考虑,哪怕这么做的长期净效果是让他们受苦。完全正确,这正是……这正是那种恋子的情形,它就是
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2:11:38
the prioritization of short-term emotional Comfort over medium to long-term thriving right cuz the mother who kicks the child out of the nest says this is going to hurt now but the iterating consequences are positive Michelangelo's PA right exactly that's right that's right and it's that's exactly right and the and the moral of that story is is that if you give up your children to the world you will keep them right that's the sacrifice of Abraham is Abraham is called upon by God to sacrifice his son and he says yes so he doesn't have to right you have to offer up your children to be broken by the world or or you lose them you undermine them you destroy them it's very it's a very paradoxical truth we were talking about patterns Cain is the pattern of inappropriate sacrifice he does everything second rate he lies he omits he prevaricates he pretends he doesn't offer his best ables the opposite he offers his best which means he's comp his light is shining on the hill right there's no hiding he's giving it
把短期的情绪舒适置于中长期的繁荣之上,对吧。因为那个把孩子踢出巢的母亲说的是现在这会疼,但一层层累积的后果是好的。米开朗基罗的《哀悼基督》,对,正是如此,没错没错,而且完全正确。这个故事的寓意是:如果你把孩子交给世界,你反而会留住他们。对吧,那就是亚伯拉罕的献祭——神召唤亚伯拉罕献上他的儿子,他说好,所以他反而不必献了对吧。你必须把你的孩子献出去,让世界去磨砺他们,否则你就会失去他们,你会削弱他们,毁掉他们这是个非常非常吊诡的真理。我们刚才在说模式——该隐就是不当献祭的模式。他做每件事都敷衍二流,他撒谎,他隐瞒,他支吾其词,他装样子,他不献上自己最好的。亚伯正相反,他献上自己最好的,这意味着他……他的光照在山上,对吧,没有遮掩,他把自己拥有的一切都拿了出来。跟
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2:12:53
everything he's got the Covenant with God is that if you give it everything you've got you will prevail and that's what God tells Cain which to go through some of the threads from today Instinct staying true to that instinct honesty saying what you mean not prioritizing avoiding uh someone else's or your discomfort in the short term in order to believe that this is something which is going to make you feel better over the long term I have a well that's a kind of sacrifice right there is that you're willing to sacrifice your shortterm physiological and psychological comfort for a medium to long-term benefit it's the essence of sacrifice to offer the this is this is something the atheists don't understand about the biblical narrative is that the narrative insists that we live in a sacrificial relationship it's the essence of humanity to live in a sacrificial relationship it's like well is that true or not well as you m sure your relationships are more sacrificial it's less about what you in
神立的约就是:如果你拿出你所有的一切,你就会得胜。这也正是神对该隐说的话。把今天的几条线索串起来:直觉,忠于那个直觉;诚实,说出你真正的意思;不把短期内回避别人或自己的不适放在首位,而是相信这件事长远来看会让你感觉更好。我有一个……嗯,那本身就是一种献祭,对吧,就是你愿意牺牲短期的生理和心理舒适,去换取中长期的好处。这就是献祭的本质,去献上……这正是无神论者不理解圣经叙事的地方,就是这个叙事坚持认为我们生活在一种献祭性的关系之中。活在献祭性的关系中,正是人之为人的本质。那么这是不是真的呢?我确信你的那些关系都是更具献祭性的——它不太关乎你此刻狭义上想要什么,而
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2:13:57
your narrow sense want right now and it's more about what's good over the medium to long run including other people well that's a sacrificial relationship now the Covenant you know and this is a matter of Faith it's the matter of the deepest Faith do you are you willing to act out the proposition that the way to make the world reveal itself to you in its most positive guise is for you to adopt the most appropriate sacrificial relationship well it's a big risk isn't it because you have to give up everything that's the that's the deal you give up everything that's low everything everything well that's what the Christian passion is because the Christian passion is an archetypal story because Christ is the person who sacrifices everything thoroughly 100% And the biblical notion is that there's no difference between that and the Descent of the god of the Old Testament into into into the space of human reality so God is elaborated as a spirit in the Old Testament that's way of thinking about it fleshed out right into
更关乎中长期来看什么是好的,包括对别人。那就是一种献祭性的关系。而这个圣约,你知道这是一个信仰的问题,是最深的信仰问题:你是否愿意去践行这样一个命题——要让世界以它最积极的面貌向你显现,你就得采取那种最恰当的献祭性关系?这可是个大冒险,不是吗因为你必须放弃一切。这就是那笔交易:你放弃一切低劣的东西,一切,一切。而这正是基督受难的意义,因为基督受难是一个原型故事,因为基督是那个彻彻底底、百分之百献出一切的人。而圣经的观念是,这与旧约中的神降入人类现实空间之间没有区别。所以神在旧约中被阐发为一种灵,可以这么理解,然后它被具体化为律法和先知,而基督把自己呈现为那的
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2:15:14
the law and the prophets and Christ presents himself as the embodiment of that so imagine here's a way of thinking about it you can invite various spirits to possess you that's what you do when you give way to Rage that's what you do when you give way to lust let's say you allow spirits to possess you well what would you be like if you did nothing but allow the highest of spirits to possess you well that's the question that's put forth in the New Testament and part of the answer to that is if you allowed the highest of all possible spirits to possess you you would be able to confront everything that life could possibly throw at you and that's what happens in the Christian passion because the worst that life can throw at you is the worst tragedy and the worst tragedy is the worst death the worst and most painful death inflicted on the least deserving person right that's the ultimate reach of tragedy okay that's not enough Christ has to confront that and and he has to confront malevolence that's the harrowing of hell
化身。所以想象一下,可以这样来看:你可以邀请各种各样的灵来附体于你。你发泄暴怒的时候就是在这么做,你放纵情欲的时候也是在这么做,可以说,你让那些灵附了你的体。那么,如果你什么都不做,只让最高的灵附体于你,你会变成什么样呢?这正是新约提出的问题。而答案的一部分是:如果你让所有可能的灵中最高的那一个附体于你,你就能够直面生活可能扔给你的一切。而这正是基督受难中发生的事因为生活能扔给你的最坏的东西就是最深的悲剧,而最深的悲剧就是最惨的死亡——最惨烈、最痛苦的死亡,加在最不该承受它的人身上,对吧,那就是悲剧所能抵达的极限好,可这还不够,基督必须直面那个,而且他还必须直面恶意,那就是“下降阴间”
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2:16:24
so the idea is that to adapt fully to life you have to allow yourself to be possessed by the spirit that will enable you to voluntarily face unjust suffering and death and evil it's like well you got an argument against that how could it be any other way one of the things that I think I see people respond to this degree of pressure when they think about what is going happen long term uh I have discomfort that is in front of me now that I need to face that I need to go through if I'm going to get to Something in the future that I think that I'm supposed to do and one of the solutions that they come up with which isn't a solution but it kind of is to them is I'm not going to do anything yeah you know that uh no decision is kind of the same as a neutral a neutral Choice one of my friends Alex has got this quote which I love and he says the heaviest things in life aren't iron and gold but unmade decisions the reason you are stressed is that you have decisions to make and you're not making them yeah
所以这个想法是:要完全适应生活,你必须让自己被那种能使你自愿面对不义的苦难、死亡和邪恶的灵所附体。你会想,你有什么理由反对这个吗?还能是别的样子吗?我觉得我看到的一件事是,人们面对这种程度的压力时的反应,当他们想到长期会发生什么的时候,会说:我眼前有一种不适,我得去面对,我得熬过去,才能抵达未来某个我觉得自己应该去做的事情。而他们想出的解决办法之一——那其实不是解决办法,但对他们来说有点像——就是:我什么都不做。是啊,你知道那种“不做决定差不多等于一个中立选择”的想法。我有个朋友亚历克斯有句话我特别喜欢,他说人生中最沉重的东西不是铁和金子,而是没做的决定。你之所以有压力,是因为你有决定要做却没有去做。是啊是啊,这……是啊是啊,毫无疑问。其实根本不存在“优柔寡断”这回事,对吧,只
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2:17:28
yeah that's yeah yeah no doubt about it well there's no indecision right there's only because you age like you pay for your you pay for your indecision it's a decision it's a decision to avoid fundamentally no and part of the moral that's embedded in the story of Job And in the Christian passion is that you can Master what you'll face and maybe that's true maybe that's true I mean the clinical literature seems to indicate that it's true because one of the things you do if you're a competent clinician is you look at what people are attempting to accomplish and and maybe that needs some retooling but let's assume that they have a goal in mind that would work right you've talked it through with them strategically they have a well-laid out Vision okay now they're laying out the vision and they encounter impediments that stop them and maybe they're impediments that make them afraid and paralyze them and so then what you do is you decompose the impediment just as we talked about earlier until you find a
不过是因为你在变老,你得为你的犹豫不决付出代价,那本身就是个决定,那是一个逃避的决定从根本上说就是。而《约伯记》和基督受难所内含的部分寓意是你能够掌控你将要面对的东西。也许这是真的,也许真是这样。我是说,临床文献似乎表明这是真的,因为如果你是个称职的临床医生,你要做的一件事就是去看人们在试图实现什么,而也许那个目标需要重新调整,但我们先假设他们心里有个行得通的目标,对吧,你已经跟他们从策略上谈过了,他们有一个清晰规划的愿景。好,现在他们在铺开这个愿景,然后他们遇到了阻碍,把他们挡住了,也许那些阻碍让他们害怕、让他们瘫痪。于是这时候你要做的就是把那个阻碍拆解开,就像我们前面说的那样,直到你找到一条他们能够前进的路,一条构成真正
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2:18:46
way they can advance that constitutes a genuine advance that they'll actually do so what you do is you take the problem and you narrow it until they'll face it okay then they face it then what happens they get more competent that's what happens and then they get better at facing all problems so they don't just learn how to deal with that specific problem they learn a lesson that generalizes across problems they get braver when you do when you use exposure therapy people don't get less afraid they get braver that's way better cuz braver braver moves from situation to situation okay so the question is here here's the question if you faced everything that was put in front of you who would you be well the answer the biblical answer is you'd be a true Son of God that's the biblical answer it's like well do you believe that well it depends on what you mean by believe do you think that you do you have a better bet than facing what's there well you just have to be sensible about it for a moment it's like is your
推进、而且他们真的会去做的路。所以你做的就是把问题不断缩小,直到他们愿意去面对它。好然后他们去面对 然后会发生什么 他们变得更有能力 就是这样 然后他们更善于面对所有的问题 所以他们不只是学会处理那个具体的问题 他们学到的是一个能够跨情境推广的教训跨越各种问题 他们变得更勇敢 当你使用暴露疗法时 人们并不是变得不那么害怕 而是变得更勇敢这要好得多 因为勇敢 勇敢是可以从一个情境带到另一个情境的 好 所以问题是 问题在这里 如果你面对了摆在你面前的一切你会成为谁 答案 《圣经》给出的答案是 你会成为真正的神之子 这就是《圣经》的答案 那么 你信吗 这取决于你所说的“信”是什么意思 你觉得你 你有比面对现实更好的选择吗 你只需要理性地想一想 就是说 你的
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2:19:52
theory that you're going to adapt better using falsehood and avoidance because that's the contrary Theory you either face it and you do that predicated on the faith that something in you will respond if you do or you don't face it those that's it those are the options if you don't face it that's Faith too that's faith in the notion that avoidance and deception will suffice I think that for a lot of people it's it's born out of fear it's born out of being a people pleaser yeah and not wanting to hurt other people around you and not wanting to tell them things that they don't want to hear or not doing or saying things that you know are going to upset the people that are around you right but in the short term again yeah in the short term again you know if if you look at a good mother a good mother upsets her kids a lot quit doing that why well why why not just let your children do exactly what they want when they answer to that is well first of all it terrifies them because kids actually want they want walls they don't want to
理论是你能靠谎言和逃避更好地适应吗 因为那就是相反的理论 你要么面对它 而你这么做是基于一种信念 就是如果你去做 你内在的某种东西会回应你 要么你不去面对 那些就这样 选项就这两个 如果你不去面对 那也是一种信仰 那是对逃避和欺骗就足够了这一观念的信仰 我觉得对很多人来说 这是源于恐惧 源于想取悦所有人是的 不想伤害身边的其他人 不想告诉他们那些他们不愿意听的话 或者不去做不去说那些你知道会让身边的人不高兴的事 对 但短期来看 是的短期来看 你知道 如果你看一位好母亲 好母亲经常会惹她的孩子不高兴 别再那样做了为什么 那为什么不干脆让你的孩子完全按他们想要的去做呢 对此的回答是 首先这让他们感到恐惧,因为孩子其实是想要——他们想要有边界,他们不想待在沙漠里、想做什么就做什么,他们
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2:20:57
be in the desert doing anything they want they want a wall space in which they have the optimal amount of Freedom so a person who truly loves someone else doesn't strive at all cost never to upset them that's that's the devouring mother if if you love someone well that's the biblical quote you chastise them well what does it mean it's like look if you love someone and they're doing something stupid and self-destructive and you can see it it's incumbent on you to say you know this is going to upset you but as far as I can tell you're doing something stupid and self-destructive and then there's going to be a tussle about that because they're going to say well who are you to judge and that's a perfectly good question is what makes you think you're right and here's the reasons I'm doing this and you know these are the Terrible experien that I've had that have led me to take this path and sometimes that can be really compelling you know you meet people who are bitter and resentful and then they tell you about their life and
想要的是有围墙的空间,在那个空间里他们拥有最合适的自由度。所以一个真正爱另一个人的人,不会不惜一切代价、永远不让对方难过,那是——那就是吞噬型母亲。如果你真的爱一个人,圣经里有那句话:你要责备他们。那是什么意思呢?意思是,如果你爱一个人,而他们在做一些愚蠢的、自我毁灭的事,你又看得出来,那你就有责任说:我知道这话会让你不高兴,但在我看来,你正在做一些愚蠢的、自我毁灭的事。然后就会因此起争执,因为他们会说:你算老几,凭什么评判我?而这其实是个非常好的问题——你凭什么觉得自己是对的?然后对方会说:我这么做是有原因的,你知道吗,我经历过这些可怕的事,才让我走上这条路。有时候这确实很有说服力。你会遇到一些满心怨恨、愤愤不平的人,他们跟你讲起自己的人生经历,
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2:21:59
you think well yeah but but then you meet people who've had just as terrible a life who aren't bitter and resentful right and they're doing better and so even if it seems justifiable maybe even if it is justifiable it's not justifiable one of the most common situations I think that this people pleasing tendency would show up is someone who maybe thinks that they should break up with a relationship but doesn't do it and sticks about in order to protect their partner and I found a thread on Reddit that was five questions to ask yourself if you're unsure about your relationship if someone told you you're a lot like your partner would this be a compliment to you are you truly fulfilled or just less lonely are you able to be unapologetically yourself or do you feel the need to show up differently to police is your partner are you in love with who your partner is right now as a whole or are you only in love with their good side their potential or the idea of them and would you want your future or imagined child
你会想:嗯,是啊——可是你又会遇到另一些人,人生同样悲惨,却并不怨恨、并不愤懑,对吧?而且他们过得更好。所以就算这看起来情有可原,甚至就算它确实情有可原,那也不能成为理由。我觉得这种讨好型倾向最常出现的情形之一,就是一个人也许觉得自己该结束这段关系,但却没有去做,而是继续拖着,为的是保护对方。我在 Reddit 上看到过一个帖子,说的是如果你对自己的感情关系拿不准,可以问自己的五个问题:如果有人对你说你跟你的伴侣很像,这对你来说算是赞美吗?你是真的感到满足,还是只是没那么孤单?你能不能毫无愧疚地做自己,还是你觉得必须表现出对待警察的方式不同,你的伴侣——你爱的是你伴侣现在整体的样子,还是你只爱他们好的那一面、他们的潜力,或者你想象中的他们,以及你会希望你未来的或想象中的孩子和像你伴侣这样的人交往吗?
便签引用
2:23:02
to date someone like your partner and this thread was just filled with people having existential crisis and it seemed to me to be a collection of people who had managed to believe that continuing to Manana Manana the short-term MH postponement of the discomfort of the decision that they wanted to have around their partner uh was somehow the noble thing to do or the good thing to do or The Virtuous thing to do or the thing that ultimately would result in the best outcome even though they knew that if they spread it out long enough and then it's just hidden we just shov under the rug so yeah that uh list of five questions I think uh well in most relationships you can break up or you can have a thousand fights you know and if you have a thousand fights then you don't have to fight you make peace that way you know because you're different than your partner so there's things to work out there and you might think about that as a compromise but it's not it's that you're different than your partner
那个帖子里全是陷入存在主义危机的人,在我看来那就是一群这样的人:他们设法让自己相信,一直拖啊拖,短期内推迟掉那个关于伴侣的、他们本该做出的、令人不适的决定,不知怎的就成了一件高尚的事、一件好事、一件有德行的事,或者是最终会带来最好结果的事,尽管他们心里清楚,如果把这件事拖得够久,然后它就只是被藏起来了,我们只是把它扫到地毯底下去了。所以是的,那个五个问题的清单,我觉得,在大多数关系里你可以分手,或者你可以吵一千次架,你知道吗,如果你吵了一千次架,那你就不用再吵了,你用那种方式达成了和平,你知道,因为你和你的伴侣是不同的人,所以有些事情需要磨合,你可能会把那想成是一种妥协,但它不是,事实是你和你的伴侣不一样,你们必须找到一个双方都愿意玩的游戏,那不是
便签引用
2:24:04
and you have to find a game that you both want to play that's not a compromise that's a solution it's like you bring your skills to the table and I bring my skills to the table and then we figure out some game we can play where we're both optimally utilized and it's a better game than we can play alone that's not a compromise well but getting to that very difficult and people bring all sorts of baggage to a relationship and you have to it's just like disciplining children really it's the same thing your children are you note your children are annoying you you can note that oh there I'm being annoyed by my child okay so what questions do you ask am I a tyrannical son of a [ __ ] who's touchy well that's why you need your wife cuz you can go ask her my kids are annoying me am I a tyrannical son of a [ __ ] who's touchy and she said said yeah you probably need something to eat or you're a bit of a prick that way and you got to listen because maybe it's you or maybe she says yeah that goddamn
妥协,那是解决方案。就好比你把你的技能带到桌面上,我把我的技能带到桌面上,然后我们想出某个我们能一起玩的游戏,在那个游戏里我们双方都被最优地发挥出来,而且那是个比我们各自单独玩更好的游戏,那不是妥协。但要达到那一步非常难,人们会把各种各样的包袱带进一段关系里,而你必须——这真的就像管教孩子一样,是同一回事。你的孩子,你注意到你的孩子让你心烦,你可以留意到这一点:哦,我被我的孩子惹烦了,好,那你该问什么问题呢?我是不是个暴君混蛋,特别容易被激怒?这就是你为什么需要你的妻子,因为你可以去问她:我的孩子们在烦我,我是不是个暴君混蛋,特别容易被激怒?而她说,是啊,你可能是需要吃点东西了,或者你在那方面确实有点混蛋,而你得听进去,因为也许问题就出在你身上;或者她说,是啊,那个该死的孩子也一直在找我麻烦,然后
便签引用
2:24:57
child's been getting on my case too and then you ask each other are we mutually tyrants it's like no that kid's annoying okay do we want him to be annoying well if you love your child then the answer to that would be no because if he's annoying you he's going to annoy other people he's going to annoy his potential friends he's going to annoy other adults he's going to go through the world being annoying and everyone's going to frown at him that's not helpful so then you could just fix it and you're that's going to cause some short-term upset you know you're maybe you have a like a 13-month-old child who's very extroverted and disagreeable who like rules the roost and every time the mother goes more than a foot away from her she has a squawk fit because she's learned to control maybe the mother you know was still tied up with infant care and can't put down a boundary and so now you have to do something about this emerging monster of a 14-month-old child and one of the things you do is every time the child is
你们互相问:我们俩是不是都成暴君了?结果是,不,那孩子确实烦人。好,那我们希望他这么烦人吗?如果你爱你的孩子,那答案就是不希望,因为如果他烦到了你,他也会去烦别人,他会惹烦他潜在的朋友,他会惹烦其他大人,他会带着这份烦人走进这个世界,每个人都会对他皱眉头,那没好处。所以你可以把它纠正过来,而你这么做会造成一些短期的不愉快,你知道,比如你可能有个13个月大的孩子,非常外向又很不随和,像个土皇帝一样说了算,每次妈妈离开她超过一英尺远,她就大吵大闹,因为她已经学会了控制。也许妈妈还被婴儿照料的事缠住了,没法立下界限,所以现在你必须对这个正在形成的14个月大的小怪物做点什么。你要做的其中一件事就是,每次这孩子
便签引用
2:26:00
bossy first of all you note it and you note that you're not very fond of yourself for being tyrannized by a 14-month-old that's a bit of a status hit like it should be so you have to notice I'm annoyed by this child then I should do something about it well it's going to cause short-term emotional distress the same thing UR when you're dealing with your partner it's like you're annoying me okay now maybe that's me so I should bloody well maybe we should have a talk about that you're annoying me convince me that it's me and I should listen because maybe it's me and if I'm annoyed about you and I shouldn't be I should fix that but maybe it's you so let's find out exactly what's going on you know and that'll usually man that's that'll there's just constant thrust and counter thrust in the discuss discussion like that and usually you know the conversation will circle around whatever the hell the issue is till you get to the bottom of it and God only knows where that is but then maybe you can sort it out you know
发号施令时,首先你要留意到它,而且你会注意到,被一个14个月大的孩子专制统治,你对自己不是很满意,那有点损伤你的地位感,本该如此。所以你必须注意到:我被这孩子惹烦了,那我就该做点什么。这会造成短期的情绪痛苦,你和你伴侣相处时也是一样的道理,就像是说:你在惹烦我,好吧,也许那是我的问题,所以我真该——也许我们该谈谈这个:你在惹烦我,说服我这是我的问题,还有我应该听一听,因为也许问题出在我身上,如果我对你不满而其实我不该不满,那我就该改正,但也可能问题出在你身上,所以咱们就来弄清楚到底是怎么回事,通常这样一来,就会在这种讨论里不断���你来我往、一进一退,而通常呢,对话会围着那个该死的症结打转,直到你们触及问题的根源,天知道那根源在哪儿,但接下来也许你们就能把它解决掉,你知道,如果你能解决足够多这样的事,你就能过上安宁的日子,那是
便签引用
2:27:01
and if you sort out enough of those things you live in peace and that's something worth attaining you know and I've thought forever in my marriage there's nothing there's nothing too small to fight about now you know I put in some rules that I used to have with my clients too it's like if someone bugs you you should note that and you shouldn't do anything about it probably if they bug you twice the same way then you think oh okay that's twice but probably still you shouldn't do anything about it but if they bug you three times then you can say here's what you just did and they'll say well no I didn't do that and then you say yeah you did and you did exactly the same thing in this other situation and you did exactly the same thing in this other situation so don't be telling me you didn't do it cuz you did it three times and I watched okay now they come up with reasons they did it and maybe some of them have to do with what a stupid son of a [ __ ] you are and you should listen because maybe they're
值得去争取的东西。在我的婚姻里我一直认为,没有什么事小到不值得去争执。我以前给来访者也定过一些规则,就是说,如果有人让你不舒服,你应该记下来,但大概不必采取什么行动;如果对方用同样的方式第二次惹到你,你就会想,哦,好吧,这是第二次了,但大概还是先别行动;可要是第三次惹到你,那你就可以说,你刚才做了这样一件事,他们会说,不,我没做那种事,然后你就说,你做了,而且在另一件事上你做过一模一样的事,在还有一件事上你也做过一模一样的事,所以别跟我说你没做,因为你已经做了三次,而且我都看在眼里。好了,这时他们会给出他们那样做的理由,也许其中有些理由跟你是个多么愚蠢的混蛋有关,那你就应该听一听,因为也许他们是对的,但这至少是一个过程的开端,
便签引用
2:28:02
right but that's at least the beginnings of the process by which you unravel the problems you want to figure out well we don't want to do this this isn't the way we want to treat each other we want to get to a place where we want to get to a place where our whole life is like the best moments of the best dates we ever had that's a good goal and that's that's that's attainable it you got to work man there's there's a the scene in the in Genesis God throws Adam and Eve out of paradise because of their pride their sin of Pride they each have their own particular version of that sin Eve's sin and Adam's but they get thrown out of paradise anyways for pride and God puts cherubs at the gates of paradise and the cherubs they're kind of these monstrous Angels terrifying figures and they hold swords that are on fire that turn Every Witch Way and burn and you might say well what does that mean and it means that well a sword is something that cuts away right a sharp blade and a and fire is something that burns and a sword that
一个让你把问题一层层解开的过程。你们想弄明白的是,我们不想这样下去,这不是我们希望彼此相处的方式,我们想达到一种状态,我们想达到一种状态,让我们的一生都像那些最美好的时刻一样我们有过的最棒的约会之一,这是个不错的目标,而且是能实现的,但你得下功夫,兄弟,在《创世记》里有这么一幕上帝把亚当和夏娃赶出了伊甸园,因为他们的骄傲,他们犯了骄傲之罪,他们各自都有自己那个罪的特定版本,夏娃的罪和亚当的罪,但无论如何他们都因为骄傲被赶出了乐园,然后上帝安排了基路伯守在乐园的门口,这些基路伯是那种有点狰狞的天使,令人畏惧的形象,他们手持燃烧着火焰的剑,四面八方旋转、燃烧,你可能会说,这是什么意思呢,意思是嗯,剑是用来砍削的东西,对吧,锋利的刀刃,而火是用来燃烧的,一把燃烧的剑既烧灼又砍削
便签引用
2:29:18
Burns Burns and cuts away and a sword that burns and turns every which way is a burning sword from which nothing can escape okay now you want to walk into Paradise everything that isn't worthy in you has to be burned and cut away right well that's what that conflict is in a relationship you know it's like that's not suitable for Paradise what does it have to do it has to be cast into the outer Darkness where there will will be nashing of teeth right it has to be cut away and destroyed and everything that isn't worthy has to go well the Michelangelo effect is all about you and your partner becoming the idealized version of each other right you are going to do for me the things that I want within your parameters of control that you want to be the best partner for me and I want to do the same for you and we're both going to communicate to each other and we're going to stand our ground where we have boundaries and we're going to Contin to compromise that's what love should do that's what love should do like if you love
一把燃烧着、朝四面八方旋转的剑,是一把无人能逃脱的火焰之剑好,现在你想走进乐园,那你身上一切不配的东西都必须被烧掉、被砍去,对吧嗯,这就是关系中的那种冲突,你知道,就是那种不适合天堂的东西,它该怎么办呢它必须被扔到外面的黑暗里,在那里会有咬牙切齿,对吧,它必须被切掉然后被摧毁,所有不配留下的东西都得走。而米开朗基罗效应讲的就是你和你的伴侣如何成为彼此理想化的版本,对吧,你会在你能掌控的范围内,为我做我想要的那些事因为你想成为我最好的伴侣,我也想为你做同样的事,我们俩会彼此沟通,在有底线的地方我们会坚守立场,同时我们会不断地妥协,这就是爱应该做的,这就是爱应该做的。就像如果你爱一个人,如果那是真正的爱,你会看见、看见他们隐藏的灵魂,这是个很好的理解方式,你会看到
便签引用
2:30:25
someone if it's genuine love you see you see their hidden Soul that's a good way of thinking about it you get a glimpse of the light that they could reveal to the world if they revealed it that's what you see and then to act in love is to encourage that to come forward and to discourage anything that gets in its way that's why I love the the Michelangelo effect heard of and I'd been using it okay so why the Michelangelo effect this is why Michelangelo sees this huge massive UNH block I see I see and inside of that he is able to see davidh and over time slowly he will chip away and he will chip away and he will chip away so you see something that isn't there that's inside of the thing which is rough and UNH and uncivilized and undomesticated and rambunctious and and sometimes terrible and you were able to from that Al that's actually part of the daing the uncarved block so a child is an uncarved Block in in in the dowst view and and you remove everything that's excess until what's perfect remains right and
他们如果愿意展现出来的话,能向世界揭示的那道光的一瞥——那就是你所看到的东西,然后去行动。爱就是鼓励那个东西显现出来,并阻止一切挡在它前面的东西。这就是为什么我很喜欢那个……米开朗基罗效应,听说过吗?我一直在用这个说法。好,为什么叫米开朗基罗效应?因为米开朗基罗看到这么一大块粗糙的石料,我看到的就是石料,而他能在里面看到大卫像,然后随着时间推移,他慢慢地一点点凿掉,一点点凿掉,一点点凿掉。所以你看到的是一个并不存在于表面的东西,它藏在那个粗糙的、未经雕琢的、未开化的、未驯化的、闹腾的、有时候很糟糕的东西里面,而你能够从中……啊,这其实正是道家所说的『未雕之朴』。所以在道家的观念里,孩子就是一块未经雕琢的璞玉,你把所有多余的东西都去掉,留下的就是完美的部分,对吧。这就是《旧约》和
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2:31:35
that's see the the logos in the Old and New Testament the logos that creates the world is the judging faculty that what would you say that separates the wheat from the chaff right and it's not it's compassion in a sense because if you're compassionate towards someone you want what's best for them all things considered but that compassion in the highest sense can't exist without judgment because the judgment is this part of you isn't worthy to continue and certainly that's what you're doing with your children when you see them misbehaving you think no that's no not that not that something more sophisticated even with my little granddaughter the other day she's very very playful and she's a very nice little girl she's very playful and very fun and funny and not neurotic and so she's a pleasure to be around but she hasn't seen me for a while and so she was poking me getting me to chase her around and poking me and she'd come up and give me a whack you know and at one point she whacked me too hard and she
《新约》里的『道』(logos)——创造世界的那个『道』,就是判断的能力,你可以说它是把麦子和糠秕分开的东西。这某种意义上其实就是慈悲,因为如果你对一个人有慈悲之心,你会通盘考虑,希望他得到最好的结果。但最高意义上的慈悲离不开判断,因为判断意味着:你身上这一部分不配继续存在下去。你对自己的孩子当然也是这么做的,当你看到他们行为不当,你会想,不,不能这样,不是这样,要更成熟一点的做法。前几天跟我的小孙女就是这样,她非常非常爱玩,是个很可爱的小女孩,很爱玩、很有趣、很好笑,也不神经质,所以跟她在一起很愉快。但她有一阵子没见到我了,所以她一直戳我,逗我追着她跑,戳我,还跑过来拍我一下,你懂的。有一次她拍得太重了,她自己也知道,我就说,这样不好玩,这样是不可以的,然后她就停了。但
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2:32:41
knew it and I said that's not fun that's not acceptable and then she stopped but she was playing with that edge trying to find out where fun is and you know can how hard can I hit Grandpa she doesn't bloody well know she kind of knows but she needs to know exactly well I can't let her get away with it because then she's not fun to play with she has to learn to come and give her Grandpa a whack and exactly the way that elicits a playful response and that isn't annoying and so there's a very you know you might think well it's pretty harsh judgment to lay on a 5-year-old it's like no it's not I would like her to be the most fun kid to play with that she could be right and so I'm not going to pretend that it's okay when it's not not setting that boundary is almost like a curse it is a curse yeah there you go away we would because then how's she going to play with other with other kids if she doesn't know the they're not going to be as forgiving as Grandpa definitely not yeah we were talking before we got
她就是在试探那个边界,想弄清楚好玩的界限在哪儿,你知道的,我到底能多用力地打爷爷?她其实根本不知道,她大概有点数,但她需要知道得很准确。我不能让她就这么蒙混过关,因为那样的话她就不好玩了。她必须学会过来拍爷爷一下,而且拍的方式恰好能引出好玩的反应,而不让人讨厌。所以这里面有一个……你可能会觉得,对一个五岁小孩下这么严厉的判断是不是太过分了?其实不是。我希望她能成为最好玩、最适合一起玩的孩子,对吧。所以在不对的时候,我不会假装那没关系。不设下那个边界,几乎就像是一种诅咒。那就是一种诅咒,没错。你说得对。因为不然的话,她以后怎么跟其他孩子玩?如果她不知道分寸,别人不会像爷爷这么宽容的。绝对不会。是啊,我们开始录之前聊到过,我跟罗伯特·萨波尔斯基有过一次对话,那次真的
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2:33:36
started I had this conversation with Robert spolski and it it was really really profound I mean I know that he's a brilliant guy and this new book of his is about sort of Free Will and determinism which has got an upper bound on how interesting that is for me but he gave this quotee to Andrew hubman where he said dopamine is not about the pursuit of happiness it is about the happiness of pursuit right that's definitely right and I I haven't been able to stop seeing this everywhere so uh Morgan housel um a friend told me this great story uh he is an investor he's got a fund he's an author he's got a family he's got all of these things they plan to go away in holiday and they've been planning it for a long time and with the kids and the wife and him and all of his businesses it was a arduous thing to go through to get themselves out there and finally they get there after the journey and the plane and the children and the crying and all the rest of it and he walks out on the balcony on the first night of
非常深刻。我知道他是个非常聪明的人,他这本新书讲的大概是自由意志和决定论,这个话题对我来说有兴趣的上限。但他对安德鲁·休伯曼说过一句话,他说:多巴胺不是关于『追求幸福』,而是关于『追求的幸福』。这绝对是对的。而我从此就到处都能看到这个现象。比如摩根·豪泽尔,一个朋友跟我讲过一个很棒的故事。他是个投资人,他有一只基金,他是个作家,他有家庭,这些他都有。他们计划要去度假,而且已经计划了很久了,带着孩子、妻子,还有他自己,以及他所有的生意,那真是……要把他们一家子弄出门是件特别折腾的事,经历了这一路的旅程、飞机、孩子、哭闹还有其他种种,他们终于到了。然后在这个他们期盼了不知道多久的假期的第一个晚上,他走到阳台上
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2:34:30
this holiday that they've planned for forever and his first thought to himself was wouldn't it be great if we came back here next year it would be so great if we could come back here next year so literally during the supposed enjoyment of the destination he was already thinking about the journey and you know it's not the journey it's not the destination it's the journey is kind of TR but it it puts a new perspective on it there is no destination each destination is simply the beginning of the next journey and I haven't not been I haven't not been able to see it I see it I see it everywhere I see it everywhere in my own life well there's there's technically two different forms of reward there's consumatory reward and so that's the reward that's what an orgasm is it's consumatory reward it's it it brings the behavioral and perceptual sequence to a halt it ends it right at the climax it ends it but then it's over that journey is over right then there's the dopaminergic reward that spolski was talking about and
而他脑子里冒出的第一个念头是:要是明年我们还能再来这儿该多好啊,明年再来一趟一定特别棒所以,就在他本该享受目的地的时刻,他已经在想着下一次的旅程了。你知道人们常说重要的不是旅程、不是目的地——这话说得有点绕,但它确实让你对这件事有了新的看法根本就没有终点,每一个目的地都只是下一段旅程的起点。而我并不是看不见这一点,我看得见我看得见,我到处都能看见,在我自己的生活里到处都能看见。嗯,从技术上讲奖赏有两种形式,一种是消耗性奖赏那就是那种奖赏,性高潮就属于这种,它是消耗性奖赏,它让整个行为和知觉序列戛然而止,就此结束就在高潮的那一刻结束了,然后就没了,那段旅程到此为止。另一种是多巴胺性的奖赏就是萨波斯基说的那种。多巴胺性奖赏是你正在朝目标推进的证据,对吧
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2:35:30
dopaminergic reward is evidence of advancement towards a goal right okay so so there's a corollary to that well how do you become optimally engaged because dopamine facilitates engagement and focus which is why drugs like amphetamines can be used for kids who are attention deficit disordered you T tap up the dopamine response they lock on right okay so they're locking on to a goal directed Pursuit the problem with amphetamines is that they can lock you on so hard you can't get out of the frame so like kids on amphetamines will obsess for example about cleaning up their closet they can't switch to the next activity okay dopaminergic reward is reward that's accured in relation ship to a goal okay so what what's an implication of that well pursue the highest possible goal well why because the kick from advancement is higher now you have to balance that it can't be you have to advance right because imagine the rewards got two components number one is you're moving towards something valuable okay so you want it to be as
好,那这里有一个推论。怎样才能达到最佳的投入状态呢?因为多巴胺能促进投入和专注,这也是为什么像安非他命这类药物可以用在注意力缺陷的孩子身上,你把多巴胺反应调上去,他们就能锁定目标对吧,他们锁定了一个目标导向的追求。安非他命的问题在于它可能让你锁得太死以至于你跳不出那个框架,比如吃了安非他命的孩子会执着地,比方说,反复整理自己的衣柜,他们没法切换到下一件事。好,多巴胺性奖赏是相对于一个目标而积累起来的奖赏好吧,那这意味着什么呢?那就是去追求可能达到的最高目标。为什么呢?因为推进带来的快感更强烈。但你得平衡好,它不能是……你必须真的在推进,对吧,因为你想想这种奖赏有两个组成部分:第一,你在朝着某种有价值的东西前进,对吧,所以你希望它尽可能
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2:36:42
valuable as possible okay but you have to be moving so it can't be so valuable that it's out of your reach to the Moon I'm not going to be able to see every single increment that I make yes you want to get to the moon that's right you can't walk there so it's a bad plan you need something extremely valuable that you can move towards okay so part of the reason that you establish a relationship with God let's say is because that's what sets the upper bound to your vision it's like I want things to be the best they could be that's a vision of paradise well that has to be fractionated into you know your proximal decisions but lurking behind that should be this continual movement towards what would you say a heaven that Reeds as you approach it that's a proper vision of Heaven A Heaven is a place that's perfect and getting better both at the same time that's what music shows you because a great piece of music is perfect but it's just getting better as it unfolds and and you need that this is part of the problem with a
有价值;但第二,你必须真的在移动,所以它又不能有价值到完全遥不可及——比如说去月球我就没法看到自己迈出的每一小步。没错,你是想登上月球,对——但你走不过去啊,所以那是个糟糕的计划。你需要的是一个极有价值、而你又能朝它移动的东西。所以,之所以说你要与神建立关系,其中一部分原因就在于,那是为你的愿景设定上限的东西就好比说:我希望一切都尽可能地美好——那是一幅天堂的图景。当然,这得被拆解成你那些日常的、眼前的决定,但潜藏在这些决定背后的,应该是这种朝着某个方向的持续前进——怎么说呢,一个在你接近时也在不断后退的天堂。那才是对天堂的正确设想。天堂是这样一个地方:它既是完美的,同时又在变得更好这就是音乐向你展示的东西,因为一首伟大的乐曲是完美的,可它又随着展开而越来越好。你需要的正是这个。这也正是静态的乌托邦愿景的问题所在,陀思妥耶夫斯基就批评过这一点:如果你只给人们
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2:37:46
static utopian Vision something dovi criticized if you gave people Nothing But consumatory reward he famously says so that they can do nothing but sit in tubs of hot water eat cake and busy themselves with the with the continuation of the species human beings would break that all to Hell in a moment just so they have something interesting to do what was that quote that you said on Rogan years ago if we were to make the world sufficiently perfect the only desired lack would be for the desire of lack itself what's that kard what's the what's the proper can you remember the prop well kirkgard pointed out that if we if as we make the world easier and easier so this is perhaps part of the problem with the material plenty that's at hand is that at some point what becomes lacking is lack itself yes right yes exactly exactly it's optimal deprivation you know and if everything is delivered to you on a platter it's like what the hell are you even doing there this happens in the the story of Abraham so Abraham who's the father of
消耗性的奖赏——他有句名言说——让他们除了泡在热水澡里、吃蛋糕、忙着繁衍后代之外无事可做,人类会在顷刻之间把这一切砸个稀烂只为了给自己找点有意思的事做。你多年前在罗根节目上说的那句话是怎么说的来着——如果我们把这个世界造得足够完美,那唯一还值得渴望的缺失将会成为对缺失本身的渴望——那是谁来着?那个……那个准确的说法是什么,你还记得吗?嗯,克尔凯郭尔指出,如果我们,如果当我们把这个世界变得越来越轻松——所以这或许正是眼下物质极大丰裕所带来的问题之一——那就是到了某个时刻,真正稀缺的东西恰恰是稀缺本身。是的,没错,正是如此,完全正确。这就是所谓的最优匮乏。如果一切都被端到你面前,那你会想:我在这儿到底还能干什么?这在亚伯拉罕的故事里就发生过。亚伯拉罕,万族之父,对吧?所以亚伯拉罕的处境是这样的:故事一开始他什么都有,
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2:38:53
Nations right so Abraham gets it right he has everything at the beginning of the story he has Rich parents he has he's he's got nothing that he has to do he's like 70 when the story opens he's been taken care of hand and foot his whole life and the voice of God comes to him and says I'm the god of your ancestors telling you get out of your zone of comfort get out into the world and Abraham's pretty old by this point but for whatever reason he decides that he's going to forgo the comfort for the adventure and then as Abraham progresses he makes the requisite sacrifices each becoming more difficult as he ascends and he adopts this pattern of relationship with the god that calls him to Adventure that literally makes him the father of Nations and so you can even think about that biologically if you want you might as well people like Dawkins think reproduction is sex and that's why he can talk for example about the selfish Gene making itself manifest in sex reproduction isn't sex sex is a necessary but insufficient
他有富有的父母,他什么都不缺,什么都不用做。故事开篇时他大概七十岁了,一辈子被人伺候得无微不至。然后上帝的声音临到他,说:我是你列祖的神,我要你离开你的舒适区,走进这个世界去。此时亚伯拉罕已经相当年迈了,但不知出于什么缘故,他决定放弃安逸,去踏上冒险。随后,随着亚伯拉罕不断前行,他做出了一次次必须做的牺牲,每一次都比上一次更艰难,而他也在不断攀升。他与那个呼召他去冒险的神建立起了一种固定的关系模式,正是这个模式让他真正成为了万族之父。所以如果你愿意,你甚至可以从生物学的角度来理解这一点。就像道金斯那样的人,他们认为繁衍就是性,所以他才会谈论比如自私的基因如何通过性来彰显自身。但繁衍并不等于性。性是繁衍的必要条件,却不是充分条件。亚伯拉罕采纳了一种存在方式——一种献祭式的存在方式——
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2:40:06
precondition for reproduction Abraham adopts a motive being a sacrificial motive being that establishes the optimal environment for his sons who then establish the op optimal environment for their sons and their sons and their sons so you can imagine that what Abraham is doing this is what the story means is he's adopting a mode of behavior that works best All Things Considered across multiple generations and he sacrifices everything to that it's this incredibly expansive Vision given that we're in a world which is comfortable and we we have created buildings in which there are heavy things that you pick up and put down in in the same place because it's simply so rare that you have to pick up heavy things right bumps on our roads for the same reason proliferation of ice baths and sauner and and and and even reading to some extent you know difficult reading difficult things where should people go given that they are in a a world which is more comfortable than ever before where should they go to encourage them to find
它为他的儿子们营造了最优的环境,而他的儿子们又为他们的儿子营造出最优的环境,如此代代相传。所以你可以想象,亚伯拉罕所做的——这就是这个故事的含义——就是他采纳了一种在多代人中综合来看效果最好的行为模式,而他牺牲了一切为此——这是一个极其宏大的愿景。考虑到我们身处一个舒适的世界,我们建造的建筑里有沉重的东西,你把它拿起来又放回原处,就因为在现实中你实在很少需要搬起重物,对吧?我们在路上设置减速带也是同样的道理;冰浴和桑拿的流行,甚至某种程度上包括阅读,读那些艰深的东西。那么人们该往哪儿去呢?既然他们身处一个比以往任何时候都舒适的世界,他们该去哪里寻找、去激励自己找到那些困难的事?真理。真理就是那个难度刚刚好的东西,
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2:41:16
difficult things truth truth is what's optimally difficult the truth is optimally difficult that's a really wonderful thing to know the truth is Adventure there's no there's no distinction partly because if you're going to just say what you believe to be true you have to let go of the consequences you can't predict the consequences well there's no difference between not being able to predict the consequences in having an adventure they're the same thing right if you knew the consequences it would be an adventure it's not an adventure if if the if the consequences are forgone the same as it's no sacrifice or courage if there's no risk right right right it's exactly the same and so it's a it's a wonderful thing to know that optimized Adventure is to be had in the truth I think in every given situation so Christ says in The Sermon on the Mount that to orient yourself properly and it's often viewed as this hippie pay on take no thought of the moral the moral will take care of itself you know God takes care
真理具有最优的难度。知道这一点真是件美妙的事。真理就是冒险,两者之间没有区别。部分原因在于,如果你只是说出你认为真实的东西,你就必须放下对后果的执着,你无法预测后果。而无法预测后果和进行一场冒险之间,并没有什么差别,它们是同一回事,对吧?如果你早就知道后果,那就不算冒险了;如果结局已成定局,那就不是冒险,就像没有风险就谈不上牺牲或勇气一样。对对对,完全一样。所以,这是一件美妙的事:要知道,最极致的冒险就蕴含在真理之中,我认为在任何情境下都是如此。基督在《登山宝训》中说,要让自己正确地定位——这常常被看作某种嬉皮士式的说法:不要为明天忧虑,明天自有明天的忧虑,你知道,神连麻雀都照看,他当然也会照看
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2:42:23
of The Sparrows he'll certainly take care of you it's like a hippie wet dream it isn't what that isn't the that isn't the core of the message the the core of the message is very straightforward Christ says aim up to the highest thing you can possibly imagine so that's the relationship with God you put what's at the Pinnacle properly at the Pinnacle and you aim at that and then you concentrate that and it's that and treating other people like you would like to be treated yourself that sets the moral frame then you attend to the day and the cares of the day it's like once you've established the proper moral frame you pay attention to the day and you live in truth and that moves you towards that destination you have to have the orientation right you have to be aiming up but then it's just a matter of what would you say abiding by the truth that's the logos that sets people free and that's right doing it properly right there was one of the other rules that didn't make it into your book uh nothing Well Done is insignificant right
你。听起来像是嬉皮士的白日梦。但那并不是,那不是信息的核心,核心是信息非常直白,基督说要瞄准你所能想象到的最高的东西,那就是与神的关系。你把处在顶点的东西真正放在顶点上,然后你瞄准它,专注于它,就是它——再加上像你希望别人对待你那样去对待别人,这就确立了道德框架,然后你再去处理每一天和当天的琐事。就是说,一旦你确立了正确的道德框架,你就专注于当下这一天,并且活在真理之中,这会推动你朝那个目标前进。你必须先把方向摆正,你必须瞄准高处,然后剩下的就只是——怎么说呢——恪守真理,那就是让人获得自由的逻各斯(logos),没错,而且要把事情做好。对了,还有一条规则没能收进你的书里,呃,“任何做得好的事都不是微不足道的”,对对对,没错。是啊,你会不断积累。所以基督在福音书里告诉他的门徒,
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2:43:29
right right right yeah well you acrew so Christ tells his followers in the gospels to to store up treasure in heaven not in the places that MTH can eat and rust can destroy well what is that what is meant by that well it's meant by the same it means the same thing that you just pointed to which is that if you run yourself through a disciplin disciplinary process so you accomplish something maybe it doesn't you don't attain the goal you were aiming at but you acrw a new way of looking at the world and a set of skills well if you just keep doing that you have multiple ways of looking at the world in more and more skill well that's that's your Storehouse of treasure you know the reason women use wealth as a proxy for attractiveness is because wealth is a proxy for competence it's not competence because you can be rich and useless now it's not that easy but it can at least happen temporarily but women use markers of wealth to assess competence and the competence is the treasure not the wealth because if
要把财宝积攒在天上,而不是积攒在会被虫蛀、被锈蚀坏的地方。那这是什么意思?这话指的是什么呢?其实它的意思就和你刚才提到的一样,那就是:如果你让自己经历一个自律的修炼过程,于是你完成了某件事——也许你并没有达成你原本瞄准的目标,但是你积累了一种看待世界的新方式,还有一套技能。那么如果你不断这样做,你就会拥有多种看待世界的方式,以及越来越多的技能,而那就是你的财宝库。你知道,女人之所以把财富当作吸引力的替代指标,是因为财富是能力的替代指标。它并不等于能力,因为你可以既有钱又没用。当然这没那么容易,但至少可能暂时出现这种情况。不过女人还是会用财富的标志来评估能力,能力才是真正的财富,而不是金钱。因为如果你有能力,就算把你扔到沙漠里,你也能让它开出花来
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2:44:35
you're competent you could be thrown into the desert and you'll make it Bloom I've said this about uh people that go to the gym so from the outside someone that goes to the gym and has got a good body or whatever there the body and it this is what you get to touch during sex when you're into but they is more important I think than the way that it manifests physically it's someone who is reliable who is able to overcome hard things who is self disiplined it's just this whole big long laundry list of things that they're able to uh deal with pain and discomfort which is kind of sexy in a way uh well it's the perfect it's the perfect materialist disciplinary strategy right because it's very concrete well you change your body it's like is that a spiritual Pursuit well it is in so far as it requires you know long-term discipline and and sacrifice and you might hope and I think this is likely the case that you know you can get stuck in the bodily self-improvement Niche and and focus on that too obsessively but
我之前也说过健身的人——从外面看,一个去健身房、练出好身材什么的人那个身体,是你在做爱的时候能摸到的东西,你会喜欢但我觉得,比它在身体上呈现出来的样子更重要的是,这个人是可靠的,是能够克服困难的,是自律的,这背后是一长串的品质,说明他们能够忍受痛苦和不适,这在某种程度上其实挺性感的。嗯,这是完美的——这是完美的唯物主义式自律策略,对吧因为它非常具体,你改变的是你的身体。有人会问:这算是一种精神追求吗?某种意义上算,因为它需要长期的自律和牺牲。你可能会希望——我觉得这种情况也确实常见——你可能会卡在身体自我提升这个小圈子里,过于执着地专注于此,但你也可以把它当作一块跳板
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2:45:40
you can also use it as a stepping stone to discipline Pursuit itself and lots of people do that I think I told you the last time that we chatted about Mano pause this thing that I'd come up with so I noticed toward the end of my 20s that lots of guys who had been training with a particular modality usually bodybuilding usually exclusively for the way that they looked realized as they approached their 30s that they were getting out of breath going up a set of stairs and that they maybe couldn't touch their toes and they looked fantastic but I know they they just felt like they should maybe start to Value different things and they then changed their training and they would go and do Brazilian jiu-jitsu or yoga or CrossFit or you know some other form of whatever and that precipitated a change in everything else and I saw this in myself right I get toward the end of my 20s I've achieved success in many of the ways that Society tells a young man that he should value success there was a discordance something fell off and you
通往对自律本身的追求,很多人确实是这么做的。我记得上次我们聊天时跟你说过 Monopause 这个我想出来的概念。我在快三十岁的时候注意到,很多一直用某种特定方式训练的人通常是健美,而且通常纯粹是为了外表好看,等他们快到三十岁时才意识到自己爬一段楼梯就气喘吁吁,而且可能连自己的脚趾都摸不到他们看起来很棒,但我知道,他们只是觉得自己或许该开始看重一些别的东西了。于是他们就改变了训练方式,去练巴西柔术、瑜伽或者 CrossFit或者你知道的某种其他形式的东西,而那引发了其他一切的改变,我在自己身上就看到了这一点对,我快到三十岁的时候,已经在很多方面取得了成功,就是社会告诉一个年轻男人他应该看重的那种成功。可那时出现了一种不协调感,有什么东西脱节了,然后你就会想,好吧,也许我需要评估一下
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2:46:39
then think okay well maybe I need to assess whether or not the things that I've been told I should want are things that I actually want to want and very quickly you realize and I don't know it feels like a quarterlife crisis I think so many men go through this they go I either succeeded or didn't succeed at a game that I was told that I was supposed to Value playing and upon reflection I really don't care for it as much as I thought I did maybe there was some elements I was so proud of what i' done with my business partners I was so proud of the things that we'd achieved but then there was other stuff where I was like why have I attach so much of my sense of self worth into this and this and this and then you start you have to assess and M the so this is what happens in the story of Exodus when Moses en encounters the burning bush so he's just going about his business as a shepherd and he's doing all right he's got two wives he likes his father-in-law he's well regarded in this new country that he's in he's left
那些别人告诉我应该想要的东西,是不是我真正想要去想要的东西。很快你就意识到——我不知道,这感觉像是一种「四分之一人生危机」,我想很多男人都会经历这个,他们会想:我在一场被告知自己应该重视的游戏里要么赢了,要么输了,但回头反思,我其实并没有我以为的那么在乎它。也许有些部分是在乎的,我为我和我的商业伙伴一起做成的事情感到非常自豪,我为我们取得的成就感到非常自豪,但另外也有一些东西让我觉得:我为什么把这么多的自我价值感寄托在这个、这个、还有这个上面?然后你就开始,你不得不去评估。嗯,这正是《出埃及记》里发生的事,摩西遇到燃烧的荆棘那一段。他当时只是做着自己牧羊人的本分,日子过得还不错,他有两个妻子,他喜欢他的岳父,在他所在的这个新国家里他也很受尊重他离开了埃及,在那里他基本上是被悬赏通缉的,因为他杀了一个折磨
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2:47:35
Egypt where there's a price on his head essentially for killing a Egyptian who was Tor tormenting a uh one of the Hebrews anyways Moses is just going about his business as a Shepherd which was a very tough job in those days and this thing catches his eye this this glimmer this gleam and he goes to investigate okay so what what does that mean it means as you're progressing through life something will capture your interest and in the story you just told it's like somebody decides they're going to start going to the gym there's something about becoming physically fit that calls to them right which is an interesting thing right because it calls to them it's not even necessarily a decision they make it's more like a possibility that makes itself manifest that's of Interest so they decide to pursue it so they look into it more deeply well so Moses approaches the burning bush and he gets closer and closer right and a bush is a symbol of life right like it's a tree a tree of life and a tree of life that's on fire
一个希伯来人的埃及人。总之,摩西当时就只是做着牧羊人的本职工作,那在当时是一份非常辛苦的活儿,然后有个东西吸引了他的目光,那一丝微光、那一道闪亮,于是他走过去查看。好,那这意味着什么呢?意思是,当你在人生中往前走的时候会有某样东西抓住你的兴趣。在你刚才讲的那个故事里,就好比某个人决定他要开始去健身房,变得身体强健这件事里有某种东西在召唤他,对吧,这其实挺有意思的,因为它是一种召唤对他们来说,这甚至不一定是他们做出的一个决定,更像是一种可能性自己显现出来,而且是他们感兴趣的,所以他们决定去追寻它,于是他们更深入地去探究它。好,摩西走近那燃烧的荆棘,他越走越近,对吧,而荆棘是一个象征生命的符号,对吧,就像一棵树,一棵生命之树,而一棵着火的生命之树——树就是存在,是生命,而
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2:48:34
is being that's the life the tree and becoming that's the fire the transformation so a burning bush is a symbol of being and becoming as such now it's something that beckons okay so now you pursue your physical fitness cuz it's called to you and you concentrate more and more on it you get more and more disciplined but as you get more and more disciplined you start to transform right and so your vision starts to change now what happens to Moses is that as he gets closer and closer to the burning bush he starts to realize that he's on sacred ground so he's going deeper the investigation is taking him deeper so he takes off his shoes and and continues to approach he's still going down the same Trail right pursuing this thing and then the voice of God itself speaks to him from the midst of the burning bush and that's what turns him into a leader and so what does the story mean it means that as you walk through life in your normal mode things will call to you and if you pursue them they will take you deep it doesn't really
生成就是那火,是转化。所以燃烧的荆棘就是存在与生成本身的象征。现在,它是某种在召唤你的东西,好,那么现在你去追求你的身体健康,因为它在召唤你,你越来越专注于它,你变得越来越自律,但随着你越来越自律,你开始发生转变,对吧,于是你的视野开始改变。摩西身上发生的是,随着他越来越接近那燃烧的荆棘,他开始意识到自己正站在圣地之上,所以他在往更深处走,这场探究把他带得更深,于是他脱下鞋子,继续靠近,他依然走在同一条路上,对吧,追寻着这个东西,然后是上帝的声音本身从燃烧的荆棘之中对他说话,而正是这一点把他变成了一位领袖。那么这个故事意味着什么呢?它意味着当你以平常的状态走过人生时,会有东西召唤你,而如果你去追寻它们,它们就会把你带向深处。召唤你的究竟是什么其实并不重要,重要的是你去追寻它,而且把它追寻到底,而当你
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12大学、学徒制与巡演前的最后建议
2:49:31
matter what it is that calls what matters is that you pursue it and you you pursue it to the depths and as you pursue it to the depths you will become transformed and if you do that without reservation that will turn you into that will turn you into the person who frees the slaves and opposes the tyrants and that is how it works that's the call and that can happen in any direction virtually any direction you just have to pursue it with sufficient Faith right one of the things that's been I guess derogated a lot by pretty much everybody uh at the moment is University education and I had such an interesting time at University almost exclusively outside of my education right all of the good things that happened to me while I spent 5 years at Newcastle didn't include what I was taught it was never inside of the lecture theater it was everything I was doing outside of that and lots of my friends it's very trendy on the internet to mock higher education as useless pieces of paper uh it's not you don't
把它追寻到最深处时,你会被转化,如果你毫无保留地这样做,那会把你变成那个解放奴隶、对抗暴君的人,事情就是这样运作的,这就是那个召唤,而这可以发生在任何方向上,几乎任何方向,你只需要带着足够的信念去追寻它,对吧。有一件事一直让我我猜现在几乎所有人都在贬低的,就是大学教育。而我在大学里经历的那些有意思的事,几乎全都发生在我的课业之外。我在纽卡斯尔待了五年,所有那些美好的事情,都跟课堂上教的东西无关,从来都不是在阶梯教室里发生的,而是我在课堂之外做的那些事。我很多朋友也是这样。现在网上很流行嘲笑高等教育,说学位就是一张没用的纸,说你想要成功根本不需要它。当然,就我最后做的这件事而言,做这档播客并不需要我上大学。也许某种意义上它确实有帮助,
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2:50:41
need it in order to be able to be successful it's certainly the thing that I've ended up doing this podcast didn't require me to go to university maybe in some ways it did M but also from a definitely from a qualification perspective it didn't but I I think I'm still relatively Pro University experience uh and yeah you know you've got Peterson Academy launching which is your new thing I wondered how you thought well basically are universities salvageable given that so much that's good about the university experience has almost nothing to do with the education side of it H are they salvageable some are I imagine um Hillsdale does great it's a conservative College in northeastern us run by Larry AR they have a 1% dropout rate as opposed to the typical 50% dropout rate and they they provide a classical what used to be a liberal education Arts education it's a more conservative Enterprise given how the Overton window has shifted but Larry's students concentrate on physical fitness his philosophy Department tends
但从资历证书的角度来说,肯定是不需要的。不过我觉得我还是相当支持大学这段经历的。你现在也推出了彼得森学院(Peterson Academy)这个新项目,我很好奇你怎么看——基本上就是,大学还有救吗?毕竟大学经历里那些好的部分,几乎跟教育本身没什么关系。有救吗?我想有一些是有救的。比如希尔斯代尔学院(Hillsdale)就做得非常好,那是美国东北部的一所保守派学院,由拉里·安恩掌管。他们的辍学率只有1%,而通常的辍学率是50%。他们提供的是古典的、过去所谓的博雅教育、人文教育。考虑到奥弗顿之窗的移动,这算是一个比较保守的机构了。但拉里的学生很注重体能训练,他们的哲学系经常在健身房里上课,这点挺有意思的,他在校园里到处都放了卧推凳。大约三分之一的学生修音乐课程,所以那地方非常有音乐氛围。那是个纪律性很强的地方,教育质量极其高。所以确实有一些机构还在恪守
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2:52:03
to meet in the weight room which is pretty interesting he has weight benches scattered all around the campus about a third of the students take music courses so the place is very musical um it's a very disciplined place the quality of education is Extreme extremely high so there are institutes that are holding to their mandate I think that's rare and I think overall the universities have become irretrievably corrupt as far as I can tell and so we had hoped that we could provide something approximating an alternative but you put your finger on one of the complexities in doing that it's easy to think that a university is the transmission of Knowledge from experts to empty vessels the students let's say so it's lectures tests and accreditation but that's not really what a university is it's an apprenticeship if you're fortunate when you go to university you find a professor or two that you can work with who really teach you how to think they're usually those professors are gen generally quite rare and you're
自己的使命。我觉得这很罕见。总体来说,据我所知,大学已经腐化到无可挽回的地步了。所以我们希望能提供某种接近替代方案的东西。但你刚才点到了做这件事的一个难处。人们很容易以为,大学就是把知识从专家传递给学生这些空容器,也就是讲座、考试和学历认证。但大学其实并不是这样,它是一种学徒制。如果你够幸运,上大学时你会遇到一两位可以跟着做事的教授,他们真正教会你怎么思考。这样的教授通常相当稀少,如果你真的能建立起这样一种关系,那你很幸运,尤其是在大型学校里,师生比高得离谱,比如200比1。我待过的阶梯教室是300比1,我没有——我没跟任何一位老师建立起那种关系。
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2:53:16
fortunate if you do establish a relationship like that especially at a big university where the student to faculty ratio is absurdly high like 200 to one I was in lecture theaters that were 300 to one I didn't I didn't get a relationship like that with any of my right right and that's that's that's really not good because you need you need an apprenticeship relationship to become educated fundamentally um we started this we're formulating Peterson Academy we're hoping that we can provide people with extremely high quality lectures I'm fortunate as you are to be able to reach out to people who are charismatic and well educated and we offer them a good Financial deal and we treat them very well and they come down to Miami and they record a relatively short lecture series eight hours and uh we're implementing state-of-the-art testing procedures and we're going to be giving out a certificate that you will have to earn to AC ire and so we're hoping that the quality of our graduates will be such that the certificate will
对,对,这真的很不好,因为从根本上说,你需要一种学徒式的关系才能真正受到教育。我们一开始——我们在构思彼得森学院时,希望能为人们提供质量极高的讲座。我和你一样幸运,能够联系到那些有魅力、学识渊博的人,我们给他们不错的报酬,也待他们很好,然后他们会来迈阿密,录制一个相对简短的系列讲座,大概八个小时。我们还在采用最先进的测评方法,我们打算颁发一种需要你去努力争取才能拿到的证书。所以我们希望我们毕业生的质量能高到让这张证书本身就能说明问题,成为尽责性和专业素养的一个标志。我们走着瞧吧。我们也在建设它的社交层面,因为正如你指出的,上大学时发生在你身上的很大一部分事情是社交性的,是社会化的过程。你能结识一整群新朋友,这是件大事。
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2:54:24
speak to for itself as a marker for conscientiousness and educated expertise we'll see we're also building out the social side of it because as you pointed out a huge part of what happens to you when you go to university is social and socialization you get to make a whole new group of friends it's a big deal right it's a huge it's one of those times in your life where you can parcel off who you were and you can become something new you remember every single summer at least for me maybe this is because I was chronically so unpopular in school I would come back every summer uh imagining that I would be able to reinvent myself I'm going to be the cool kid this year I'm going to be the sporty kid this year or whatever whatever but the big one is a 18 because you're not even in the same town no one even knows who you are no one even knows what to think about who you are right and uh that for me was the big inflection point of me going from the child that I was to the sort of young adult that I was going to end up right
确实是件大事。那是人生中少有的几个时刻之一,你可以把过去的自己剥离掉,变成一个全新的人。我记得每一个暑假——至少对我来说是这样,可能是因为我在学校里长期不受欢迎——每年暑假回来我都会幻想自己能够重塑自我:今年我要当那个很酷的孩子,今年我要当那个运动型的孩子,诸如此类。但最大的那次转变是18岁,因为你连所在的城市都不一样了,没人知道你是谁,没人知道该怎么看待你。对我来说,那就是我从原来那个孩子,变成后来那个年轻人的重大转折点。对,对。如果你够幸运,你这辈子会有好几次这样的机会,可以相对干净地跟过去切割,重新塑造自己。
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2:55:28
right well if you're fortunate you have a number of times where that happens in your life where you can make a relatively clean break and you can Invent Yourself a new right this is just just to interject that like there's an idea called monk mode uh which has kind of become a bit of a meme online but I first read about this years ago uh and it involves uh extended period of um isolation to work on yourself uh to reflect on your flaws to kind of do the inner work to introspect um it's usually tied in with meditation with improving your diet with improving your F physical fitness your mental Fitness all of these different things and uh that I've almost seen it as if doing that and focusing on yourself for a short space of time that's very very you know it's maybe a couple of months really really focusing on you still going about and doing your work and doing the rest of the things but outside of that just really really trying to make yourself as good as possible periodizing that for me was one of the
我插一句,有一个叫“僧侣模式”(monk mode)的概念,现在在网上有点变成梗了,但我第一次读到它是好几年前了。它指的是一段较长时间的独处,专注于提升自己、反思自己的缺点,做一些内在的功课、内省。通常它会结合冥想、改善饮食、提升体能和心理状态等等各种东西。我几乎把它看作是:用一小段时间,非常非常专注地关注自己,大概也就几个月吧,真的只聚焦在自己身上,同时照常工作、照常处理其他事情,但除此之外,就是全力以赴地让自己变得尽可能好。把这件事周期化安排,对我来说是除了生活方式改变之外最有力量的转折之一。这本质上就是忏悔该起的作用。我的意思是,当你审视自己时,你会
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2:56:30
most powerful inflections aside from the lifestyle change well that's what confession is supposed to be fundamentally I mean when you take stock of yourself you confess you confess to yourself and you make your sins a reality you assess yourself for your insufficiency and you Proclaim your insufficiencies and that well then you can start working on them it's like it's painful here's all the things that I'm not here's all the things that I'm not that I would like to be right that's painful self-examination but the advantag is you get all your problems on the table and the advantage to that is that Problem by problem there's likely some hope like for example you said you were unpopular when you were a teenager but that doesn't mean that you had to carry that forward into University right there was a possibility that so how did you get out of that what did you do the main reason I think was that I didn't really understand how to relate to other kids so I found myself obsessing over the way that other kids
忏悔,你向自己忏悔,你让自己的罪变成一个实实在在的东西。你评估自己的不足,然后宣告自己的不足,这样你就可以开始着手改进了。这个过程很痛苦:这是我做不到的所有事,这是我想成为却还不是的所有样子。这种自省很痛苦,但好处是你把所有问题都摊在了桌面上。这样做的好处是,一个问题一个问题地看,往往都还有希望。比如你说你青少年时期不受欢迎,但这不意味着你必须把这个状态一路带到大学去,对吧?还是有可能改变的。那你是怎么走出来的?你做了什么?我想主要原因是,我当时并不太懂怎么跟别的孩子相处。所以我发现自己会纠结于别的孩子怎么穿衬衫、怎么打领带、穿什么样的鞋——对,所以你在看外在的模板,琢磨为什么他们有朋友而我没有。
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2:57:45
would wear their shirts or tie their ties or the sort of shoes that they would wear or the right so you were looking at external models or why that's why they had friends and I didn't right and I didn't realize that it was just I wasn't socially Adept I didn't understand how to relate to other kids very well and I think I just got to the stage especially when I went to University that I'd spent enough time for me to have learned at least some rough HED social skills and now finally was able to sort of cast off some of the uh presuppositions that uh had maybe been following me uh because what were the opening points for you like do you remember the first friendship you made in University oh yeah the guys that I lived with so okay so these were these were roommates yeah yeah yeah okay so yeah that's a good op see that's a thing that's hard to duplicate online right because it's a having a group of Roommates is a formative experience it was crazy for me I didn't know because again only child
我当时没意识到,问题只是我不擅长社交,我不太懂怎么跟别的孩子打交道。我想我只是到了某个阶段,特别是上大学的时候,我已经花了足够多的时间,至少学会了一些粗浅的社交技巧,这时候终于能够甩掉一些一直跟着我的那些预设了。那对你来说,突破口是什么?你还记得你在大学交到的第一个朋友吗?记得啊,就是跟我住一起的那几个人。所以这些是室友?对对对。所以这是个很好的切入点——你看,这就是在线上很难复制的东西,因为有一群室友是一段塑造性的经历。对我来说那太疯狂了。我不知道,还是那句话,独生子女,父母两个人住在一栋小房子里,我根本不知道他还得先
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2:58:51
two parents living in a small house I didn't know that he was supposed to knock on someone's bedroom door before you were to go in I'd never done that I'd spent my did 18 years I'd never had to knock on anybody's bedroom door CU like Mom and Dad are down like who else is there I'm going to knock on the dogs like the kitchen door to see if the dogs are mind me going into the kitchen uh and so many of those things looking back on it now are just so ridiculous not knowing that that was something that he was supposed to do yeah well not knowing those Elementary skills though that can be a huge impediment you know I had people in my clinical practice we spent hours practicing how to introduce them and to shake hands because you want to be expert at that because if you're not good at that at all like if you're really bad at it you're screwed you can't even tell someone your name and so how are you going to make a friend then you you you announce yourself as incompetent with your first move and then if you do if that happens
敲一下别人卧室的门才能进去,我从来没这么干过,我活了18年,从来不需要去敲谁的卧室门,因为爸妈就在楼下,还能有谁呢,难道我要去敲狗的门吗比如敲敲厨房门,问问狗介不介意我进厨房,呃,现在回头看,这些事里有太多简直荒唐得可笑,居然不知道那是他应该做的事,是啊,但不知道这些最基本的技能,可能会成为巨大的障碍,你知道吗,我在临床实践中遇到过一些人,我们花了好几个小时练习怎么自我介绍、怎么握手,因为你得做到很熟练,因为如果你完全不擅长这个,如果你真的很糟糕,那你就完蛋了,你连自己的名字都说不出口,那你怎么可能交到朋友呢,你等于一出手就宣告自己无能,然后如果你,如果这种事
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2:59:46
to you 10 times you're so terrified dis incentiv oh God terribly terribly and so you should become expert at that that's something you can do with your kids is so they can become expert at introducing themselves you know shake hands do it with a bit of a firm grip look at the other person try smiling you know match your Tempo to the other person another Dynamic that I've been thinking about recently I was at a retreat in La a few months ago and one of the guys that was there had said he'd stopped talking and writing on the internet because he noticed that the story he was telling in public he began feeling the necessity to live up to in private and I think that whether you're a a writer or just someone that's got 500 followers on your Instagram and a Facebook from back in the day or whatever there is a there is an online Persona that people put forward that they then almost feel is more real than what they are and then they try and reverse engineer themselves to fit this new is this the problem with writing
发生个十次,你就怕得要死,完全被打击掉了积极性,哦天哪,非常非常糟糕,所以你应该把这件事练到精通,这也是你可以和孩子一起做的事,让他们能熟练地做自我介绍,你知道,握手要握得稍微有点力度,看着对方,试着微笑,你知道,让自己的节奏和对方合拍,我最近还在想另一个现象,几个月前我参加了洛杉矶的一次静修,在场的一个人说他已经不在网上发言和写东西了,因为他发现他在公众面前讲的那套故事,让他开始觉得自己在私下里也必须活成那个样子,我觉得,不管你是个作家,还是只是一个Instagram上有500个粉丝、还有个老早以前的Facebook账号的普通人,总之人们都会在网上摆出一个人设,然后他们几乎会觉得这个人设比真实的自己更真实,接着他们就试着反向改造自己去迎合这个新的——这是不是就跟写论文时专写教授爱听的话是同一个问题?你没办法这么做
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3:00:49
essays that contain what your professor wants to hear so you can't do that without altering your soul you can't do that you you cannot construct for yourself a false Persona designed to extract resources from the world without that becoming part of you like there's no one is that sophisticated no one can have two selves like that it's part of the reason why you have to be very careful about what you say and do is that you're when you when you practice falsehood you become false it's not like those are beliefs that are just in your head you rewire yourself so you start to literally see the world through the frame of your falsehoods that's a very bad plan I've heard you say if you say things long enough you're going to believe them you become them it's even worse than believing them it's deeper than that they they're built into you as unquestioned implicit axioms and as we said earlier on this can go in either direction right you can fake it until you make it one small step at a time moving toward a vision which you know is
而不改变你的灵魂,你做不到,你没办法给自己构建一个虚假的人设、用它去从世界上攫取资源,而这个人设却不会变成你的一部分,没有人能精明到那个地步,没有人能那样同时拥有两个自我,这也是你必须非常谨慎对待自己言行的部分原因,因为当你,当你练习虚假,你就变得虚假,那不只是停留在脑子里的某些信念而已,你重塑了自己的神经连接,于是你真的开始透过自己谎言的框架去看世界,这是个非常糟糕的方案,我听你说过,如果你把某些话说得够久,你就会相信它们——你会变成它们,这比相信它们更糟,比那更深,它们会像从不被质疑的隐性公理一样内嵌进你,而正如我们前面说的,这个过程可以朝任一方向发展,对吧,你可以假装到成真,一小步一小步地朝着一个你知道是正向的愿景前进,同时你不断重新评估,
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3:01:53
positive and you continually reassess to ensure that you're not getting hijacked and going in the wrong direction yes or or you generate a so look in the in the Pinocchio movie which I've analyzed to death in the Disney Pinocchio you're Mr Pinocchio yeah world's leading Pinocchio so Pinocchio exactly exactly part Pinocchio is trying to get rid of the strings that that that pull on him Every Which Way that aren't under his control and to become something genuine okay so he has three basic tempations one is to lie right so that's the nose the another is to be an actor and when I first came across that in the movie I thought what the hell's going on here one of Pinocchio's Temptations is to be an actor now why would the Hollywood people do that why would they denigrate the actor and then I thought oh it's not an actor it's a false Persona to be the actor instead of the real thing to be the appearance instead of the reality to take the credit instead of doing the work right to be false next temptation is to be neurotic
确保自己没有被劫持、走上错误的方向,是的,或者,或者你生成一个——你看,在那部《木偶奇遇记》电影里,我把它分析得透透的,就是迪士尼的《木偶奇遇记》——你是木偶先生,对,世界头号木偶奇遇记专家所以匹诺曹,没错没错,匹诺曹一直想摆脱那些从各个方向拉扯他、不受他控制的提线,想变成某种真实的东西,好,那么他有三个基本的诱惑,一个是撒谎,对吧,那就是鼻子;另一个是当演员,我第一次在电影里看到这段时,心想这到底是怎么回事匹诺曹的诱惑之一竟然是当演员?好莱坞的人为什么要这么拍?他们为什么要贬低演员?然后我想,哦,这说的不是演员,而是虚假的人设——去扮演,而不是成为真实的东西,去呈现表象而不是实质,去邀功而不是去做事,对吧,去做一个虚假的人;下一个诱惑是变得神经质,这太有意思了,尤其是在我们如今这个世界里,这些动画师真是有先见之明
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3:03:02
it's so interesting especially in in in the world that we have now how perspicacious these animators were Pinocchio is literally enticed onto the island of pleasure by a false Doctor Who diagnoses him with an illness he doesn't have and the the story is look how sick you are you're working too hard you need to go to Pleasure Island well Pleasure Island is run by slavers right so it's perfect well be careful what you practice be careful what you practice right you can be the actor of your own ideal and that's a way of stepping forward but when you make false claims to who you are to gain status in consequence you are you are perverting your soul what's the soul the soul is something like the structure through which the world re reveals itself to you it's something like that so you don't see much of the world right you see it through narrow apertures you see what you allow in that's another way of thinking about it you better make sure it's the bright part of the world re revealing itself to
匹诺曹简直就是被一个冒牌医生哄骗上了欢乐岛,那医生给他诊断出一种他根本没有的病,而那套说辞就是:看你病得多重啊,你工作太辛苦了,你需要去欢乐岛;结果欢乐岛是奴隶贩子在经营的,对吧,所以太贴切了,所以要小心你练习的是什么,小心你练习的是什么,对吧,你可以去扮演你理想中的自己,那是一种向前迈进的方式,但当你对自己是谁做出虚假的宣称,以此来换取地位,结果就是,你在腐蚀你的灵魂,灵魂是什么?灵魂大概就是世界向你显现自身所通过的那个结构,大概是这个意思,所以你其实看不到这个世界的多少东西,对吧,你是透过很窄的孔径去看的,你看到的是你允许进来的东西,这是另一种理解方式,你最好确保向你显现的是这个世界光明的那一面,而一旦你撒谎,
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3:04:15
you and that isn't going to be the case if you lie one of the problems I think that a lot of the people listening to this podcast and certainly a lot of my friends who are smart and cerebral encounter they think themselves into problems and they struggle to use their intuition because they are able to come up with a reason about why they should or should not at any moment and you know talking about the soul or the inner voice or the conscience or you know you might refer to it as God that's coming through the best version of yourself people that ruminate and introspect are very capable of talking themselves into or out of something that feels like they worship the intellect how would you advise somebody who enjoys thinking about things deeply to cast that off and be able to hear themselves a little bit more clearly there's a difference between attention and intellect there there's something to be said for paying attention it's not the same thing like the intellect let's say the intellect produces thoughts the
那就不会是这样了。我觉得听这个播客的很多人,当然还有我很多聪明、爱动脑的朋友,都会遇到一个问题:他们想着想着就把自己想进了麻烦里,而且很难运用自己的直觉,因为他们随时都能给出一个理由,说明自己为什么该做或不该做某件事,你知道,我们说的灵魂,或者内在的声音、良知,或者你可能称之为上帝,那是从你最好的那个版本里透出来的东西;而那些爱反刍、爱内省的人,非常擅长把自己说服去做或不去做某件事,那感觉就像他们在崇拜智性。对于一个喜欢深度思考的人,你会建议他怎么摆脱这一点,从而能更清楚地听见自己的声音?注意力和智性之间是有区别的,专注地去留意这件事本身是有价值的,它和智性不是一回事,比如说,智性产出的是念头,而
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3:05:22
attention gathers information right so if I'm well if I'm conducting a podcast let's say I'm paying attention to what I don't understand I'm not thinking it's not the same thing I mean sometimes I think because the person will say something and it'll set off a train of thoughts but often what I'm just doing is like well do I understand what you just said that's a matter of attention I have to note my ignorance I'm attending to my ignorance well this is what Rogan's great at this you're great at this as well if you attend to your ignorance then you know what to do you just ask the question it's like well I don't understand this that's a form of humility to attend to your ignorance that's a good thing for those who worship the luciferian intellect to do is to attend to their own ignorance it's not about what you know it's about what you don't know you already know what you know so why not investigate what you don't know well how do you do that you attend to your ignorance what's the definition of
注意力收集的是信息,对吧,所以如果我在,比如我在做一期播客,我是在留意我没听懂的地方,我不是在思考,这不是一回事,我的意思是,有时候我确实在思考,因为对方说了某句话,会引出一连串念头,但更多时候我在做的只是:我到底有没有听懂你刚才说的话,这是注意力的问题,我必须留意到自己的无知,我在关注自己的无知——这正是罗根特别擅长的,你也特别擅长这一点,如果你留意自己的无知,那你就知道该做什么了,你就问问题嘛,就是说,我没听懂这个,关注自己的无知是一种谦逊,对那些崇拜路西法式智性的人来说,一件很好的事就是去关注自己的无知,重点不在于你知道什么,而在于你不知道什么,你已经知道你知道的东西了,那为什么不去探究你不知道的呢,那要怎么做呢?你去关注自己的无知。谦逊的定义是什么?
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3:06:27
humility humility is attending to your ignorance and you can do that wherever you are is that not still uh an intellectual exercise here are the holes in what I know therefore I'm just going to continue ask to ask the questions until I fill them well it's not something completely divorced from it's the difference between questioning and answering like I would say this is let's say definitional the luciferian intellect has an answer what's when you say luciferian intellect what's that the luciferian intellect is the intellect that wants to place itself in the highest position and there's lots of people smart people tend to be luciferian because they think that their fundamental value is their intelligence and they think that intelligence is the fundamental value and then they're often very annoyed if they're very bright and the world doesn't lay itself out at their feet because they think well I'm so smart everything should just be coming my way because they've prided themsel on that it's like and
谦逊就是关注自己的无知,而且你无论身在何处都能做到这一点。这不还是一种智性练习吗?——这些是漏洞所在在我已知的范围内,所以我会一直问下去,直到把那些空白填满——这并不是完全与之脱节的东西这是提问和回答之间的区别,我会说这基本上是定义性的,路西法式的理智是有答案的——你说“路西法式的理智”,那是什么意思?路西法式的理智就是那种想把自己摆在最高位置的理智。有很多人,聪明人往往容易变成路西法式的,因为他们觉得自己的根本价值就是智力,而且他们认为智力就是那个根本价值,然后他们常常会非常恼火——如果他们很聪明,而世界却没有拜倒在他们脚下,因为他们会想,我这么聪明,一切都该自动送到我面前,因为他们一直以此为傲。这就是智识上的骄傲,而那可能就是
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3:07:33
intellectual Pride well that might be the cardinal sin the luciferian intellect is the intellect that wants to put itself in the highest position it's challenges God that's what Satan is that's what Lucifer is literally in the miltonian story is Lucifer is the spirit who attempts to usurp God that's what the Communists did that's what the fascists did that's what we do when we build towers of Babel and we can easily Elevate the intellect to the highest possible place especially smart people they do that all the time it's better to attend to what you don't know this is why Rogan's a very good example of this because Rogan is not an intellectual he's a Seeker those aren't the same thing Rogan is always like a blood hound he's on the path of what he doesn't know and the consequence of that is he knows a lot you know 2,000 podcast 2500 podcasts he's done like 2500 highlevel graduate seminars something like that it's crazy and so his questions get better and better as he fills in the gaps is it
首恶之罪。路西法式的理智就是那种想把自己置于最高位置的理智,它挑战上帝——撒旦就是这个意思,路西法就是这个意思。在弥尔顿的故事里,路西法字面上就是那个试图篡夺上帝之位的灵。共产主义者做的就是这个,法西斯做的就是这个,我们建造巴别塔时做的也是这个。我们很容易就把理智抬到最高的位置上,尤其是聪明人,他们一直都在这么干。更好的做法是关注你不知道的东西。这就是为什么罗根是一个很好的例子,因为罗根不是个知识分子,他是个求索者,这两者不一样。罗根总像一条猎犬,一直追着他不知道的东西跑。结果就是他知道得非常多,你知道,两千期播客,两千五百期播客,他等于做了两千五百场高水平的研究生研讨课,差不多就是这样,太疯狂了。所以随着他把空白一点点填上,他的问题也越来越好。这算是
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3:08:40
intellectual no no it's not it's it's it's there's a difference between an intellectual Pursuit and a spiritual Pursuit and the remediation of your own ignorance is a spiritual Pursuit it's predicated on humility how am I stupid how can I fix that you know one of the things I really taught my kids tried to teach them was ask stupid questions right and that means you have to admit to your own insufficiency that's what humility is and then you have to publicly announce it here's how I'm stupid can you fix me and you know sometimes that is embarrassing although much less frequently than people think usually if you're in a crowd and you have a stupid question and you've been paying attention 80% of the crowd has the same question and they're relieved that you know you an you asked it in fact they'll think you're brave it's so interesting e because you're afraid when you ask a question if you're in a university seminar you're afraid that what you're going to do is expose your stupidity and be what would you say shamed and what
智识性的吗?不,不算。这……这中间是有区别的,智识性的追求和灵性的追求是不同的,而弥补自己的无知是一种灵性的追求,它建立在谦卑之上——我哪里蠢?我怎么才能改正?你知道,我真正教给我孩子、努力想教他们的一件事就是:去问蠢问题。而这意味着你必须承认自己的不足,这就是谦卑,然后你还得公开说出来:我在这件事上很蠢,你能帮我补上吗?你知道,有时候这确实挺尴尬的,不过远没有大家想的那么频繁。通常,如果你在一群人当中,你有个蠢问题,而你一直在认真听,那么这群人里有80%都有同样的疑问,你一问出来,他们反而松了口气。事实上他们会觉得你很勇敢,这特别有意思,因为提问的时候你是害怕的——如果你在大学的研讨课上,你害怕的是自己会暴露自己的愚蠢,然后被,怎么说呢,羞辱。可实际发生的恰恰相反:那些因为太怯懦而不敢问这个
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3:09:46
happens is exactly the opposite is everybody who's too cowardly to ask that question now thinks that you're courageous it's exactly the opposite of what you think yeah that happens all the time always in my graduate Seminars the kids that asked the most ignorant questions assuming they were paying attention because you can ask a stupid question you know stupid question is you're I don't know you're fiddling with your phone and you and the class has just covered something and you didn't notice and you ask well you know clue in that that's not a real question that's just you're just wasting people's time but if you're genuinely ignorant I never had a student who asked a genuine question that I thought was a stupid question never and I'd never treat a student that way it's like no no if you're if you it's so cool too because sometimes the stupidest questions cut to the heart of the chase you know it's the kids who would ask a really basic question that also forced me to really understand what I was
问题的人,现在都觉得你很有勇气。跟你想的完全相反。是啊,这种事一直都在发生。在我的研究生研讨课上,总是那些问出最“无知”问题的学生——前提是他们一直在认真听,因为你确实可能问出一个蠢问题,你知道,所谓蠢问题就是,比如你在那儿摆弄你的手机,课上刚讲过某个内容你没注意到,然后你问出来,你知道,明显是没跟上,那就不是真正的问题,那只是在浪费大家的时间。但如果你是真的不懂——我从来没有遇到过哪个学生问出一个真诚的问题、而我觉得那是个蠢问题,一次都没有。我也绝不会那样对待学生。就像,不不,如果你……这其实还特别棒,因为有时候最“蠢”的问题恰恰一下子切中要害。就是那些会问出非常基础问题的学生,逼着我真正搞懂自己在教的东西。而那正是他们谦卑的体现,就是那种谦卑,在
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3:10:54
teaching and that's a reflection of their humility it's that humility in the pursuit of humility in the pursuit of the ideal that's not an intellectual exercise not not not in the strict sense it's definitely what generates knowledge though that seems to be a good stepping block toward earned wisdom as well that's earned wisdom y y earned wisdom through humility right what have you got coming up next what can people expect from you over the next few months well what I'm working on right now is I'm going to finish this book hopefully by the end of December it'll be published in November but I'm going to go on tour weirdly enough about the book probably starting in January I'm going to do an American tour and then I think I'm going to go to Africa and to South America and to Southeast Asia that's the plan and um I'm very excited about this new book um I'm hoping oping it'll be the best book that I've ever written it's it's going to be more difficult book than the last two were but not as difficult as maps of meaning
追寻理想过程中的谦卑——那不是一种智识练习,严格意义上不是,但它确实能产生知识。这看起来也是通往“挣来的智慧”的一块很好的踏脚石。那就是挣来的智慧,是的,通过谦卑挣来的智慧,对吧。接下来你有什么安排?未来几个月大家可以期待你做些什么?嗯,我现在正在做的是,我打算把这本书写完,希望能在十二月底完成,它会在十一月出版,但我说来也怪,我会为这本书去巡讲,大概从一月开始。我会做一轮美国巡回,然后我想我会去非洲、南美还有东南亚,这是计划。嗯,我对这本新书非常兴奋,我希望它会是我写过的最好的一本书。它会比前两本更难一些,但没有《意义的地图》那么难,那是我的第一本书。是的,它更……
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3:11:56
which my first book yeah it's it's it's more it's heavy it's it's deeper have you been fighting with trying to make it accessible no not really right i' I've been I've been I've been just trying to lay the argument out as clearly as I can like and I think that'll do the trick and I I I have to go over it again and edit it and make sure that it's no more obscure than is absolutely necessary no I want to lay it out so that it's comprehensible and I've had a lot of success with the biblical Ventures that I've already embarked on I did a series on Genesis in 2017 which turned out to be quite influential and then I just did a seminar on Exodus with a group of thinkers and I know there's a hunger for analysis of deep stories and I also have good people around me that can help me grind my way through the stories and understand them and so I'm very much looking I've been having quite a good time writing this book actually it's very difficult to write but it's been extremely exciting and interesting
更……它比较厚重,它更深。你有没有一直在跟“如何让它好懂”较劲?没有,不太算。我一直在做的就是尽可能清楚地把论证铺陈出来,我觉得这样就够了。然后我还得再过一遍、做编辑,确保它不会比必要的程度更晦涩。不,我想把它讲清楚,让它是可以被理解的。而且我在此前已经做过的那些圣经方面的尝试上很有收获,我在2017年做过一个《创世记》系列,结果影响挺大的,然后我刚跟一群思想者一起做了一个关于《出埃及记》的研讨班。我知道大家对深层故事的解读是有渴求的,而且我身边也有很好的人,能帮我一点点啃透这些故事、理解它们。所以我非常期待。写这本书的过程其实相当愉快,写起来非常难,但一直极其令人兴奋、极其有意思。
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3:13:08
and I'm hoping you asked me earlier what would I consider success with this book I don't think that you'll be able to read this book and understand it and be atheistic I think I can demolish the atheistic argument permanently and it's partly it's a weird thing because it's not like all of a sudden people are going to throw themselves at the feet of God In Worship it's like it requires a reconsideration of what we mean by belief and I walk through some of it it's like do you believe in the good well there the difference between believing in good and beleving in God is it's it's a very narrow difference now there are important differences but it's still a narrow difference and the thing is if you don't believe in the in good you're aimless and if you're aimless you're hopeless and if you're aimless and hopeless you're anxious and fractionated and people can't unite in their beliefs like the the alternative is not good reversing the enlightenment is no small task well hopefully we can save the best
我希望——你刚才问我,怎样才算这本书成功——我认为你不可能读完这本书、真正理解它,然后还做一个无神论者。我认为我可以永久性地击垮无神论的论证。这有点奇怪,因为并不是说大家突然就会拜倒在上帝脚下敬拜,而是说,这需要重新思考我们所说的“信”到底是什么意思。我在书里走了一遍这个过程,比如:你相信“善”吗?那么,相信善和相信上帝之间的差别,其实是非常细微的差别。当然,其中也有重要的差异,但仍然是很细微的差别。而问题在于,如果你不相信善,你就没有方向;如果你没有方向,你就没有希望;如果你既没有方向又没有希望,你就会焦虑、分裂,人们也无法在信念上团结起来。那种替代方案并不好。要逆转启蒙运动可不是件小事。嗯,希望我们也能保住启蒙运动中
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3:14:16
of the Enlightenment as well it's like uh the uh cheston's fence of cheston's fence like how many how many different fences are in the field so to speak and if we thrown this one out and we're trying to plug it back in but which bit of going back one of the things that's very interesting and I think I think people like Dawkins have started to realize this and I know that people like Douglas Murray and Ian hery Ali and Neil Ferguson have recognize this is that with the death of God many other things die things you don't expect and one of the things that dies when God dies is science and no one expected that how so because science as a practice is a religious practice it it's predicated on religious axioms is it well you have to believe that there's such a thing as truth you have to believe that the truth is understandable you have to believe that understanding the truth is good you have to believe that there is such a thing as good right so imagine to be a scientist you have to imagine that first
最好的那部分。这就像,呃,那个切斯特顿的篱笆——切斯特顿的篱笆——比如,这片田里到底有多少道不同的篱笆,可以这么说。我们把这一道拆掉了,现在又想把它插回去,但要插回哪一段呢?说到往回走,有一件事很有意思,我觉得像道金斯那样的人已经开始……意识到这一点,我知道像道格拉斯·穆雷、阿亚安·希尔西·阿里、尼尔·弗格森这些人也都意识到了这一点,那就是随着上帝之死,很多别的东西也跟着死了,一些你意想不到的东西。上帝死后随之而死的其中一样就是科学,这是没人预料到的。怎么会这样呢?因为科学作为一种实践本身就是一种宗教实践,它建立在宗教性的公理之上。是这样吗?嗯,你必须相信存在着真理这种东西,你必须相信真理是可以被理解的,你必须相信理解真理是好的,你必须相信存在着所谓的善,对吧。所以你想象一下,要成为一名科学家,你首先得设定这个世界是可以被人类心智
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3:15:20
of all that the world is comprehensible to the human intellect but more that if you investigate the mysteries of the material world that that will be beneficial right those aren't scientific claims those are metaphysical claims and that metaphysical claim is nested in a story you know and the the enlightenment types they've portrayed the Scientific Revolution as something contrary to the religious substr and that's not accurate that's a French Revolution that's a luciferian intellect history it's not true the universities grew out of the monasteries that's where the universities came from and science as a widespread Enterprise got its start in the universities and they grew out of the monasteries that's not questionable like if you go to Harvard or if you go to Oxford and Cambridge it's just starkly evident the layout of the UN of the college ol is a monastic layout so the idea that there's some fundamental contradiction between religious belief and the scientific Enterprise it's it's there's nothing
理解的,而且更进一步,你还得认为如果你去探究物质世界的奥秘,那会带来益处,对吧。这些都不是科学主张,这些是形而上学的主张,而那个形而上学的主张是嵌在一个故事里的。你知道,启蒙运动那一派把科学革命描绘成某种与宗教底层结构对立的东西,可那并不准确,那是法国大革命的说法,那是路西法式的知识分子史观,不是真的。大学是从修道院里生长出来的,大学就是从那儿来的,而科学作为一项广泛的事业,起步于大学,而大学又是从修道院发展出来的。这一点是没什么可质疑的,你要是去哈佛,或者去牛津、剑桥,那是一目了然的,那些学院的布局就是修道院式的布局。所以说宗教信仰和科学事业之间存在某种根本矛盾,这种说法里没有一点是真的。而我们现在正在失去科学事业,其中一部分原因
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3:16:30
about that that's true and part of the reason that we're Lo part of the reason that we're losing the scientific Enterprise right now is because we've unmowed it from its metaphysical substrate and it can't survive if you're going to be a scientist you have to put the truth Above All Else scientists are very rare you have to believe in the truth to be a scientist I think Dawkins believes in the truth by the way so he's an atheist but a very he's much less of an atheist than he thinks that's my impression lying scientists are atheistic or just malevolent Dawkins is a truthful scientist and in so far as he's pursuing the truth and in so far as he believes that pursuing the truth will set you free then he's walking down a path that's Christian to its core now I know he doesn't like that idea but he also doesn't like the fact that the scientific Enterprise seems to be collapsing in terms of its what would you call reliability and validity everywhere so I appreciate you mate I appreciate the time that we get to spend it always
就在于我们把它从它的形而上学根基上割断了,而这样它是活不下去的。如果你要做一名科学家,你必须把真理置于一切之上。科学家是非常稀少的,你得信仰真理才能成为科学家。顺便说一句,我认为道金斯是信仰真理的,所以他是个无神论者,但他远远不像他自己以为的那么无神论,这是我的印象。说谎的科学家要么是无神论的,要么就是心怀恶意的。道金斯是个诚实的科学家,就他在追求真理这一点而言,就他相信追求真理会让你得自由这一点而言,他走的是一条骨子里就是基督教的路。我知道他不喜欢这个说法,但他同样也不喜欢这个事实:科学事业似乎正在到处崩塌,在它的——你会怎么说呢——可靠性和有效性方面。所以我很感激你,兄弟,我很珍惜我们能一起度过的时间,这总是一个很有意思的转折点,呃,又一次,是的,这次的
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3:17:36
seems to be a very interesting inflection uh again this yeah the inflection this time is you're out on tour eh I am what's your advice for me how am I going to survive life on the road make sure that when you step on the stage that you understand how unlikely it is that you have the privilege to do this and make sure you remember that all those people who came to see you they're hoping for something from you they put in some time and energy to come and see you it matters what you do you go out on that stage with gratitude right that'll help a lot you got to remember that it keeps you on the ground too you should be grateful that they're not throwing rocks at you right how ridiculous ous is it that you get to do this how unlikely is it right exactly so you keep that first and foremost in your mind you remember that you should be stunningly grateful for the miracle that you have the opportunity to do this because it's ridiculously improbable yeah yeah trying to do that without getting overwhelmed is becoming
转折点是你要出去巡演了,是吧。是的。你对我有什么建议?我要怎么在路上的生活里撑下来?要确保你走上舞台的时候,明白自己能有这个特权去做这件事是多么难得,还要记住,所有那些来看你的人,他们是对你怀着某种期待的,他们花了时间和精力来看你。你做什么是要紧的。你带着感恩走上那个舞台,对吧,那会很有帮助。你得记住这一点,这也能让你脚踏实地。你应该心怀感激,感激他们没有朝你扔石头,对吧。你能做这件事,这多荒唐啊,这多难得啊,对吧。完全正确。所以你要把这个放在心里的第一位,你要记住,你应该为自己能有机会做这件事这个奇迹而无比感激,因为这实在是概率低得离谱。是啊,是啊,想做到这一点又不被压垮,这正变得
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3:18:37
an increasingly difficult task yeah well part of the way you handle that is that you parse off the jobs that other people can do you know when you're out on tour the social element of that can be overwhelming so you have to protect yourself from that to some degree but the other thing you do is anything anyone else can do get someone to do es and get someone competent and reliable so that all you're focusing on get to the next show on time in the right frame of mind that's your job other people have their jobs make sure you're surrounded by people who do their jobs like our tour so far they become increasingly well-run I don't worry about travel hotels meals Transportation none of that I worry about getting to the venue 1 hour ahead of time getting my head in the right place which has to do with this attitude of gratefulness that I described and then trying to address a serious problem with all the people who are participating in the audience and then if it's too much then distribute the responsibility some
越来越难。是啊,你应付这个的办法之一,就是把那些别人能做的活儿分出去。你知道,当你在巡演路上的时候,其中的社交部分可能会让人吃不消,所以你得在某种程度上保护好自己不被那个吞没。但另一件要做的事就是,任何别人能做的事,都找人去做,而且要找有能力、靠得住的人,这样你唯一要专注的就是准时、以正确的心理状态赶到下一场演出。那是你的活儿,别人有别人的活儿。要确保你身边都是那些能做好自己本职的人。就像我们的巡演,到现在为止,运作得越来越顺畅。我不用操心交通、酒店、吃饭、接送,这些都不用。我要操心的是提前一小时到场地,把自己的状态调整到位,这跟我刚才描述的那种感恩的心态有关,然后设法去处理一个严肃的问题,跟所有到场参与的观众一起。然后如果还是太多了,那就把责任再往外
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3:19:49
more how do you wind down after a show I watched the Trailer Park Boys of course you do yeah yeah well after being that good you have to not be so good for a while and the Trailer Park Boys is a very good way of doing that counteract a little bit Yeah I uh I texted Rogan about this yesterday and I thought that he would have you know God knows how many shows that guy's done I thought he would have some wisdom for me I said every time that I do a show I um I'm so excited after I finished that I find it difficult to kind of wind down and I've got four shows back toback then we fly to Dubai then we've got all these shows around the US and Canada and uh I'm nervous that I'm not going to be able to sleep and then if I don't sleep then I'm not going to be able to perform as well tomorrow and then it'll spiral uh and I thought that he would just have some wisdom and he said that's a tough one man to be honest I've never had any problem sleeping I well [ __ ] that I guess you know uh but no I'm excited I'm
分一些。演出完之后你怎么放松下来?我看《拖车公园男孩》。你当然会看。是啊,是啊,在那么好之后,你得有一阵子别那么好,而《拖车公园男孩》是达到这个效果的一个很好的方式,稍微中和一下。是啊,我呃昨天还就这事给罗根发了短信,我想着他肯定会有,你知道,天知道那家伙做过多少场演出,我以为他会有点智慧之言给我。我说,每次我做完一场演出,我,呃,结束之后我太兴奋了,很难平静下来,而我接下来有四场连轴转,然后我们飞迪拜,然后还有一堆在美国和加拿大的演出,呃,我很紧张,怕自己睡不着,然后如果我睡不着,那第二天我就没法表现得那么好,然后就会恶性循环下去。呃,我以为他会给我一点智慧,结果他说,那可真难办,老兄,说实话,我从来没有过睡眠问题。我就想,我 [ __ ],那行吧。你知道,呃,不过不,我很期待,我很期待,等一切结束之后我再来跟你汇报。我们
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3:20:41
excited and I'll check back in with you once uh once everything's done we're going to record one of them properly fully properly record it uh like a special um so that'll be maybe we'll put it up maybe it'll just stay for posterity I don't know but uh we're GNA have it so yeah I'm excited yeah well good luck thank you man good luck should be a blast yeah yeah yeah I'm definitely going to learn a lot and as we've said today pushing through discomfort and doing different things uh and following something close to Instinct a lot of the things that I'm saying are uh like vulnerable in some regards I guess you know they things that are meaningful to me uh and yeah I hope that people take take a lot away from it and I hope they have done from today too so one of the things I do when I go on stage is like I spend the first 10 or 15 seconds looking at the audience like I don't mean I would I've seen you do this a lot I would I would technically refer to it as stalking um but it's not far from a
打算把其中一场正经录下来,完完整整地录,呃,像个专场那样,嗯,所以那可能我们会把它放出来,也可能就留着做个纪念,我不知道,但是呃,我们会有这个东西。所以是的,我很期待。是啊,那祝你好运。谢谢你,兄弟。祝好运,那应该会很过瘾。是啊是啊,我肯定会学到很多,而且就像我们今天说的,推着自己穿过不适,去做一些不一样的事,呃,去跟随某种接近本能的东西。我说的很多东西呃在某些方面是挺脆弱的,我想,你知道,那些是对我有意义的东西,呃,是的,我希望人们能从中得到很多,我也希望他们今天也有所收获。所以我上台的时候会做一件事,就是头十到十五秒我会盯着观众看,我不是说我——我见过你这么做很多次了,我在技术上会把它叫做“猎食式打量”,嗯,但那跟猎食也差不了多少。这挺好的,我到处看,
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3:21:36
stalk it's it's good I I look everywhere and this is a exposure technique you don't want to be afraid of the audience and so at all and you don't want to be talking to the audience so I look at people and I see you know I I look everywhere and as you know you can't see in the back rows if it's a big place but fundamentally I look everywhere I can and I look at individuals and I'm marking them out as people and then I'm remembering you know I'm talking to all these individual people who've come here and then that's easy because you can talk to individuals and they're your guests say that's another that's another thing for your staff to know too it's like everyone who comes to one of your events has to be treated in the most positive possible way cuz they're looking to you for something you know and it's very hard on them if they're treated inhospitably and so you know one of the things we've tried to do I travel with a fair number of people now but everyone knows that like rule number one is treat the
这是一种暴露疗法的技巧,你不想害怕观众,完全不想,你也不想是在对着观众讲话。所以我看着一个个的人,我看到,你知道,我到处看,而你也知道,如果场地很大,你是看不到后排的,但从根本上说,我尽可能到处看,我看着一个个的个人,把他们标记成一个个具体的人,然后我记住,你知道,我是在跟所有这些来到这里的具体的人讲话,然后那就变得容易了,因为你是能跟一个个人讲话的,而他们是你的客人。这么说吧,这也是另外一件你的工作人员需要知道的事,就是每一个来参加你活动的人都必须被以尽可能积极的方式对待,因为他们是带着某种期待来找你的,你知道,如果他们受到不礼貌的对待,那对他们来说是很难受的如果他们被不友好地对待,那对他们伤害很大,所以你知道,我们努力做到的一件事就是——我现在出行会带不少人现在会带相当多的工作人员,但每个人都知道,第一条规则就是:要善待观众,哪怕是那些
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3:22:31
audience members even the ones that are have some trouble and maybe even are Troublesome it's like treat them like their guests because they're guests and you're bloody lucky that they're here so don't get all high and mighty about it CU they put in their time and effort to come here and they're looking for something so that's part of that gratitude that that and then it's fun right that keeps it fun it's like you're so privileged to be there talking to them that's you got to have that in mind what a privilege it is that what is these people they're coming to listen to what you're doing that's a good deal man that's as good as it gets so you want to have that firmly in the back of your mind and the front too yeah I'll try my best Jordan Peterson ladies and gentlemen Jordan thank you so much for today I'm looking forward to the next time we get to catch up good to talk to you Chris thank you very much for tuning in if you enjoyed that episode with Jordan you will love my conversation with Douglas Murray which is available
有点状况、甚至有点麻烦的观众,也要像对待客人一样对待他们,因为他们就是客人而且你能有他们在场是天大的幸运,所以别摆什么架子,因为他们付出了时间和精力才来到这里,而且他们是带着某种期待来的,所以这是感恩的一部分,就是这个,而且这样也有趣,对吧,这能让事情保持乐趣,就像是,你能站在那儿跟他们讲话是莫大的荣幸,这一点你得记在心里,这是多大的荣幸,这些人是专程来听你讲的,这太难得了,兄弟,这已经是最好的情况了,所以你得把这一点牢牢记在脑后,也记在心前。是的,我会尽我所能。各位,这就是乔丹·彼得森。乔丹,非常感谢你今天的分享,我期待下次我们再聊。很高兴和你聊天,Chris。非常感谢大家收看本期节目。如果你喜欢这期和乔丹的对话,你一定会喜欢我和道格拉斯·默里(Douglas Murray)的那期对话,就在
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3:23:27
right here go on tap it
这里,去点开看看吧
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视频总结 · 一句话概括与核心要点

一句话概括

彼得森与 Chris Williamson 用三个多小时把「意义」问题拆成一条链:真话—冒险—牺牲—责任,主张人在道德上有义务把自己最好的东西交出来,因为退缩必然通向怨恨,而怨恨会把个人的不幸变成对世界的报复。

核心要点

  • 「必须做非凡之事」是防御性论证,不是励志口号。 彼得森的推理链是:生命足够艰难,若不全力以赴,大概率会把你变苦;变苦的人不只是少贡献,还会嫉妒有能力的人并主动去毁掉他们。所以"不发挥潜能"不是私事,是外部性——通往地狱的路径。
  • 真话之所以值得,是因为它等于冒险。 操纵话术的问题不在于不道德,而在于前提错误:你并不是判断自己需要什么的最佳法官。说真话意味着放弃对后果的控制;而放弃控制=无法预测后果=冒险。他给出的等式是:真话 = 冒险 = 有现实之力在背后。
  • 玩世不恭是天真的升级版,但不是终点。 三段式:天真(不知世上有恶,也不知自己心里有恶)→ 被咬 → 玩世不恭(面纱落地,是进步)→ 智慧。关键动作是"对自己的玩世不恭也玩世不恭":问"你的犬儒主义如何让你逃脱了本该承担的责任、如何为你的短期享乐辩护"。他说取代天真的不是乐观,而是勇气。
  • 信仰不是相信迷信,而是「浪多大都敢冲」的行动预设。 他认为道金斯式新无神论对 faith 的定义是错的;faith 是愿意演出"无论未来多糟我们都能驾驭"这一命题。他把这条同时用作政治论证:用恐惧兜售权力的人指向各种末日,末日确实可能,所以问题不是"末日真不真"而是"你该以什么态度面对"——而犬儒态度反而让末日更可能。
  • 幻想与妄想的分界线是"你有没有忽略自己已有的证据"。 计划本身就是对未来的虚构映射,这不算妄想;变成妄想的条件是地图与地表毫无关系——你刻意忽略那些会修正你想象的经验,好让自己住在正面的未来表征里而不付对应代价。与之对照的是柏林的"内在堡垒":得不到就教自己不要想要(亨德森的比喻:腿伤了治不好,就锯掉腿并宣称"想要腿"是错的)。
  • 理想太高会让人瘫痪,正确做法是把龙缩到你肯走向它的尺寸。 配合"马太原则":上行是几何级数,下行是断崖。因此第一步小到可耻也无所谓——关键是启动,滚起来就不是线性增长。他用自己 23 岁的例子佐证:1.85m、61 公斤、抽烟酗酒,游泳课上被七个七十多岁的老太太甩在后面,三年后戒烟戒酒、增重约 18 公斤。
  • 比较对象错了是绝望的主要来源,而这种比较本身就是妄想。 一是你只能透过极窄的孔看别人生活里被营销出来的最好那片;二是你真正的愿望是"要罗素·布兰德拥有的一切但不要他的问题",这本身不成立。他的替代方案是拿自己和昨天的自己比——因为你是唯一合适的对照组。同时他把这种绝望归因于骄傲:"我本该是那样"。
  • 心理健康不在脑袋里,而在你与世界的一致性中。 他称当代治疗师是"世俗自由派新教徒",错把心智健康当成主观内在物,于是产生"我说我是谁我就是谁"的身份观——但身份需要别人配合,自愿配合就意味着它不能全关于你。他的替代模型是层层嵌套的责任(自己→伴侣→家庭→社区),即 ARC 的辅助性治理模型,既反对"享乐主义的孤立奴役"也反对暴政。
  • 用"练什么就变成什么"统一批评 PUA、安德鲁·泰特与短期性策略。 泡学是"脚本化的精神病态":精神病态者情绪稳定,看起来像有能力,所以自信可以伪装;但练习操纵就是在练习成为操纵者。他承认这些东西有阶梯价值(一天要 50 个电话号码是暴露疗法,学到的不是"不怕拒绝"而是"被拒绝后仍能前进";泰特的"不再无害"相对于神经质依赖也是进步),但都是台阶不是终点。生物学论证:人类是最高投资的繁殖策略(依赖期最长),所以性对人类不可能只是性。
  • 真话与本能是同一套系统,撒谎会让直觉本身病变。 他对"不可妄称神的名"的解读是:不要为自利行为宣称神圣动机——即表演式同情。撒谎的代价不是脑子里多了几条假信念,而是"重写了自己",从此透过谎言的框架看世界,不断撞上自己拒绝看见的东西,然后得出"世界全是障碍"的结论。他说别人夸他勇敢是误解:他只是更怕说假话的后果。
  • 谦卑=注意自己的无知,这与智识是两回事。 他区分"路西法式智识"(把智力放在最高位、用答案自居)与"注意力"(收集信息、追问)。问一千个蠢问题并听答案,你就知道了一千件事;房间里最蠢的人是不知道又不问、甚至装作知道的人。他还给出反直觉的观察:大多数人以为提问会暴露愚蠢,实际上不敢问的人会认为你勇敢。

结论与值得注意的细节

  • 全篇的收束在"牺牲"这个概念上。 工作的定义就是牺牲当下换未来;亚伯拉罕的故事被读作"放弃舒适换冒险"的模式,献以撒被读作"你必须把孩子交给世界打磨,否则你会失去他"。约伯的教训是:不公正的苦难之上,还有第二层地狱——怨恨、报复与忘恩,而那层是你自己打开的。
  • 他对新书《We Who Wrestle With God》的成功标准说得很直白:希望读完此书的人无法维持无神论立场;路径不是让人跪下,而是重新定义"信"——"你相信有好的东西吗?相信有更高的好吗?那最高的好,按定义就是神。"
  • "上帝死了,科学也会死"的论证值得注意:科学预设了"存在真理""真理可理解""理解真理是好的",这些是形而上学主张而非科学主张;大学脱胎于修道院,牛津剑桥哈佛的布局至今是修道院式的。他还说道金斯在这个意义上"比他自己以为的更不无神论"。
  • 多巴胺那段给出了目标设定的机制性建议:愉悦分"消费型奖赏"(高潮式,序列到此终止)与"多巴胺奖赏"(朝目标推进的证据)。因此目标要尽可能有价值,但必须仍在可移动范围内——"你想去月球,但你走不到"。他把天堂定义为"已经完美,同时还在变好",并以音乐作类比。
  • 数据点:哈佛教育研究生院关于 18–25 岁的报告——34% 报告孤独感,51% 说成就压力损害心理健康,58% 过去一个月感到缺乏意义或目的,50% 说"不知道该拿人生怎么办"影响心理健康;这一年龄段焦虑抑郁率约为青少年的两倍。人口普查局同日发布的预测:美国人口 2080 年达峰约 3.7 亿,2100 年回落至约 3.66 亿,移民也无法抵消。
  • 关于成名的自述:最冲击他的不是争议而是"士气崩溃的规模"——此前作为临床医生每周接触 20 人,苦难是"被装在盒子里的";大规模巡讲后才看到文化层面的去士气化有多广。他也描述了观众五六年间的变化(衣着、性别比、状态)。彼得森反复强调他生活中的对抗"几乎全是虚拟的",现实层面除了安大略监管学院的纠缠之外,"正面到几乎难以承受"。
  • 一个反复出现的实践建议:把敌意批评当礼物。他举 Nelly Bowles、Cathy Newman、Helen Lewis 的例子,指出最敌意的两场访谈在长期对他最有利;主持人则讲了自己被播客批评者攻击后反而与对方成为朋友、每月通话的经历,并认为当时的不适程度是"必需的"——不够难受就不会真去看自己错在哪。
核心句型 · 8
1. since … , you might as well …
“Since you're all in anyways you might as well take the risks that are adventurous”
「既然……,那还不如……」。前半给既成事实,后半推出一个看似大胆却更划算的选择。适合把不利前提改写成行动理由,写作中比 therefore 更口语也更有说服力。
2. there isn't anything more … than …
“There isn't anything more adventurous than the truth”
用「没有比 X 更……的了」代替最高级,语气更强也更自然。仿写时把抽象名词放在 than 后面(than the truth / than honesty),能制造格言感。
3. the problem with … is that …
“The problem with cynicism is that. you can end there”
学术口语里提出异议的标准开头:先承认对象存在,再指出它的具体毛病。比 It is bad 精确得多,适合论文和辩论中引出反驳。
4. you substitute A for B
“You substitute courage for naivity”
注意语序:substitute 后面跟的是「新东西」,for 后面是「被替换掉的旧东西」。中文思维容易写反,可用 replace B with A 自检。
5. not only will you not … but you'll also …
“Not only will you not add to the world what you could add but you'll start being jealous of people who are competent”
not only 置于句首必须倒装(will you not)。用于层层加码的负面推论,语气比 and 强得多,适合演讲和议论文的递进段。
6. the more … , the more …
“The more vicious the attack the more of your potential hidden flaws might be revealed”
双重比较级,两个 the more 后各带一个名词短语,中间可不加逗号。表达「成正比」的关系,是把因果讲成规律的最省字写法。
7. you're only … if …
“You're only courageous if there's a risk”
用 only if 给一个词下定义并排除伪例。适合反驳偷换概念:先给条件,再指出对方的说法自相矛盾(a contradiction in terms)。
8. it doesn't matter what … , what matters is that …
“It doesn't really matter what it is that calls what matters is that you pursue it”
先否定次要变量,再把重心挪到真正的关键。写作时可用来收束一段罗列,把读者注意力从「选哪个」引导到「怎么做」。
词汇精讲 · 200 · 按出现顺序
embitter /ɪmˈbɪtər/ v. 0:00
使怨恨,使心生苦涩;常用被动 be embittered by
delusions /dɪˈluːʒənz/ n. 1:23
妄想,错觉(精神医学用词,指与现实脱节的固执信念)
pervasive /pərˈveɪsɪv/ adj. 2:21
弥漫性的,无处不在的
railing against phr. v. 2:21
(rail against)激烈抨击、痛斥
cynicism /ˈsɪnɪsɪzəm/ n. 2:21
愤世嫉俗;认为人皆自私、事不可改善的态度
malevolence /məˈlevələns/ n. 3:33
恶意,恶毒(比 evil 更书面)
sheltered /ˈʃeltərd/ adj. 3:33
被过度保护的,不谙世事的
befall /bɪˈfɔːl/ v. 4:38
(不幸之事)降临到某人身上;书面语
conjure up phr. v. 4:38
凭空想象出,变戏法般唤出
Garner /ˈɡɑːrnər/ v. 4:38
获取,积累(支持、权力等)
bring to bear phr. 4:38
施加、运用(力量、态度、压力)于某事
delineate /dɪˈlɪnieɪt/ v. 5:47
清晰界定、勾勒(关系或界限)
superstitions /ˌsuːpərˈstɪʃənz/ n. 5:47
迷信
let you off the hook phr. 6:51
让你脱身、免除你的责任
hedonic /hɪˈdɑːnɪk/ adj. 6:51
快感的,享乐的(心理学术语)
resentment /rɪˈzentmənt/ n. 6:51
怨恨,愤懑
staved off /steɪvd/ phr. v. 8:03
(stave off)暂时避开、挡住(灾难、绝望)
bolstered /ˈboʊlstərd/ v. 8:03
支撑,增强(信心、自尊)
provisionally /prəˈvɪʒənəli/ adv. 9:04
临时地,暂定地
Citadel /ˈsɪtədəl/ n. 10:16
城堡,堡垒;inner citadel 内在堡垒
subdued /səbˈduːd/ v./adj. 10:16
被压制、被驯服的
impediment /ɪmˈpedɪmənt/ n. 11:12
障碍,阻碍(比 obstacle 更正式)
compensatory /kəmˈpensətɔːri/ adj. 11:12
补偿性的(心理学:用幻想弥补现实缺失)
atonement /əˈtoʊnmənt/ n. 11:12
赎罪,补赎
flippant /ˈflɪpənt/ adj. 12:18
轻佻的,不严肃的(谈严肃话题时)
have a field day phr. 13:16
趁机大做文章、尽情嘲弄
humility /hjuːˈmɪləti/ n. 14:27
谦卑(本集给出操作定义:承认并公开自己的无知)
rectify /ˈrektɪfaɪ/ v. 14:27
纠正,矫正(错误、缺陷)
unrequited /ˌʌnrɪˈkwaɪtɪd/ adj. 16:28
未得回应的、未偿还的(常见于 unrequited love)
despondent /dɪˈspɑːndənt/ adj. 16:28
沮丧的,灰心丧气的
posit /ˈpɑːzɪt/ v. 16:28
设定、假定(一个前提或理想)
paralyzes /ˈpærəlaɪzɪz/ v. 17:36
使瘫痪、使动弹不得(此处指心理上的僵住)
take the sting out of phr. 19:52
减轻……的刺痛感/杀伤力
humiliating /hjuːˈmɪlieɪtɪŋ/ adj. 19:52
羞辱人的,丢脸的
ligaments /ˈlɪɡəmənts/ n. 22:06
韧带
tendons /ˈtendənz/ n. 22:06
肌腱
waffle on phr. v. 24:08
(英式口语)东拉西扯地长篇大论
seamless /ˈsiːmləs/ adj. 24:08
天衣无缝的,流畅自如的
apprenticeship /əˈprentɪʃɪp/ n. 25:08
学徒期,学徒制(本集后半段的关键词)
despondency /dɪˈspɑːndənsi/ n. 25:08
沮丧,意志消沉
Stellar /ˈstelər/ adj. 26:12
耀眼的,出类拔萃的
aperture /ˈæpərtʃər/ n. 27:17
孔径,光圈;此处喻观察的狭窄视角
constrained /kənˈstreɪnd/ adj. 28:25
受限制的,条件卡得紧的
hypomanic /ˌhaɪpəˈmeɪnɪk/ adj. 29:33
轻躁狂的(精神医学:低于躁狂的高亢状态)
remission /rɪˈmɪʃən/ n. 29:33
缓解期,间歇;此处指「毫不停歇」
contending with phr. v. 30:42
(contend with)应付、与……搏斗
baggage /ˈbæɡɪdʒ/ n. 31:45
(心理上的)包袱、旧创伤
conscientious /ˌkɑːnʃiˈenʃəs/ adj. 31:45
尽责的,勤勉细致的(大五人格维度之一)
hypertrophied /haɪˈpɜːrtrəfid/ adj. 32:44
过度发达的、肥大的(原为医学词)
Wrangle /ˈræŋɡəl/ v. 32:44
驾驭、驱赶(原指赶牲口)
diffuse /dɪˈfjuːs/ adj. 32:44
弥散的,四处发散的
clinician /klɪˈnɪʃən/ n. 34:50
临床医师/临床心理师
demoralization /dɪˌmɔːrələˈzeɪʃən/ n. 34:50
士气瓦解,意志消沉(本集反复使用的关键词)
neck deep phr. 34:50
深陷其中,忙得没顶
abjectly /ˈæbdʒektli/ adv. 36:13
彻底地、卑微地(abjectly grateful 满心感激)
ragged around the edges phr. 37:26
看上去憔悴落魄、边角磨损
Preposterous /prɪˈpɑːstərəs/ adj. 38:47
荒唐的,可笑至极的
daunting /ˈdɔːntɪŋ/ adj. 38:47
令人望而生畏的
thrust into phr. v. 39:58
被猛然推入(某种处境)
disquieting /dɪsˈkwaɪətɪŋ/ adj. 39:58
令人不安的
cordial /ˈkɔːrdʒəl/ adj. 41:04
客气而友好的(程度低于 warm)
pining /ˈpaɪnɪŋ/ v. 41:04
思念、渴求而憔悴
Nexus /ˈneksəs/ n. 42:07
交汇点,连结点
archetypal /ˌɑːrkɪˈtaɪpəl/ adj. 42:07
原型的(荣格心理学核心概念)
antithesis /ænˈtɪθəsɪs/ n. 43:21
对立面,正相反者
off limits phr. 43:21
禁区,不得涉足
oxytocin /ˌɑːksɪˈtoʊsən/ n. 43:21
催产素(与依恋、亲密有关的激素)
flying in the face of phr. 44:30
公然违背、与……唱反调
by the same token phr. 44:30
同理,出于同样的道理
seductive /sɪˈdʌktɪv/ adj. 45:35
诱人的,有蛊惑力的
exhaustive /ɪɡˈzɔːstɪv/ adj. 45:35
详尽无遗的(注意与 exhausting 区分)
dovetailed /ˈdʌvteɪld/ v. 46:39
(像燕尾榫那样)严丝合缝地配合
subterfuge /ˈsʌbtərfjuːdʒ/ n. 46:39
托词,遮掩手段
worked like a charm phr. 46:39
效果奇佳,一试就灵
had a blast phr. 46:39
玩得/干得非常尽兴
rhyming couplets phr. 47:46
押韵对句(英诗格律,两行一韵)
beckon /ˈbekən/ v. 48:51
招手示意,吸引召唤
pathologize /pəˈθɑːlədʒaɪz/ v. 48:51
使病态化,把……变成病症
self-serving /ˌself ˈsɜːrvɪŋ/ adj. 49:58
自利的,只为自己开脱的
fluke /fluːk/ v./n. 52:18
侥幸得手;侥幸之事
avatar /ˈævətɑːr/ n. 52:18
化身,具象代表
jaded /ˈdʒeɪdɪd/ adj. 54:15
厌倦麻木的,被玩腻了的
extravagant /ɪkˈstrævəɡənt/ adj. 55:25
浮夸的,铺张的
Persona /pərˈsoʊnə/ n. 55:25
(对外呈现的)人设、面具(荣格术语)
self-possession n. 55:25
沉着自持
jadedness /ˈdʒeɪdɪdnəs/ n. 57:43
麻木厌倦的状态
neurotic /nʊˈrɑːtɪk/ adj. 58:53
神经质的(大五人格中的负面情绪性)
repressed /rɪˈprest/ adj. 58:53
被压抑的(精神分析术语)
bracketed /ˈbrækɪtɪd/ v. 1:00:03
加上限定条件,括起来看待
initiates /ɪˈnɪʃiəts/ n. 1:00:03
新入门者,受戒者
vicious /ˈvɪʃəs/ adj. 1:01:56
恶毒的,凶狠的
legalistic /ˌliːɡəˈlɪstɪk/ adj. 1:03:12
拘泥条文的
hypocritical /ˌhɪpəˈkrɪtɪkəl/ adj. 1:03:12
虚伪的,言行不一的
levied against phr. 1:03:12
(指控、批评)加诸于……
heretic /ˈherətɪk/ n. 1:03:12
异端分子
snare /sner/ n. 1:04:14
圈套,陷阱
Serpentine /ˈsɜːrpəntiːn/ adj. 1:04:14
蛇一般迂回的、阴险曲折的
racking up phr. v. 1:05:29
(rack up)不断累积(数字、战绩)
in the interim phr. 1:05:29
在此期间,其间
cantankerous /kænˈtæŋkərəs/ adj. 1:06:32
爱找碴的,火药味十足的
adversarial /ˌædvərˈseriəl/ adj. 1:06:32
对抗式的(法庭、辩论语境常用)
nooks and crannies phr. 1:06:32
犄角旮旯,每一个细小角落
backhanded compliment phr. 1:07:32
反着说的恭维,明褒暗贬的话
Alchemy /ˈælkəmi/ n. 1:08:27
炼金术;喻化腐朽为神奇
flub /flʌb/ v. 1:09:32
搞砸,演砸
rumination /ˌruːmɪˈneɪʃən/ n. 1:11:38
反刍式思考,反复琢磨(临床心理学用词)
chip on my shoulder phr. 1:13:23
心里憋着一股气,带着旧怨
beholden /bɪˈhoʊldən/ adj. 1:14:29
受恩于人的,须仰仗他人的
validation /ˌvælɪˈdeɪʃən/ n. 1:14:29
(他人给予的)认可、肯定
disfiguring /dɪsˈfɪɡjərɪŋ/ adj. 1:16:47
使容貌毁损的
Confluence /ˈkɑːnfluəns/ n. 1:18:01
汇合,交汇(原指河流交汇)
ingratitude /ɪnˈɡrætɪtuːd/ n. 1:18:01
忘恩负义,不知感恩
deprivation /ˌdeprɪˈveɪʃən/ n. 1:19:11
匮乏,剥夺状态
fray around the edges phr. 1:20:15
边缘开始磨损、松动(喻体系逐步瓦解)
tenured /ˈtenjərd/ adj. 1:21:19
拥有终身教职的
illusory /ɪˈluːsəri/ adj. 1:21:19
虚幻的,靠不住的
contradiction in terms phr. 1:21:19
自相矛盾的说法(措辞本身即冲突)
perversely /pərˈvɜːrsli/ adv. 1:23:37
反常地,讽刺地(与常理相悖)
secular /ˈsekjələr/ adj. 1:23:37
世俗的,非宗教的
impulsiveness /ɪmˈpʌlsɪvnəs/ n. 1:25:59
冲动性,缺乏克制
embedded /ɪmˈbedɪd/ adj. 1:27:11
嵌入的,深植其中的
iterates /ˈɪtəreɪts/ v. 1:29:32
反复迭代、重复运行(此处指方案能跨时间重复奏效)
gratification /ˌɡrætɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/ n. 1:30:52
满足(尤指欲望的即时满足)
narcissistic /ˌnɑːrsɪˈsɪstɪk/ adj. 1:33:15
自恋的(黑暗四联特质之一)
sadistic /səˈdɪstɪk/ adj. 1:33:15
施虐的,以他人痛苦为乐的
binges /ˈbɪndʒɪz/ n. 1:34:24
放纵无度的一阵(暴食、酗酒、纵欲)
offset /ˌɔːfˈset/ v. 1:37:14
抵消,补偿
impose /ɪmˈpoʊz/ v. 1:38:22
强加(于他人)
concordance /kənˈkɔːrdəns/ n. 1:39:27
一致,吻合(本集给「健康」下定义的关键词)
anonymity /ˌænəˈnɪməti/ n. 1:40:34
匿名状态
pull this off phr. v. 1:40:34
(pull off)把难事办成
heretical /həˈretɪkəl/ adj. 1:41:29
异端的,离经叛道的
hedonistic /ˌhiːdəˈnɪstɪk/ adj. 1:41:29
享乐主义的
subsidiary /səbˈsɪdieri/ adj. 1:42:41
辅助性的;此处指政治哲学的 subsidiarity 原则
whims /wɪmz/ n. 1:42:41
一时兴起的念头,心血来潮
solipsistic /ˌsɑːlɪpˈsɪstɪk/ adj. 1:43:53
唯我论的,只承认自我存在的
disagreeable /ˌdɪsəˈɡriːəbəl/ adj. 1:45:06
不随和的(大五人格中宜人性低的一端)
judicious /dʒuːˈdɪʃəs/ adj. 1:46:25
明断的,有分寸的
combative /kəmˈbætɪv/ adj. 1:46:25
好斗的,爱争锋的
zingers /ˈzɪŋərz/ n. 1:47:33
一针见血的俏皮话,让全场笑出声的妙语
evanescent /ˌevəˈnesənt/ adj. 1:50:54
转瞬即逝的
audience capture phr. 1:50:54
受众俘获:创作者反被观众偏好塑造
esoteric /ˌesəˈterɪk/ adj. 1:52:05
深奥难懂的,小众的
devolve into phr. v. 1:52:05
退化为,堕落成
finger on the pulse phr. 1:52:05
把握脉搏,紧跟动向
predicated on /ˈpredɪkeɪtɪd/ phr. 1:54:11
以……为前提,建立在……之上
adjudicate /əˈdʒuːdɪkeɪt/ v. 1:56:30
裁决,判定(在冲突选项之间)
Corpus /ˈkɔːrpəs/ n. 1:57:30
文集,文本总汇(biblical corpus 圣经文本群)
dispassionate /dɪsˈpæʃənət/ adj. 1:58:38
不带感情的,冷静客观的
incontrovertible /ˌɪnkɑːntrəˈvɜːrtəbəl/ adj. 2:01:09
无可争辩的
cut to the chase phr. 2:01:09
直奔要害,不绕弯子
tethered /ˈteðərd/ adj. 2:02:19
被拴住的,与……有牵连的
resonate /ˈrezəneɪt/ v. 2:02:19
引起共鸣
archetype /ˈɑːrkɪtaɪp/ n. 2:03:39
原型(荣格:集体无意识中的叙事模式)
encapsulates /ɪnˈkæpsəleɪts/ v. 2:03:39
概括、浓缩(要点于一体)
Covenant /ˈkʌvənənt/ n. 2:05:58
圣约,盟约(宗教与法律双重含义)
unearned /ˌʌnˈɜːrnd/ adj. 2:07:10
未经挣得的(unearned wisdom 未经赚取的智慧)
performative /pərˈfɔːrmətɪv/ adj. 2:07:10
表演性的,做给人看的
sentimentality /ˌsentɪmenˈtæləti/ n. 2:10:32
滥情,煽情
devouring /dɪˈvaʊərɪŋ/ adj. 2:10:32
吞噬性的(devouring mother 吞噬性母亲)
appeases /əˈpiːzɪz/ v. 2:10:32
安抚,姑息
prevaricates /prɪˈværɪkeɪts/ v. 2:11:38
含糊其辞,支吾搪塞
prevail /prɪˈveɪl/ v. 2:12:53
最终得胜,占上风
suffice /səˈfaɪs/ v. 2:19:52
足够,够用
chastise /tʃæˈstaɪz/ v. 2:20:57
严词责备,训诫
incumbent on /ɪnˈkʌmbənt/ phr. 2:20:57
是……的义不容辞之责
tussle /ˈtʌsəl/ n. 2:20:57
争执,扭打
tyrannical /tɪˈrænɪkəl/ adj. 2:24:04
专横的,暴君式的
touchy /ˈtʌtʃi/ adj. 2:24:04
易怒的,一碰就炸的
rules the roost phr. 2:24:57
当家做主,说了算
cherubs /ˈtʃerəbz/ n. 2:28:02
基路伯(圣经中的护卫天使,非可爱小天使)
chip away phr. v. 2:30:25
一点点凿去、逐步削减
rambunctious /ræmˈbʌŋkʃəs/ adj. 2:30:25
闹腾的,难以管束的
chaff /tʃæf/ n. 2:31:35
糠秕;separate the wheat from the chaff 去芜存菁
elicits /ɪˈlɪsɪts/ v. 2:32:41
引出,诱发(反应)
arduous /ˈɑːrdʒuəs/ adj. 2:33:36
艰巨费力的
dopaminergic /ˌdoʊpəmɪˈnɜːrdʒɪk/ adj. 2:34:30
多巴胺能的(神经科学术语)
corollary /ˈkɔːrəleri/ n. 2:35:30
推论,必然的结果
amphetamines /æmˈfetəmiːnz/ n. 2:35:30
安非他命类兴奋剂
fractionated /ˈfrækʃəneɪtɪd/ adj. 2:36:42
被拆分的,碎片化的
proximal /ˈprɑːksɪməl/ adj. 2:36:42
近端的,眼前的(与 distal 相对)
utopian /juːˈtoʊpiən/ adj. 2:37:46
乌托邦式的
on a platter phr. 2:37:46
用盘子端到面前,毫不费力地奉上
forgo /fɔːrˈɡoʊ/ v. 2:38:53
放弃,割舍(自愿)
requisite /ˈrekwəzɪt/ adj. 2:38:53
必需的,所要求的
proliferation /prəˌlɪfəˈreɪʃən/ n. 2:40:06
激增,大量涌现
forgone /fɔːrˈɡɔːn/ adj. 2:41:16
已成定局的(a foregone conclusion)
proxy /ˈprɑːksi/ n. 2:43:29
替代指标,代理变量
laundry list phr. 2:44:35
一长串清单(常含琐碎之意)
modality /moʊˈdæləti/ n. 2:45:40
方式,模式(此处指训练方式)
precipitated /prɪˈsɪpɪteɪtɪd/ v. 2:45:40
促成、突然引发
discordance /dɪsˈkɔːrdəns/ n. 2:45:40
不协调,失谐(与 concordance 相对)
glimmer /ˈɡlɪmər/ n. 2:47:35
微光,一闪的亮
a price on his head phr. 2:47:35
被悬赏通缉
salvageable /ˈsælvɪdʒəbəl/ adj. 2:50:41
尚可挽救的
Overton window phr. 2:50:41
奥弗顿之窗:公共讨论中可被接受的观点区间
irretrievably /ˌɪrɪˈtriːvəbli/ adv. 2:52:03
无可挽回地
mandate /ˈmændeɪt/ n. 2:52:03
使命,职责授权
accreditation /əˌkredɪˈteɪʃən/ n. 2:52:03
认证,学历资格认定
parcel off phr. v. 2:54:24
切分出去,分派给他人
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