Manuel Castells "The Space of Autonomy: Cyberspace and Urban Space in Networked Social Movements" · 苏菲拉底
字幕 字幕位置
--:--
点击播放,这里会跟随视频显示当前句的中英字幕。

Manuel Castells "The Space of Autonomy: Cyberspace and Urban Space in Networked Social Movements"

节目发布 2014-02-20 · Harvard GSD
曼纽尔·卡斯特 黛黛安·戴维斯
EDITED TRANSCRIPT · 依据现场录音编译整理,可划线生成便签
2014年2月的一个雪夜,社会学家曼纽尔·卡斯特(Manuel Castells)应哈佛大学设计研究生院城市规划与设计系之邀,以「自主性空间:网络化社会运动中的赛博空间与城市空间」为题发表演讲,由该院教授、他多年前的学生戴安·戴维斯(Diane Davis)主持。卡斯特以新著《愤怒与希望的网络》为底本,梳理了2009年以来席卷全球的抗争浪潮,并首次公开阐述这类运动对空间理论与实践的意义。演讲之后,他与在场听众就占领华尔街、土耳其局势、文化差异与运动的阴暗面展开了问答。本文依据现场录音编译整理。

开场:一位无需介绍的讲者

主持人: 晚上好。今天二月的天气糟糕透顶,大雪恐怕拖慢了不少人的脚步,但我非常高兴看到这么多人到场。站着的朋友如果累了,109室有转播,可以过去坐下听。我是戴安·戴维斯,设计研究生院城市规划与设计系的城市化与发展教授。今晚的讲座由我们正在筹建的跨学科城市研究讨论班部分赞助,这个讨论班的用意,是把各种社会科学视角引入城市规划与设计,也让规划与设计反过来进入社会科学。

我今晚的任务令人艳羡,却也几乎多余:介绍一位无需介绍的人。看看这个风雪天的听众规模就知道,曼纽尔·卡斯特作为城市、社会运动与技术领域顶尖理论家的声望早已传遍四方。设计研究生院很荣幸今晚能接待他。

他这次来谈的,是他最新的著作《愤怒与希望的网络》(Networks of Outrage and Hope),聚焦互联网时代的社会运动。这再合适不过,因为差不多三十年前,他的另一本书同样以社会运动为题:《城市与草根:城市社会运动的跨文化理论》(The City and the Grassroots)。我记得那是他第一本直接在美国出版、而非从其他语言译介过来的书。那本书面世时我还是他的学生,昨天我们还在回忆,当年他在旧金山做那本书的田野调查,我们是在一家酒吧里认识的。真不敢相信已经过去三十年了,大家别急着算年头。那本书获得了美国社会学会颁发的赖特·米尔斯奖(C. Wright Mills Award),当年的最佳著作奖。它把一个相对新颖的分析焦点带到了美国读者面前,而卡斯特在这个领域早已声名卓著:城市尺度上的公民动员与行动主义,以及这种行动在比较和历史视野中扮演的角色。那本书讨论了十六世纪的西班牙、十九世纪的巴黎,以及二十世纪拉丁美洲、欧洲和美国城市中的一系列动员。

在那部奠基性著作之前,他在欧洲时期已经以《城市问题》(The Urban Question)和《城市、阶级与权力》(City, Class and Power)享有盛名。我特别喜欢后面那本,经常用它。到了美国之后,卡斯特的兴趣从城市中的社会运动,转向了城市中的技术,也许是因为身在北加州,离硅谷太近,这一点或许他今晚会多讲一些。他专注于城市中的信息技术,写出了改变学术范式的三部曲,讨论信息时代的城市、认同、文化与权力。此后他又转向其他形式的传播研究。而如今,他大举回归社会运动这个主题,只是这一次运动发生的场域,既是比较的、历史的,也是虚拟的。今晚的讲座让我们有机会看到,他如何重新审视自己关于技术、权力与城市动员的整个学术体系。他将以过去几年最重要的一批社会运动为框架展开分析,探讨技术在这些运动的兴起与命运中所起的作用。我个人非常想听听他关于社会运动的思考轨迹。

无需多言,我们能请到这样一位杰出学者,是莫大的幸事。卡斯特著有二十六部学术专著,主编或合编另外二十二部,在学术期刊上发表论文逾百篇。除了著述,他曾在麻省理工学院和牛津大学担任特聘教职,现任剑桥大学社会学系研究主任、剑桥圣约翰学院院士。他为世界各国政府和委员会提供过咨询,包括欧盟和联合国的诸多委员会。对了,他还因为科学成就,被法国、芬兰和葡萄牙政府授予骑士勋衔,加泰罗尼亚也授过他勋。说到这里我们差点要谈民族主义了,顺便一提,巴塞罗那今天赢了球,曼纽尔很高兴。

最值得一提的是,卡斯特于2012年获得挪威议会颁发的霍尔贝格奖(Holberg Prize),这个奖被公认为社会科学界的诺贝尔奖;一年后的2013年,他又获得巴尔赞奖(Balzan Prize),那是最重要的综合性科学大奖,不限于社会科学。他是唯一一位同时获得这两个奖项的社会科学家。他是加泰罗尼亚人,在巴塞罗那大学和巴黎学习法律与经济学,在巴黎大学索邦分别获得社会学博士和人文科学博士。他目前是南加州大学的校级教授,并担任华莱士·安纳伯格传播技术与社会讲席教授,同时也是加州大学伯克利分校的荣休教授,1979年到2003年间他在那里担任城市与区域规划教授和社会学教授。履历令人惊叹,但更好的是能请他本人亲临。闲话少说,有请曼纽尔·卡斯特。

致谢与讲题

卡斯特: 晚上好。很高兴大雪把各位困在了这里,逃不掉了。不过我真心感谢各位的兴趣和到场。我要说,收到城市规划与设计系和设计研究生院的邀请,今晚做讲座,明天办研讨会,我深感荣幸,也心怀感激,我会尽力而为。尤其让我高兴的是,发出这份慷慨邀请的是我多年的挚友和同事戴安·戴维斯。在我看来,她是当今世界最优秀的城市社会学家之一。我希望各位能从她的工作中受益,因为她正在把以空间为取向的规划与设计,同真正理解空间的社会科学连接起来。这种社会科学明白,空间与社会紧密相连,密不可分。戴安还是学生的时候,我们就一直在讨论这些问题,此后多年一直没有中断。我们还共享一个田野研究的兴趣:墨西哥。那是一个在许多方面都举足轻重、也非常动人的国家,眼下正处于极其艰难的境地,城市和政治两方面都是如此。恰恰在这样的时刻,研究墨西哥的学者应当加强彼此的联系,同处境艰难的墨西哥同行更多地合作。

今晚我要讲的是我最近的研究,主题是城市社会运动。不过我会加一个转折:这类社会运动对空间意味着什么,对空间形式与空间过程的理论和实践意味着什么。这部分内容我还没有写下来,也没有在任何地方讲过或讨论过,今晚是第一次。

社会运动与空间变迁

卡斯特: 先让我快速勾勒一下将要讨论的问题,也就是社会运动本身。我们知道,纵观历史,社会运动一直是社会变迁的杠杆,不论其结果如何,内容如何。这里不涉及价值判断,从规范的角度看,有好的社会运动,也有坏的社会运动,但它们都是社会变迁的主要推动者。我甚至要说,是最主要的推动者。社会运动从来都是由情感触发的,历史上如此,今天依然如此。社会运动是情感的运动,这些情感被集体分享,通过不同主体之间的沟通过程,从个体的情绪变为集体的行动。因此,它们的沟通形式、组织形式和行动形式,取决于每个社会、每个空间语境中的文化、技术和制度环境。

社会变迁与空间变迁确实不可分割。两者相伴而行,相互作用,各有其特殊性,但总是一同发生。事实上,一切城市形态都源自一种永不停歇的互动:一方是制度化的利益集团对既有空间形态的再生产,另一方是那些不觉得自己被代表、不觉得自己被纳入这种自动再生产过程的市民所发起的抵抗、替代方案和反向行动。所以城市形态就是城市结构与城市社会运动的相互作用。这是我毕生的研究议程。

今晚这场讲座,我将呈现并分析近年来一批社会运动的特征,我称之为网络化社会运动(networked social movements)。我的论点是,它们代表了网络社会,也就是我们这种社会里社会运动的形态。在此之后,我将考察这些网络化社会运动与空间过程之间的互动,至少提出一些假设和想法。

2009年以来的抗争浪潮

卡斯特: 让我先从非常经验的层面开始,快速回顾一下过去五年发生的事。我想说,起点是2009年7月的伊朗,然后是2010年的冰岛和突尼斯。一波社会运动席卷全球。没有人预料到,没有人领导,基本上是自发的,波及一百多个国家的成千上万座城市。其中大多数规模不大,逃过了媒体的注意,但它们仍然动员了成千上万甚至数十万人,并且在许多国家和地区获得了广泛的社会支持,尽管媒体和政客并不理睬。

对我而言,有意思的是,尽管发生的语境千差万别,这些运动中的许多却呈现出非常相似的特征。所以从方法论上讲,如果它们发生在完全不同、彼此无关的语境里,却拥有众多相似特征,那么我们正在目睹一种新型社会运动的诞生,它是我们这类社会所特有的。这是我在观察的基础上能说的话。这些观察有些是我自己做的,有些来自我的合作者,有些来自遍布世界各地的同事、活动者和朋友组成的网络,我们一直在交流和分享信息。

让我快速列举其中最重要的几场。首先是2009年到2010年冰岛的「厨具革命」,一场和平的革命。然后是2010年12月始于突尼斯的阿拉伯起义,2011年春天蔓延到埃及和许多其他阿拉伯国家,其中不少至今仍在继续。希腊从2010年开始,至今未息。西班牙的「愤怒者」运动(Las Indignadas),我用阴性形式,因为这场运动就是这样自称的,它始于2011年5月,直到最近仍在西班牙发起各种倡议和行动。占领华尔街于2011年9月17日在纽约发起,随后几个月里以不同强度扩展到一千多座美国城市,我的书里附了一张地图,标注了各地占领的日期。以色列在2011年到2012年间发生了该国历史上最大规模的动员,五十万人走上街头,扎起营地。莫斯科,谁能想到,2012年爆发了反对普京威权政权的大规模示威,模式始终如一。葡萄牙从2011年开始,反对经济危机和腐败政治精英对危机的处置,至今仍在继续。意大利的五星运动(Cinque Stelle)在2012年到2013年间彻底改变了意大利的政治版图。不管我们怎么看格里洛的操纵,我不是说它很好,我是说,一场原本不存在的、完全在互联网上运作的运动,改变了腐败的意大利政治的格局。智利从2011年起,学生运动一直在街头提出诉求,他们也改变了智利政治的风格和诉求的类型,新总统米歇尔·巴切莱特十二月当选时说,我会兑现学生运动两年来的全部诉求。墨西哥在2012年总统竞选期间出现了「我是132」运动(#YoSoy132)。有人说它已经死了?不,一点也不。一个月前我还在瓜达拉哈拉和他们交谈,他们以各种形式活跃着。然后是去年夏天土耳其的抗议,起初是为了保卫伊斯坦布尔的盖齐公园(Gezi Park)和塔克西姆广场,至今仍非常活跃,并再度引发了政治危机。从他们赢得的结果看,盖齐公园不会被重新开发了,他们实际上已经赢了。还有巴西六月和九月的大规模青年示威。我当时就在那里,那不是我的运动,但我在场,和他们交谈。他们反对公交涨价,反对糟糕的城市服务,反对政治腐败,包括国际足联的腐败。你能想象巴西人抗议世界杯吗?这是一场真正的文化革命,口号是「拿十座体育场换一所医院」。我想强调的正是这一点:这些运动是多么彻底地不同寻常。更近的还有乌克兰,同样出人意料,反对亚努科维奇的民众起义。那里有右派,有左派,各色人等都有,但他们都在街头,扎营,示威,与政治体制毫无瓜葛,正在彻底重新定义东欧与欧盟的关系,事情还在进行中。

在所有这些运动里,诉求各不相同,我稍后再谈。它们极其不同,来自不同的语境。有危机的地方和没有危机的地方都有。比如巴西和土耳其并没有经济危机。现在略有放缓,但运动爆发时,经济表现很好。巴西尤其有力度很大的扶贫计划,有一位左翼总统,左翼政党大体上掌权,没有经济危机。土耳其也一样,经济状况很好,与美国和欧盟截然不同,即便近来土耳其经济也有所下滑,那也不是失业率高达35%的西班牙,不是葡萄牙,更不是全面崩溃的希腊。所以我的论点是:语境极其不同,动机非常不同,诉求五花八门,形式却相似,特征也相似。

一个共同的词:尊严

卡斯特: 我想说,它们之间有一个共同的主题,而不是共同的诉求。相信语言力量的人,不妨留意这个经验观察:在所有案例中,有一个词反复出现,阿拉伯语、西班牙语、土耳其语、乌克兰语、巴西葡萄牙语,同一个词,直译过来就是「尊严」。这些是争取尊严的运动。当他们被问到你们要什么,不是我问,而是政府问、媒体问,回答是尊严。土耳其也是如此。所以背后另有文章。诉求五花八门,但关键在于,这是一场针对社会不公的起义,人们感受到的是一种羞辱,是政治当权者对他们的生活施加的日常羞辱。

圣保罗的年轻人抗议公交涨价时,有人对他们说,等一等,不过是几分钱而已。他们回答,第一,没那么少,你得不停地坐车;第二,这根本不是钱的事,我们要的是权利,是尊严。他们说得很明白。请把这一点放在心里。

我还要说明,戴安提到的那本书和今晚的讲座都非常经验取向,但当然,没有什么是脱离理论的。这一切的理论背景,是我在2009年《传播力》(Communication Power)一书中提出的权力与反权力理论。如果有人想做理论与观察相互对照的练习,材料就在那里。

多重网络与无中心结构

卡斯特: 现在让我试着辨认这些共同的趋向,它们在所有运动中反复出现,因而构成一种模式,一种新型社会运动的模式。

第一,它们是网络化的,而且是多种形式的网络化。它们发端于互联网、社交网络以及围绕手机和智能手机的移动通信。这在某种程度上与我们社会的新技术环境相关。请大家记住一个小数字:1991年,世界上第一次移动电话用户调查,注意是用户而非设备,数字是一千六百万。现在是七十亿,而这个星球上一共有七十四亿人。我们是联通的,完全联通的。最新的预测是,三年之后全球将有五十亿部智能手机,也就是接入互联网的手机。因此目前约二十五亿的互联网用户数,将通过无线连接和智能手机急剧攀升。这为这种网络化提供了技术和社会平台。

这并非偶然。纵观历史,传播始终是社会运动的核心:小册子,教堂或清真寺里的布道,广播,电视。所有的革命都始于小册子、书面材料,事实上还有谣言。传播绝对是核心。没有传播就没有社会运动,而传播的形式、传播的技术,取决于每个社会现有的条件。因此,这些运动以一种不同的方式网络化,产生了极其强大的效果:运动的迅速扩散,辩论与互动,以及最重要的,传播的自主性。因为这些电子网络化传播形式,即便为企业所有,也极大地提高了人们相对于所有媒体机构、政府和企业权力的自主程度。

不过我要马上补充,网络化是多模态的。它不只是互联网上的网络。运动从互联网起步,因为在那里自主性最容易得到直接表达,但社交网络既在线上,也在线下。还有预先存在的社会网络。比如在阿拉伯革命中,尤其在埃及,足球球迷的线下网络对于革命的发动起了绝对关键的作用。公民社会的网络,个人和家庭的网络,都极其重要。宗教网络也是,每个星期五人们自发聚集在清真寺外。有趣的是,所有这些不同的网络,都通过互联网和移动通信中的网络连接在一起。正是这种网络的网络的网络,构成了一个元网络,而这个元网络就是运动的形式。

这种网络化能力立刻带来两个决定性的特征。首先,它们没有可辨认的中心,却能保证协调,因为它们可以不断连接、重新连接、重新配置自身,不需要中心。因此它们相对容易逃脱镇压,没有人可以被逮捕。「把惯犯都抓起来」这一招在这里行不通。就算真的抓了,惯犯是人,不是网络。网络会自我重组,自我协调,自行执行、提议、辩论,而不必有任何正式的领导层。这就降低了运动在镇压威胁面前的脆弱性。但还有另一层意义:它保护运动不受自身之害,免于官僚化,免于被自己的领导层操纵,免于陷入关于运动本质的无休止辩论,那种辩论从来不通向任何地方,只会让运动瘫痪。如果某个人变得非常沉重,满脑子同一套意识形态,那就把他断开连接,运动照常继续。要是1968年在索邦我们也能这么做就好了。

占领城市空间与自主性空间

卡斯特: 在第一个特征之上,还必须加上第二个极其重要的特征。这些运动通常始于互联网社交网络,但它们真正成为一场运动,是通过占领城市空间。这是关键时刻,运动在这一刻从我所说的愤怒(outrage)走向希望(hope)。因为通过占领城市空间,它们变得可见,与整个社会发生关联,可以在公共空间里开始审议和辩论。同时,它们借此象征性地宣示自己对城市的主张,并通过城市向整个社会宣示主张。它们占领象征性的建筑、象征性的广场、象征性的大道,而这些地方同时在功能上至关重要。如果他们堵住圣保罗的保利斯塔大道,整个特大都市就会瘫痪。效果立竿见影。但除此之外,还有一层意思:这是我们的城市。这些建筑,这些广场,这些交通系统,这是我们的城市,你们把它从我们手里夺走了。

在这个意义上,它们是城市运动,是与我们这类社会相对应的城市社会运动。但它们从不离开互联网。它们同时永远活在互联网上,因为镇压变得严酷时,那是它们得以存续的地方。赛博空间与城市空间之间的这种连接,就是当前城市社会运动的连接方式和形式,我称之为自主性空间(space of autonomy)。它是互联网与城市空间的混合体。所以我不会去掺和那种愚蠢的讨论:互联网到底有没有创造革命?那是愚蠢的问题。没有任何技术创造任何东西。问题在于,这些反抗、这些社会运动、这些立场和替代方案是如何在物质上存在的,而这种物质性由互联网与被占领空间之间持续不断的互动和杂交所定义。这个自主性空间是网络化社会运动的新空间形式。它是一个混合空间,既非虚拟也非实体,而是虚拟与实体兼备,并且处于互动之中。

全球与在地,火花与病毒

卡斯特: 这些运动同时是全球的和在地的。它们是在地的,总是在地的,总是从本地开始。但它们立刻把自己与别处正在发生的事关联起来,无论是过去的还是未来的,并且立刻通过互联网与其他运动相连。必须通过互联网。但他们也派人过去,做「革命旅行者」,这是我知道的最动人的故事之一。人们说,来吧,欢迎,大家聚在一起。好吧,其中有些人是警察。但无论如何,运动总体上立刻建立起全球连接,而且用词语、用名字,象征性地标记这种全球性与在地性。比如在巴塞罗那,加泰罗尼亚广场,也就是巴塞罗那的主广场,立刻被命名为解放广场(Tahrir Square)。在纽约,自由公园的一角立刻被改名为太阳门广场(Puerta del Sol),那是马德里的广场,另一角则叫解放广场。他们彼此相认,象征性地相连:我们是同一件事的一部分。但请记住,语境、文化、动机,一切都完全不同,然而他们感到彼此相连,通过对尊严的肯定,通过对不公正、压迫性的制度的抗争,那些制度他们不承认是自己的制度。

这些运动在起源上大体是自发的。不是全部,但大多数是。它们由一颗愤慨的火花点燃。这火花通常是一幅变得无法忍受的画面,一幅暴力的画面,有时则是一条消息。比如巴西2013年9月,运动六月已经开始,九月再度燃起,起因是一条新闻:一位巴西国会议员因挪用公款被判刑,正在监狱里服刑,他声称自己仍有权保留议员身份并领取薪水,而巴西国会投票通过了。你看,有时是画面,有时是再也无法容忍的事实。受够了,够了(basta)。正是这颗愤慨的火花,推动了一个从流动空间发出的行动号召,从互联网和移动通信发出,目的是在地方空间里建立一个即时的反抗实践共同体。

画面的力量至关重要,也就是YouTube。人们谈论推特,是的,推特用于组织,用于即时动员。但YouTube起了决定性的作用,因为YouTube上那些残暴、杀戮、漠视人命的画面,在许多社会里都是决定性的,包括在我们民主的加利福尼亚:加州大学戴维斯分校的警察,朝坐在校园里的和平人群喷射催泪剂。所以不只是阿萨德的机枪,还有纽约或加州的警察,他们觉得自己有权为所欲为。

这些运动还有另一个关键特征:它们是病毒式的。这一点很根本。正如卡琳·纳洪(Karine Nahon)教授在她的新书《病毒式传播》(Going Viral)中所展示的,病毒式传播是互联网最重要的特征之一。病毒式传播一方面意味着,互联网上的每一条信息、每一幅图像,都会立刻扩散,因此它是一个永不停歇地传播着世上一切事情的平台。但除此之外,运动本身也是病毒式的。你在一个地方开始了,在另一个地方做同样事情的可能性就随之浮现。埃及2011年1月25日的第一场示威,口号是「突尼斯就是答案」。这句话意味深长,因为过去示威的口号一向是「伊斯兰就是答案」。这不是说他们反对伊斯兰,他们是多信仰的,既有世俗的也有宗教的,但要点是:我们要像突尼斯那样干。在叙利亚,是我们要像埃及那样干。在海湾国家开始时,尤其在巴林,也一样。总是在复制,总是在关联,总是在说:我们在这世上并不孤单,全世界都在这里。这一点极其重要。而这种病毒式传播不是任何人组织的。所以你不需要一个发号施令的信使,不需要一个坏家伙钻进互联网,赶在被国家安全局抓住之前发出一条点燃一切的神秘信息。不需要。只是互联网正常的病毒式传播,通过心灵之间的连接。

无领袖与共在感

卡斯特: 这些运动的另一个共同特征是,它们大体上没有领袖。不总是如此。智利的运动有领袖,实际上是共产主义学生,但这些领袖接受一个原则:由运动和运动的大会来决定,而不是他们的政党。他们之所以接受,是因为否则十分钟之内他们就不再是领袖了。他们不要领袖的深层原因是什么?当然,总有很多人想当领袖,任何人类组织里都有人说「我是领袖」。但运动系统性地拒绝这一点,因为拒绝建立在权力委托之上的民主原则,写在他们的基因里。他们不拒绝民主,甚至不拒绝代议民主,他们只是说:一旦我们把我们是谁委托给某个人,这个人就会拿我们想做的事随心所欲。所以不,我们不委托给任何人,我们自己掌控。也许这是原始的无政府主义,但眼下我不是要提出一套新规则,我只是在观察实际的情形。他们不信任权力委托的根本原因,是他们见过太多的先例。因此在他们的集体想象中,委托就是通向背叛的道路。

占领城市空间还有一点很重要:它创造的是共在(togetherness),而不是共同体。共同体意味着分享某些价值,而在大多数情况下,这些是临时凑成的共同体。他们拥有的是共在感。共在感至关重要。为什么?我们从神经科学知道,人类生活中最强烈的情感是恐惧。社会建立在恐惧之上,文明建立在压抑之上。这也许是好事,但无论如何,机制就是如此。而恐惧只有靠共在才能压倒,靠分担恐惧。如果你知道他们要用棍子打你,而你孤身一人,你会惊慌失措。如果你知道你要和所有的朋友一起挨打,周围的人手拉着手,你也会害怕,但你不会跑。你不会跑,因为你们在一起。

这些运动也是高度自我反思的。它们不停地拷问自己,辩论我们是谁,我们要什么,为什么。他们试图重新启动整个世界。整个世界都要重启,所以他们会朝各个方向铺展,做出令人难以置信的阐发。我曾在西班牙的一些大会上目睹关于海德格尔的激烈辩论。没错,大多数运动的参与者实际上是受过大学教育的半就业或失业者,但在今天的欧洲,每个年龄段有30%的人受过大学教育,这也没什么稀奇。我的意思是,他们不是从口号出发,不是在寻找某种特定的革命,他们试图思考和理解。据我在美国的合作者告诉我,那边的情形非常相似。

非暴力、镇压与内战

卡斯特: 一个根本的事实是,这些运动在起源上是非暴力的。它们从事和平示威,但系统性地遭遇镇压,而镇压是暴力的:可能是机枪,可能是坦克,也可能是警棍、橡皮子弹等等。镇压一定会来,这是确定无疑的。而运动的生死,取决于它们如何处理暴力问题。因为改变任何事情的唯一希望,是那99%的人的支持,是向全体民众发出呼吁。事实上,它们总体上确实获得了民众的支持。但如果它们以暴力回应,事情就不一样了。在所谓民主的语境里,大多数运动不以暴力回应。有一些暴力团体,尤其是所谓的「黑衣集团」(Black Bloc),每个国家都有,而黑衣集团是个黑箱。它由年轻的暴力无政府主义者、来自贫困街区的孩子、挑衅者、暴徒和渗透进来的警察特工组成,所有这些同时存在。一旦暴力的火苗在媒体上占了上风,因为那是好镜头,媒体立刻报道火光、鲜血、暴力横行街头,那一刻运动就被逼进了墙角。

在阿拉伯革命中情况更糟。叙利亚起初非常和平,六个月里面对子弹没有以暴力回应,六个月。在此之前已经有一万人被杀。当他们拿起卡塔尔、美国和沙特阿拉伯慷慨提供的枪支回击的那一刻,一切都变了,变成了内战,就像利比亚一样。内战的第一个牺牲品就是社会运动。内战里没有社会运动。也许可以说那是革命,也许吧,但那已经不是社会运动了。它不再是旨在改造社会的运动,而变成了旨在改造国家或夺取国家权力的革命,反过来使用同样的暴力。所以运动可以作为社会运动、作为变革性运动开始,最后以内战告终。到了那一步,逻辑就完全不同了,是机器的逻辑,是地缘政治利益的逻辑,而那会杀死社会运动。

网络民主的乌托邦

卡斯特: 原则上,这些运动没有纲领。它们有各种各样的诉求,却没有一条是具体的。它们不被导向正式政治和政治制度,但在根本的意义上,它们又是高度政治的。因此,它们实际上提出并践行了一种直接的、审议式的民主,以网络民主为基础。这个方案事实上是一种新的乌托邦,网络民主的乌托邦,建立在地方社群与虚拟社群的互动之上。它是乌托邦,但你知道,乌托邦不是幻想。乌托邦是我们头脑中的物质力量。世界上所有重大的政治变革、政治意识形态、政治方案,都是作为乌托邦诞生的。自由主义曾是乌托邦,社会主义曾是乌托邦,共产主义曾是乌托邦,草根合作主义曾是乌托邦。人们想象出来用以组织新型共治形式的所有这些伟大理念,都是乌托邦。乌托邦当然不能直接写进宪法变成可操作的条文,但它们是我们用来建构制度、最终用来共同生活的材料。

运动到底改变了什么

卡斯特: 好,我们有了这些运动,有了这些到处相似的特征。我说的这些是所有运动的共性。但媒体和政客的反应也总是一样的:他们到底取得了什么成果?看看他们,就是在玩,不是正经事,他们怎么编预算,怎么治理国家,等等。这里有一场辩论,运动内部有,知识界也在进行。从运动的角度看,「你们到底取得了什么」这个问题常常被拒绝,被视为一种生产主义的、短期的社会变革观。他们说,我们在这里不是为了生产什么东西,不是为了确定某个结果。我们在这里,是因为我们再也无法忍受,我们在寻找别的东西,请给我们时间。西班牙运动有一句有意思的口号:「我们走得慢,因为我们要走得远。」

所以整件事的关键在于时间框架,在于视野。你所谓的有效,是指一个月,三个月,三年,五年,还是十年?他们不知道,没人知道。他们在动,他们在前进,但他们没有下一次选举的截止日期。这与其他社会行动者有着实质性的不同。就社会运动,所有社会运动的成效问题而言,我个人的总体看法是这样的:我有一套浪漫的社会运动理论。它们最终都会消失,或者被收编,或者被镇压,或者在成功之后被制度化,从而不再是社会运动。所以它们总会死去。但有意思的不在于它们死不死,它们一定会死,而在于它们怎么死,为什么而死,它们命运的历史生产力是什么。不是三年内发生了什么,而是它们在人们心里、在我们的制度里播下了什么种子。对我来说,这才是最重要的问题。从这个角度看,根本的战役是在人们的头脑中决定的,在人们的头脑中,而不是在权力的走廊里。权力走廊里发生的事,是人们头脑中发生的事的衍生物。眼下,正如欧洲的合法性危机,或者美国的情形:人们对民主的理解与现行代议民主的实际运作之间,存在一道巨大的鸿沟,一道合法性危机的鸿沟。这都有经验数据,那是我目前的研究课题,所以我对此相当了解。这道鸿沟会不会被填上,怎么填,是过程的事。但这些运动在唤起希望方面起了决定性作用,一种超越具体政治制度的希望。

事实上,尽管遭遇了种种打压,这些运动中的许多都得到了多数民众的支持:西班牙、土耳其、巴西、乌克兰、葡萄牙、希腊。美国的情况更复杂,但我所知道的最后一次民调,两年前,显示支持运动的人多于反对的人,多数人则是无所谓或不知道。好吧,但那与媒体或政治建制派的那种敌意,完全不是一回事。

从冰岛到巴西的制度冲击

卡斯特: 除了这些根本问题,制度层面的改变也有许多实例。在冰岛,他们更换了政府,把银行国有化,把银行家送进了监狱,还通过互联网起草了一部新宪法,全民参与辩论并予以通过。阿拉伯革命,我们可以说不喜欢这个或那个,但影响和效果呢?是的,非常剧烈,它们彻底改变了阿拉伯世界。然后我们可以讨论具体的案例,讨论正面和负面,我欢迎这样的讨论。在我的全部研究中,尽管我的同情显而易见,我仍然努力做到高度分析性和非规范性。因为我不是直接参与这些运动的行动者,我认为我的贡献在于尽可能清晰地分析和呈现它们是什么。

再说伊朗。2009年运动爆发时我在伦敦,在我举行的记者会上,记者们说,是啊,但他们立刻就被碾碎了,坦克开过去了,没有什么新的伊朗革命。显然,这些孩子不一样,因为参与者很多确实是孩子,他们不是要压倒革命卫队,他们想做别的事,用别的方式。伊朗70%的人口在三十岁以下,70%。伊朗56%的大学毕业生是女性。顺便说一句,这个国家有一百万博客写手,移动通信无处不在。正是这些人在做这场运动,运动被碾碎了,碾碎了,却又没有被碾碎。最近几个月,惊喜来了:在伊朗总统选举中,鲁哈尼当选,支持他的正是这些人。没错。他不是革命者,但他属于哈塔米那条路线,是那种真正能够回应伊朗公民社会诉求的人。而且你知道,世界和平正因此而改变。你看这蝴蝶效应:内达(Neda)在德黑兰街头被杀,然后,仅仅五年之后,我们就有了一位温和改革派的伊朗总统,没有人把这两件事联系起来,也没有人预见到。

土耳其。土耳其政府曾是整个西方眼中的模范伊斯兰政府。可那是一个极其腐败的威权政府。它被运动揭穿了。两位部长身陷囹圄,危机严重,我们不知道结局如何。但在短短几个月,四个月里,整个政治体系都被撼动了。意大利,五星运动在上一次意大利大选中得票最多。当然,其他所有党派联合起来对抗它,它的纲领是解散意大利议会,代之以互联网上的直接民主。疯狂吧?只不过27%的意大利人投了票。诸如此类,我还可以谈具体的诉求。许多国家都取得了重要的成果,我不去念那份长长的清单了,但可以给你们,其中包括占领运动在美国各地产生的许多在地影响。这方面可以查阅不同的来源,有一个大型研究网络叫「占领研究」(Occupy Research),麻省理工学院的萨沙·科斯坦萨-乔克教授今晚就在这个房间里,可以回答你们关于在地影响的所有问题。在巴西,他们在交通和城市诉求上取得了全面的成功。在土耳其,城市再开发项目被叫停了。在西班牙,核心议题是抵押贷款法和大规模驱逐,成千上万的驱逐被阻止了。诸如此类。

至于政治影响,政治精英通常拒绝与运动合作,而运动则认为所有政治精英都腐败、不民主。所以这条变革的通道机会渺茫。但事情仍在动,正如我所说,有时是先撼动政治地基。在希腊,激进左翼联盟(Syriza)如今是主要政党,其他党派联合起来对抗它。在意大利,贝卢斯科尼最终下台,部分原因是议会里新的权力关系,而这在很大程度上与各种运动的批判有关,虽然情况更复杂,所以我说到这里有些迟疑。最有意思的是巴西,这个大国的总统迪尔玛·罗塞夫是一位非常进步的人物,运动六月爆发两天后,她就公开在电视上说:他们是对的。他们是对的,你们的诉求都会得到满足,巴西现在更富裕了。你们是对的,而且在根本问题上是对的,政治阶层的腐败与不具代表性。你们知道吗,我要写一部新宪法,修改选举法,并且交付全民公投,不经过国会。她还在继续采取其他举措。她最近的举措是从巴西开始管理互联网,不受美国国家安全局的控制。所有这些,都是巴西争取网络自由的运动以及这些运动中的众多活动者提出的诉求。

住房危机与城市发展模式

卡斯特: 最后,让我用几分钟谈谈这些网络化社会运动的城市与空间维度。首先快速提醒各位,这些运动中的许多,并非全部,在起源上都与城市危机引发的抗议相关。在美国和欧洲,经济危机的导火索,金融危机的导火索,是房地产市场的危机,是抵押贷款金融体系的危机。那才是危机的源头。而这实际上是一种彻底投机性的发展模式和住房生产模式的结果,它与金融机构和抵押贷款体系直接挂钩,大规模、高风险地把抵押贷款用作各种其他投资的抵押品。最终,当房地产市场崩溃时,危机爆发了。因此,许多动员都是对止赎和大规模驱逐的回应,在许多国家都与城市危机相关,与城市危机的金融层面相关。在西班牙,这无疑是核心议题,也是最成功的斗争模式。

在另一些案例中,运动挑战的城市发展模式,并非源于危机,而是源于增长。巴西和土耳其显然明确属于这种情况,以色列也是。他们说,这种城市发展模式,这种城市组织方式,这种彻底失调的城市生活,不是我们想要的。发展可以,但不是这种发展。所以这直接而明确地是对城市发展模式的批判。

街垒与即时公共空间

卡斯特: 但在更深的层面上,对城市空间的占领,对广场、街道、建筑的占领,是各地这些运动的根本表达,也是所有社会运动的根本表达。回想一下古老的街垒革命传统。你把自己围在街垒后面,可街垒没有任何军事或防御用途,恰恰相反,你成了靶子,他们正好在你所在的地方攻击你。但这不是重点。重点在于,身处街垒之中,不需要明确的意识形态声明或纲领,你就划定了内与外,你定义了谁和我们站在一起:我们在这里,其他人请加入。这是一种示范性的行动,围绕另一套价值重建另一种空间,在街垒之内感受共同体的连接,以此对抗正式制度,因为正式制度在公民权利方面是排斥的空间。

此外,从城市的角度看,这也是对公共空间的宣示。在我看来,今日城市规划最重要的议题,就是创造自发的互动,创造社会生活,对抗孤立,对抗恐惧,创造即时的公共空间。而这恰恰是所有投机性城市开发过程中的关键问题。

地方空间与流动空间

卡斯特: 请允许我用五分钟讲讲理论,抱歉。我想把这些实践、这些过程,与我1996年提出的理论连接起来,我称之为地方空间(space of places)与流动空间(space of flows)的理论。因为城市学入门课上那个老问题:什么是空间?很简单,对吧?然后你就在自己的课堂上抓狂了。因为空间当然不存在于我们之外。自然界有空间,但那不是我们的空间。人类意义上的空间取决于人的实践,是人所做的事,是我们存在的一个维度,不在我们之外。它必须用社会实践来定义。那么,用社会实践来定义的空间是什么?我把这叫做一种唯物的空间理论。我自己当然也抓狂过,后来我在德国哲学家莱布尼茨1715年写的一封旧信里找到了一个答案的开端。他提出了这样一个空间的定义:我认为空间和时间一样,是某种纯粹相对的东西。你看,相对论,不过是人的相对论。像时间一样相对。空间是共存的秩序,正如时间是相继的秩序。因为空间在可能性的意义上,表示同时存在的事物之间的一种秩序,我们姑且称之为同时性,只要这些事物一同存在,而不管它们各自以什么方式存在。当我们看到若干事物同在一处,我们便感知到这些事物之间的秩序。

好,我不是德国哲学家,所以我用社会理论、也就是社会实践的语言,把我的空间定义简化为:空间是分享时间的社会实践的物质支撑。空间是同时性的物质支撑。当然,纵观历史,这种同时性大多依赖于毗邻,依赖于靠近,依赖于在一起。城市正是因此而诞生和成形的。这种情形一直延续到电报出现,从那时起,你可以同时在场却身处远方。随着远距离通信技术的加速变革,一个新的阶段、一种新的空间浮现出来,其中的同时性,或者说选定的时间,不再依赖于毗邻,而依赖于嵌入传播之流中的连接。所以我的论点是:存在一种地方空间,其同时性建立在毗邻之上;也存在一种流动空间,其同时性建立在传播网络之上。

最初对我来说,地方空间是经验的空间,流动空间是权力的空间。因为在1990年代,全球传播网络基本上始于金融市场、大公司之间的电信连接及其附属网络,以及军事网络。它们确实是权力的空间,而且是隔离的,体现在机场,体现在全球交通系统等等。而经验的空间,是人们坚守的地方。我的论点是,权力强加于人们生活的一个主要机制,就是权力从流动空间运行,人们生活在地方空间里,他们的经验没问题,但地方空间里发生的一切,在经济上、技术上、政治上,都由流动空间里发生的事情决定。对吗?错。我尽可能快地做了修正,因为要紧的是观察实际发生的事。我立刻观察到的是,人类这个物种开始为自己的目的使用流动空间,而不是为当权者。人们用它来社交,用它来维系友谊、家庭和爱情。他们开始入侵并占据流动空间。然后是社会运动,然后是政治,然后是所有人。当然,当权者也试图占据地方空间,建造大型企业中心,在街区层面组织人们的生活。结果是,两种空间形式里都有权力,也都有反权力。

而关键之处在于,要真正推动社会变革,任何社会变革的行动者都必须把地方空间里的反权力与流动空间里的反权力连接起来。这正是这些运动在做的事。通过为市民宣示公共空间,他们需要建构一种新的空间形式:自主性空间。在自主性空间里,流动空间、地方空间,以及人们为重新发明支配我们生活的制度而绘制的心智地图,三者交汇。非常感谢。

问答:占领华尔街与不平等

主持人: 我们还有大约二十分钟,八点前必须离场。现在开放提问。

听众: 谢谢。我知道现在判断占领华尔街运动的全部影响还为时过早,但能否请您花点时间把它与越战抗议做个比较?我的感觉是,尽管关于收入不平等的讨论仍在持续,占领华尔街的影响力与反战运动并不相同。我想知道肯特州立大学枪击事件和那些暴力抗议的影响,如果占领运动真的发生过一场更暴力的冲突,结果会不会不同?

卡斯特: 非常感谢。正如你说得很好,我们不知道。这些事情要看更长的时段,取决于政治制度的渗透性,而这又取决于他们有多害怕彻底失去权力。但对我来说,一切根本的变化都要经过人们的头脑。人们的想法不变,什么都不会变。而人们的想法一旦变了,就有了各种可能。这场运动做到的一件事,所有民调都清楚地显示,就是把不平等的概念推到了美国公共辩论的中心。它引爆了这个概念:1%的人,或者按不同的统计口径是1%或5%,决定着99%的人的生活,因为他们拥有财富,并用财富购买权力。这个概念在人们心里扎下了根。连政客都开始对此说点什么了:好吧,我们会解决的,相信我们。

有意思的是,达沃斯世界经济论坛在2013年底做了一项针对全球精英的调查,全球精英的头号忧虑是什么?不平等的程度。全球精英啊。一部分是因为他们的太太告诉他们,伙计们,你们不能这么干;另一部分是因为他们知道,这样下去,法国大革命可能会再来。因为精灵已经从瓶子里出来了。人人都知道那曾是一个肮脏的小秘密,如今再也不是秘密,互联网上到处都在议论。说正经的,达沃斯随后发布了一份关于实际收入不平等的完整报告,逐国列出数据,包括美国,显示情况比运动所说的还要糟得多。这可是达沃斯。所以我的论点是,心智和文化的转变已经发生。问题在于,在民主体制下,真正触及人们生活的政策转变,必须经过一个制度过程,而这个制度过程是由其他利益塑造的,首先就是选举法。美国选举总统的方式是彻头彻尾的时代错误,但它有其道理,因为它符合两大党的利益。只要政治制度控制着改革自身的方式,它们就不会改革自身。这就是为什么巴西总统罗塞夫说,我不会让国会来做这件事,我要直接和人民一起做。这立刻被指责为总统专断,被指责为反民主,说这话的当然正是从这部选举法中获益的那些人。西班牙也一样。上周有几项很好的研究显示,两大党,保守党和社会党,加在一起的直接投票意向大约只有22%,22%,却仍然能在议会中占多数席位,因为选举法就摆在那里。

不过就欧洲国家而言,你们会看到,我通常不预测任何事情,我专门预测过去,那样更安全,所以历史学家总是最出色的。但我有足够的数据,因为这是我研究的一部分,可以说5月25日的欧洲议会选举将是欧洲的一场政治地震,传统的左右两翼政党都会被狠狠削弱。从规范的角度看,赢得最多的很可能是极右翼民粹主义。我不是说这很好,我是说现状已经难以为继。而这在一定程度上,正是这些运动在全世界点燃并重新激活的那种公共辩论的产物。

问答:土耳其的短期前景

听众: 非常感谢这场乐观的演讲。就我最熟悉的土耳其而言,此刻很难乐观。种种迹象表明,情况在好转之前会先变得更糟。我想提两点,听听您的看法。第一,您想必知道,新的互联网法今天由总统签署生效,它严重限制网络自由。根据这部法律,政府可以在四小时内删除任何网站,互联网服务商必须保存所有人两年的通信记录。这是今天刚发生的。第二点更深层。正如您所说,随着这些社会运动的兴起,腐败被揭露,许多美好的事情正在发生。但最近一项民调显示,72%的民众认为政府腐败,却仍有45%的人会投票给政府。我认为这里就是国家的历史和结构因素发挥作用的地方。因为盖齐抗议之后,执政党的基本盘反而更加巩固了,原因恰恰在于您描述的那些运动特征:创造力,无领袖,世俗,精通技术。这些特质正是那个基本盘所不具备的。这几乎成了一场文化战争,人们对参加盖齐抗议的那类人怀有仇恨。所以至少在选举层面,短期内很难指望什么。我同意您长时段的乐观,但能否谈谈短期?

卡斯特: 你的问题非常周到,非常清晰。首先说句个人的话:我的分析既不乐观也不悲观。我没有说这件事会发生或不会发生。我本人作为一个人是乐观的,所以我的语气是乐观的,但刚才我还预测欧洲议会将坐满法西斯分子,所以并不尽然。不过我要认真回应你的观点。你提到的长时段确实是根本,就土耳其而言尤其如此。我目前正和一位土耳其学生合写一篇关于运动之后的文章。正如你所说,埃尔多安的第一反应是极端镇压,甚至试图控制互联网。这个可怜的家伙不知道自己拿互联网能怎么办。你大概记得,埃尔多安的第一次讲话就是上电视说,这一切都是推特的错。推特的错,对吧?

但首先,人们仍在使用它,还会继续使用。他们不可能关掉互联网,没有人能关掉互联网,因为那就像关掉电力。埃及试过五天,不得不改弦更张。其次,当运动已经在街头,已经在人们心里,再关闭互联网就太晚了,主要的效果已经产生了。不过我完全接受你的观点:当一切都被封闭,都被法律和制度控制时,这个权力体系的再生产面临的危险越大,它就越感到危险,也就变得越危险,最终走向极端暴力,最终可能变成叙利亚。幸好土耳其不是叙利亚,那里仍有一定的民主环境,有欧盟的制度等等。但叙利亚发生的正是这样的事,而且得到了俄罗斯的大力支持。俄罗斯、中国和伊朗说,好吧伙计们,想杀多少杀多少,没问题,武器不够我们给,钱不够我们给。所以是的,短期内是这样。而这个短期,对成千上万的人来说,叙利亚实际上已经有十万人丧生。长时段分析听起来很美,什么长时段啊,但在现实中,它摧毁的是国家,是人的生命。

然而,对我来说,土耳其最重要的一点是,一个看上去自我封闭、毫无裂缝的体系,一个作为军事独裁的替代品而赢得广大民众支持的体系,包括许多土耳其知识分子的支持,这个局面已经不复存在了。如今只有土耳其伊斯兰团体中的铁杆分子和农村大众还站在埃尔多安身后,而曾经把他当作改革者来支持的城市中产阶级已经离他而去。当然要看选举法怎么运作,但他的支持者已经流失了很大一部分。最重要的是年轻人。关于预测未来,我们唯一确知的一件事,就是未来属于年轻人。是的,你可以说,等他们承担起全部责任的时候,也会变得和我们一样犬儒、一样泄气。但是你知道,他们年轻时的养成方式是不同的。至少他们非常清楚如何用推特、如何用社交网络来相互协调。至少这已经是属于他们的了。所以我不知道。但我掌握的关于土耳其的全部信息,明年我得亲自去核实,都表明地基已经动摇,一切都不会回到从前。包括盖齐公园还在那里。尽管埃尔多安放出种种狠话,他们还是没能把它毁掉。在许多其他土耳其城市,再开发项目也被叫停了。当然,如果他们控制住了运动,他们会带着同样的开发商卷土重来,做同样的事。但就目前而言,公园还没有消失。

听众: 可是,他们起初想把公园永远关闭,所以现在人们改在公园周边的街道上聚集。

卡斯特: 那就由你来判断了。

问答:文化差异、新旧运动与阴暗面

主持人: 我们把剩下的两三个问题一起提出来,请曼纽尔集中回答。

听众: 我想问,您是否看到文化差异在影响这些运动的成效?您谈了很多共在感,认为它是人们聚在一起时发生的关键因素。但据我所知,很多人在占领华尔街玩得很开心,也有很多人去了之后觉得不方便,恼人,效率低下,事情很难推进。我想知道,在一些运动更成功的地方,与更个人主义的美国文化之间,是否存在差别?美国文化似乎更难享受在一起的感觉。

卡斯特: 问得很好。我不确定。我先不回答。

听众: 谢谢您非常详尽的演讲。如果我理解正确,您的假说是,近年来涌现的这些社会运动是某种属于我们时代的新型社会运动,您开头就说它们虽然发生在不同的地方,却有许多共同点。我想问一个您在演讲中没有涉及的问题:这些社会运动与以往时代的社会运动究竟有何不同?因为如果说它们有这么多共同的套路,你可以说这是因为有一个共同的基础,也可以说它们只是泛泛的、缺乏特色的。我的感觉是,我们所处的时代也许让社会运动很容易产生,但运动本身往往很平庸。这个看法带有我自己参与智利社会运动的偏见,我觉得那些运动非常自以为是,非常缺乏反思,在某种意义上也缺乏一贯性。

听众: 我的问题是,您描绘的局面听起来非常积极,但我常常感到,社会运动研究往往只关注成功的运动。您有没有遇到过不成功的运动?另外,互联网是否也给动员带来了特定的负面挑战,比如让人们真正投入?与此相关的是,这些运动听起来都很正面,至少从某些标准看是如此,您也说它们是希望的空间,但我一直很喜欢谢里·伯曼(Sheri Berman)的一篇论文,它把德国国家社会主义党的崛起追溯到强大的公民社会和社会运动活动。这些动员形式有哪些潜在的负面之处?当然有积极的、充满希望的一面,但想必也有更阴暗的一面,您愿意谈谈吗?

卡斯特: 你说得完全对。我快一点,也许还有两分钟。首先,再说一遍,我绝对不做规范判断。语气是一回事,而我对所有这些运动的观察,就是我报告的那些。要说最负面的东西,眼下在欧洲,极端民族主义、沙文主义、排外的势力,并没有采取这类社会运动的形式,而是以政党的形式出现,比如法国的国民阵线,他们也用互联网,但不在这个领域。我原则上密切追踪一切,我能想到的是,乌克兰的运动确实包含新纳粹和极端民族主义的成分,我们得看看这场运动往哪里去,因为那里有许多不同的派系。但我很容易接受这样的假说:任何采用同样网络化配置的右翼民粹运动,也可以归入这类运动。绝对可以。这正是为什么,对我来说,社会运动就是试图以这样或那样的方式改变社会价值和文化的运动,而不是直接从政治上夺取权力。这才是要点。它们当然可能是极端沙文主义、极端反动的社会运动,而且确实存在这样的运动。但如果我们辨认出这类运动表达自身的特定形式,就有可能去激活或者去化解它。即便在意大利,五星运动中也有一些成分,其对民主的善意并不那么清楚。所以,重要的是认识到行动形式和组织形式,这是关键,而且不论意识形态和目的如何,这些形式是共同的。

这就引到你提得很好的那个问题。有些要素在社会运动的历史中是共同的,比如传播的核心地位,绝对的核心地位,比如愤慨,比如即时的反建制立场。但不同在哪里?拜托,不同的是传播的类型。让六十亿人相互沟通,和让你教区周围的人相互沟通,不是一回事。在传播过程的规模、速度和复杂性上,这是根本的不同。它真正使审议成为可能,使一种三维的公共空间的建构成为可能:它在互联网上,在被占领的公共空间里,也在那些持续承受这种压力的制度之中。这不是说历史没有教训可供借鉴,但比如说无领袖的运动,历史上所有的社会运动都有领袖,这是根本性的。而这些运动里领袖极少,极少。这之所以可能,只是因为你可以通过技术形式来协调,这些技术形式保证了分布式的辩论和分布式的要素。更学术地说,我很希望我们能开始与社会运动史做一些比较。眼下我做这一批,其他的留给历史学家去做。

最后一点,关于文化和个人主义。你知道,就在占领华尔街之前,我从来马德里和巴塞罗那的美国朋友和同事那里听到过这样的说法:哦,这在美国永远不会发生,因为我们是个人主义者。结果它发生了。而且这场运动的一部分,确实与在那里形成的某种共同体感受相关。当然不是每个人。事实上,我更了解的洛杉矶的运动,在种族问题上就存在很深的分裂。但那里确实有了共同体运动的开端。我不认为存在什么个人主义社会和集体主义社会之分。在西班牙,人们会说自己非常个人主义,事实上西班牙有一个无政府主义传统,它正是这种极端个人主义的表现。再说巴西,运动开始的那一刻,我正好在给一大群非常体面的大学师生做演讲,他们都不在运动里。我在讲这些东西,尤其是西班牙的情形,结束时在场的巴西记者说,好吧,这在这里永远不会发生,我们是彻底的个人主义社会。这时门开了,有人说,保利斯塔大道被堵了,我们出不去了。所以我的论点是,文化当然会赋予运动特定的面貌,但我们不能用个人主义对集体主义这种泛泛的方式来刻画文化。因为我们正处于一种不同的社交模式之中,它恰恰以互联网为基础,社会学把这个过程称为网络化个人主义(networked individualism)。网络化个人主义不是传统的个人主义。我从自身出发投射出我的网络,但正因为这些网络是我的,我就属于这些网络,我可以与其他人连接。而正是在一种更具共同体色彩的城市文化,与一种更具个人主义色彩的互联网文化之间的互动中,有意思的动态才得以发生。至少,这是我的一些想法。

本期讲者
曼纽尔·卡斯特西班牙裔社会学家,南加州大学传播技术与社会讲席教授、加州大学伯克利分校荣休教授,著有《信息时代》三部曲、《传播力》《愤怒与希望的网络》。2012 年获霍尔堡奖、2013 年获巴尔赞奖,是唯一同获两奖的社会科学家。
黛安·戴维斯哈佛大学设计研究生院城市规划与设计系城市化与发展学教授,研究拉美城市政治与暴力,早年在伯克利师从卡斯特,本场担任主持与介绍人。
章节 · 点击跳转视频
0:08 主持人开场与卡斯特学术履历 ▶ 正在看
8:47 讲座定位:社会运动与空间变革共生 ▶ 正在看
11:55 全球运动浪潮盘点与尊严主题 ▶ 正在看
20:17 特征一:多模式网络与无中心协调 ▶ 正在看
26:18 特征二:占领城市空间的自主性空间 ▶ 正在看
29:53 愤怒火花、影像力量与病毒式扩散 ▶ 正在看
35:01 无领袖、拒绝委托与在一起的力量 ▶ 正在看
37:46 非暴力与镇压:运动的生死分界 ▶ 正在看
41:48 网络民主乌托邦与运动如何终结 ▶ 正在看
46:07 从冰岛到巴西:运动的制度性影响 ▶ 正在看
53:33 城市危机、街垒与流动空间理论 ▶ 正在看
1:03:16 问答:华尔街、土耳其与个人主义 ▶ 正在看
本期论点
本期回应
23:06
没有传播就没有社会运动,传播的技术形式取决于每个社会既有的条件 制度与选择技术的后果由什么决定?
其他论点
9:45
社会运动是社会变革最主要的推动者,无论其规范取向好坏
9:48
社会运动由情感引发,个体情感经沟通转化为集体共享的行动
10:31
城市形态源于制度化利益集团的空间再生产与未被代表者的抵抗之间的持续互动
20:06
网络化社会运动的共同点不是具体诉求,而是针对日常羞辱式社会不公的尊严起义
25:04
没有可辨识中心却能协调的网络运动可不断重连重构,因而更难被镇压摧毁
26:32
网络社会运动只有占领城市空间才真正成为运动,仅靠互联网社交网络不足以构成运动
28:44
网络社会运动的新空间形态既非虚拟也非物理,而是二者互动的混合自主性空间
35:42
网络社会运动系统性拒绝领袖,因为拒绝把权力委托给个别人写在它们的DNA里
36:41
占领城市空间的意义在于创造出「在一起」的共同体,而非共享价值观的共同体
41:34
网络社会运动没有具体纲领、不指向正式政治机构,却在根本意义上是高度政治性的
42:11
乌托邦不是幻想,而是头脑中的物质力量,是构建制度与共同生活的材料
44:44
社会运动最终都会消失——被收编、被镇压或在成功后被制度化
45:19
根本性的战斗在人们头脑中决出胜负,权力走廊里发生的事只是其衍生品
1:02:28
要实现社会变革,行动者必须把地方空间中的反权力与流动空间中的反权力连接起来 做法
01主持人开场与卡斯特学术履历
0:08
Good evening. I think we'll try to get started. Um hopefully there's there's some more space up here. There a few more chairs here. Apparently there's an overflow room in room 109 if you know for those of you are standing over there if you get sick of standing up or want to go someplace to sit down. I just wanted to make that announcement. Um, I don't want to I know the weather has probably slowed some people down, but I'm really pleased to see so many people here. Um, I'm Diane Davis. I'm a professor of urbanism and development in the department of urban planning and design here at the GSD. Um this talk is partially sponsored by an interdisciplinary urbanism seminar that we are um developing and building here at the GSD to kind of bring a variety of social science perspectives into urban planning and design and vice versa. Um I have the enviable task tonight of introducing a man who probably actually needs no introduction.
晚上好。我想我们可以开始了。嗯,希望前面还能腾出点空间。这边还有几把椅子。据说 109 房间有个分会场,如果你们站在那边的人站累了,或者想找个地方坐下来,可以去那儿。我就是想宣布一下这个事。嗯,我不想——我知道这天气可能让一些人来晚了,但看到这么多人到场我真的很高兴。嗯,我是 Diane Davis,我是这里 GSD 城市规划与设计系的城市化与发展学教授。嗯,这场讲座部分由我们正在 GSD 筹建和发展的一个跨学科城市化研讨班赞助,目的是把各种社会科学的视角引入城市规划与设计,反过来也是一样。嗯,今晚我有一个让人羡慕的任务,就是介绍一位其实根本不需要介绍的人。嗯,因为光看二月这么一个糟糕的雪天还有这么多听众,就告诉我——或者说印证了大家早就知道的一点——
便签引用
1:09
Um because just looking at the size of the audience on a miserably snowy day in February tells me that uh or demonstrates what's already known uh which is that Manuel Castell's reputation as a scholar and a leading theorist of cities, social movements, and technology has traveled far and wide. We at the Graduate School of Design are honored to host him here for a lecture tonight. It is particularly fitting that Professor Castell's is here with us to speak about his most recent book titled Networks of Outrage and Hope, which focuses on social movements in the internet age. It was almost 30 years ago that another of his books appeared also focused on social movements called the city and the grassroots a cross-cultural theory of urban social movements produ published I think his first book originally published here in the United States not a translation from other books he wrote um I was a student of mans when that book came out and we were just reminiscing yesterday about meeting you in a bar in San Francisco when you're
那就是 Manuel Castells 作为学者,作为研究城市、社会运动和技术的顶尖理论家,他的声誉已经传遍四方。我们设计研究生院很荣幸今晚能请到他来做讲座。Castells 教授这次来跟我们谈他的新书《愤怒与希望的网络》,尤其合适,这本书聚焦互联网时代的社会运动。差不多三十年前,他另一本书也问世了,同样聚焦社会运动,叫《城市与草根:城市社会运动的跨文化理论》,我想那是他第一本最初在美国出版的书,而不是从他写的其他书翻译过来的。嗯,那本书出来的时候我还是 Manuel 的学生,我们昨天还在回忆当年在旧金山一家酒吧里见到你,那时你正在为那本书做田野调查。真不敢相信那已经是三十年前了。
便签引用
2:19
doing the fieldwork for that book. I can't believe that was 30 years ago. Don't start adding things up. Um, uh, that book, uh, won the Sight Mills Award from the American Sociological Association for the best book of the year the year it was published and it brought to an American audience a relatively new analytical focus around which Manuel Castell's had already forged an enviable reputation. the phenomena of citizen mobil mobilization and activism at the level of the city and the role that that activism plays comparatively and historically. That book focused on 16th century Spain, 19th century Paris and a range of 20th century mobilizations in cities of Latin America, Europe and the US.
别开始算年头了。嗯,那本书拿下了美国社会学学会颁发的赖特·米尔斯奖,是那一年的最佳著作,它把一个相对新的分析视角带给了美国读者,而 Manuel Castells 早已凭借这个视角赢得了令人羡慕的声誉:市民动员和行动主义在城市层面的现象,以及这种行动主义在比较和历史维度上所起的作用。那本书聚焦 16 世纪的西班牙、19 世纪的巴黎,以及 20 世纪拉丁美洲、欧洲和美国城市中的一系列动员运动。在完成那部开创性的著作之后——它建立在他此前在《城市问题》和《城市、阶级与权力》中已经探讨过并
便签引用
3:09
after completion of that seinal work which built on but took in new directions the themes that he had already originally explored to great renown in the urban question and city class and power which was I I really like that book. I use that book a lot. Uh well while he was still in Europe when he got to the United States Manuel turned to a direct interest not only in social movements in the city but then later in technology in the city. Maybe that was being in Northern California near Silicon Valley. I don't know. Maybe you'll tell us more about that. Right.
因此享有盛誉的主题之上,但又把这些主题引向了新的方向。我真的很喜欢那本书,我经常用那本书。呃,在他还在欧洲的时候,还有到美国之后,Manuel 不仅直接关注城市中的社会运动,后来也开始关注城市中的技术。也许是因为他人在北加州,离硅谷很近吧。我不知道。也许你待会儿会多讲讲这个。对。专注地聚焦于城市中的信息技术。呃,然后他写了一套改变范式的三部曲,
便签引用
3:42
Pure determined focusing on information technology in the city. Uh and then he wrote a paradigm shifting trilogy of books on cities identity and culture and power in the information age. And after that moved to other forms of communication. But now he's returned to social movements in a big way and again uh in a kind of virtual space and not just comparative and historical space. And his lecture tonight uh will allow us to see how he's revisiting the larger body of work on technology power and mobilization in the city.
讲信息时代的城市、身份认同、文化与权力。之后他转向了其他形式的传播。但现在他又大张旗鼓地回到了社会运动这个主题,而且这次是在一种虚拟空间里,不只是比较和历史的空间。社会运动这个主题,而且这次是在一种虚拟空间里,不只是比较和历史的空间。今晚他的讲座将让我们看到,他是如何重新审视自己关于技术、权力与城市动员的那一大批研究成果的。城市。
便签引用
4:18
He's going to be framing that analysis through a focus on some of the most significant social movements that we've seen unfold in the last couple years and the role that technology played in or plays in their emergence and fate. And so I'm really interested in hearing more about the arc of Manuel's thinking about social movements. It goes without saying that we're thrilled to have such an eminent scholar with us tonight. Manuel is author of 26 academic books and editor or co-editor of 22 additional books as well as over a 100 articles and academic journals. In addition to his scholarship, Manuel Castellis has holds a distinguished has held distinguished appointments at MIT and Oxford and is currently director of research at the department of sociology at Cambridge University and fellow of St. John's College at Cambridge. He's advised governments and commissions around the world, including the European Union and the many, many commissions in the UN. And oh, did I mention that he's been kned for a cause of scientific merit by
他会把这个分析放在一个焦点下来展开,也就是我们在过去几年里看到的一些最重要的社会运动,以及技术在这些运动的兴起和最终命运中所起的作用。所以我特别想听听曼纽尔关于社会运动的思考是怎样一路演变过来的。不用说,今晚能请到这样一位杰出的学者,我们非常激动。曼纽尔著有26本学术专著,另外还编著或合编了22本书,以及100多篇文章和学术期刊论文。除了学术研究之外,曼纽尔·卡斯特还拥有——曾任职于——麻省理工学院和牛津大学的杰出教职,目前担任剑桥大学社会学系的研究主任,以及剑桥圣约翰学院的院士。他曾为世界各地的政府和委员会担任顾问,包括欧盟以及联合国的许许多多委员会。哦,我有没有提到,他因科学成就被法国、芬兰和葡萄牙政府授予爵位?呃,还有加泰罗尼亚。我——好吧,我本来
便签引用
5:31
the governments of France, Finland, and Portugal? Uh, and Catalan. I Well, now I thought we were going to get to nationalism, you know, and yes, Barcelona won today in the game. Yeah, right. Marwell is very happy about that. Um, but I think most notably that Manuel is the recipient of the Hullberg Prize in 2012, widely considered the Nobel of the social sciences given by the Parliament of Norway and the Balsan Prize a year later in 2013, considered the most important general science prize, not just social science. Manuel is the only social scientist to have received both these prizes.
以为我们要聊到民族主义了,你知道的,而且是的,巴塞罗那今天比赛赢了。是的,没错。曼纽尔对此非常开心。嗯,但我认为最值得一提的是,曼纽尔在2012年获得了霍尔堡奖,该奖由挪威议会颁发,被广泛视为社会科学界的诺贝尔奖;一年后,他又在2013年获得了巴尔赞奖,被认为是最重要的综合科学奖项,而不只是社会科学奖。曼纽尔是唯一一位同时获得这两个奖项的社会科学家。
便签引用
6:12
He's a native Catalan. He studied law and economics at the University of Barcelona in Paris. He received a doctorate in sociology and a doctorate in human sciences from the University of Paris and Sorbon. And presently he's a university professor and Wallace Annenberg chair in communication technology and society at USC as well as professor ameritus at the university of California Berkeley where he is professor of city and regional planning and professor of sociology from 79 to 2003. So quite a res impressive resume, but it's just great to have you here in person, Manuel. And so without further ado, I give you Manuel [Applause] Castiles. Good evening. I am glad that you were trapped by the snow and you could not escape. Uh but I I do uh thank you for your interest and your presence here. I want to uh say that how grateful I am and how honored I am by this uh invitation uh from the department of uh urban planning and design and the GSD uh to give today a lecture, tomorrow seminar um and I will do my best. I'm
他是土生土长的加泰罗尼亚人。他在巴塞罗那大学和巴黎学习法律和经济学。他获得了社会学博士学位,以及巴黎大学索邦分校的人文科学博士学位。目前他是南加州大学的大学教授,并担任传播技术与社会的华莱士·安纳伯格讲席教授,同时也是加州大学伯克利分校的荣休教授,1979年至2003年间在那里担任城市与区域规划教授和社会学教授。真是一份相当令人印象深刻的履历,但能让您亲自来到这里实在太好了,曼纽尔。那么话不多说,有请曼纽尔[掌声]卡斯特。晚上好。我很高兴你们被大雪困住了,逃不掉。呃,不过我确实要感谢你们的兴趣和到场。我想说,我非常感激,也非常荣幸能收到城市规划与设计系和GSD的这份邀请,今天来做一场讲座,明天做一场研讨会,嗯,我会尽我所能。我特别高兴能回应我亲爱的朋友和
便签引用
7:29
particularly happy uh to have responded to the generous invitation of my dear friend and colleague for many years Diane Davis who for me is one of the very best urban sociologists around in the world and I hope that you will benefit from her input in this connection between uh spatially oriented uh planning and design and social sciences who understand the space and who understand that the and society are intimately linked, intimately connected. We have been discussing uh with uh Diane for many many years when she was a a student. Um and uh we have continued over time and we share one particular interest in in terms of fieldwork in Mexico which uh is is actually a very fundamental country in many many ways and a very moving country and which is currently in terrible situation uh both urban and and political uh and it's exactly the moment when the the scholars who were working on Mexico we should strengthen our connection and and keep working more with our Mexican colleagues who are in quite quite dramatic
多年同事戴安·戴维斯的慷慨邀请,在我看来她是全世界最优秀的城市社会学家之一,我希望你们能从她的贡献中受益——她在以空间为导向的规划设计与社会科学之间建立起联系,这些社会科学理解空间,也理解空间与社会是紧密相连、紧密联系在一起的。我和戴安已经讨论了很多很多年,从她还是学生的时候就开始了。嗯,而且我们一直保持着交流,我们还有一个共同的兴趣,就是在墨西哥做田野工作,那里其实在很多很多方面都是一个非常根本性的国家,一个非常打动人的国家,而它目前正处在糟糕的境况中,无论是城市层面还是政治层面。呃,而恰恰正是在这个时刻,我们这些研究墨西哥的学者应该加强联系,继续和我们处境相当艰难的墨西哥同行们更多地合作。那么今晚我要讲的
便签引用
02讲座定位:社会运动与空间变革共生
8:47
situation. And then I will uh lecture tonight about my recent work uh which um is on urban social movements. However with a twist which I am presenting to you not written not uh not had been not been presented or discussed on the implications of this kind of social movements for space and for the theory and practice of spatial forms and processes. So let me first start with a um quick overview of um the issues that I will be discussing meaning social movements. We know that throughout history social movements uh had been levers of social change regardless of the outcome and of the content and not normative. In this there are good social movement bad social movements in normative terms but they are major agents of social change.
是我最近的研究,嗯,是关于城市社会运动的。不过会有一个新的角度,这个角度我要呈现给你们——尚未写成文字,呃,尚未被发表或讨论过——关于这类社会运动对空间、对空间形式与过程的理论和实践意味着什么。那么让我先快速概述一下我要讨论的问题,也就是社会运动。我们知道,纵观历史,社会运动一直是社会变革的杠杆,无论其结果如何,内容如何,这里不做价值判断。就此而言,从规范意义上说确实存在好的社会运动和坏的社会运动,但它们都是社会变革的主要推动者。
便签引用
9:45
I would say the major agents of social change. They are triggered by always historically and now by emotions. Emotions social movements are emotional movements that um are shared collectively and become from individuals become a process of collective action through a process of communication between the different subjects. And so their forms of communication, organization and action depend on the culture, technology and institutional environment of each particular society and each particular spatial context.
我想说,是社会变革最主要的推动者。它们在历史上、在当下,始终是由情感引发的。情感——社会运动是情感的运动,这些情感被集体共享,从个体出发,通过不同主体之间的沟通过程,变成一种集体行动的过程。因此,它们的沟通形式、组织形式和行动形式,取决于每一个具体社会、每一个具体空间脉络中的文化、技术和制度环境。
便签引用
10:22
Indeed, social change is an inseparable from spatial change. They go together. They interact. They are specific, but they go they go together. In fact, the urban form, all urban form to result from the relentless interaction between the reproduction of this spatial urban form by the institutionalized interests and by the resistance and alternative project and and counteraction by people, citizens who don't feel represented, who do not feel included in this automatic reproduction of the urban structure. So the urban form is urban structure and urban social movements interacting with each other.
确实,社会变革与空间变革是不可分割的。它们是同步发生的。它们相互作用。它们各有其特殊性,但它们是同步的。事实上,城市形态,所有的城市形态,都源自两种力量之间不断的相互作用:一边是制度化的利益集团对这种城市空间形态的再生产,另一边是那些觉得自己没有被代表、觉得自己没有被纳入这种城市结构自动再生产过程的人们、市民所提出的抵抗、替代方案和反向行动。所以城市形态就是城市结构和城市社会运动相互作用的结果。
便签引用
11:04
This has been my research agenda for all my life. So in this particular lecture I will present and analyze the characteristics of the recent social movements that I call network social movements and I contend that they represent the shape of social movements in the network society our kind of society. Um and then after that I will examine or at least provide some hypothesis and ideas on the interaction between these network social movements and spatial processes. Let me first starting very empirically with um recalling some of the quickly some of what has happened in in the last five years.
这一直是我一生的研究议程。所以在这场讲座里,我会呈现并分析近期这些社会运动的特征,我把它们称为网络社会运动,我主张它们代表了网络社会——也就是我们这种社会——中社会运动的形态。嗯,之后我会考察,或者至少提出一些关于这些网络社会运动与空间过程之间相互作用的假设和想法。让我先非常经验性地开始,嗯,快速回顾一下过去五年里发生的一些事情。
便签引用
03全球运动浪潮盘点与尊严主题
11:55
Um I would say starting in 2009 uh in Iran first July 2009 in Iran and then Iceland and Tunisia in 2010. A wave of social movements has taken place around the world. Not expected by anyone, not led by anyone, largely spontaneous, affecting literally thousands and thousands of cities over over 100 countries. Although most of them were small in size and escaped to the attention of the media. But still they have mobilized thousands and hundreds of thousand and receive in many countries in many areas widespread social support in spite of the lack of attention of the media and politicians.
嗯,我想说是从2009年开始的,呃,首先是2009年7月的伊朗,然后是2010年的冰岛和突尼斯。一波社会运动在全世界范围内发生了。没有人预料到,也没有人领导,很大程度上是自发的,影响了100多个国家里成千上万座城市。虽然其中大多数规模很小,没有引起媒体的注意。但它们仍然动员了成千上万、几十万的人,并且在许多国家、许多地区获得了广泛的社会支持,尽管媒体和政客并不关注。
便签引用
12:50
The interesting thing for me is that many of them display very similar characteristics in spite of the huge diversity of context where they take place and therefore methodologically speaking I think that if they are in completely different context unrelated among themselves they are many similar characteristic of these movements we are witnessing the birth of a new form normal social movements which is characteristic of our type of society. This is what I can say on the basis of observation. Observation some by myself, some by my collaborators, some by uh a network of colleagues, activists, friends who around the world we have been interacting and and sharing information. Let me just quickly mention uh some of the most important of these social movements. The July 2009 uh the 2010 kitchen wear revolution in Iceland was a revolution peaceful at was then the Arab revolts that started in Tunisia in December 2010 and spread to Egypt and to many other sub Arab countries in the spring of 2011 and
对我来说有意思的是,尽管它们发生的背景差异巨大,其中许多运动却表现出非常相似的特征。因此,从方法论上说,我认为,如果它们处在完全不同的背景中,彼此之间毫无关联,却有着许多相似的特征,那么我们正在见证一种新型社会运动的诞生,一种属于我们这种社会类型的社会运动。这是我基于观察所能说的。这些观察,有些是我自己做的,有些是我的合作者做的,有些来自,呃,一个由世界各地的同行、活动人士、朋友组成的网络,我们一直在互动、分享信息。让我快速提一下其中一些最重要的社会运动。2009年7月的伊朗,呃,2010年冰岛的厨具革命,那是一场和平的革命,接着是2010年12月从突尼斯开始的阿拉伯起义,并在2011年春天蔓延到埃及和许多其他阿拉伯国家,
便签引用
14:09
they're still going on in many cases. Greece in 2010. Uh still going on the Indigadas movement in Spain. I say in feminine because that's how the movement calls itself. Um which is still with recently continues to to have all kind of uh initiatives and and actions in Spain although it started in May 2011. Occupy Wall Street launched in New York in September 27, 2011 and that expanded in the following months with various intensity to over 1,000 American cities. I have the map in my book with the dates of of the occupations. Um, Israel in 2011 2012, the largest mobilization of Israeli history. half a million people mobilizing the streets, setting up camps, etc. Um, Moscow for all places, massive demonstration in 2012 against with always the same model against the authoritarian regime of Putin.
而且在很多情况下至今仍在继续。2010年的希腊。呃,至今仍在继续的还有西班牙的愤怒者运动。我用阴性形式来说,因为这个运动就是这么称呼自己的。嗯,这个运动直到最近仍在西班牙发起各种倡议和行动,尽管它是2011年5月开始的。占领华尔街运动于2011年9月27日在纽约发起,随后几个月里以不同的强度扩展到了1000多个美国城市。我在书里放了一张地图,标注了各地占领行动的日期。嗯,还有2011到2012年的以色列,那是以色列历史上规模最大的动员。五十万人走上街头,搭起营地,等等。嗯,还有莫斯科,那种地方居然也有,2012年的大规模示威,模式始终一样,反对普京的
便签引用
15:19
Portugal starting 2011 is still going on against the economic crisis and the management of the crisis by corrupt political elites. the socopolitical movement of Chinqestelle in Italy in 2012 2013 uh which has completely changed the landscape of Italian politics regardless of we can think of a grill of of the manipulation that's it I'm not saying great no I'm saying look a movement that did not exist that is over the internet entirely changed the landscape of the corrupt uh Italian politics um Chile since 2011 students movement had been in the streets with constant demands and they had changed also the style of Chilean politics and the type of demands with the new president um Michel Bachel who came to office in December saying I will fulfill all the demands of the student movement that were there for two years in Mexico during the presidential campaign in 2012 uh according to any uh Mexican MIA dead? Oh, not really. I was in Gualahara a month ago. I was talking to them. They're extremely active in
威权政权。葡萄牙从2011年开始,至今仍在继续,反对经济危机以及腐败的政治精英对危机的处理方式。还有意大利2012到2013年的五星运动这一社会政治运动,呃,它彻底改变了意大利政治的格局,不管我们怎么看格里洛,怎么看其中的操纵——就这样,我不是说它很棒,不,我是说你看,一个原本并不存在、完全通过互联网形成的运动,彻底改变了腐败的意大利政治的格局。嗯,智利自2011年以来,学生运动一直在街头,持续提出诉求,他们也改变了智利政治的风格和诉求的类型。新总统,嗯,米歇尔·巴切莱特12月上任时说,我会满足学生运动两年来提出的所有诉求。在墨西哥,2012年总统竞选期间,呃,根据任何——呃——墨西哥的运动,死了吗?哦,其实没有。我一个月前在瓜达拉哈拉。我和他们聊过。他们以许多不同的形式非常活跃。然后是土耳其去年,呃,呃,7月的抗议,
便签引用
16:33
many different forms. Then the Turkish protest of of uh of of last uh July that started for the defense of GCI Park in Stambul and Taxina Square and is still very active and they have provoked again a political crisis in in the way they won. Gessie Park is not going to redevelop. They actually won uh already the massive youth demonstrations in Brazil in June and in September. I was there. I I I could watch not not was my movement but I was there and talking to them um against transportation fairs for vet urban services and against political corruption including the corruption of the FIFA. Can you imagine Brazilians protesting against the World Cup of soccer? That is a true cultural revolution with the slogan we change one hospital for 10 stadiums. You see that's what I'm trying to to to underline that how how truly truly different um this has been. Um and even more recently Ukraine of all places uh the the popular uprising against Yakunovich. There are people from the right, from the left, from everywhere,
起因是保卫伊斯坦布尔的盖齐公园和塔克西姆广场,至今仍非常活跃,他们再次引发了一场政治危机,以他们获胜的方式。盖齐公园不会被重新开发。他们其实已经赢了。呃,还有2013年6月和9月巴西的大规模青年示威。我当时在那儿。我,我,我能亲眼看到——那不是我的运动,但我在现场,和他们交谈——嗯,反对公共交通票价,要求更好的城市服务,反对政治腐败,包括国际足联的腐败。你能想象巴西人抗议世界杯足球赛吗?那是一场真正的文化革命,口号是:我们要用10座体育场换1座医院。你看,这就是我想强调的,这一切是多么多么地真正不同。嗯,还有更近的乌克兰,那种地方居然也有,呃,反对亚努科维奇的民众起义。那里有右翼的人,有左翼的人,来自各方的人,
便签引用
17:52
but in the streets with camps, with demonstrations, with no connection to the political system, they are completely redefining the relationship between Eastern Europe and European Union and is still going on. In all these movements, there have been many different demands and I will come into this later on. Extremely different and coming from different context. crisis not crisis for instance Brazil and Turkey have no economic crisis now it's a little bit slowown but they at the moment the movement the economy was doing very well there were in Brazil particularly strong programs of alleviation of poverty a leftwing president uh the polit the leftwing political party more or less in power um in and no economic crisis the same thing in Turkey Turkey is doing very well economically, very different from the United States and and the and the European Union, even if there's a decline uh also the economy in Turkey lately, but it's not Spain with 35% unemployment or Portugal or Greece with a total disintegration. So my point is
但他们在街头,搭着营地,举行示威,和政治体系毫无联系,他们正在彻底重新定义东欧与欧盟之间的关系,而且至今仍在继续。在所有这些运动中,出现了许多不同的诉求,我稍后会谈到这一点。极其不同,来自不同的背景。有危机的,没有危机的,比如巴西和土耳其就没有经济危机。现在是稍微放缓了一些,但在运动发生的时候,经济运行得很好。在巴西尤其有力度很大的扶贫计划,一位左翼总统,呃,左翼政党多多少少掌握着权力,嗯,而且没有经济危机。土耳其也是一样,土耳其经济表现得非常好,和美国、欧盟很不一样,尽管土耳其经济最近也有所下滑,但它不是失业率35%的西班牙,也不是葡萄牙或彻底崩溃的希腊。所以我的观点是,
便签引用
19:07
that extremely different context, very different motivation, a whole array of demands, similar forms and similar features. one common not demand I would say by theme and those of you who believe in the power of words uh I think could pay attention to to this empirical observation they uh are in all cases there's one word that is repeated in Arabic in Spanish in Turkish in Ukrainian in Brazilian the same word literal translation dignity. There are movements for dignity. When they are asked what you do, not when I ask myself, when the government ask, when the media ask dignity in Turkey too, right? So, u it's something else going on because many different demands, but the key thing is the uprising against the social injustice perceived as a humiliation, a daily humiliation by the political stalance on their lives.
背景极其不同,动机非常不同,诉求五花八门,但形式相似,特征相似。我想说有一个共同的——不是诉求——而是主题。你们当中相信语词力量的人,呃,我想可以关注一下这个经验观察:在所有这些情况下,有一个词被反复提起,在阿拉伯语里、西班牙语里、土耳其语里、乌克兰语里、巴西人那里,都是同一个词,直译过来就是:尊严。它们是为尊严而起的运动。当有人问他们你们在做什么时——不是我自己问的时候,而是政府问的时候,媒体问的时候——尊严,在土耳其也是,对吧?所以,呃,这里面还有别的东西在起作用,因为诉求很不一样,但关键在于,这是一场针对社会不公的起义,而这种不公被感受为一种羞辱,一种来自政治立场对他们生活施加的日常羞辱。
便签引用
04特征一:多模式网络与无中心协调
20:17
when the young uh people in in S. Paulo protested started with a a rise of transportation and they were told well wait a second there are a few cents a few cents um said well first they're not so few cents you have to move all the time uh but second is not about the scent they say explicitly is for our rights is for our dignity so keep this in the background now I must say that um this the book that Diane mentioned and this lecture are very empirical but they are not of course Nothing is deprived from theory. The theoretical background of all this is the the theory of power and counterpower I propose in my book uh communication power 2009. So if someone wants to do the exercise of relating theory and observation is there. Um so let let me first uh try to identify which are these common trends the common trends that repeat themselves in all the movements which form therefore a pattern a pattern of a new type of social movement. First they are network they are network in multiple forms. They start in the internet and in
当圣保罗的年轻人抗议时,起因是交通费上涨,而别人对他们说,等一下,那才涨了几分钱而已。嗯,他们说,首先,那不是几分钱的事,你得一直坐车,呃;其次,这根本不是钱的问题,他们明确地说,这是为了我们的权利,是为了我们的尊严。所以请把这一点记在心里。现在我必须说,嗯,戴安提到的那本书和这场讲座都非常经验性,但它们当然并非没有理论。所有这些的理论背景,是我在2009年那本《传播力》中提出的权力与反权力理论。所以如果有人想做把理论和观察联系起来的练习,材料都在那里。嗯,那么让我先,呃,试着指出这些共同趋势是什么——那些在所有运动中反复出现的共同趋势,因而构成了一种模式,一种新型社会运动的模式。运动。首先,它们是网络,是多种形态的网络。它们始于互联网,始于社交和传播网络,
便签引用
21:32
social um communication networks and around the um the um mobile communication around cell phones and smartphones which to some extent is linked to the new technological environment for our society. Just for you to remember one little figure in 1991 the first the first survey of uh of cell phones of mobile phone um in the world in terms of subscribers not devices subscribers were 16 million people now is 7 billion people in a planet of 7.4 Four, we are connected. We are entirely connected. Of which the most recent projection for three years from now is five billion smartphones.
也围绕着移动通信、围绕手机和智能手机展开,这在某种程度上与我们社会新的技术环境相关。这里给大家一个小数字作为参考:1991年,全世界第一次对手机、对移动电话进行统计,按用户数算,不是按设备算,是1600万人;而现在是70亿人,在一个70.4亿人口的星球上。我们是连接在一起的,我们完全连接在一起。其中,最新的预测是三年后将有50亿部智能手机。
便签引用
22:19
That is a smartphone linked to the internet. And so the number of internet users now which is at about two and a half billion people will skyrocket through the wireless connections and through the smartphones. Therefore providing the technological and social platform for this kind of networking and this is not an accident. Communication has always been central to social movement throughout history where pamphlets where uh where speeches at the churches or at the mosque uh where radio television now uh pamphlet the all the revolutions started with pamphlets and with written material and with rumors as a as as a matter of fact as well. So communication is absolutely central.
也就是连接到互联网的智能手机。所以现在的互联网用户数量,大约是25亿人,将通过无线连接、通过智能手机而急剧攀升。因此,这为这种网络化提供了技术和社会平台,而这并非偶然。纵观历史,传播一直是社会运动的核心,无论是小册子,还是教堂里、清真寺里的布道,还是广播、电视。所有的革命都始于小册子,始于书面材料,实际上也始于流言。所以传播是绝对核心的。
便签引用
23:06
Without communication there are no social movements and the forms of communication the technical communication depend on what exists in every society and therefore these movements are network in a different way which creates incredibly powerful effects of um rapid um diffusion of the movements and also debates interactivity and most importantly communicative autonomy because most of these forms of networking electronic communication even if they are owned by corporation ations etc increase extraordinarily the degree of autonomy visav all the media institutions government corporate power etc. However, I immediately say that networking is multimodel. It's not just networks in the internet. They start in the internet because it where autonomy can be more directly um uh stated, but the there are so social networks online and offline. There are pre-existing social networks. For instance, um in in the Arab revolutions and particularly in Egypt, the networks um the offline networks of soccer fans h soccer fans
没有传播就没有社会运动,而传播的形式、技术性的传播方式,取决于每个社会中已有的条件。因此这些运动以不同的方式形成网络,这产生了极其强大的效果:运动的迅速扩散,还有辩论、互动性,而最重要的是传播自主性。因为这些电子传播的网络形式,即便它们为公司等所有,也极大地提高了相对于所有媒体机构、政府、企业权力等等的自主程度。不过,我要马上指出,网络化是多模式的。不只是互联网上的网络。它们始于互联网,因为那里的自主性能够更直接地表达出来,但是也存在线上和线下的社会网络。还有既有的社会网络。比如说,在阿拉伯革命中,特别是在埃及,球迷的线下网络,足球球迷
便签引用
24:18
were absolutely decisive in starting the revolution. Um the social networks of uh civil society, the personal and family social networks were extremely important. the religious networks uh of people formed spontaneously uh every Friday uh outside the mosque. But the interesting thing is all these different networks were connected in the networks in the internet and in mobile communication is this networks of networks of networks that creates a meta network which is the form of the movement. Now this networking capacity has two immediate um uh decisive uh features. First they have not identifiable center and yet they ensure the coordination because they can constantly connect and reconnect and reconfigure themselves without the center and therefore they can relatively easily escape repression. No no no one to be arrested.
在发动革命时起到了绝对决定性的作用。公民社会的社会网络、个人和家庭的社会网络也极其重要。还有宗教网络——每周五在清真寺外自发形成的人群。但有意思的是,所有这些不同的网络都连接在互联网和移动通信的网络之中,正是这种网络的网络的网络,造就了一个元网络,这就是运动的形态。这种网络化的能力有两个直接的、决定性的特征。第一,它们没有可辨识的中心,但却能确保协调,因为它们可以不断地连接、重新连接、重新配置自身,而不需要中心。因此它们能相对容易地逃脱镇压。没有人可以被逮捕。
便签引用
25:23
the round up the usual suspects doesn't work here. Uh because actually even when they do it the usual suspects are not networks are people. So the network themselves they reconfigure themselves with and they coordinate they execute they propose they debate without necessarily having any formal leadership. So it reduces the bul the vulnerability of the movement to the threat of repression. But something else, it protects the movement against itself, against the risk of bureaucratization, manipulation by its own leadership, uh destruction by um endless debates on the essence of the movement that never leads nowhere and paralyzes the movement. So um if anyone really becomes very very heavy all with the same ideology, they it's just disconnected and the movement continues.
那种"把惯犯都抓起来"的做法在这里行不通。因为实际上即便他们那么做了,那些惯犯也不是网络,只是人而已。所以网络自身会重新配置,它们协调、执行、提议、辩论,而不一定需要任何正式的领导层。所以这降低了运动面对镇压威胁时的脆弱性。但还有一点,它保护运动免受自身的伤害,免于官僚化的风险、免于被自己的领导层操纵,免于被那些永远得不出结论、使运动瘫痪的关于运动本质的无休止争论所摧毁。所以,如果有人变得非常非常沉重,全都是同一套意识形态,那就干脆把他断开连接,运动继续下去。
便签引用
05特征二:占领城市空间的自主性空间
26:18
I we could have done this in the Sborn in 68. Um however to this first characteristic a second and extremely important uh feature has to be added. Although they usually start in the internet social network they become a movement. They really become a movement by occupying urban space. This is the critical moment in which movements go from what I call outrage to hope because By occupying the the the urban space they become visible. They become related to society at large. They can start deliberating and debating in this public space. And also they um um they start stating symbolically the claim they have over the city and through the city to society. symbolic occupied buildings, symbolic squares, symbolic avenues which at the same time are functionally critical. They if they block the traffic in the Benita Palist and S Paulo, the whole megalopolis collapses. So the effects are immediately felt. But in addition is also the notion this is our city. The buildings, the squares, the transportation systems, this is our
我们1968年在索邦大学要是能这么做就好了。不过,在这第一个特征之外,还必须加上第二个极其重要的特征。虽然它们通常始于互联网社交网络,但它们要成为一场运动,真正成为一场运动,是靠占领城市空间。这是运动从我所说的"愤怒"走向"希望"的关键时刻。因为通过占领城市空间,它们变得可见。它们与整个社会产生了关联。它们可以开始在这个公共空间中审议和辩论。而且它们还开始象征性地宣示自己对这座城市的主张,并通过城市延伸到整个社会。象征性的被占领建筑、象征性的广场、象征性的大道,而这些地方同时在功能上也至关重要。如果他们堵住了圣保罗Paulista大道的交通,整个大都会就瘫痪了。所以效果立刻就能感受到。但除此之外,还有一个理念:这是我们的城市。这些建筑、这些广场、这些交通系统,这是我们的城市。你们把它从我们手里夺走了。从这个意义上说,它们是城市运动。
便签引用
27:37
city. You have taken away from us. And in that sense they are urban movements. They're urban social movements of the type corresponding to our kind of society, but they never leave the internet. They always live in the internet at the same time because that's where they can survive when the repression becomes harsh. And so this connection between the cyber space and the urban space which is the connection of the and the form of the current urban social movement is what I call the space of autonomy. is a hybrid hybrid of internet and urban space and therefore I will not even go into the silly discussion about did the internet create the revolution not create the revolution still that's silly no technology creates anything but the issue is how this uh revolts social movements positions alternative projects exist materially and this materiality is defined by the interaction constant interaction between the space of autonomy and the internet the space of autonomy occupy the space and their constant hybrid
它们是与我们这种社会相对应的那种城市社会运动,但它们从不离开互联网。它们始终同时活在互联网上,因为那是镇压变得严酷时它们能够存活的地方。所以,赛博空间与城市空间之间的这种连接,就是当今城市社会运动的连接方式和形态,我称之为自主性空间。它是互联网与城市空间的混合体。因此我甚至不打算去讨论那个愚蠢的问题:互联网究竟有没有制造这场革命。那太蠢了,没有任何技术能创造出什么,问题在于这些反抗、社会运动、立场、替代性方案如何在物质上存在,而这种物质性是由自主性空间与互联网之间持续不断的互动所定义的——自主性空间占领着场所空间,以及二者持续的混合。这个自主性空间就是网络社会运动新的空间形态,它是一个混合空间,既不是
便签引用
28:43
hybridization. This space of autonomy is the new spatial form of network social movements and it's a hybrid space not virtual not physical is both virtual and physical and in interaction. These movements are also at the same time global and local. They are local. They are always local. They always start locally. But they immediately relate both in past and the future to what's going on somewhere else. and they connect uh with other movements immediately over the internet. That has to be over the internet. But also they send people uh to to do revolutionary tourists which is one of the nicest stories I know. Uh so uh and people say hello come. Oh sure everybody becomes together. Well some of them are policemen. Okay. But anyway in general uh the movement immediately connects global and also they mark symbolically with words with names this globality locality. For instance in Barcelona uh the the main plaza Catalunia the main square of Barcelona was immediately um named Tar Square in New York. Liberty Park was
虚拟的也不是物理的,而是虚拟与物理二者兼具并处于互动之中。这些运动同时也既是全球的又是地方的。它们是地方的,永远是地方的,总是从本地开始。但它们立刻就在过去和未来两个维度上,与别处正在发生的事联系起来,并且立刻通过互联网与其他运动连接。这必须通过互联网。但他们也派人去做"革命旅游",这是我知道的最有意思的故事之一。人们说,你好,快来。哦当然,大家聚到一起。当然其中有些人是警察。好吧。但总的来说,运动会立刻在全球层面连接起来,而且他们还用词语、用名字来象征性地标记这种全球性与地方性。比如在巴塞罗那,加泰罗尼亚广场,巴塞罗那的主广场,立刻就被命名为"解放广场"。在纽约,自由公园的一部分立刻被改名为太阳门广场——马德里的太阳门,
便签引用
06愤怒火花、影像力量与病毒式扩散
29:53
immediately uh renamed Puerto del Sol in one part of it. uh portal in Madrid and another Ter Square and so they recognize each other they connect symbolically we are part of the same thing but remember completely different context cultures motives everything but they feel that they are connected through this affirmation of dignity this fight against the unjust oppressive institutions that they do not recognize as their institutions They are spontaneous largely in their origin. Largely not all but most of them are spontaneous and they are spark with they are motivated originally. They they come from a spark of indignation that shows an image usually an image that becomes unbearable. image of violence uh or at one point an information that comes about and not yet another corruption in Brazil in in September uh 2013. Uh what happened was that uh after the movement had already started in June but in September was reignited by the news that one um member of parliament of the Brazilian parliament who had been
另一部分叫解放广场。于是他们彼此辨认、象征性地相互连接:我们属于同一件事。但要记住,背景、文化、动机完全不同,一切都不同,但他们感到彼此相连,通过这种对尊严的确认,通过这场反抗那些他们不承认是自己的机构的、不公正的压迫性机构的斗争。它们在起源上大体上是自发的。大体上,不是全部,但大多数是自发的,而且它们最初是被一个火花点燃、被激发的。它们来自一星愤怒的火花,源于某个画面,通常是一个变得让人无法忍受的画面。暴力的画面,或者某个时刻传出的某条信息。比如2013年9月巴西又一桩腐败案。当时发生的是,运动在6月就已经开始了,但到9月又被一条新闻重新点燃:巴西议会的一名议员,因贪污公款被判刑,实际上正在狱中
便签引用
31:13
sentenced uh for embezzlement of public funds uh and was in in prison actually serving sentenced. He claimed the right to still be parliamentarian and receive his salary and the and the Brazilian congress vote for it. Uh so you see sometime there are images sometime there are uh facts that cannot be tolerated anymore. Fed up fed up basta you see. So that that is exactly this spark of indignation is what u pushes a call to action from the space of flows in the internet mobile communication that aims at creating an instant community of practice of revolt in the space of places and the power of images is fundamental. YouTube. People talk about Twitter, yes, for organizing, for mobilizing immediately. that YouTube has been decisive because the images of brutality of assassinations of uh disregard for human life in YouTube had been decisive in many societies including in our democratic California uh UC Davis police uh uh using uh gas on the front of peaceful people sitting sitting uh in the campus. So it's not
服刑,他却主张自己仍有权当议员并领取薪水,而巴西国会竟然投票通过了。所以你看,有时候是画面,有时候是再也无法容忍的事实。受够了,受够了,够了,你明白吗。所以正是这一星愤怒的火花,从互联网、移动通信的流动空间中推动出一次行动号召,其目标是在场所空间中创造一个即时的反抗实践共同体。而影像的力量是根本性的。YouTube。人们谈论Twitter,是的,用来立即组织、动员。但YouTube起到了决定性作用,因为YouTube上那些暴行、屠杀、漠视人命的画面,在许多社会中都起了决定性作用,包括在我们民主的加州。加州大学戴维斯分校的警察对坐在校园里和平静坐的人使用了催泪瓦斯。所以这不只是阿萨德的机器、机关枪的问题,也是纽约或加州的
便签引用
32:37
just the the the machines the the the machine guns of Assad. It's also the police in New York or in California who feel the right to do whatever they want. These movements also have another key characteristic. They are viral. Viral this is fundamental. One of the most important characteristic of the internet as shown by professor Karina Nahon in her very recent book going viral is virality. Virality means on the one hand that every message in the internet every image everything immediately expands immediately and therefore is a constant platform of relentless communication of everything going in the wall. But in addition the mover themselves are vital. If you start in one place, any possibility of starting doing the same thing in another place emerges emerges. The first demonstration in Egypt uh in January 2000 26th of January 2011 the slogan was Tunisia is the solution. The the sentence again is meaningful because used to be demonstrations were Islam is the solution. That was the typical thing.
警察的问题,他们觉得自己有权为所欲为。这些运动还有另一个关键特征:它们是病毒式的。病毒式传播,这是根本性的。正如Karina Nahon教授在她最近那本《going viral》中所指出的,互联网最重要的特征之一就是病毒性。病毒性一方面意味着互联网上的每一条信息、每一个画面、每一样东西都会立刻扩散,因此它成为一个持续不断的平台,把一切都推送到墙上。但除此之外,运动本身也是病毒式的。如果你在一个地方开始,那么在另一个地方做同样事情的任何可能性就会浮现出来。埃及的第一次示威,2011年1月26日,口号是"突尼斯就是出路"。这句话本身很有意味,因为以前示威的口号是"伊斯兰就是出路"。那才是典型的说法。
便签引用
33:57
They they said it doesn't mean Islam is not they were multiconfessional and and and at the same time secular and religious but the main thing was we do like Tunisia and in other place in Syria we do like in Egypt and and in um uh in the Arab Emirates when they started particularly in Baharin uh they started the same way always replicating always relating always we are not alone in the world is the whole world here we are that's extremely important and this virality not organized by anyone. So therefore, you don't need a a call instruction messengers. You don't need that a bad guy goes into the internet and before being caught by the NSA sends a mysterious message that ignites everything. No, the normal internet virality through the connection of the minds. The one common characteristic of the movement also in in general is is leaderless in general.
他们说这并不意味着伊斯兰不是——他们是多宗教的,同时既世俗又宗教,但重点是:我们要像突尼斯那样做。而在别的地方,在叙利亚,我们要像埃及那样做。在阿联酋,当他们开始的时候,特别是在巴林,他们也以同样的方式开始,总是在复制,总是在关联,总是"我们在这世上并不孤单,整个世界就在这里,我们在此"。这一点极其重要,而这种病毒性并非任何人组织的。所以你不需要什么号召、指令、信使。你不需要一个坏家伙上互联网,在被国安局抓住之前发出一条神秘讯息把一切点燃。不,就是普通的互联网病毒式传播,通过心灵之间的连接。这些运动另一个普遍的共同特征是,总体上没有领袖。
便签引用
07无领袖、拒绝委托与在一起的力量
35:01
Not always. In the case of Chile, they have leaders uh actually communist students, but there are leaders who accept the principle that the movement and the assemblies of the movement will decide, not not their party. And they accept because otherwise they would stop being leaders in 10 minutes. Now the the deep reason why they don't have leaders. There are many people who try to be leaders. Of course in any human organization people I'm the leader. Um but the movement systematically reject that because in their DNA is the rejection of the principle of democracy that is based on delegation of power to some persons.
也不总是这样。在智利,他们有领袖,实际上是共产主义学生,但这些领袖接受这样一个原则:由运动本身和运动的大会来决定,而不是由他们的党来决定。他们之所以接受,是因为否则他们十分钟内就当不成领袖了。那么,他们没有领袖的深层原因是什么。有很多人想当领袖。当然,在任何人类组织里都有人说我是领袖。但运动会系统性地拒绝这一点,因为在它们的DNA里,就是拒绝那种建立在把权力委托给某些人之上的民主原则。
便签引用
35:55
They don't reject democracy and they don't even reject representative democracy but they simply say well as soon as we delegate who we are to someone this someone will do whatever she or he uh whatever uh with what we want to do and so no we don't delegate to anyone we control primitive anarchist maybe but for the moment I'm not trying to propose a new way to the rules I'm trying to observe what it is and and the fundamental reason they don't trust delegation of power because they have too many instances and therefore in their um collective imaginary delegation is uh the road to betrayal. Important in the occupation of urban space is that it creates togetherness not community because the community is sharing some values and in most cases they're ad hoc community.
他们并不拒绝民主,他们甚至也不拒绝代议制民主,他们只是说:好吧,一旦我们把"我们是谁"委托给某个人,这个人就会拿我们想做的事随心所欲。所以不,我们不委托给任何人,我们自己掌控。也许是原始的无政府主义,但眼下我不是想提出一套新的规则,我是想观察事情本来的样子。他们不信任权力委托的根本原因,是他们见过太多的例子,因此在他们的集体想象中,委托就是通往背叛的道路。城市空间的占领之所以重要,是因为它创造了"在一起",而不是共同体,因为共同体是共享某些价值观,而多数情况下它们是临时性的共同体。
便签引用
36:52
their togetherness. Togetherness is fundamental. Why? This is even we know from neuroscience because the most potent emotion in human life is fear. Societies are based on fear. Civilization is based on repression. Maybe good. But this is in any case the mechanism and fear is only overwhelmed by togetherness by sharing the fear. If if you know that they are going to club you and you are alone, you panic. If you know that um you're going to be clubbed with all your friends and people around holding hand, well, you panic too, but you don't run. You don't run because you are together.
是"在一起"。在一起是根本性的。为什么?这一点我们甚至从神经科学都知道,因为人类生活中最强烈的情绪是恐惧。社会建立在恐惧之上。文明建立在压抑之上。也许这是好事。但无论如何这就是机制,而恐惧只有靠在一起、靠分担恐惧才能被压过去。如果你知道他们要用警棍打你,而你是一个人,你会惊慌。如果你知道你要挨打时身边有所有的朋友和人们手拉着手,你也还是会惊慌,但你不会跑。你不会跑,因为你们在一起。
便签引用
08非暴力与镇压:运动的生死分界
37:46
So they are also highly self-reflective movements. They interrate themselves all of the time. They debate energy who we are, what we want, why is they trying to restart the world. The whole world they start the whole world and therefore they they they go sideways in incredible elevation. I have been witnessing in in in some of the Spanish assemblies heated debates about hideer h well true most of the movements are in fact semi-employed or unemployed college educated people but but that's about you know at this point in Europe it's 30% of the of each cohort so college educated um but that what I mean is that they don't start with a slogans with looking for a particular revolution they try to think and understand and according to what I have been told by by some of my collaborators in the United States is very similar. Now a fundamental thing in their origin they are nonviolent they are nonviolent and they engage in peaceful demonstration but systematically they are confronted by repression and repression is violent can
所以这些运动也是高度自我反思的。它们一直在自我追问。它们激烈地辩论:我们是谁,我们想要什么,为什么。它们是在试图重启世界。整个世界,它们从整个世界开始,因此它们会横向地展开,达到难以置信的高度。我在西班牙的一些大会上亲眼见过关于海德格尔的激烈辩论。嗯,确实,大多数运动参与者事实上是半就业或失业的、受过大学教育的人,但那其实,你知道,在欧洲现在这已经占每个年龄群的30%了,所以受过大学教育……但我的意思是,他们不是从口号开始,不是去寻找某场特定的革命,他们试图去思考、去理解。而根据我在美国的一些合作者告诉我的情况,那里非常相似。现在,一个根本性的问题是,在起源上它们是非暴力的,它们是非暴力的,它们进行和平示威,但它们系统性地遭遇镇压,而镇压是暴力的,可以是机枪,可以是坦克,也可以是警棍、橡皮子弹等等。
便签引用
38:58
be machine guns can be tanks or can be police buttons uh rubber bullets etc. But repression comes, that's for sure. And the life and death of movements depends on how they handle the issue of violence. Because the only hope to transform anything is the support of the 99%. Is calling to the population at large and in fact they receive in general the support of the population at large. But if they respond with violence is a different thing. Um most of the movements in the so-called democratic context don't respond with violence. There are some violent groups particularly something called the black block that is in every country and the black block is a black box. Um it's it's is made of young violent anarchist um uh kids from from the from the uh deprived uh neighborhoods, provocators, thugs, infiltrated police agents is all at the same time. The moment the a flare of violence takes over in the media because it's nice footing. you know the media going to report immediately um fire blood uh
但镇压一定会来,这是肯定的。而运动的生死,取决于它们如何处理暴力这个问题。因为要想改变任何事情,唯一的希望就是获得99% 的人的支持。是向广大民众发出号召,而事实上他们通常也确实得到了广大民众的支持。但如果他们以暴力回应,那就是另一回事了。嗯,在所谓民主的环境下,大多数运动不会以暴力回应。确实有一些暴力团体,特别是有一个叫做“黑块”(black bloc)的东西,它在每个国家都存在,而黑块就是个黑箱。嗯,它是由年轻的暴力无政府主义者组成的,嗯,来自那些贫困社区的孩子、挑事者、打手、卧底警察,全都混在一起。一旦有暴力的火苗在媒体上占据了版面,因为那画面好看嘛,你知道媒体会立刻报道,嗯,火光、鲜血,暴力在街头蔓延,那一刻
便签引用
40:12
violence runs in the street that moment the movement is corner of course in the Arab revolutions is even worse because at one point um they respond in Syria started very peacefully and for six months against bullets they did not respond with violence for six months. 10,000 people were killed before that. The moment they responded with guns nicely provided by Qatar and the United States and Saudi Arabia, then at that point uh it changed civil war like in Libya. The first victim of the civil war is the social movement. There's no social movements in the civil war. This notion that revolutionary bi maybe maybe but it's not a social movement anymore.
运动就被逼到墙角了。当然,在阿拉伯革命中情况更糟,因为到了某个时刻,嗯,他们做出了回应。叙利亚一开始是非常和平的,面对子弹,他们有六个月没有以暴力回应,整整六个月。在那之前已经有一万人被杀。而当他们拿起卡塔尔、美国和沙特阿拉伯慷慨提供的枪支做出回应时,从那一刻起,嗯,局面就变成了内战,就像利比亚那样。内战的第一个牺牲品就是社会运动。内战中不存在社会运动。有人说那是革命,也许吧,但它不再是社会运动了。
便签引用
41:05
is not a movement aimed at the transformation of society becomes a revolution aimed at the transformation or at the seizing of power of the state and to use the same the same violence in the other way around. So movements may start as movements as social movements transformative movement and end up in civil war and that point it's a completely different logic logic of the apparatuses logic of the geopolitical interest and that kills the social movement in principle they don't they are not programmatic they have all the demands and no one is specific and they are not channeled toward political formal politics and political institutions but they are very political in a fundamental sense.
它不再是一场以改造社会为目标的运动,而变成了一场以夺取国家政权、改变政权为目标的革命,并且反过来使用同样的暴力。所以运动可能起初是社会运动、变革性的运动,最后却演变成内战,而到那个时候,逻辑就完全不同了——是机器(国家机构)的逻辑,是地缘政治利益的逻辑,而这会扼杀社会运动。原则上,它们不是纲领性的,它们有各种各样的诉求,但没有哪一条是具体的,而且这些诉求并不导向正式的政治和政治机构,但它们在根本意义上是非常政治性的。
便签引用
09网络民主乌托邦与运动如何终结
41:48
Hence they actually propose and practice a direct deliberative democracy based on network democracy. This project in fact is a new utopia of network democracy based on local communities and virtual communities in interaction. So it is a utopia but you know what utopia are not fantasies. Utopia are material forces in our minds. All the major political transformations, political ideologies, political projects in the world are utopias have been born as utopia. Liberalism was a utopia. Social was a utopia. Communist was a utopia. The form of the socialist but was um and and was a utopia.
因此,它们实际上提出并践行一种基于网络民主的直接协商民主。这个方案事实上是一种关于网络民主的新乌托邦,建立在本地社区与虚拟社区的互动之上。所以它是一种乌托邦,但你知道吗,乌托邦并不是幻想。乌托邦是我们头脑中的物质力量。世界上所有重大的政治变革、政治意识形态、政治方案都是乌托邦,都是作为乌托邦诞生的。自由主义曾是乌托邦。社会主义曾是乌托邦。共产主义曾是乌托邦。社会主义的那种形式也曾是、嗯,也曾是一种乌托邦。
便签引用
42:36
Um grassroots cooperativism was a utopia. All these great ideas that people imagine to organize new forms of uh co-governance are utopias. So uh utopias definitely cannot be directly translated into the constitution and made them operational but are the materials on which we work to construct institutions and ultimately to live together. And then so what we have this movement we have this charact they are similar everywhere. This what I said is common to every movement but the media politician etc always react the same way so what what they have actually achieved now look at them and they're just playing and and these are no serious things how they can have a budget how can run the country etc etc well here is a debate it's a debate in the movement a debate in an intellectual debate going on from the point of view of the movement often this debate about so what what have to accomplish is rejected as a productivistic short-term vision of social change. Say well we are not here to produce something to determine an
嗯,草根合作主义曾是乌托邦。所有这些人们想象出来、用以组织新型共同治理形式的伟大理念,都是乌托邦。所以,嗯,乌托邦当然不能直接写进宪法并付诸实施,但它们是我们用来构建制度、并最终共同生活的材料。那么,我们有了这场运动,我们有了这些特征,它们在各地都很相似。我说的这些是每一场运动的共同点,但媒体、政客等等总是以同样的方式反应,所以他们究竟取得了什么成果呢?看看他们,他们只是在瞎胡闹,这些都不是正经事,他们怎么可能搞得定预算,怎么可能治理国家,等等等等。那么这里就有一场辩论,这是运动内部的辩论,是一场正在进行的知识层面的辩论。从运动的角度看,这种“那你们到底完成了什么”的讨论,常常被斥为一种生产主义式的、短期的社会变革视角。他们会说,我们来这里不是为了生产出什么东西、达成某个结果。我们在这里,是因为我们
便签引用
43:49
outcome. We are here because we cannot tolerate it anymore and we are looking and searching for something else and give us the time. Uh the Spanish movement had an interesting slogan uh we are slow because we go far. So, so the whole thing the whole thing is about the time frame the horizon which horizon you're productivistic in the sense are you going to be effective in one month three months three years five years 10 years they don't know one knows they move they move but they don't have a a deadline for the next election that is absolutely different substantive difference from the other social in my personal eneral take on on the matter of of the effectiveness of social movements of all social movements. Uh I have a romantic theory of social movements. They all disappear ultimately by co-optation, repression or when they are successful institutionalization and they they stop being social movements. Uh so they are always going to die but the interesting thing is not if they die or not. They do but how they
再也无法忍受了,我们在寻找、在探索别的可能,请给我们时间。嗯,西班牙的运动有一句很有意思的口号:我们走得慢,是因为我们要走得远。所以,整件事的关键在于时间尺度,在于视野,你所采用的是哪种视野。所谓生产主义,意思是:你会在一个月、三个月、三年、五年还是十年内见效?他们不知道,没人知道。他们在行动,他们在推进,但他们没有下一次选举那样的截止期限,这是与其他社会(运动)绝对不同的、实质性的区别。就我个人对社会运动有效性这个问题的总体看法而言,对所有社会运动。嗯,我对社会运动抱有一种浪漫的理论。它们最终都会消失——要么被收编,要么被镇压,要么在成功之后被制度化,然后它们就不再是社会运动了。嗯,所以它们总是要死的。但有趣的地方不在于它们会不会死。它们会死,而在于它们怎么死、为了什么而死、它们的
便签引用
45:04
die for what they die what is their historical productivity of their faith in a way not in three years what happens which are the seeds they plant in people's minds and in our institution that for me the most relevant question and from this point of view the fundamental battle is decided in the minds of the people in the minds of the people not in the corridors of power this is the derivative of what happens in the minds of the people and for a while like is now in Europe crisis of legitimacy or in the United States a huge gap in terms of crisis of legitimacy between what people think about democracy under democracy and what is the practice and the representative democracy in place huge gap they're all empirical data there is my current research project so I I I know quite a bit about that and then how this gap is going to be filled or not it's a it's a matter of the process but these movements have been decisive in raising hope beyond beyond the specific political institutions. In fact, many of these
历史生产力是什么,在某种意义上是它们信念的生产力,不是看三年内发生了什么,而是看它们在人们的头脑中、在我们的制度中播下了哪些种子。对我来说这才是最重要的问题。从这个角度看,根本性的战斗是在人们的头脑中决出胜负的,是在人们的头脑中,而不是在权力的走廊里。权力走廊里发生的一切,只是人们头脑中所发生之事的衍生品。而有一段时间,就像现在欧洲的合法性危机,或者在美国,在合法性危机方面存在巨大的落差——人们心目中的民主、他们所理解的民主,与现行代议制民主的实际运作之间,存在巨大的落差。这些都有实证数据支撑,这正是我目前的研究项目,所以我对此还算了解。至于这个落差将如何被填补、或者会不会被填补,那是一个过程的问题。但这些运动在超越具体政治制度地激发希望方面,起了决定性作用。事实上,这些运动中的许多,
便签引用
10从冰岛到巴西:运动的制度性影响
46:07
movements in spite of everything, they have the support of the majority of population in Spain, Turkey, Brazil, Ukraine, Portugal, Greece. in United States is more complex but uh the the last poll that that I knew two years ago showed as many people more people supporting the movement than opposing the movement said the majority were people in in different or don't know okay but it's not the same kind of hostility that the media have or that the political establishment has there had been many instances of institutional change in Besides these fundamental questions in Iceland, they changed the government, nationalized the banks, sent the the bankers to to to jail and they uh wrote an internetbased new constitution in which the entire population debated and um approved the constitution. The Arab revolutions we can say we don't like this or that but impact effect yes dramatic they have changed completely the Arab world and then we can discuss and I I welcome discussion about specific instances and then the positive
尽管遭遇了种种,仍然得到了多数民众的支持——在西班牙、土耳其、巴西、乌克兰、葡萄牙、希腊。在美国情况更复杂,不过,嗯,我所知道的两年前的最后一次民调显示,支持这场运动的人比反对的人多,多数人是无所谓或者不知道。好吧,但这和媒体所持的那种敌意、或者政治建制所持的那种敌意是不一样的。除了这些根本性的问题之外,还有许多制度变革的实例,在冰岛,他们更换了政府,把银行国有化,把银行家送进了监狱,而且他们还基于互联网起草了一部新宪法,全体民众参与辩论并,嗯,通过了这部宪法。至于阿拉伯革命,我们可以说我们不喜欢这一点或那一点,但要说影响和效果,是的,非常剧烈,它们彻底改变了阿拉伯世界。然后我们可以讨论,我也欢迎就具体案例展开讨论,谈谈正面和负面。在我所有的研究中,我都
便签引用
47:19
the negative and in all my research I'm trying even if my sympathies are obvious but I'm trying to be very analytical and non-normative because not being a direct actor engaged directly in most of these movements I think my contribution is to to be as clear as possible with my analysis and and uh exposure of what they are. um in Iran. I was in London in 2009 when the movement exploded and then uh exploded and then um the journalist and the press conference I was giving they they well you see yeah but they're crashed they're immediately crashed the tanks no more Iranian new Iranian revolution oh clearly it's different these kids because they were many of them were kids are not trying to overwhelm the revolutionary guards they're trying to do something else with something else.
努力——即便我的同情倾向是显而易见的——但我努力做到非常有分析性、不做价值判断,因为我并不是一个直接的参与者,没有直接投身于大多数这些运动,我认为我的贡献就是尽可能清晰地做出我的分析,并阐明它们究竟是什么。嗯,说说伊朗。2009年运动爆发时我正在伦敦,然后,嗯,运动爆发了,然后,嗯,在我参加的一场记者招待会上,他们说,你看吧,是啊,但他们被镇压了,他们立刻就被镇压了,坦克开来了,再也没有什么伊朗新革命了。哦,显然不是这样。这些年轻人——因为他们中很多都是孩子——并不是想压倒革命卫队,他们想用别的方式做别的事情。
便签引用
48:13
70% of the population in Iran is below age 70, the age 30. 70% below 30. Uh 56% of Iran college graduates are women. Um and all these groups, all these people in a country that has 1 million bloggers by the way and in which uh mobile um mobile communication is pervasive. They were the ones who were doing this particular movement that was crash crash but not crash. In recent months s surprise surprise in the Iranian presidential election Rouhani was elected supported by these people. Exactly. and is not revolutionary but is in the line of Hatami is the the kind of uh person who actually can relate to these demands of the Italian of the Iranian sorry civil society. Um and you know among other things world peace is changing because of that. See the butterfly effect there say Nadia is killed in the streets of Thran and suddenly suddenly suddenly only five years later we have a moderate reformist Iranian president without anyone having made this connection or anticipated Turkey Turkey uh the
伊朗70%的人口在70岁以下……在30岁以下。70%在30岁以下。嗯,伊朗大学毕业生中56%是女性。嗯,而所有这些群体、所有这些人,身处一个顺便说一句拥有一百万博主的国家,在那里,嗯,移动通信无处不在。正是他们在推动这场特定的运动,这场运动被镇压了、被镇压了,但又没有被镇压。最近几个月,惊喜连连,在伊朗总统选举中,鲁哈尼当选了,正是得到这些人的支持。正是如此。他不是革命者,但他是哈塔米那一路的,是那种真正能够回应意大利……抱歉,是伊朗公民社会这些诉求的人。嗯,而且你知道,除此之外,世界和平也因此而改变。你看那里的蝴蝶效应:内达在德黑兰街头被杀,然后突然之间,仅仅五年之后,我们就有了一位温和的改革派伊朗总统,而没有任何人把这两件事联系起来,或者预见到这一点。土耳其,土耳其,嗯,那个
便签引用
49:38
government was the the the the model Islamic government from all for all the west. Well, but was a tremendously corrupt authoritarian government. It has been exposed by the movement. Uh, two ministers are imprisoned. There's a tremendous crisis. We don't know how it's going to what's going to happen. But the in a few months, in four months, the entire political system has been shaken. Italy, Italy, Chinuestellles was the largest got the largest vote in the last Italian election. Of course, all the others banded against Chinuestell whose program consist in dissolving the Italian Parliament and replacing by direct democracy over the internet.
政府曾是整个西方眼中的伊斯兰政府典范。但事实上,那是一个极其腐败、专制的政府。它被这场运动揭露了出来。嗯,两名部长被关进监狱。出现了严重的危机。我们不知道事情会怎样发展、会发生什么。但在短短几个月内,在四个月内,整个政治体系都被撼动了。意大利,意大利,五星运动(Cinque Stelle)在上一次意大利大选中获得了最多的选票。当然,所有其他党派联合起来对抗五星运动,而它的纲领就是解散意大利议会,用互联网上的直接民主取而代之。
便签引用
50:23
Crazy, right? Except 27% of Italians voted for that and so on and so I could go into the specific then specific demands. There have been important successes in a number of countries and I will not go to my long list but I can give it to you including many local impacts uh in the United States from the from the Occupy movement. uh look for this to to different sources but there's a major research network occupied research uh and Sasha Kstasa Chuck professor at MIT is here in this room and can answer all your questions about the the local impacts in Brazil they have total transform success in transportation and urban demands the in Turkey the urban redevelopment project was stopped in Spain the main issue which was the mark the mortgage law and the massive eviction thousand and thousand had been stopped and so on. The political impact political elites usually refuse to even cooperate with the movements and movements think that all political le elites are corrupt and non-democratic.
很疯狂,对吧?只不过有27%的意大利人投票支持这一主张。诸如此类,我还可以谈到具体的诉求。在一些国家已经取得了重要的成功,我就不一一列举我那长长的清单了,但我可以提供给你们,包括在美国由占领运动带来的许多地方层面的影响。嗯,关于这个可以查阅不同的资料来源,但有一个重要的研究网络叫“占领研究”(Occupy Research),而麻省理工学院的萨莎·科斯坦萨-乔克(Sasha Costanza-Chock)教授就在这个房间里,他可以回答你们关于地方影响的所有问题。在巴西,他们在交通和城市诉求方面取得了彻底变革的成功;在土耳其,那个城市再开发项目被叫停了;在西班牙,最核心的议题即抵押贷款法以及成千上万起大规模驱逐,也被制止了,等等。至于政治影响,政治精英通常连与运动合作都拒绝,而运动则认为所有政治精英都腐败、不民主。
便签引用
51:37
So it's very little chance that there's an avenue of transformation this but still things move things move as I said sometimes they move first by shaking up the the political ground in Greece sisa is now the main party in in in Greece all the others band together against uh Italy um ultimately was ousted uh partly because of the new uh power relationships in the parliament largely linked to um to this um to to these critiques of of the different movements um although more complicated that's why I hesitated in the most interesting thing is Brazil the where major country where the president Dilma Rusev very progressive person actually two days after the movement started in in June went public on interition said they are right. They are right and yet you are going to have all your demands. Brazil now is richer.
所以通过这条途径实现变革的机会很小,但事情仍然在推进,正如我所说,有时它们首先是通过撼动政治土壤来推进的。在希腊,激进左翼联盟(Syriza)现在是希腊的第一大党,所有其他党派联合起来反对它。嗯,意大利,嗯,(贝卢斯科尼)最终被赶下台,嗯,部分原因是议会中新的权力关系,而这在很大程度上与,嗯,与这些不同运动的批判有关,嗯,虽然情况更复杂,所以我刚才有点犹豫。最有意思的是巴西,这个重要国家的总统迪尔玛·罗塞夫,一位非常进步的人物,实际上在运动六月爆发两天之后就公开表态说:他们是对的。他们是对的,而且你们的所有诉求都会得到满足。巴西现在更富裕了。
便签引用
52:44
Uh you are right. And in addition you are right in the fundamental thing, the corruption and non-representativeness of the political class. And you know what? I'm going to write a new constitution changing the electoral law and I'm going to put it to referendum not going through the congress. And she continues to take other initiatives. Her latest initiative is to start controlling the internet from Brazil, not to be under the control of the NSA. All these were demands coming from this pre-aware movement in Brazil and from many of the activists in these movements. Now, let me finish for a few minutes on the urban and spatial dimensions of these network social movements.
嗯,你们是对的。而且,在最根本的问题上你们也是对的,那就是政治阶层的腐败和缺乏代表性。你知道吗?我打算起草一部新宪法,修改选举法,而且我打算把它交付公投,而不是走国会的程序。而且她还在继续推出其他举措。她最新的举措是开始从巴西自主控制互联网,不再受美国国安局(NSA)的控制。所有这些都是来自巴西这场运动的诉求,来自这些运动中许多活动人士的诉求。现在,让我用几分钟来收尾,谈谈这些网络社会运动的城市与空间维度。
便签引用
11城市危机、街垒与流动空间理论
53:33
Uh first of all quickly remind you that many of these movement were linked in their origin to protest not all to protest link to the urban crisis certainly in the United States and in Europe uh in terms of uh the trigger of the economic crisis the financial crisis was the crisis of the real estate market the crisis of the mortgage financial system that was the origin of the crisis. This was in fact the result of a completely speculative mode of development and housing production linked to the direct connection to the financial institutions and uh and the mortgage system and the use the massive use high risk use of mortgages as collaterals for all kind of other investments.
嗯,首先快速提醒大家,这些运动中有许多在起源上都与抗议有关——不是全部,但都与城市危机相关的抗议有关。在美国和欧洲当然如此,嗯,就经济危机、金融危机的导火索而言,那是房地产市场的危机,是抵押贷款金融体系的危机,这才是这场危机的源头。而这实际上是一种完全投机性的发展模式和住房生产模式的结果,它与金融机构直接挂钩,嗯,还有抵押贷款体系,以及把抵押贷款大规模地、高风险地用作各类其他投资的抵押品。
便签引用
54:24
And ultimately the crisis was when the real estate market collapsed and therefore many of the mobilizations have taken place as a response to the foreclosures and mass evictions in many of these countries linked to the urban crisis linked to the financial uh aspects of the urban crisis. Certainly in Spain had been a key issue and most successful uh model of development. in other cases had been the challenging of the model of the model of urban development resulting not from crisis but from growth. This is clearly and explicitly the case of Brazil and the case of Turkey. It's also the case of Israel saying this model of urban development, this organization of cities, this absolutely dysfunctional city life is not what we want development yes but not this development. So it's directly and explicitly a critique of the urban model of development.
最终,当房地产市场崩盘时,危机就爆发了。因此,许多动员都是针对这许多国家中的止赎和大规模驱逐而作出的回应,这与城市危机、与城市危机的金融面向相关。在西班牙这当然是个关键议题,也是最成功的,嗯,发展模式。在另一些情况下,则是对城市发展模式的挑战,而这种模式并非源于危机,而是源于增长。这显然且明确地是巴西和土耳其的情况。以色列也是如此,人们说:这种城市发展模式,这种城市的组织方式,这种彻底失调的城市生活,不是我们想要的。要发展,但不要这样的发展。所以这是对城市发展模式直接而明确的批判。
便签引用
55:22
But then at a deeper level, the occupation of urban space, squares, streets, buildings is a fundamental expression of the movements everywhere and of all social movement. Remember the old revolutionary tradition of the barricades. Yeah, you enclose yourself behind the barricade that has no military or defensive uh use. On the contrary, you become the target. They attack you exactly there where you are. It's not the issue. The issue is that by being in the barricade without explicit ideological statement or program you define an in and out and you define who is with us is here and the others please join and it's an exemplary action to rebuild an alternative space around alternative values and to feel the communal connection within the barricades as a way to oppose to the formal institutions which are spaces of exclusion in terms of the citizen rights. Moreover, it's also in urban terms the claiming of the public space.
但在更深的层面上,对城市空间的占领——广场、街道、建筑——是各地运动、也是所有社会运动的一种根本表达方式。想想那个古老的革命传统:街垒。是啊,你把自己围在街垒后面,而街垒并没有什么军事或防御上的,嗯,用处。恰恰相反,你成了靶子。他们就在你所在的地方精准地攻击你。但这不是重点。重点在于,身处街垒之中,你无需明确的意识形态声明或纲领,就界定了一个“内”与“外”,你界定了谁和我们站在一起——他们就在这里,其他人请加入。这是一种示范性的行动,旨在重建一个另类空间。另类价值观,在街垒之中感受共同体的连结,以此对抗那些正式机构——在公民权利意义上,它们是排斥性的空间排斥的空间。而且从城市的角度看,这也是对公共空间的主张。
便签引用
56:30
The most important issue in urbanist today in my opinion creating spontaneous interaction, social life, fighting isolation and fighting fear is creating instant public space which is exactly the key issue in all the speculative processes of urban development and you would allow me to take five minutes of theory. Sorry. um connecting these practices, these uh processes to the theory I formulated in 1996 uh which I call the theory of a space of places and a space of flows because the old question in in urbanist 101 what is a space?
在我看来,今天城市研究中最重要的问题是创造自发的互动、社会生活,对抗孤立对抗孤立、对抗恐惧,就是创造即时的公共空间,而这恰恰是所有投机性城市开发过程中的关键问题城市开发过程中的关键问题。请允许我花五分钟讲点理论,抱歉。嗯,把这些实践、这些过程和我在1996年提出的理论联系起来,我称之为地方空间与流动空间的理论。因为城市研究入门课里的老问题是:什么是空间?
便签引用
57:24
Huh? Easy, right? And that's where you go crazy in your in your lectures. Uh because of course the space does not exist outside us. Uh there's a space in nature is not our space. Uh space in human terms depends on the human practices is what humans do is a dimension of our existence is not outside. Us has to be defined in terms of social practices. So what is this definition in terms of social practices which is what I would call a material theory of uh space? I went crazy myself too of course and then I I found what for me was the beginning the beginning of an answer in an old letter written by the German philosopher Linitz in 1715 in which he proposed the following definition of a space. I held the space to be something purely relative like time. Uhuh. Theory of relativity but of human relativity. Relative like time. A space being an order of coexistences as time is an order of successors. For a space denotes in terms of possibility and order of things which exist at the same time. Let's call it
啊?很简单,对吧?可这恰恰是让你在讲课时抓狂的地方。因为空间当然不是独立于我们而存在的。自然中的空间不是我们的空间。就人的意义而言,空间取决于人的实践,是人的所作所为,是我们存在的一个维度,它不在我们之外,必须用社会实践来定义。那么用社会实践来给出的这个定义是什么?这就是我所说的空间的物质性理论。我自己当然也抓狂过后来我找到了在我看来是一个开端的东西——一封旧信,作者是德国哲学家莱布尼茨,写于1715年,他在信中提出了这样一个空间的定义:我认为空间是某种纯粹相对的东西,就像时间一样。嗯哼,相对论,不过是人的相对论。像时间一样相对。空间是一种共存的秩序,正如时间是一种相继的秩序。因为空间在可能性的意义上表示同时存在的事物之间的秩序。我们称之为
便签引用
58:51
simultaneity. in so far as they exist together and is not concerned with the particular ways of existing and when we see these things together and when we see several things together we perceive this order of things among themselves. Okay, me not being a German philosopher, I simplified my definition of a space in terms of social theory and and therefore of social practices as a space is the material support of timesharing social practices. Space is the material support of simultaneity. Now of course throughout history most of this simultaneity dependent on contiguity of being close on being together. That's why cities were were created and were formed. But then all it was until the advent of the telegraph in which you could be simultaneous but at the same time a distance and with the acceleration of technological change in distant communication. A new stage, a new space emerged in which simultaneity or chosen time would not depend on contiguity but on connectedness embedded in the flows of
同时性。就它们共同存在而言,它并不关心各自具体的存在方式;而当我们看到这些事物当我们把若干事物放在一起看时,我们就感知到它们彼此之间的这种秩序。好吧,我不是德国哲学家,所以我把我的空间定义简化到社会理论、也就是社会实践的层面:空间是共享时间的社会实践的物质支撑。空间是同时性的物质支撑。当然,纵观历史,大部分同时性都依赖于邻接性——靠得近、在一起。这就是城市为何被创造、被形成的原因。但那只是在电报出现之前的情形;有了电报,你可以同时,却又相隔遥远。随着远距离通信技术变革的加速,一个新阶段、一个新空间出现了:在其中,同时性或者说共享时间不再依赖邻接性,而是依赖嵌入在通信流动中的连接性。
便签引用
1:00:09
communication. And therefore my point was there is a space of places which is based on simultaneity through contiguity and a space of flows in which simultaneity is based on communication networks.
因此我的观点是:存在一种地方空间,它基于通过邻接性实现的同时性;还有一种流动空间,其中的同时性建立在通信网络之上。
便签引用
1:00:31
Now originally for me the space of places was the space of experience and the space of flows was the space of power because at that time in the 1990s the the global communication networks were started fundamentally with financial markets u telecommunication connections between major corporations and ancillary networks, military networks. So they were really the spaces of power and secluded uh with um in terms of the airports, in terms of of the global transportation system etc. while the space of experience where people were holding out and my point was in fact a major mechanism of power imposing power on people's life was power was run from the space of flows.
最初对我来说,地方空间是经验的空间,流动空间是权力的空间。因为在1990年代那时候全球通信网络的起点主要是金融市场、大公司之间的电信连接以及配套网络、军事网络。所以它们确实是权力的空间,是隔绝的——机场也好,全球运输系统也好,等等。全球运输系统等等。而经验的空间则是人们坚守的地方。我当时的观点是:把权力强加到人们生活之上的一个主要机制就在于,权力是从流动空间中运作的。
便签引用
1:01:21
People were living in the space of places. Their experience was all right but all what happened in the space of places is determined economically, technologically, politically by what happens in the space of flaws. Right? Wrong. because uh uh and I I rectified as quickly as I could because the good thing is to observe what happened and what im immediately observe is that well these human species started to use for their own purposes not for the power uh that be the space of flows. uh people for their sociality, people for their friendship, for their family, for their love relationships. They started to invade and occupy the space of flows and then social movements and then politics and then everybody and of course the space of the power that be also tried to occupy the space of places by building major corporate centers by organizing life at the level of the neighborhood etc. And so turns out that there is power and counterpower in both forms of a space. But the critical point then is that to actually enact social change,
人们生活在地方空间里,他们的经验没问题,但地方空间里发生的一切在经济上、技术上、政治上都由流动空间里发生的事情所决定。对吧?错。因为呃……我尽快做了修正,因为好在可以观察实际发生了什么,而我立刻观察到的是:人类这个物种开始把流动空间用于自己的目的,而不是为了那些当权者当权者的目的。人们用它来社交、来维系友谊、维系家庭、维系爱情关系。他们开始入侵并占据流动空间,接着是社会运动,接着是政治接着是所有人。当然,当权者的空间也试图去占据地方空间:建造大型企业中心,在社区层面组织生活,等等。所以结果是,两种空间形式里都既有权力也有反权力。但关键之处在于:要真正实现社会变革,
便签引用
1:02:34
any actor of social change has to connect the counter power in the space of places with the counterpower in the space of flaws. And that's exactly what these movements are doing. By claiming the public space for citizens, they need to construct a new form of a space, a space of autonomy. The space of autonomy where meet the space of flows, the space of places and the mental maps that people elaborate toward reinventing the institutions that run our life. Thank you very much for your
任何社会变革的行动者都必须把地方空间中的反权力与流动空间中的反权力连接起来。而这正是这些运动正在做的事。通过为公民主张公共空间,他们需要建构一种新的空间形式——自主的空间。在这个自主的空间里,流动空间、地方空间,以及人们为重塑主宰我们生活的制度而绘制的心智地图汇聚到一起。非常感谢大家
便签引用
12问答:华尔街、土耳其与个人主义
1:03:16
[Applause] Okay. So, we have like 20 minutes. 20. So, we have to be out of here more or less by eight. So, we have some time for questions. So, uh I I'll stand here and anybody want to start Thank you. I I know it's too early to tell the full implications of the Occupy Wall Street movement, but uh if you could uh take a moment to compare it to uh the Vietnam protest and one I'm curious uh I mean my perception is that it's even though I know there's a lot of ongoing uh discussion about income inequality uh that uh the traction of the Wall Street movement uh is not the same as the anti-war movement. I'm wondering the impact of Kent State and uh and the violent protests and whether it would have been different if there had actually been a more violent clash.
【掌声】好,我们大概还有20分钟。20分钟。我们差不多八点前要离场。所以还有些时间提问。那么,呃,我就站在这儿谁想先来?谢谢。我知道现在要说清占领华尔街运动的全部影响还为时过早,但如果你能花点时间把它和越战抗议做个比较。我很好奇,呃,我的感觉是尽管我知道关于收入不平等的讨论一直在持续,但呃,华尔街运动的影响力和反战运动不太一样。我想知道肯特州立事件的影响,还有那些暴力抗议——如果当时真的发生了更激烈的冲突,结果会不会不同。
便签引用
1:04:23
Thank you very much. Well, um yes, as you said very well, we don't know and and these things are are longer term and depends on the permeability of political institutions. That depends on how scared they are about uh uh being out of power altogether. Um but um for me the fundamental changes in every way go through people's minds. Without changes in people's mind nothing changes. Um and with changing people mind there are some possibilities. So one of the things uh that the movement did and we have all the opinion polls there clearly is to put on the key on the center of the debate of the public debate in the United States the notion of inequality it blew it up the this this notion that that 1% and then we can one five depending which statistical calculation but the notion that 1% would decide the lives of the 99% because they have the wealth and therefore with the wealth they buy the power. That notion got stuck in people's mind. Even the politicians have started to say something about it. Say well but
非常感谢。嗯,是的,就像你说得很好,我们不知道,这些事情都是更长期的,取决于政治制度的可渗透性,取决于他们有多害怕彻底失去权力。嗯,但对我来说,一切根本性的变化都要经过人们的头脑。人的观念不变就什么都不会变。而观念一旦改变,就有了一些可能性。所以这场运动做到的一件事——我们手上有所有民意调查数据——显然就是把不平等这个概念推到了美国公共辩论的中心位置把它引爆了。就是1%这个说法,当然我们也可以说1%或5%,取决于用哪种统计口径,但这个观念是:1%的人会决定99%的人的生活,因为他们掌握财富,因而用财富买下权力。这个观念在人们心里扎根了。连政客都开始对此说些什么了,说,好吧,
便签引用
1:05:35
we are going to solve it. Trust us. Um but interestingly enough the Davos uh World Economic Forum uh this year I mean at the end of of 2013 had a survey um on the global elites number one concern of the global elite the extent of inequality. the global elites. Part of them because their wives told them, "Hey guys, you cannot do that." But part because they know that, you know, if you start with this, the French Revolution could come. Uh because now the the gene is out of the bottle. Everybody knows that was a dirty little secret. Now it's no secret at all. and the internet is buzzing all over the go.
我们会解决它,相信我们。不过很有意思的是,达沃斯世界经济论坛今年,我是说2013年底,做了一项调查,关于全球精英最关心的头号问题——不平等的程度。是全球精英。其中一部分人是因为妻子跟他们说:嘿伙计们,不能这么搞。但另一部分是因为他们知道你知道,这样下去,法国大革命可能会重演。因为现在魔鬼已经放出瓶子了。人人都知道那个曾经心照不宣的小秘密。现在完全不是秘密了,互联网上到处都在议论。
便签引用
1:06:21
No, seriously speaking, uh the um then they publish uh Davos has published the full report of the actual inequality in incomes as eta country by country including the United States and showing that is much worse than what the movement was saying. All right and this is Davos. So my point is that there are mental and cultural transformation. The issue is in ening democracy the actual transformation in policy terms that reaches people's life has to go through an institutional process and this institutional process has been shaped by other interests starting with electoral law the way we elect President in the United States is a total anacronism total anacronism but it has a sense that responds to the interest of the two major parties so as long as the the political institutions control the way of reforming themselves. They're not going to reform themselves. That's why the the Brazilian president Dilma Rusev say I'm not going to let Congress to do that. I'm going to try to do it directly with the people immediately called to
不,说正经的,呃,然后他们发布了……达沃斯发布了关于实际收入不平等的完整报告逐个国家列出,包括美国,结果显示情况比这场运动所说的还要糟糕得多。好吧,而这是达沃斯。所以我的意思是,心智和文化层面的转变是存在的。问题在于深化民主——要让政策层面的实际转变真正触及人们的生活,就必须经过一个制度过程,而这个制度过程是由其他利益塑造的,首先就是选举法。美国选总统的方式完全是个时代错乱彻头彻尾的时代错乱,但它有它的道理——它符合两大政党的利益。所以只要政治制度自己掌控着改革自身的方式,他们就不会改革自己。这就是为什么巴西总统迪尔玛·罗塞夫说,我不会让国会来做这件事,我要试着直接和人民一起做。结果立刻被说成这是总统专权,这是反民主的——当然,说这话的正是那些
便签引用
1:07:27
this is presidentialism. This is de anti-democratic by the same people of course who were benefiting from from this electoral law. Same thing in Spain. There have been some very good studies last week uh in which the two parties the two big parties conservative associations together in terms of direct voting intention have about 22% of the vote 22 still they would have the majority of seats in the parliament because the electoral law is there however in in the in the case of European countries you will see I I this I cannot I usually don't predict anything. I I specialize in predicting the past is safer. That's why historians are always the most brilliant ones.
从这套选举法中获益的人。西班牙也一样。上周有几项非常好的研究,其中显示两大政党——保守派联合起来,按直接投票意向算,大约只有22%的选票,22%,但他们仍然会在议会中占据多数席位,因为选举法就摆在那儿。不过在欧洲国家的情况下,你会看到——这个我不能,我通常不预测任何事。我擅长预测过去,那样更保险。所以历史学家总是最出色的。
便签引用
1:08:14
Um, but the I have enough data because that's part of my my research to say that the May 25th European election to the European Parliament will be a political earthquake in Europe in which uh the traditional parties right and left are going to be completely cut off. in normative term probably the the parties and candidates who will win more are the extreme right populism. Okay, I'm not saying it's great. I'm saying it's unsustainable. And that part of this is the kind of public debate that has been ignited and regenerated by these movements all over the world to the side.
嗯,但因为这是我研究的一部分,我掌握的数据足以让我说:5月25日的欧洲议会选举将会是欧洲政治的一场地震,传统的左翼和右翼政党将被彻底甩在一边。从规范的角度说,赢得选票最多的很可能是极右翼民粹主义。好吧,我不是说这很棒,我是说这种局面不可持续。而这其中一部分正是世界各地这些运动所点燃并重新激发的公共辩论。这边请。
便签引用
1:09:03
Thank you very much for this uh optimistic uh talk. Uh at this point in the case of Turkey, which is the one I'm most familiar with, it is hard to be optimistic. And uh it seems there are all sorts of signs that things will get worse before it gets better. So uh I'll just mention to you because I'm interested in what you think of those. I mean one is you you I'm sure know that the new internet law was signed into law by the president today which uh seriously restricts uh internet freedom you know like the government is now able to uh remove any site in four hours um according to this law and internet providers are expected to keep a list of everybody's communication for two years.
非常感谢你这场乐观的演讲。呃,就目前而言,以土耳其为例——这是我最熟悉的国家——很难乐观得起来。而且呃,似乎种种迹象都表明,情况会先变糟然后才会变好。所以呃,我就说几点,因为我想听听你的看法。我是说,其一,你肯定知道,新的互联网法今天已由总统签署成为法律,它严重限制互联网自由,你知道,比如政府现在可以在四小时内屏蔽任何网站,嗯根据这部法律,互联网服务商还被要求把每个人的通信记录保存两年。
便签引用
1:09:51
So uh this past today that's the first one. The second one uh which is actually more um deeper is as you said with all these social movements corruption is revealed. I mean there are all these wonderful things that are happening but in a recent poll 72% of the population believes that the government is corrupt but 45% would still vote for the government. So this is where I think the historical and structural aspects of the country comes into play. I mean because uh what happened is after Giz protest the um base of the ruling party is even more solidified because precisely the kind of characteristics that you're talking about in the social movement you know the um creativity the leaderlessness the secular technologically savvy etc. These are the qualities that uh the base doesn't have and there's this almost like culture war. There's this hatred towards the uh kind of people who protested in Giza. So it's hard to expect at least in the electoral process to um in the short run to see the I
所以呃,这是今天刚通过的,这是第一点。第二点其实更深层:就像你说的,随着这些社会运动,腐败被揭露出来。我是说,确实有很多美好的事情在发生,但在最近一次民调中,72%的民众认为政府腐败,可45%的人仍然会把票投给这个政府。所以我认为这就是国家的历史和结构因素开始发挥作用的地方。我是说,因为呃,实际发生的是,盖齐抗议之后,执政党的基本盘反而更加稳固了,恰恰是因为你所说的社会运动的那些特质——你知道,嗯,创造性、无领袖性、世俗、精通技术等等。这些恰恰是那个基本盘所不具备的品质,于是就有了一种近乎文化战争的东西。对在盖齐抗议的那类人,存在着一种仇恨。所以至少在选举过程中,很难指望在短期内看到……我同意你那种长时段的乐观。但你能谈谈短期吗?
便签引用
1:11:06
agree with your long duray optimism. Uh but would you comment on the short term? Thank you. It's so so thoughtful and and clear. Um now well first on a personal note I am not optimistic or pessimistic in my analysis. Uh I didn't say this is going to happen not going to happen. I'm optimistic myself as a person. So my tone is optimistic but sometime I just predicted that the European Parliament is going to be full of fascists. So it's it's not so but but but to take seriously your point. Okay. So um the long duration that you mentioned is fundamental talking talking about Turkey. currently writing an article on with a Turkish student um on on the post uh movement. Um the government is uh the first reaction of Erdogan has been uh extremely repressive as you said exactly and even trying to uh control the internet. The poor guy doesn't know he can do to it. Um the even the first speech of Dogen as you remember probably went to go on television and say all this is the fault of Twitter like the social don't the fault
谢谢。这个问题很有见地,也很清晰。嗯,首先说句个人的话:我的分析既不乐观也不悲观。呃,我没有说这一定会发生或一定不会发生。我本人作为一个人是乐观的,所以我的语气是乐观的,但有时候我刚刚预测的却是欧洲议会将会挤满法西斯分子。所以这并不是……不过,还是认真对待你的观点。好,嗯,你提到的长时段是根本性的,就土耳其而言就土耳其而言。我目前正和一位土耳其学生合写一篇文章,嗯,关于运动之后的情况。嗯,政府,呃,埃尔多安的第一反应正如你所说,是极其高压的,甚至试图控制互联网。这可怜的家伙不知道自己能对它做什么。嗯,你大概还记得,埃尔多安的第一次讲话他上电视说,这一切都是推特的错,好像社交……不,是推特的错,对吧。所以嗯,但首先,人们
便签引用
1:12:23
of Twitter right so um but first people are still using it they're going to use it and um there's not going to they are not going to be able to shut off the internet because no one can shut off the internet because it's like shutting off the electricity. Uh Egypt tried five days and they have to change that. Second, when the movement is already there in the streets and in people's mind is too late to shut off the internet because the main effects had been produced. Um but what I absolutely take from from your point is um the more there is danger for the reproduction of this system of power when everything is closed and controlled legally institutionally the more this system feels the danger the more dangerous it becomes and ultimately is extreme violence and ultimately can be Syria not turkey fortunately uh still some democratic environment European Union institutions etc. But Syria Syria happened exactly that um with the great support of Russia. So Russia, China and Iran say, "Okay guys, kill as many as
仍在使用它,他们还会继续用,而且,嗯,他们不可能关掉互联网,因为没人能关掉互联网,那就像关掉电力一样。呃,埃及试过五天,然后他们不得不改变做法。第二,当运动已经出现在街头、出现在人们心里时,再关闭互联网已经太晚了,因为主要的效果已经产生了。嗯,但你的观点里我完全认同的一点是:当一切都被合法地、制度化地封锁和控制时这套权力体系的再生产就越是面临危险;而这套体系越是感到危险,它就变得越危险,最终就是极端暴力,最终可能变成叙利亚——幸好土耳其不会,呃,那里还有一定的民主环境、欧盟制度等等。但叙利亚,叙利亚发生的正是这样的事,嗯,还有俄罗斯的大力支持。所以俄罗斯、中国和伊朗说:好吧伙计们,想杀多少就杀多少,没问题。呃,等你们没武器了,我们再给
便签引用
1:13:35
you want. No problem. Uh you at one point you don't have weapons, we give you more and money, we give you more." So yeah. Yeah. In this in the short term, but the short term that for people maybe thousands, thousands of people, I mean actually 100,000 people killed in Syria already. This shortterm analytica sounds very nice. say oh the long dur but in practice that devastates countries people lives etc etc however the most important thing for me in Turkey and now talking specifically about Turkey is that what appeared to be a completely self-protected system with no cracks and and had obtained the support of large segments of the population as an alternative to military dictatorship including for instance all the Turkish many of the Turkish intellectuals Uh-uh. This is gone. I mean, only the hardcore or rural masses of the Turkish Islamic groups are behind Erdogan, but all the urban middle classes who supported their dan as a reformer are gone. So dependent how the electoral law works uh but a large
你们更多,钱不够,我们再给更多。所以是的,是的。就短期而言——但这个短期对人们来说,可能意味着成千上万的人,我是说叙利亚已经有十万人被杀了。这种短期的分析听上去很不错,说什么长时段但在实践中,这会摧毁国家、摧毁人们的生活等等。不过对我来说,在土耳其最重要的一点——现在我specifically说的是土耳其——就是:那个看上去完全自我保护、毫无裂缝的体制,而且它曾经获得了大部分民众的支持,被当作军事独裁的替代选项,比如说包括所有土耳其的——很多土耳其知识分子。呃,这些都没了。我是说,现在只剩下最死硬的那部分、或者说土耳其伊斯兰团体的农村群众还在支持埃尔多安,但所有当初把他当改革者来支持的城市中产阶级都不在了。所以这取决于选举法怎么运作,但他相当大
便签引用
1:14:42
proportion of his support is gone and the most important thing the young people the one thing that we know in terms of predicting the f the only one we know is that the future will be the young people right so yeah you could say well they will kind of as cynical and and demoralized as we are uh when when they have all the responsibility but you know the the the way they are formed in their young age uh is different. At least they know very well how to work with Twitter with social networking analysis uh to coordinate among themselves. At least this is already theirs. Okay.
一部分的支持已经失去了。而最重要的是年轻人——在预测未来这件事上我们唯一知道的一件事,唯一的一件就是未来属于年轻人,对吧。所以,是啊,你可以说,好吧,等他们扛起所有责任的时候,他们也会变得跟我们一样愤世嫉俗、一样意志消沉。但你知道,他们在年轻时代被塑造的方式是不一样的。至少他们非常清楚怎么用推特、怎么用社交网络分析来在彼此之间协调。至少这一点已经是他们的了。好。
便签引用
1:15:20
So I don't know but all the information I'm having on Turkey I have to go next year to check by myself is that the the ground has shaken and that nothing is going to be like before including Gessie Park is there. uh they have not been able to destroy it with all the promise of dogan they would get it and in many other uh Turkish cities the project of redevelopment had been stopped uh of course if they control the movement they come back with the same developers they will do the same thing but for the time being is not gone
所以我不知道,但我掌握的所有关于土耳其的信息——我明年得亲自去看看——都表明地基已经动摇了,没有什么会跟以前一样,包括盖齐公园还在那儿。呃,他们并没有能够把它拆掉,尽管埃尔多安一再承诺他们会拿下它;而且在其他很多土耳其城市里,重建项目都被叫停了。当然,如果他们控制住了这场运动,他们会带着同一批开发商回来,再干同样的事,但就目前而言,公园还没被拆掉。
便签引用
1:16:01
well but that that but first they wanted to close it forever so people now gather other as you know in the streets around the park. Yeah, you decide then. Okay. Let me process mentally the two or three and articulated theory on them. Yeah. I'm wondering if you see um cultural differences at work in the effectiveness of some of these movements. Uh you you described a lot about um togetherness as a big factor of what happens when people are there. Um in my lots of people had a great time at Occupy Wall Street, but lots of people also went there and found it inconvenient um annoying, irritating, slow, and and hard to get things done. I wonder if you see a difference between some places where where these movements have been more successful versus like a more individualistic American culture that just has a harder time enjoying being together. That's very good. No, not sure. I will not respond.
嗯,但是,但首先他们本来想永久关闭它,所以你也知道,现在人们聚集在公园周边的街道上。是啊,那你来决定吧。好的。让我在脑子里把这两三个问题整理成一套说得通的理论。好。我想问的是,你有没有看到文化差异在这些运动的效果上起作用。呃,你描述了很多关于“在一起”的部分,说它是人们身处现场时发生的事情里的一个重要因素。嗯,在我看来,很多人在占领华尔街玩得很开心,但也有很多人去了之后觉得那里不方便、烦人、恼火、效率低,很难把事情推进下去。我想问你有没有看到一种差别:在某些地方这些运动更成功,而相比之下像美国这种更个人主义的文化,人们更难享受“在一起”的感觉。这个问题问得很好。不,我不确定,我就不回答了。
便签引用
1:17:17
Hi. Well, thank you for a very thorough lecture. Um if I understand correctly your hypothesis is that all these social movement that have spawned in the recent years are some kind of new uh social movement characteristic to our era and you started by citing that they have many things in common that they spawn in different places but have many things of com in common. Um I would like to ask you um one thing that I think you didn't address in your talk was how in particular these social movements are different from previous like from the social movements of previous eras because I feel in a way if you say there's all these common tropes you can say okay this is because there's like a a common base or you could say they're just generic. In a way, I feel that the situation could be that we are in an era that allows for the gener like that circumstance allows for the easy generation of social movements, but the social movements themselves are usually very generic. And this is biased by my own experience with the Chilean social
你好。嗯,谢谢你做了这么详尽的讲座。呃,如果我理解得没错,你的假设是,近些年涌现出来的这些社会运动是某种属于我们这个时代的、有其特征的新型社会运动。你一开头就提到它们有很多共同点,它们在不同的地方出现,但又有很多共同之处。嗯,我想问你一件我觉得你在演讲里没有谈到的事:这些社会运动具体是怎么区别于以往的、区别于过去时代的社会运动的?因为我总觉得,如果你说存在这些共同的套路,你可以说,好,这是因为有一个共同的基础;但你也可以说,它们只是很“通用”而已。某种意义上,我觉得情况可能是:我们处在一个时代,这个时代让社会运动很容易产生——是环境让社会运动容易生成——但社会运动本身其实非常通用、没什么特别。这一点受我自己对智利社会运动的经验影响,我觉得它们非常……嗯,
便签引用
1:18:24
movements which I think are very well very entitled are very sort of unreflexive and um in a way lack a certain consistency. Thank you. you're gonna have to process a lot. Um, well, my question I I I was struck by how positive the situation sounds, but I I'm also often struck that that in the study of social movements, people tend to focus on successful social movements. So, I'm wondering, have you encountered some of these social movements that weren't successful or and following on that, does the internet pose particular challenges, negative challenges to mobilization, for example, in getting people to commit? Um and and related to that also all of these movements sound very positive at least by some terms and I'm wondering about the possibility you mentioned that these are uh spaces of hope but I I always like this paper by Sher Burman that traces the rise of the National Socialist Party in Germany to strong civil society and social movement activity. What are the potentially negative aspects of these forms of
非常自以为是,非常缺乏自我反思,而且某种意义上缺少某种一贯性。谢谢。你要处理的东西可不少。嗯,我的问题是,我很惊讶你描述的情况听起来这么正面,但我也常常注意到,在社会运动研究里,人们往往只关注成功的社会运动。所以我想问,你有没有碰到过一些不成功的社会运动?接着这个问题,互联网会不会给动员带来特定的、负面的挑战?比如说,在让人们真正投入方面。嗯,还有相关的一点是,所有这些运动听起来至少在某些方面都很正面,我想问的是你提到的那种可能性——说这些是“希望的空间”。但我一直很喜欢谢里·伯曼(Sheri Berman)的一篇论文,她把德国国家社会主义党的崛起追溯到强大的公民社会和社会运动的活跃。这些动员形式潜在的负面方面是什么?因为当然有正面的、充满希望的一面,但想必
便签引用
1:19:25
mobilization? Because of course there's a positive hopeful side but presumably there's also a more negative side and I'm wondering if you want to say something about that. No, you're absolutely right. Well, I I answered three questions. No, I don't want to make it too much. Go ahead, please. If I if I do it quickly, maybe we had two minutes. No, first of all, again, I'm really absolutely not normative. The tone is one thing. The observation I have had of all these movements um corresponds to what I have reported.
也有更负面的一面,我想听听你对这个的看法。不,你说得完全对。好,我回答三个问题。不,我不想拖太久。请讲。如果我讲得快一点的话,我们大概还有两分钟。不,首先,再说一次,我真的完全不是在做规范性判断。语气是一回事。我对所有这些运动的观察,跟我报告出来的内容是一致的。
便签引用
1:19:57
Um if I would I I would say that the most negative uh basically extreme nationalist chauvinistic xenophobic thing at this point for instance in Europe doesn't take the form of these social movements but of political parties on the French that they also use the internet but they are not not in this area. The only thing I could in principle I I follow very closely uh everything. So uh the Ukrainian movement has some components of neo-Nazi ultra nationalist groups and it we have to to see where that movement goes in because there are many many different factions uh there but uh I would easily accept the hypothesis that any populist right-wing movement that uses the same kind of configuration networking network here also could be part of these movements. Absolutely. That's why for me social movements are simply movements that are trying to change the values and the culture of societies one way or another rather than ceing power directly and politically. That that's the point.
嗯,如果要说的话,我会说最负面的东西——基本上是极端民族主义、沙文主义、仇外的那些东西——目前在比如说欧洲,并不是以这些社会运动的形式出现的,而是以政党的形式,法国那边也是。它们同样用互联网,但它们不属于这个范畴。唯一一个我原则上……我非常密切地关注所有这些。所以呃,乌克兰的那场运动里有一些新纳粹、极端民族主义团体的成分,我们得再看看那场运动会走向哪里,因为那里面有非常多不同的派别。不过呃,我会很容易接受这样一个假设:任何使用同样这种配置、同样这种网络化方式的民粹主义右翼运动,也可能属于这些运动的一部分。绝对是这样。所以对我来说,社会运动就是那些试图以这样或那样的方式改变社会的价值观和文化的运动,而不是直接在政治上夺取权力。这才是关键。
便签引用
1:21:12
But certainly can be uh extremely chauvinistic uh and extremely reactionary social movement and they are and they are. But if we recognize the particular form in which this movement express then it's possible to engage in activation deactivation. Even in Italy there are some elements in the chinquestella movement which are not very clear in terms of their good intentions for democracy. So but it's important to recognize that the forms of action forms of organization this is critical and this is common regardless of the ideology and purpose. uh which leads me to the your very well taken point. Um there are some elements which are uh common to the history of social for instance the centrality of communication the absolute centrality of communication the the the indignation the the immediate anti-establishment. However, what is different? Come on. What is different is the type of communication is not the same to communicate six billion people that to communicate the people around your parish. uh is is is not is is
但它当然可能是极端沙文主义的、极端反动的社会运动,而且确实存在,确实有。不过如果我们能认出这种运动表达自己的特定形式,那就有可能去做“激活”或“去激活”的工作。哪怕在意大利,五星运动(Cinque Stelle)里也有一些成分,在他们对民主是否怀有善意这一点上并不是很清楚。所以,但重要的是认识到行动的形式、组织的形式——这是关键,而且这是共同的,不管意识形态和目的是什么。呃,这就引到你那个很到位的观点上了。嗯,确实有一些成分是跟历史上的社会运动共通的,比如传播的核心地位——传播的绝对核心地位、那种义愤、那种��接的反建制态度。但是,有什么不同呢?拜托。不同的是传播的类型。跟六十亿人传播,跟和你教区周围的人传播,这不是一回事。这在传播过程的
便签引用
1:22:22
fundamentally different in terms of the size, speed and complexity of the communication process that enables truly a deliberation and the construction of a public space which is three-dimensional is in the internet is in the public in occupied public space and is in the institutions that are submitted to this constant pressure. So this is not to say that the history is is cannot have some some lessons but they form for instance leaderless movement no all the movement social movement in history were with leaders that was fundamental fundamental there are very few leaders in these movements very few and that's only possible because you can have a coordination through technological forms that ensure a distributed debate and the distributed elements which which are there But more analytically and in scholarly term I would love that we start doing some comparisons with the history of social movements. Uh for the moment I do these ones and then the historians will do the others. Um and then um the last the last
规模、速度和复杂性上是根本不同的,而这种传播真正使得审议和公共空间的建构成为可能——这个公共空间是三维的:它在互联网上,在被占领的公共空间里,也在那些持续承受这种压力的制度里。所以这并不是说历史不能给我们一些教训,但比如说“无领袖运动”这种形式——不,历史上所有的社会运动都是有领袖的,那是根本性的、根本性的。而在这些运动里领袖非常少,非常少。这之所以可能,是因为你可以通过技术形式来协调,这些技术形式保证了分布式的辩论和分布式的成分。不过更偏分析、更学术地说,我很希望我们能开始把这些运动跟社会运动的历史做一些比较。呃,目前我只做这些,然后历史学家们会去做其他的。嗯,
便签引用
1:23:29
point about culture and individualism. Well, you know, just before the occupy world street movement, uh there was also this notion that I have heard from American friends and colleagues who were coming to Madrid to Barcelona and talking oh this will never happen in America because we are individualistic. uh it happened and actually part of the movement was linked really to some kind of communal feeling created there. Not everybody of course I mean in fact in in the Los Angeles movement that I know much better there were very deep splits in terms of race for instance um but there was a beginning of of communal movement that started there is it's each it society it's a I I I don't think that the we are individualistic societies and and collectivistic societies in Spain people would say they are very individualistic and in fact there's an anarchist tradition in Spain which is the expression of this extreme individualism. Um in Brazil for instance um literally when the movement started I was uh giving a huge talk to a huge
然后是最后一点,关于文化和个人主义。嗯,你知道,就在占领华尔街运动之前,我也听到过这种说法,来自那些来马德里、来巴塞罗那的美国朋友和同事,他们说:哦,这种事在美国永远不会发生,因为我们是个人主义的。呃,结果它发生了,而且这场运动的一部分确实跟在那里形成的某种共同体感觉有关。当然不是所有人都这样,我是说,事实上在我了解得多得多的洛杉矶的运动里,比如在种族问题上存在非常深的分裂。嗯,但那里确实开始有了一种共同体运动的萌芽。这是每一个社会的问题……我不认为我们可以说存在个人主义社会和集体主义社会。在西班牙人们会说他们非常个人主义,事实上西班牙有一个无政府主义传统,那正是这种极端个人主义的表达。嗯,比如在巴西,运动开始的时候,我正好在给一大群
便签引用
1:24:42
crowd of very established university students and professors was not in the movement. Uh and I was explaining a number of these things particularly from Spain and uh the Brazilian journalist there started at the end of saying well this will never happen here. We are a total individualistic society. the the door opens and the guy says you know the vanita pista is block we cannot go get out of here so my point is that uh although it's I would say cultures specify movement definitely but we cannot characterize cultures in in generic terms individualism versus u versus communalism or collectivism because we are in a different model of socibility based precisely on the internet and this sociability is what in sociology we we have identified the process as network individualism and network individualism is not the traditional form of individual I project my network from myself but because they are mine I belong to these networks I can connect to other people and is in this interaction between a more communal
非常有地位的大学生和教授做一个大型演讲,他们并不在运动里。呃,我当时在解释一些这类事情,特别是从西班牙的经验讲起,然后在场的巴西记者在最后开始说:嗯,这种事在这里永远不会发生,我们是一个彻底个人主义的社会。结果门一开,有人说:你们知道吗,保利斯塔大道(Avenida Paulista)被堵住了,我们出不去了。所以我想说的是,呃,虽然我会说文化确实会给运动带来具体的形态,但我们不能用个人主义对集体主义这种笼统的说法来刻画文化,因为我们正处在一种不同的社交模式里,而这种模式恰恰建立在互联网之上。这种社交性,在社会学里我们已经把这个过程识别为“网络化个人主义”。网络化个人主义不是传统意义上的个人主义——我从自己出发投射出我的网络,但正因为这些网络是我的,我属于这些网络,我可以连接到其他人。而正是在这种更偏共同体、以城市为基础的文化,和更偏
便签引用
1:25:54
urban-based culture and a more individualistic internetbased culture That connection is where the interesting dynamics happens. At least is some of the ideas. [Applause]
个人主义、以互联网为基础的文化之间的互动中,有意思的动态才发生了。至少这是其中一些想法。[掌声]
便签引用
视频总结 · 一句话概括与核心要点

一句话概括

卡斯特尔斯基于2009–2013年间横跨百余国的抗议浪潮(伊朗、冰岛、阿拉伯之春、西班牙15M、占领华尔街、土耳其盖齐、巴西六月等)提出:一种新型"网络化社会运动"已经诞生,其核心空间形态是互联网与被占领的城市公共空间相互杂交而成的"自主空间",它把"流动空间"中的反权力与"地方空间"中的反权力连接起来,并首先在人们的头脑中而非权力走廊里改变社会。

核心要点

  • 语境天差地别,形式高度趋同,说明是新型运动而非偶然。 西班牙失业率35%、葡萄牙希腊经济崩溃,而巴西、土耳其当时经济良好、甚至有左翼扶贫政府;诉求从交通票价到宪法改革五花八门,但组织方式、行动方式、空间形态在所有案例中几乎一致。方法论上,互不关联的语境产生相同特征,只能解释为网络社会的固有运动形态。唯一共同主题是"尊严":阿拉伯语、西班牙语、土耳其语、乌克兰语、葡萄牙语中反复出现同一个词,指向对制度性羞辱的反抗而非具体政策诉求。
  • 技术平台已具备:从1600万到70亿的连接跃迁。 1991年全球手机用户1600万,讲座时已达70亿(全球人口74亿);预计三年内智能手机达50亿,互联网用户将从25亿急速攀升。通讯历来是运动的核心(小册子、教堂布道、电台),当下的差异在于规模、速度和复杂度:与60亿人交流和与教区邻居交流是根本不同的过程。
  • 网络是"网络的网络",多模态而非纯线上。 埃及革命中足球球迷的线下网络、家庭网络、每周五清真寺外自发形成的宗教网络都起决定性作用,但这些异质网络通过互联网和手机相互连接成元网络。无中心却能协调、重组、重构,因此"抓捕惯常嫌疑人"失效——嫌疑人是人,网络不是;同时也免疫于官僚化、领袖操纵和无休止的本质之争,任何过度沉重的节点会被直接断开而运动继续。
  • "自主空间":从愤怒到希望的关键转折是占领城市空间。 运动在网上发起,但只有占领广场、建筑、大道才真正成为运动:获得可见性、与全社会建立关系、在公共空间开启审议,并对城市乃至社会提出象征性主权主张("这是我们的城市")。占领地点同时具备功能关键性——封锁圣保罗保利斯塔大道整座巨型都市便瘫痪。但运动从不离开互联网,那是镇压加剧时的生存之地。这种线上/线下的杂交空间既非虚拟也非物理,卡斯特尔斯据此拒绝"互联网是否创造了革命"这一"愚蠢"的讨论。
  • 既全球又本地,并以病毒式传播自我复制。 巴塞罗那加泰罗尼亚广场立即被命名为"解放广场",纽约自由公园一角被命名为"太阳门";2011年1月26日埃及首次示威的口号是"突尼斯是答案",取代了传统的"伊斯兰是答案"。传播不靠任何组织者或秘密信使,而是互联网常态化的"心智连接"。触发点通常是一张不可忍受的图像(YouTube的作用被低估,Twitter用于动员,YouTube用于点燃)或一则事实——如2013年9月巴西国会投票允许因贪污入狱的议员继续领薪,重新引爆已降温的运动。
  • 无领袖是DNA而非缺陷:拒绝权力委托。 运动并不反对民主甚至代议制,但集体想象中"委托即背叛之路",因为被背叛的经验太多。智利学生运动有共产党籍领袖,但他们接受集会而非政党决定,否则"十分钟内就不再是领袖"。占领创造的是"共处"而非共同体(无需共享价值),而共处之所以关键,是因为神经科学显示恐惧是最强情绪、文明建立在压抑之上,唯有与他人共同承担恐惧才能不逃跑。
  • 非暴力是生死线,暴力回应的第一个牺牲品是运动本身。 所有运动最初都和平,但必遭镇压(从催泪瓦斯到坦克)。转化社会的唯一希望是99%的支持,而暴力画面一旦占据媒体,运动即被逼入死角。各国都存在的"黑块"是无政府青年、贫民区少年、挑衅者、便衣警察的混合体。叙利亚和平抗争六个月、死亡万人后才拿起卡塔尔、美国、沙特提供的武器,此后便不再是社会运动而是内战——目标从改造社会变为夺取国家机器,逻辑变为地缘政治逻辑。
  • 不设纲领、不进入正式政治,却极度政治化:实践网络化直接审议民主的乌托邦。 面对"你们到底成就了什么"的质问,运动拒绝这种"生产主义的短期视野",西班牙口号是"我们走得慢,因为我们要走得远"。卡斯特尔斯的"浪漫理论":所有社会运动终将因收编、镇压或成功后的制度化而消亡,重要的不是是否消亡而是在人们头脑和制度中播下什么种子。自由主义、社会主义、合作社运动都始于乌托邦,乌托邦是"头脑中的物质力量",是建构制度的原材料。
  • 实际影响远超媒体承认的"什么都没做"。 冰岛更换政府、银行国有化、银行家入狱、全民网上参与起草新宪法;意大利五星运动以解散议会改行网络直接民主为纲领,仍获27%选票;巴西总统罗塞夫在运动爆发两天后公开承认"他们是对的",宣布绕过国会将新选举法直接付诸公投,后又推动巴西脱离NSA控制的互联网主权;土耳其盖齐公园重建被叫停,两名部长入狱;西班牙抵押贷款法下的大规模驱逐被阻止;伊朗2009年运动被碾碎,但该国70%人口在30岁以下、56%大学毕业生是女性、有百万博主,五年后鲁哈尼当选——"蝴蝶效应"。占领华尔街最大的成果是把"1%对99%"钉入公共意识:2013年底达沃斯论坛调查显示全球精英的头号担忧竟是不平等,其发布的收入数据比运动的说法还糟。
  • 空间理论的自我修正:从"流动空间=权力空间"到双空间中皆有反权力。 基于莱布尼茨1715年"空间是共存的秩序,如时间是相继的秩序",卡斯特尔斯定义空间为"时间共享社会实践的物质支撑",即同时性的支撑。历史上同时性依赖相邻性(城市之所以诞生),电报之后同时性可以脱离相邻性而依赖连接性,于是分化出"地方空间"(相邻的同时性)与"流动空间"(网络化的同时性)。1990年代他认为流动空间是权力空间(金融市场、企业电信、军事网络),地方空间是经验空间,权力从前者支配后者——他承认"错了":人们为社交、友谊、爱情侵入并占据了流动空间,权力也反过来经营地方空间。结论是任何社会变革主体都必须把两个空间中的反权力连接起来,这正是这些运动在做的事。

结论与值得注意的细节

  • 根本战场在人们的头脑,制度变化是其派生物。 欧美存在民众对民主的理解与代议制实践之间的巨大合法性鸿沟(这是他当时的研究项目,有实证数据),运动的作用是在既有政治制度之外重燃希望。但政治制度掌控着自我改革的方式,就不会自我改革:美国总统选举方式是"彻底的时代错误"却服务于两党利益;西班牙两大党直接投票意向合计仅22%,仍能凭选举法拿下议会多数。
  • 一个被验证的预测。 他一贯"只预测过去",但这次基于数据断言2014年5月25日欧洲议会选举将是"政治地震",传统左右翼将被重创,极右民粹将获益最多——他明确说这不是"好"而是"不可持续",且这场公共辩论的重启部分正是运动点燃的。
  • 对土耳其提问的回应揭示了短期与长时段的张力。 提问者指出:埃尔多安当日签署互联网法(4小时内可删站、ISP保存两年通信记录),民调72%认为政府腐败却有45%仍会投票支持,盖齐反而巩固了执政党基本盘并形成文化战争。卡斯特尔斯承认"长时段"分析对叙利亚十万死者而言"听起来很好但摧毁生命",但指出:没人能关掉互联网(埃及试了五天就撤回,等于关电);运动上街后再关网已太迟;系统越封闭越危险,最终可能极端暴力;土耳其真正的变化是曾支持埃尔多安作为反军事独裁改革者的城市中产和知识分子已经离去,只剩农村伊斯兰硬核,而"关于未来我们唯一确知的是它属于年轻人"。
  • 对"运动可能是反动的"这一质疑的坦率回应。 他强调自己是非规范性的分析而非价值判断,社会运动只是"试图改变社会价值与文化而非直接夺权"的运动,可以极端沙文主义、极端反动。乌克兰运动包含新纳粹和极端民族主义派别,五星运动某些成分对民主的诚意可疑;任何采用同样网络化配置的右翼民粹运动都算此类。承认形式与意识形态无关,恰恰才能进行激活与去激活。
  • "个人主义文化不适合占领"是伪命题。 美国朋友在马德里、巴塞罗那说"这在美国不会发生",结果发生了;巴西记者在他演讲时说"我们是彻底的个人主义社会",话音未落有人推门进来说保利斯塔大道被封了。西班牙人自认极度个人主义,其无政府主义传统正是这种个人主义的表达。他提出"网络化个人主义":我从自己出发投射网络,但因为网络是我的,我归属于它并借此连接他人——城市共同体文化与互联网个人主义文化的交界处正是有趣动态发生之处。
  • 关于"是否只研究成功案例"的追问,他没有正面列举失败案例,而是把叙利亚和利比亚作为运动被内战吞噬的反例,并把伊朗定义为"被碾碎但没有被碾碎"。对于历史比较(如所有历史运动都有领袖、无领袖协调只有在分布式技术下才可能),他坦言"我做这些,历史学家做其他的"。
核心句型 · 9
1. It goes without saying that …
“It goes without saying that we're thrilled to have such an eminent scholar with us tonight.”
表示「不言而喻」,用于引出显而易见却仍需正式表达的态度,致辞和书面语常用。仿写:It goes without saying that safety comes first.
2. Without X, there are no Y.
“Without communication there are no social movements”
用否定条件句强调必要条件,短促有力,适合下断言。仿写:Without trust, there is no cooperation.
3. not X, not Y, (but) both X and Y
“Not virtual not physical is both virtual and physical and in interaction”
先并列否定两个单一选项,再用 both … and … 给出兼容答案,用于打破二元对立、提出「混合体」概念。
4. The moment …, (then) …
“The moment they responded with guns nicely provided by Qatar and the United States and Saudi Arabia, then at that point it changed”
the moment 引导时间从句,相当于 as soon as,强调转折发生的瞬间性。仿写:The moment the video went online, the story changed.
5. I'm not saying X. I'm saying Y.
“I'm not saying it's great. I'm saying it's unsustainable.”
先排除可能的误读,再给出真正的判断,是口头澄清立场、避免被误解为价值评价的地道结构。
6. The first victim of X is Y.
“The first victim of the civil war is the social movement.”
隐喻式判断句,把抽象事物人格化为「牺牲品」,用于强调因果链中最先受损的对象,语气凝练有冲击力。
7. the more …, the more …
“The more this system feels the danger the more dangerous it becomes”
双重比较级表示同步递增关系,适合描述恶性循环或正反馈。注意两个分句都用陈述语序。
8. That's exactly what … is/are doing.
“And that's exactly what these movements are doing.”
用 exactly 强调理论与现实的吻合,常用于论证收尾,把抽象命题落到具体实例上。
9. regardless of A and (of) B
“Regardless of the outcome and of the content and not normative”
表示「无论……」,在下判断前先排除干扰变量,学术写作中用来划定分析范围、声明不做价值判断。
词汇精讲 · 114 · 按出现顺序
enviable /ˈenviəbl/ adj. 0:08
令人羡慕的
interdisciplinary /ˌɪntərˈdɪsəpləneri/ adj. 0:08
跨学科的
far and wide phr. 1:09
四处,广泛地(travel far and wide 传遍各地)
fitting /ˈfɪtɪŋ/ adj. 1:09
恰当的,合宜的(It is fitting that…)
reminiscing /ˌreməˈnɪsɪŋ/ v. 1:09
追忆往事(reminisce about)
forged /fɔːrdʒd/ v. 2:19
锻造;(努力)建立(forge a reputation 赢得声誉)
mobilization /ˌmoʊbələˈzeɪʃn/ n. 2:19
动员
renown /rɪˈnaʊn/ n. 3:09
声望,名望(to great renown 广受赞誉)
paradigm shifting phr. 3:42
范式转换的,颠覆既有框架的
It goes without saying phr. 4:18
不言而喻,自不待言
eminent /ˈemɪnənt/ adj. 4:18
杰出的,卓越的
without further ado phr. 6:12
闲话少说,言归正传(介绍嘉宾常用)
intimately /ˈɪntɪmətli/ adv. 7:29
紧密地(intimately linked 密不可分)
with a twist phr. 8:47
带有新意或转折
levers /ˈlevərz/ n. 8:47
杠杆;推动手段
normative /ˈnɔːrmətɪv/ adj. 8:47
规范性的,涉及价值判断的
relentless /rɪˈlentləs/ adj. 10:22
不间断的,不懈的
counteraction /ˌkaʊntərˈækʃn/ n. 10:22
反向行动,抵制
contend /kənˈtend/ v. 11:04
主张,认为(用于学术论辩)
empirically /ɪmˈpɪrɪkli/ adv. 11:04
以经验为据地,实证地
methodologically /ˌmeθədəˈlɑːdʒɪkli/ adv. 12:50
从方法论上
popular uprising phr. 16:33
民众起义
alleviation /əˌliːviˈeɪʃn/ n. 17:52
缓解,减轻(alleviation of poverty 扶贫)
disintegration /dɪsˌɪntəˈɡreɪʃn/ n. 17:52
崩解,瓦解
a whole array of phr. 19:07
一整套、各式各样的
humiliation /hjuːˌmɪliˈeɪʃn/ n. 19:07
羞辱
skyrocket /ˈskaɪrɑːkɪt/ v. 22:19
飙升,急剧攀升
pamphlets /ˈpæmflɪts/ n. 22:19
小册子,传单
diffusion /dɪˈfjuːʒn/ n. 23:06
扩散,传播
autonomy /ɔːˈtɑːnəmi/ n. 23:06
自主性,自治
reconfigure /ˌriːkənˈfɪɡjər/ v. 24:18
重新配置,重组
repression /rɪˈpreʃn/ n. 24:18
镇压,压制
round up the usual suspects phr. 25:23
把惯犯统统抓起来(源自电影《卡萨布兰卡》台词)
bureaucratization /bjʊˌrɑːkrətəˈzeɪʃn/ n. 25:23
官僚化
paralyzes /ˈpærəlaɪzɪz/ v. 25:23
使瘫痪
deliberating /dɪˈlɪbəreɪtɪŋ/ v. 26:18
审议,商议
megalopolis /ˌmeɡəˈlɑːpəlɪs/ n. 26:18
巨型都市带
hybrid /ˈhaɪbrɪd/ n. / adj. 27:37
混合体;混合的
materiality /məˌtɪriˈæləti/ n. 27:37
物质性
indignation /ˌɪndɪɡˈneɪʃn/ n. 29:53
义愤,愤慨
unbearable /ʌnˈberəbl/ adj. 29:53
无法忍受的
embezzlement /ɪmˈbezlmənt/ n. 31:13
挪用公款,贪污
Fed up phr. 31:13
受够了,忍无可忍(be fed up with)
brutality /bruːˈtæləti/ n. 31:13
暴行,残暴
virality /vaɪˈræləti/ n. 32:37
病毒式传播性
multiconfessional /ˌmʌltikənˈfeʃənl/ adj. 33:57
多宗教信仰并存的
secular /ˈsekjələr/ adj. 33:57
世俗的,非宗教的
leaderless /ˈliːdərləs/ adj. 33:57
无领袖的
delegation /ˌdelɪˈɡeɪʃn/ n. 35:01
委托,授权(delegation of power)
collective imaginary phr. 35:55
集体想象(社会理论术语)
ad hoc /ˌæd ˈhɑːk/ adj. 35:55
临时的,特设的
togetherness /təˈɡeðərnəs/ n. 35:55
在一起的状态,团结感
potent /ˈpoʊtnt/ adj. 36:52
强有力的
club /klʌb/ v. 36:52
用棍棒打
self-reflective /ˌself rɪˈflektɪv/ adj. 37:46
自我反思的
cohort /ˈkoʊhɔːrt/ n. 37:46
同龄群体,同期群
thugs /θʌɡz/ n. 38:58
暴徒,打手
infiltrated /ˈɪnfɪltreɪtɪd/ adj. 38:58
渗透进入的(infiltrated police agents 卧底警察)
flare /fler/ n. 38:58
骤然爆发(a flare of violence)
apparatuses /ˌæpəˈrætəsɪz/ n. 41:05
(国家)机器,机构
geopolitical /ˌdʒiːoʊpəˈlɪtɪkl/ adj. 41:05
地缘政治的
programmatic /ˌproʊɡrəˈmætɪk/ adj. 41:05
纲领性的,有明确方案的
deliberative /dɪˈlɪbərətɪv/ adj. 41:48
协商的,审议的(deliberative democracy 协商民主)
utopia /juːˈtoʊpiə/ n. 41:48
乌托邦
co-optation /ˌkoʊɑːpˈteɪʃn/ n. 43:49
收编,吸纳(体制吸收反对者)
institutionalization /ˌɪnstɪˌtuːʃənələˈzeɪʃn/ n. 43:49
制度化
corridors of power phr. 45:04
权力走廊,权力核心圈
legitimacy /lɪˈdʒɪtɪməsi/ n. 45:04
合法性,正当性
nationalized /ˈnæʃnəlaɪzd/ v. 46:07
国有化
pervasive /pərˈveɪsɪv/ adj. 48:13
无处不在的,普遍的
butterfly effect phr. 48:13
蝴蝶效应
eviction /ɪˈvɪkʃn/ n. 50:23
驱逐,强制搬迁
ousted /ˈaʊstɪd/ v. 51:37
被赶下台,被罢免
referendum /ˌrefəˈrendəm/ n. 52:44
公投
speculative /ˈspekjələtɪv/ adj. 53:33
投机性的
collaterals /kəˈlætərəlz/ n. 53:33
抵押品,担保物
foreclosures /fɔːrˈkloʊʒərz/ n. 54:24
止赎(银行收回抵押房产)
dysfunctional /dɪsˈfʌŋkʃənl/ adj. 54:24
功能失调的
barricades /ˈbærɪkeɪdz/ n. 55:22
街垒,路障
exemplary /ɪɡˈzempləri/ adj. 55:22
示范性的,堪为楷模的
communal /kəˈmjuːnl/ adj. 55:22
共同体的,公共的
denotes /dɪˈnoʊts/ v. 57:24
表示,意指
simultaneity /ˌsaɪmltəˈniːəti/ n. 58:51
同时性
contiguity /ˌkɑːntɪˈɡjuːəti/ n. 58:51
邻接,毗连
advent /ˈædvent/ n. 58:51
出现,到来(the advent of…)
ancillary /ˈænsəleri/ adj. 1:00:31
辅助的,附属的
secluded /sɪˈkluːdɪd/ adj. 1:00:31
隔绝的,与世隔离的
rectified /ˈrektɪfaɪd/ v. 1:01:21
纠正,矫正
sociality /ˌsoʊʃiˈæləti/ n. 1:01:21
社会性,社交生活
enact /ɪˈnækt/ v. 1:02:34
实现,付诸实施
traction /ˈtrækʃn/ n. 1:03:16
吸引力,获得的支持与关注(gain traction)
permeability /ˌpɜːrmiəˈbɪləti/ n. 1:04:23
可渗透性,开放程度
dirty little secret phr. 1:05:35
心照不宣的丑事
voting intention phr. 1:07:27
投票意向
populism /ˈpɑːpjəlɪzəm/ n. 1:08:14
民粹主义
unsustainable /ˌʌnsəˈsteɪnəbl/ adj. 1:08:14
不可持续的
signed into law phr. 1:09:03
签署成为法律
solidified /səˈlɪdɪfaɪd/ v. 1:09:51
巩固,使坚固
savvy /ˈsævi/ adj. 1:09:51
精通的,有见识的(technologically savvy)
repressive /rɪˈpresɪv/ adj. 1:11:06
高压的,镇压性的
devastates /ˈdevəsteɪts/ v. 1:13:35
摧毁,使荒废
cynical /ˈsɪnɪkl/ adj. 1:14:42
愤世嫉俗的
demoralized /dɪˈmɔːrəlaɪzd/ adj. 1:14:42
意志消沉的
individualistic /ˌɪndɪˌvɪdʒuəˈlɪstɪk/ adj. 1:16:01
个人主义的
spawned /spɔːnd/ v. 1:17:17
涌现,催生
tropes /troʊps/ n. 1:17:17
套路,惯用手法
generic /dʒəˈnerɪk/ adj. 1:17:17
通用的,缺乏特色的
entitled /ɪnˈtaɪtld/ adj. 1:18:24
自以为理所应得的
chauvinistic /ˌʃoʊvəˈnɪstɪk/ adj. 1:19:57
沙文主义的
xenophobic /ˌzenəˈfoʊbɪk/ adj. 1:19:57
仇外的
factions /ˈfækʃnz/ n. 1:19:57
派别,派系
reactionary /riˈækʃəneri/ adj. 1:21:12
反动的
parish /ˈpærɪʃ/ n. 1:21:12
教区
sociability /ˌsoʊʃəˈbɪləti/ n. 1:24:42
社交性,社会交往模式
精读便签
下载便签 手机:长按图片也可保存
← 上一期 · NO.196How to Control Your Inner Voice & Increase Your Resilience | Dr. Ethan Kross 下一期 · NO.198 →Networks of Outrage and Hope - Manuel Castells
苏菲周报 · THE WEEKLY 每周一封,
追问一个大问题。
苏菲拉底的每周来信,写这一周在追问的问题和看到的回应。
苏菲拉底
ASK THE BIG QUESTIONS · THINK DEEPLY · SEE THE WORLD DIFFERENTLY
苏菲拉底微信公众号二维码 微信公众号
© 2026 苏菲拉底 · 内容仅供学习 [email protected]