Dr Joseph Henrich | WEIRD Minds-Why the West is psychologically peculiar and particularly prosperous · 苏菲拉底
字幕 字幕位置
--:--
点击播放,这里会跟随视频显示当前句的中英字幕。

Dr Joseph Henrich | WEIRD Minds-Why the West is psychologically peculiar and particularly prosperous

节目发布 2023-05-11 · The Ramsay Centre for Western Civilisation
约瑟夫·亨里奇 SSimon Haynes
EDITED TRANSCRIPT · 依据现场录音编译整理,可划线生成便签
编者按:二〇二三年,拉姆齐西方文明中心(Ramsay Centre for Western Civilisation)在悉尼铸币厂旧址举办年度系列讲座,第四讲邀请哈佛大学人类进化生物学教授约瑟夫·亨里奇(Joseph Henrich)主讲,题为「怪异的心智:宗教、婚姻与家庭如何让西方在心理上格外特殊、在经济上格外繁荣」。亨里奇是《人类成功统治地球的秘密》与畅销书《世界上最怪异的人》(The WEIRDest People in the World)的作者,此次刚下长途航班便登台。讲座由中心执行董事西蒙·海恩斯主持,讲后有现场问答。本文依据现场录音编译整理。

开场

海恩斯: 各位晚上好,欢迎回到拉姆齐讲座系列,欢迎来到铸币厂这个漂亮的空间。我代表本人,也代表我们的主席约翰·霍华德向诸位致意,他今晚未能到场,深表歉意。我相信他会和我一样高兴地欢迎他的对等人物,保罗·拉姆齐基金会主席迈克尔·特雷尔。中心对基金会的支持一向深怀感激。周五晚上、时间又偏晚,还有这么多人到场,很了不起。在座有没有拉姆齐学者?请举手。太好了。你们永远是全场最重要的人,请常来,带上同事和朋友,因为拉姆齐中心首先是一项教育事业,离开这一点我们什么也不是,而教育事业的核心就是下一代。

海恩斯: 照例先简短地缅怀我们非凡的捐赠人,已故的保罗·拉姆齐。没有他,我们所做的一切,本科和研究生奖学金、对大学人文学科的资助、今晚这样的活动,都无从谈起。保罗希望拉姆齐中心在他独一无二的遗产中扮演主角,我们始终尽力尊重并践行他这个愿望。请允许我借用嘉宾一点时间,预告几场活动:巴黎大学的雷米·布拉格教授今年晚些时候将在线上讲他的名著《偏心的文化:西方文明理论》(用英语讲,不是法语);九月,剑桥大学的罗伯特·图姆斯教授将现场介绍他的「历史复归」计划,用他们网站上的话说,这个计划旨在反击那些制造或加剧社会分裂、怨恨乃至暴力的错误历史解读;剑桥的历史学家、主持人贝塔尼·休斯也将在某个尚无法确定但一定会到来的日期来悉尼现场演讲,日期未定是因为她的考古发掘牵涉几位中东国家元首的批准。更近的一场,五月底六月初,我们将举办一场关于澳大利亚中学教育的专题讨论,参加者包括中心董事会成员、即将卸任昆伍德学院校长的伊丽莎白·斯通,她刚被任命为英国温切斯特公学校长,是这所学校六百五十年来第一位女性、第一位澳大利亚人校长;还有社会企业「知识社会」的首席执行官埃琳娜·道格拉斯。拉姆齐中心的重心固然在高等教育,但一切都从中学开始,那一晚值得期待。活动结束后,欢迎留下来在大厅用点心和饮料,与嘉宾交流。

海恩斯: 现在,拉姆齐中心极为荣幸地欢迎今晚的演讲人。他在澳期间日程极满,刚从美国下飞机就赶来,我们尤其感谢他抽出时间。约瑟夫·亨里奇教授是哈佛大学露丝·摩尔讲席生物人类学教授,此前在不列颠哥伦比亚大学同时担任经济学和心理学教授,并任加拿大「文化、认知与协同演化」研究讲席。他用演化的方法研究心理、决策与文化,把人类学的民族志工具与心理学、经济学的实验方法结合起来,探讨过经济决策、社会规范、公平、宗教、婚姻、声望、合作与创新等诸多题目。他在秘鲁、智利和南太平洋做过长期田野工作,主持过多个大型比较研究项目。二〇〇四年他获得美国总统青年科学家早期职业奖,二〇〇九年获人类行为与演化学会杰出贡献早期职业奖,二〇一八年获人格与社会心理学会颁发的瓦格纳理论创新奖。二〇一六年他在普林斯顿大学出版社出版《人类成功统治地球的秘密》,二〇二〇年出版了今晚要讲的畅销书《世界上最怪异的人》,而那些最怪异的人,说到底就是我们。二〇二三年第四场拉姆齐讲座,题为「怪异的心智:宗教、婚姻与家庭如何让西方在心理上格外特殊、在经济上格外繁荣」。女士们先生们,欢迎乔·亨里奇。

「我是谁」:自我的两种写法

亨里奇: 很高兴来到这里,我们能把这次活动办成,要感谢主办方。正如西蒙所说,我想讲讲我的书。我要集中谈的,是世界各地的研究正在拼出的一幅心理多样性图景,以及我试图解释其中一部分心理差异的努力。

亨里奇: 开头先给各位做一个心理学测试,叫「我是」测试,或者叫「我是谁」任务。请各位用三种方式把这句话补完整,设想你在向别人描述自己:「我是……」,后面随便填。心理学家通常让人填二十次,他们在世界各地让人做过这个任务,然后把答案汇总、按不同方式编码,就能看出有意思的规律。

亨里奇: 我可以这样回答:我是杰西卡的父亲,我是一个哥哥,我是阿拉的朋友。不过我实际上大概不会这么答,我更可能说:我好奇心强,我是科学家,我是海上皮划艇爱好者。第一组答案讲的是我的关系和纽带,第二组讲的是我希望你知道的关于我这个人的事实。「科学家」固然也是一个群体,但那是个奇怪的群体,我不会因为对方也是科学家就去机场接他,所以这一条讲的还是我,而不是群体。一端是特质、志向和成就,是我自己选定的、关于我的东西;另一端是角色和关系。这一点在世界各地差别极大:人到底把自己看作社会网络里的一个节点,还是一个由某些特征来界定的、完整的自我。

亨里奇: 人类学家早就注意到了这一点,它属于「个人主义综合体」的一部分。普林斯顿的人类学家克利福德·格尔茨在七十年代初就写过:西方把人理解成一个有边界的、独一无二的、多少算得上整合的动机与认知宇宙,这种观念在我们看来再理所当然不过,放在世界诸文化的背景下却相当古怪。

亨里奇: 这只是自我观念,它似乎还和别的东西连在一起。除了这种把自我看成原子的观点,还有内疚感(guilt)。这里的内疚是和羞耻(shame)相对的。人类学家长期区分内疚型社会与羞耻型社会:羞耻型社会有大量社会规范,人担心的是违反规范、在他人眼中失了脸面,而且羞耻会从别人身上蔓延到你身上,你兄弟做了丢脸的事,你也跟着丢脸。内疚则关乎能否达到自己给自己定的标准:某天没去健身房,你可能内疚,但邻居不会因为你没去健身房而看低你的兄弟。再有过度自信,我们自己做过不少研究,这是真的:个人主义者确实高估自己的能力。还有自我抬举,永远把最好的一面摆在前头,永远强调自己的优点。这些特征往往聚在一起出现。

亨里奇: 这是一张世界地图,各位能在上面找到自己:深蓝色,世界上最个人主义的社会。我们美国以九十一分领先,澳大利亚九十分紧随其后,不错,英国八十九分。差异很大。你可能会说,人怎么想自己,这有意思,但它对我们真正在乎的事情有影响吗?我偶尔会戴上另一顶帽子,毕竟我当过经济学教授。这张图是个人主义程度与每百万人专利数,也就是创新率的关系,换成人均国内生产总值或别的指标也一样。它出自一篇发表在顶级经济学期刊上的论文,作者试图论证这是因果关系:个人主义越强,创新越多。我认为多半确实如此,不过眼下只需说这里有一个耐人寻味的相关就够了。后面我会再回到这一点,先提示一下,这里面有经济上的分量。

冰山一角

亨里奇: 个人主义综合体只是冰山的一角,这座心理冰山到底有多深,我们并不清楚。世界各地心理差异的另一些例子:一是在道德判断中对意图的使用。这听上去很奇怪,有人偷了东西,是故意还是无意,对惩罚轻重应该影响很大才对。可我们在世界各地做过研究,差异相当大。在西方社会,当事人的心理状态在任何判断里都至关重要。你稍微想一想就会发现,别人脑子里想什么我们永远无法真正知道,所以任何以心理状态为依据的惩罚,都是对一个根本不可知的东西所做的推断。你或许会觉得这种东西不该进入司法程序,可在西方的法庭上,认定这些隐蔽而不可知的心理状态恰恰是核心环节。在另一些地方,只有结果算数,只看实际发生了什么:你把别人的房子烧了,不管是故意还是失手,你就是纵火犯。

亨里奇: 二是分析式思维与整体式思维,这关系到我们处理问题的方式。我们是先找出对象、给它们赋予属性,再根据这些属性去解释整个系统的行为?还是去看事物之间的关系和相互联系?分析式思维的简单例子:心理学家给人分配人格或其他倾向性特质,再用这些解释行为;物理学家给粒子赋予属性,再用属性解释行为;经济学家给个人分配偏好,同一套路。整体式思维看的是关系。一个人冲另一个人怒吼,你可以说「他是个易怒的人」,这是倾向归因,是怪异人的描述方式;关系型思维的人会说,他们的关系出了问题,或者年长的一方在教年轻的一方什么东西,想让他记牢。两种处理方式截然不同。三是关系性道德与普遍主义道德的对立,问题在于道德准则是否适用于所有人,还是只适用于小群体,或者不同种类的关系应当有不同的规矩。

亨里奇: 讲分析式思维时我已经谈了很多倾向性思维,它在你可能熟悉的两个心理学概念里表现出来。一个是「基本归因错误」,上过社会心理学课的人也许听过,结果它并不那么「基本」。它指的是把事情归结为内在或倾向性原因的习惯:有人没来上班,也许因为他懒,这是倾向归因;而情境归因会说他车胎爆了之类。基本归因错误并非到处都有,看来是怪异人群特有的现象。另一个是认知失调:想在不同情境下保持一致。前后不一致会让西方人、个人主义者很难受,但许多别的人群根本不在意。这个单子我还能往下列:对陌生人的信任、从众、耐心。我要强调的一点是,跨越多样人群的研究实在太少,我们真的不知道这座冰山有多深。

「怪异」一词的来历与警示

亨里奇: 我一直在用「怪异」(WEIRD)这个词,它是「西方的、受过教育的、工业化的、富裕的、民主的」五个英文单词的首字母缩写。这个词是我和两位同事史蒂夫·海因、阿拉·诺伦扎扬一起造的,目的是提醒同行:当你只研究美国人、只研究西方被试时,你不仅是从整个文化多样性光谱里切了一片,而且切的是很不寻常的一片。它甚至不是中位数人群,而是某种离群人群,所以把结论推广到整个物种时要格外小心。我们在二〇一〇年提出这个问题时,证据显示心理学研究的被试有百分之九十六来自怪异社会,其中百分之七十是美国人。美国人和怪异人群占据了压倒性比重。

亨里奇: 有一组彼此相伴的特征,构成了怪异人群的不寻常之处。但我想说说人们面对这些心理差异时常见的一种反应:觉得这只是表层的心理差异。我给认知科学家讲这个题目时会换一套完全不同的语言,讲那些非常「认知科学」的东西:我可以给你看记忆的差异,不同社会的人在记忆的不同方面表现不同;注意力有差异,视觉知觉有差异,空间推理有差异,时间心理有差异,还有更多。你可以用不同方式切分,而认知科学家认为是「硬核认知科学」的那些基本方面,同样存在差异。

亨里奇: 最后是一点告诫。造出「怪异」这个词之后我发现,人们往往在脑子里筑起一道二分法:怪异社会对非怪异社会。这个词的语言形式确实会自然引向那种理解,但为什么这是个错误呢?打个比方:我给你讲章鱼,你于是造出「非章鱼」这个类别,这对你了解「非章鱼」毫无帮助,因为其他所有动物都在里面。它无法帮你定位,你只知道它们不像章鱼。所以请不要在头脑里立起那道二分。

亨里奇: 还有一点提醒,来自我多次向不同听众讲这个题目的经验:我必须用这些心理特征来刻画人群,但我不是在批评怪异人群或非怪异人群(我这又用了刚说过不要用的二分法)。问题在于,一种心理特征在你的社会里受推崇或很普遍,你就会觉得它好。就拿从众来说,你若认为从众是坏事,这恰恰说明你有多「怪异」,因为在很多地方,研究都表明人们认为从众是好事。你问人们该不该教孩子从众,美国人会说这不在教育孩子的重要事项清单上;而在许多地方,这是最要紧的事项之一。得克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校的发展心理学家克里斯汀·勒加尔做过实验,她给瓦努阿图的父母和奥斯汀的父母看录像,录像里的孩子有的从众,有的不从众,请父母说哪些孩子聪明。瓦努阿图的父母都认为从众的孩子聪明,得州的父母都认为不从众的孩子聪明。这就是两个不同的文化世界。我称之为从众者的那些人,自己认为从众是好事。

亨里奇: 所以有两个问题。第一,如何解释世界各地的心理差异?这张图画的是内群体信任与外群体信任的差异。第二,这些心理差异是否影响我们在乎的结果:民主、金融市场、创新之类?这一张是道德普遍主义与关系性道德的地图。我在个人主义那张图上本想指出一点:灰色区域是我们知识上的未知之地(terra incognita)。地球上大片大片的地方,至少在某些心理维度上我们完全没有数据。这是一个重要的科学缺口。

文化演化与可塑的大脑

亨里奇: 我想很简要地说明我是怎样看待文化演化和心理变化的,以及我将要谈的是哪一类过程。这里我引用我二〇一六年的书《人类成功统治地球的秘密》。我在哈佛人类进化生物学系,把人看作经历了自然选择的动物。我们和黑猩猩的共同祖先大约在六百万年前,说六千年的是另一拨人。我关注两个重要过程:自然选择和系统发生。只要知道我们是一种猿,就能理解人类的很多东西,接下来的问题是这六百万年里自然选择做了什么。就我的目的而言,我要单独拎出一点:我们演化出了文化能力。我们比地球上任何物种都更擅长观察他人、向他人学习,从他们那里复制观念、信念、价值、行为、策略、启发法,各种各样的东西。但我们的心理还有别的演化产物,等我讲到亲属关系和家庭时它们会变得重要,在我们的故事里扮演关键角色。

亨里奇: 用自然选择的逻辑,我们可以说出很多关于我们如何学习、向谁学习的东西:把文化看成一种适应,即向他人学习的能力。一代一代下来,这就产生了累积性文化演化的过程。文化学习加上心理的其他方面,创造出各种文化产品:复杂的工具、实践与仪式、社会规范与制度、语言。我今晚没法展开,但我的一个兴趣是,仅仅是相互学习的能力,如何产生社会规范,也就是一套共享的行为做法,并且带有一种标准:谁偏离了,别人就会不高兴,这让社会规范稳定下来。

亨里奇: 我们已经知道,人脑有相当的可塑性,而我主张这是「设计使然」:我们的心智演化得可塑,正是为了适应由不同语言、不同社会规范、各种文化产品所创造的多样世界。举几个已知会随之变化的例子。视觉加工:我们所有人都在一个到处是九十度直角的世界里长大,而这在各社会中其实很少见,它导致了缪勒-莱尔错觉,就是两端箭头朝内或朝外的那两条线段。狩猎采集社会的人看不出这个错觉,因为他们的眼睛没有在一个满是直角的世界里校准过。再如自我调控,我们知道它受宗教修持和仪式实践影响:如果你每天都得重复做同一件事,你就会获得一种不做这些事的人得不到的自我调控能力。这是一种文化实践影响一项心理特征。

亨里奇: 我在两本书里都极力强调的另一个要点,包括本书开篇那段关于阅读之重要的小故事(我最后会讲到),就是要把这一点讲透:这些是我们大脑里的生物学变化,只是不是基因变化。影响我们生物学的东西很多,不必经由基因。在不同环境里长大的人群会变得在生物学上不同,因为我们演化成了会根据需要应对的社会环境来改变大脑。非基因的生物学差异。从长远看,我曾论证这种文化过程在几十万年里反过来影响了更深层的演化过程,改变了我们的基因演化,不过这对今天的讲座不重要。

婚姻与家庭:最古老的制度

亨里奇: 我们要谈的是社会规范与制度,我尤其关心人类制度中最古老、最根本的那一个:与婚姻和家庭有关的制度。人类有一组先天特征影响着我们如何构建家庭。我们有一种与许多动物共享的亲属心理,倾向于对近亲利他和照护,所以我们知道父母为什么爱孩子,这直接从演化理论推出来,很漂亮。配偶结合:像大猩猩一样,我们与异性建立长期关系以抚养后代,而文化演化在此基础上于许多社会建起了婚姻制度。确有少数没有婚姻的社会,但仔细看,配偶结合在那些社会里照样冒出来,只是没有像我们对待婚姻那样被围裹起来、神圣化。亲属心理也一样,这种基本心理被文化以各种有趣的方式延伸到其他种类的亲属身上。最后,像其他动物一样,我们必须避免近亲繁殖,所以有乱伦厌恶,这就是为什么你一想到和异性手足发生关系就恶心。但许多社会还有乱伦禁忌,规定不得与某些堂表亲结婚或发生关系。最有意思的是,某些堂表亲是禁忌,而另一些亲缘距离完全相同的堂表亲却是首选的婚配对象。

亨里奇: 这一切塑造了人类社会最基本的社会网络:谁和谁一起长大,谁和谁结盟,谁对谁负有责任。它实际上是在最根本的层面上给社会重新布线。接下来必须认识到,我们许多人熟悉的那种家庭,放在全球视野里是不寻常的。这里列出五项亲属特征。民族志图集是人类学家在六十年代编纂的一个数据库,收录了一千二百多个社会的资料。查这些亲属特征就会发现,西方家庭所必需的那些做法大多很罕见。双系继嗣,也就是同时沿父母双方追溯世系,出乎很多人意料,数据库里只有百分之二十八的社会如此,其余的是父系或母系,有时更复杂。很少或没有表亲婚:多数社会有表亲婚,很多社会还鼓励表亲婚,占百分之七十五。一夫一妻制很罕见,只有百分之十五的社会不允许精英和高地位男性另娶妻子。一妻多夫,即一个女人有多个丈夫,在民族志记录里几乎不存在,只占百分之零点一,偶尔冒出来,但始终罕见。核心家庭同样罕见,百分之九十二的社会不以核心家庭为基本结构。新居制,百分之九十五的社会要求新婚夫妇与夫家或妻家同住,不得另立门户。

亨里奇: 把这些加起来:五项做法全有的在这一头,一项都没有的在那一头。这个全球数据库里刚过半数的社会一项都没有。五项俱全的这几个,你去挖数据,要么是欧洲裔社会(这是个全球数据库,比如收了爱尔兰科克郡的爱尔兰人),要么是另一个有趣的案例,菲律宾的宿务人。我去查宿务岛的历史,发现那正是麦哲伦登陆的地方,也是他丧命的地方。安东尼奥·皮加费塔在麦哲伦航行记里写到,当地人显然有一夫多妻等各种做法,因为随船的神父们对此大加抨击。六十年后多明我会传教士抵达。所以人类学家还没到,多明我会传教士先到了。北美也是同样的情形。

亨里奇: 这很重要,因为家庭是一种制度,而且是人来到世上遇到的第一个制度,很可能也是最古老的制度,它以重要的方式和我们演化出的心理连在一起。这是重要的背景。

从亲属制度到欧洲的转型

亨里奇: 现在讲我的论证。我们要解释怪异心理,而在结尾我会试着把它和民主、市场、创新这些结果联系起来。我的论点是:家庭与亲属做法的差异影响人们如何看待世界;而在欧洲内部,亲属与家庭做法的一场转型,导致了欧洲历史上一系列有别于其他地方的特征。其一是历史学家所说的自愿社团的扩散:行会、修道院、大学,还有遍布欧洲的特许城镇,这些都是自愿社团,在别处并不常见。因为是自愿的,这些社团之间存在竞争,你可以迁移、更换,挑选你喜欢的组织规则,我要论证这产生了影响。其二,这带来了城市化和职业选择的兴起:公元八百年,欧洲的城市化率约百分之一,落后于世界许多地方;大约一二〇〇年欧洲超过中国;一五〇〇年之后超过中东和地中海地区。整个时期城市化一路上升。同一时期市场也在扩散。我认为这些绿色箭头都影响着心理的某些方面。

亨里奇: 最后,也是我接下来要转向的:我认为这场婚姻与家庭的转型,是由一套政策启动的,它源自古代晚期和中世纪的教会。教会发起了一系列禁令:禁止表亲婚,禁止一夫多妻,禁止某些继承做法,我马上细说。这是关键的推动者,它导致了后面的一切。今天我只来得及讲这三个箭头。红色箭头是历史数据,要做历史论证就需要它们;绿色箭头是心理数据。我在智识上做的事有点不寻常:我先建立理论,再拿历史数据表明这确实在过去发生过,然后用当代数据检验心理上的关联。因为当时我没有死人的心理数据,我们正在想办法弄到,比如分析拉丁语语料库,也许以后能有。

亨里奇: 为了让各位对我为什么认为亲属制度重要有个直观印象,做一个鲜明的对比。一边是弱亲属关系的世界:核心家庭,你得自己闯世界,自己去找所有的关系:朋友、生意伙伴、配偶。另一边的世界里,你的多数关系与生俱来:婚姻由人安排,你和堂兄弟一起干活,你们是一个生产单位,家庭之外没有别的生产单位。在前一个世界,你必须培养倾向性特质:聪明、诚实、机灵,任何能让你脱颖而出、找到那些关系的东西。在后一个世界,你的目标是符合既有关系对你的期待,你不需要新关系,因为你已经有一张出生时就领到的亲属网。前者要靠个人特质,你根据倾向性特质评判别人,也努力培养自己的;后者,比如找新的生意伙伴,你信任一个人是基于你与他的关系,让他值得信赖的是那些社会纽带,而不是什么倾向性特质。所以一边是基于倾向的信任,一边是基于嵌入的信任。后者是羞耻的世界,你努力达到各种标准,有一大堆规矩要守;前者是内疚的世界,你要培养那些特质,哪些特质因人而异,你努力活成那样。前者的身份认同附着于你培养出来的这一组特质,后者关乎你的关系,你把自己看作氏族或大家庭的一员。

教会的婚姻家庭方案

亨里奇: 多数人以为,西方社会典型的一夫一妻小型核心家庭是工业革命之后才出现的:人们富起来了,然后做了理智的事,组建小家庭。当然,沙特阿拉伯和别处的富人可不是这么做的,他们没有一发财就组建小家庭,所以人变富后会怎样,我们其实有过检验。不管怎样,人们是这么想的,但我认为数据不支持。数据清楚表明,欧洲的核心家庭至少可以追溯到一四〇〇年、一五〇〇年,早于工业革命。这里我依据杰克·古迪的书,他是人类学家,但不少历史学家也提出了同样的观点:正是教会从古代晚期开始的努力,逐渐把欧洲人拆解成了一夫一妻的核心家庭。

亨里奇: 各位可能熟悉乱伦禁忌。要体会它嵌入之深,看英语就行。你称呼姻亲时说 sister-in-law、brother-in-law、father-in-law,多数人没意识到「in-law」指的是教会法(canon law):她是你在教会法意义上的姐妹,意思是不得与她发生关系或结婚。这是一种提醒,因为在许多社会,姻亲是可能的婚配对象。在一夫多妻的社会,你娶了一个姐妹之后可以再娶下一个;就算不允许,妻子去世后,你自然想维持与那个家族的关系,因为一切都关乎关系,于是就娶她的一个妹妹来顶替。教会终止了这种做法,事实上这是他们最早做的事情之一。然后他们禁止一代堂表亲通婚,接着不断扩大圈子,大约公元一千年时扩大到六代堂表亲,第四次拉特兰公会议又收回到三代堂表亲。范围扩得相当广,还包括教父教母之类的属灵亲属和姻亲。

亨里奇: 一夫多妻被禁止,此前在欧洲很普遍,有正妻和次妻之分。教会还禁止了性奴。不得包办婚姻,所以在基督教婚礼上新娘必须说「我愿意」,这在跨文化看是很罕见的,通常没人问新娘怎么想,而这里是神父在做最后一次确认:你真的没意见吧?教会还不鼓励土地的集体所有。古迪指出教会在此有私利:米兰大主教安布罗斯想出了办法,说服人们向教会捐赠:你捐给教会,我们给穷人,然后《马可福音》里有一段经文,说来话长,总之教会找到了一套说法,让人相信捐给教会就更有机会上天堂。当然本意是让人生前就捐,多数人不愿意,就在临终时捐,指望上天堂。于是教会成了欧洲最富有或数一数二富有的机构,逐渐积累了大量土地。这也改变了继承制度。

亨里奇: 最后我想提一个环节,它至今是许多婚礼的一部分,但其实可以追溯到加洛林时代,各位大概熟悉:「如有任何人能说明这对新人为何不能合法缔结神圣婚姻,请现在说出来,否则永远保持沉默。」接着是意味深长的停顿,大家面面相觑。这是一次乱伦调查。又是神父在说:让我们确认这两人不是亲戚,所有可能知道他们是否沾亲的人都到场了,做最后一次核查,确认不是堂表亲,就可以把他们结合在一起。这是加洛林帝国联手神父和教宗,努力终结所谓「乱伦问题」的一部分。这一切都表明,到公元八百年,我们开始看到实际的统计证据,此后证明这套机制在运转的证据似乎越来越多。

用今天的数据检验历史

亨里奇: 要把它变成一项科学研究计划,就得进入现代世界,用数据检验我说的那些效应是否存在。我的任务(这篇论文发表在《科学》杂志上)有两项:如果这套理论成立,我应当能把教会的传播、婚姻与家庭方案,和基于亲属的制度差异联系起来,所以我需要表亲婚率、一夫多妻率之类的数据;我应当能把这些制度差异与心理数据联系起来;然后我还应当能直接从教会走到心理。

亨里奇: 先给各位看最宏观的数据,全球层面,每个点是一个国家:横轴是该人群处于中世纪教会影响下的世纪数,纵轴我挑了最容易懂的指标,表亲婚率,我还有更复杂的测量。在中世纪教会之下的世纪越多,表亲婚越少,全球皆然。然后拿表亲婚率(对数刻度)对应心理:我们在国家层面找到了十七个心理变量的数据,为简单起见把它们加总成一个指数,称为「个人主义与非人格心理指数」。表亲婚越多,个人主义越弱,非人格信任越低,相关相当强。我可以把十七项逐一给你看,规律都一样,幕后没藏什么东西,全在论文里。最后是这一步:处于教会之下的世纪越多,个人主义与非人格心理越强。

亨里奇: 在许多测量里我们都有西方教会和东方教会的数据。史料显示,东方教会推行的是这套婚姻家庭方案的弱化版:他们起步晚,禁婚范围没那么宽,也没那么热心,但确实推行过。我们常看到这样的规律:东方教会效应弱,西方教会效应强,也就是更多个人主义和非人格心理。至少在全球层面,这符合基本图景。我们可以加各种花哨的控制变量,但它终究是跨国数据,看到跨国数据你都该起疑,因为跨国什么都相关。

欧洲内部:主教区与移民二代

亨里奇: 为了挖得更深,我们建了一个欧洲主教区数据库,每个主教区有定位坐标和日期,这样就能追踪教会的传播。各位会看到有时红点变灰,那表示欧洲的那一片处在对罗马主教不友好的政权之下,比如伊斯兰政权,这段时间我们不计入;西班牙被征服,意大利的一些地方被征服;有时是在东正教会或君士坦丁堡主教之下,不属罗马一方。时间从五百年到一五〇〇年,由此得到一个「剂量」指标。爱尔兰很有意思,人们往往以为爱尔兰很早就接受了基督教,圣帕特里克之类,但那一支基督教并不包含婚姻家庭方案,爱尔兰要到诺曼人到来的十二、十三世纪才得到它。这张图给出了欧洲各地的剂量,我们用蓝线标出加洛林帝国的边界,因为加洛林人扮演了重要角色,那也是八百年时一条重要的政治边界;铁幕也标在上面。

亨里奇: 我们从欧洲社会调查里取了四个心理维度:个人主义、从众与服从、非人格公平、非人格信任,各位想了解细节我很乐意多谈。然后用每个地区的教会暴露程度去预测个体心理。分析中我们要解释的是个人的心理特征,用的是他住在哪里、那个地区处于教会影响下多久。结果是:来自教会暴露更久的地区的人,非人格信任更高,非人格公平更强,从众与服从更弱,个人主义与独立性更强。这项分析只比较同一国家内部的地区,所以全国医保体系、国内生产总值之类都不在里面。我们控制了个人的人口特征、收入、教育和年龄,所以不是收入效应,不是教育效应,我们只拿有大学学位的人和有大学学位的人比。我们有大量地理变量、气候变量。有人会担心教会和罗马的影响混在一起,我们就用连接罗马帝国的罗马道路的历史地图,以离罗马道路的远近作为指标,结果不是那个。我们还控制了五百年时的初始繁荣程度、中世纪大学的存在、修道院、加洛林帝国,结果依然成立。对我来说最有说服力的一项分析是:把西欧全部抛开,只看铁幕另一边,也就是前苏联集团,结果一模一样。

亨里奇: 这是一组分析。我给自己和团队定的另一项任务是,应当能证明西方教会暴露越多,亲属制度也随之变化。我可以给各位看分析,表明处于教会之下越久,欧洲各地表亲婚越少,但我想改放这几张图:横轴是二十世纪测得的表亲婚率,纵轴是刚才那个欧洲社会调查测出的个人主义与独立性。只看欧洲内部,表亲婚越多的地方,个人主义与独立性越弱。我们有意大利、西班牙、法国和土耳其的数据,不是每个地方都有,只是这些国家里能找到数据的那些地区。我们把土耳其放了进去,拿掉土耳其一切照旧,但值得指出的是,土耳其恰好落在你根据它的表亲婚率所预期的位置。这是一个历史截然不同的地方,可一旦知道它的表亲婚率,就能对它的心理说出点什么。非人格公平也一样,表亲婚越多,非人格公平越弱,土耳其又落在它该在的位置,其余都落在线上。从众与服从:表亲婚越多,从众与服从越强。非人格信任:表亲婚越多,信任越低,土耳其还在下面。我们可以加各种控制,总体上结果成立。这个数据集不像前一个那么大,欧洲只有这六十八个地区,但我们手头只有这些。

亨里奇: 接下来的分析解决了一些问题。我们仍用欧洲社会调查,但只看第二代移民:父母从别处迁到欧洲,在这里生了孩子,孩子参加了调查。我们只拿第二代移民和第二代移民比。他们在欧洲长大,语言流利,上欧洲的学校,但他们的家庭乃至社交网络可能来自别处。我们把亲属关系强度(我们认为这是关键所在,家庭之间联结得多紧、社会网络的结构如何)、或者表亲婚率、或者教会持续时间,按父母的来源地附加到这个人身上,然后基本上是用父母来自哪里来解释他的心理。结果是:父母来自亲属关系强度较低、表亲婚较少的地方的人,非人格信任更高,非人格公平更强,从众与服从更弱,个人主义与独立性更强。和预期的规律相同,说明存在某种从父母或父母营造的社交网络到孩子的文化传递。

亨里奇: 每次讲到这里,总有人想着移民辩论来提问,我现在就回应一下。这些数据让我们能看这些因素的强度。我们发现,从第一代到第二代再到第三代,效应每一代下降一个数量级。我们能检测到,是因为样本非常大;但第二代已经远小于第一代,第三代更小,往往仍能检测到,第四代就很难检测到了。这项分析里我们照旧控制了所有那些变量,还加上了被歧视的感受,以防来自不同地方的人受到的歧视程度不同。我们还做了别的技巧,比如母亲来自同一个国家但属于不同民族语言群体的,我们就把国家固定住,只比较母亲来自同一国不同族群的人,这是又一种排除其他差异来源的办法。

刚果、中国与美国的印证

亨里奇: 这是欧洲的分析。还有一些证据没写进书里,因为是后来才有的,来自非洲,是经济学家奥古斯丁·贝热龙的工作。我们有一张非洲历史上基督教传教站的地图,标出传教士去过的地方。他研究刚果民主共和国的大城市卡南加的居民,看他们来自哪里,老家村子在哪里,那些村子往往很远,散布在刚果各地。然后他看能否用老家村子离基督教传教站的远近,预测他们是否有那种更紧密的亲属网络,以及他们是道德普遍主义者还是看重内群体忠诚。他发现的规律是:离传教站越近,家庭越小、越接近核心家庭,心理上越倾向道德普遍主义,越不看重内群体忠诚。和预期一样,只不过这次是在刚果复现。我常和欧洲史学家辩论,他们会编出一套关于欧洲精英如何如何的复杂故事,我就问:那怎么解释刚果的发现?所以这些想法必须在不同地方检验。

亨里奇: 再看中国和印度。这里亲属关系强度的差异用宗族来测量,只不过影响亲属制度的不再是教会:有大量文献表明水稻农业会强化宗族。我们只看汉人,把其他群体都排除。来自宗族更多的地方的汉人(那些地方也有更多的水稻农业),分析式思维更弱,自我概念更偏互赖,更看重内群体忠诚。基本上是同样的规律。这一张来自美国:随着美国扩张,表亲婚在各地冒头,达到了不可忽视的程度,于是各州陆续立法。不列颠哥伦比亚大学的经济学家戈什及其同事证明,各州颁布反表亲婚法律后,表亲婚下降,随后带来更高的收入和城市化。这里我没有心理数据,但能看到预期的经济效应。

集体大脑与创新

亨里奇: 最后我想谈谈创新,这是议程上最新的部分。在早先的工作里我提出,人类的创新和知识很大程度上来自多样心智之间的互动。多数新想法其实是既有想法的重新组合,所以把一群想法各异的人聚到一起让他们互动,他们就能生出「想法宝宝」。如果这是对的,我们就应当预期,人口规模、认知多样性和相互联结程度会共同作用,加快创新。在《世界上最怪异的人》里我把这套想法用上了:我所谈的那些社会因素,最终都锚定在教会和这些心理变化上。城市化总会带来更多创新;移民会带来更多创新,因为移民带来多样的想法;欧洲的制度也不同,比如学徒和熟练工(journeyman)制度。只举一个关键环节:你在一位师傅那里学成手艺之后,还得去另一位师傅的作坊做一段我称之为「博士后」的熟练工,而且规定必须离得远,不能在附近。这意味着你会和来自各地、师从不同师傅的一群人混在一起,这是一个极有利于新组合的环境,因为它把原本永远不会相遇的想法凑到了一起,否则每个人的想法都只在各自圈子里打转。当然还有大学在传播知识,学会在传播,咖啡馆在传播,书里我展示了学会对英国创新的影响。

亨里奇: 这一张和城市化有关,时间从一一〇〇年到一九〇〇年,我称之为「集体大脑的规模」,其实就是一个人能接触到的其他人的数量。我的做法是:假设你能接触到你所在城市的所有人,而你接触其他城市的人的能力取决于去那座城市的成本。把你能接触到的人加起来,其他城市的人按旅行成本打折扣,就得到这样的曲线:一个人能接触到的人数,也就是集体大脑的规模,恰好在工业革命发生前后急剧膨胀。

亨里奇: 心理因素同样重要。如果你信任陌生人、与陌生人合作,你就更可能分享想法、与非亲非故的人互动协作。个人主义:如果你想做全场最聪明的人、想让所有人刮目相看,这是一种激励;相反,从众的人会把想法藏在心里,不越雷池。求新的偏好、敢于打破传统显然也有帮助。还有对宗教差异的宽容,因为这样你能接触到更多存放在不同头脑里的想法。我们的做法是取一九八〇年到二〇一四年的专利数据库(繁重的活儿主要是同事干的),只解释欧洲内部的差异。我已经给各位看过从教会到怪异心理的联系,这是一张把四项特征合并起来的怪异心理地图。也可以用现代家庭指标,比如核心家庭的比例,或者脸书好友中相距超过一百公里的比例,我们有脸书数据。于是可以建立这两个联系,用心理和家庭解释专利分布;然后是这一个:中世纪教会暴露越多,人均专利越多。这只拿欧洲人和欧洲人比,只在同一国家内部分析,用的是非常小的地区单位。还可以做别的分析来改进,结尾时可以谈。

新教、识字与大脑

亨里奇: 我已经超时了,只简短说一点。我想解释的一件事是韦伯提出的问题。他提出新教在资本主义和市场的兴起中扮演了重要角色,而我想回答的问题之一是:新教本身是怎么来的?它是一种高度个人主义的宗教。我前面讲了很多心理状态,比如你是故意偷还是失手偷,而在新教里,单凭心理状态就能上天堂:唯独信仰就能得救,而不是信仰加善行。放在世界诸宗教里,这是个很奇怪的观念。「每个人应当自己读《圣经》」的想法也很古怪,凭什么让每个无名小卒都有机会自己读《圣经》、有自己的看法?但这带来了识字的普及,因为人们得学会读《圣经》。当时认为人人都该如此,男孩女孩都一样,所以新教人群想出了办法让男孩女孩都受教育,都识字。

亨里奇: 有趣的是,多数人不知道,学会阅读会改变你的大脑。它让胼胝体增厚,在左侧腹侧枕颞区形成一个专门区域,改变颞上沟的一部分和左侧额下前额叶皮层,改善你的言语记忆,因为你能给词造出一幅图像;甚至在你听人说话时,它也会引发更大范围的大脑激活,你听到语音,大脑的一部分实际上在把它转成文字。它还把面孔识别转移到了右半球。目前的看法是,大脑需要腾出「神经地盘」,学会阅读时我们挤走了一部分面孔识别功能,于是识字的人在面孔识别上偏向右半球。神经科学家长期告诉我们,人类天生在面孔识别上偏右半球,结果那主要是识字人的情况,因为我们把一部分神经地盘挪作他用了。

亨里奇: 结束时的要点:必须把心理看作与制度及文化的其他方面协同演化的东西,而这影响着制度如何运作。把一个在某个社会里演化出来的制度拔出来,扔到另一个社会头上(这是欧洲人长期以来的一大爱好),是行不通的,因为它和当地已有的心理不匹配,那里有不同的期待,整套动态都不一样。深层历史对经济结果至关重要,要理解当今世界就必须理解历史,这是替历史学家做的广告。还要指出,我讲了很多文化和文化群体,但这不是一个把文化群体本质化的故事,而是一个随时间动态变化的故事。看看公元一千年的欧洲,当时的伊斯兰学者谈到「北方蛮族」,指的就是英格兰人、荷兰人这些,认为他们粗鄙、不开化、愚笨。这一千年里欧洲发生了巨变。此外我前面说过,文化演化是一种生物演化,但不是基因演化。就讲到这里。

对谈:韦伯与托克维尔

海恩斯: 太精彩了,内容太多,几乎不知从何谈起。我要趁话筒在我手上先问一个问题,接着你结尾谈到的韦伯。我是从拉姆齐中心的角度想这个问题,因为我们的大学课程聚焦过去的伟大著作,所以我们总喜欢把演讲人讲的东西放进关于那个题目的悠长思想传统里。韦伯讲禁欲新教,说新教导致了资本主义的兴起,他和你一样追溯到路德。但我更想到的是托克维尔的《论美国的民主》。你在某一章开头引过托克维尔的一句话,大意是:我仿佛在第一个登上这片海岸的清教徒身上看到了美国的全部命运。托克维尔还说,当每个人都专注于自己,人变得更平等,也更与同胞疏离;在你的模型里,对亲族的献身变得陌生;托克维尔说,民主摧毁了献身的本能。我觉得你说的和韦伯、托克维尔说的有很强的平行关系,区别在于他们谈的不是西方,而是现代性。西方内部关于「何为现代」的这场对话已经持续了两百年,而你把它转成了西方内部关于「何为西方」的对话。我把你做的事看作对西方关于现代性的对话传统的一个精彩的后来者,但它现在变成了关于西方人的东西。你能谈谈这一点吗?

亨里奇: 有意思的是,把某种东西定性为「现代性」的想法对我没有吸引力。我想要更具体、能抓在手里、能解释的东西。如果你想讨论家庭纽带的瓦解、家庭相对不那么重要、道德普遍主义,我会把它拆成一系列要素,逐个谈它们如何随时间变化,而不想给它贴一个标签,因为标签会让事情变得笨重难办。另外,现代性终有一天会成为过去,所以要做长时段的思考,就别用这类词,否则你还得加个「新」字,然后再往上加。回到你的问题:我确实认为,把我的事业看作与韦伯、托克维尔相关是有道理的,他们做了许多同样的观察。我说过我是想真正回应韦伯,书里我做的一件事就是考察支持韦伯某些说法的现代证据。比较德国的新教徒和天主教徒,他们之所以住在新教地区或天主教地区,是因为十六世纪某位王公或公爵的决定,你能看到他们每周工作时数的差异,也就是新教工作伦理的证据。心理状态的使用也一样:美国前总统吉米·卡特曾公开说,他对女性有不纯洁的念头时感到内疚;而其他宗教传统,比如犹太人(这是保罗·罗津的研究),并不会为此内疚,他们看的是行为,不是念头。

亨里奇: 与托克维尔的思想相合的一点是,移民到美国的人有一个优势:他们没有那些在法国之类的地方必须先被推倒的旧结构。回看欧洲历史,从中世纪盛期开始,在地方层面就有了民主,或者至少是代议制政府,因为要解决「我们这个镇怎么治理」的问题,有了镇议会,镇上集体做决定,各行会派代表参加。把这套东西提升到有精英和王室血统的全国层面,花了很长时间。可以把它看成一种从草根往上渗的过程。到了美国,没有精英可斗,当然也有一些精英过去了,但大体如此。

海恩斯: 很好,谢谢。我希望最后能回到阅读这个问题,但现在有很多人举手。请提问者先自报身份,问题尽量简短,别学我。

观众提问:康德与边沁

提问者: 我会很短。路德在文化构成上大概和康德相似,都是德国北部,那种德国式的义务论道德,永远不能撒谎,哪怕纳粹敲开安妮·弗兰克家的门问她在哪里;相对的是杰里米·边沁一路的后果论、功利主义,也许算某种社会主义式的道德。所以分野或许不是欧洲对东方,也未必是时间上的,而是边沁式后果论对义务论伦理,这当然也有时间和文明的维度。这可以是对数据的另一种解释。至于为什么中世纪教会的扩散能用来做指标,我在一家中世纪教会机构工作过,可以举个亲眼所见的例子:我在法国一家天主教机构照护过智力障碍者,注意到法国贵族会把他们近亲繁殖生下的智力受损的孩子送进教会机构,教会从摇篮到坟墓照顾这些孩子,他们不会繁衍,家族则给教会捐钱,这让西方教会强大起来。自查理曼八百年加冕以来,教会一直在做这类事。我相信这些数据没问题,我不是说它被证伪了,只是除了这个因素之外,还可能有别的解释,比如康德对边沁的哲学发展,社会主义对资本主义,古代希腊罗马对蛮族。不过教会这个说法很好,是一套很漂亮的人类学,说得通。

亨里奇: 我们的一贯做法是,如果有另一种假说(它们不必互相排斥),就设法找数据。所以问题是:有没有什么可以测量的东西,能抓住你心里想的那个维度?各位看到了我们放进去的各种控制变量。在那些分析里我没提的一点是:一个人是不是新教徒,对那些结果有独立的效应。我讲的重点是教会影响的持续时间,但在不少指标上确实存在一个「新教加成」。所以可能有别的因素在起作用,我的工作就是想办法把它测出来。

犹太教与识字的另一条路

提问者(露西): 你刚下跨洋航班就来讲,我很佩服,非常感谢,太精彩了。我有两个问题,都可能有点偏。第一,犹太教在你描述的框架里放在哪里?我对犹太教很感兴趣,前夫是犹太人,我到现在还想皈依,你不想答也没关系。第二,不知道你或在座各位有没有读过《金融时报》这个周末要刊出的关于「神一般的人工智能」的文章,作为人类学家,你怎么看神一般的人工智能的降临?两个问题毫不相干,但我想都有意义,我在《经济学人》做过很多年记者。

亨里奇: 都是好问题。书的序章讲阅读,原来更长,因为我想深挖一件事,也就是几分钟前讲的:识字的普及是新教推动的。经济学家的一个做法是用离维滕贝格的距离,看十九世纪的识字率,离维滕贝格越近,识字率越高。路德有很妙的话,说新教会从维滕贝格像石头落进池塘一样一圈圈荡开,看来那确实是实际发生的一部分。当然也有人说是印刷机,它不久前出现在德国另一个地方,美因茨,你把离美因茨的距离放进去,效果也不错。总之这是常见的备选假说。但另有一个群体,早在任何欧洲人之前就高度识字,那就是犹太人。第二圣殿被毁之后,犹太男子必须学会自己读《托拉》成了规范,识字、能读是做犹太男人的一部分。这意味着犹太人(至少男性)相对很早就高度识字,比路德早了,姑且说一千年,因为这套规范传开也花了些时间。犹太人完全识字,进入城市人口,做着识字所伴随的一切。这是故事的一部分。他们还建立了漫长的贸易网络,通过书信联络,与市场高度融合,所以他们具备了你认为会导向更「怪异」心理的一堆要素,可他们同时保持着牢固的家庭纽带。所以这里有第三个有趣的故事要讲,它不在那条线上。分析式思维的人喜欢沿直线想,而这更像一个分叉的谜题。

亨里奇: 另一个有趣的事实:书里我用的一项证据是欧洲各语言中亲属称谓的变化。你能看到它们从典型农业社会那种复杂的亲属称谓(对岳母、婆婆有不同的词,对各种堂表亲有不同的词)变成英语和其他西方语言常见的简单称谓。变化发生的时间正如你所预期:先在拉丁语系,西班牙语、意大利语、法语,后来是日耳曼语系,而且日耳曼语的所有方言都变了,只有一个例外,意第绪语。意第绪语始终没有采用新称谓,至今沿用复杂时代的旧称谓。这是一条有趣的证据。人工智能那个问题我就跳过了。

海恩斯: 我们等一下也许会回到阅读。这位先生,请等话筒。

从众、遗传与全球化

提问者: 那些崇尚不从众的国家,眼下似乎恰恰是最从众的:它们向「觉醒」文化和取消文化低头,接受所谓「事实」,接受基本上是强制的疫苗接种。这似乎是个悖论,你怎么调和?

亨里奇: 我倒觉得这些事情有很多争论,反「觉醒」的人不是也很多吗?我仍然认为所有这些话题都有活跃的辩论,这正是我们此刻在讨论它的原因。不过我要说明一点:所有人都是从众者,这是程度问题,谁都想跟同伴保持一致。心理学家做过阿希从众实验:让排在你前面的几个人(他们其实是实验者的同伙)都给出同一个明显错误的答案,问题是被试会在多大程度上跟着说别人说的,而不是说自己觉得正确的答案。所有人群里的人都会在某种程度上从众,差别只在程度。

提问者(克里斯): 我叫克里斯,做神经科学和遗传学研究,你的报告很有意思。我想问,你的数据里,教会(包括新教教会)的影响与表亲婚多寡之间有没有分离?如果没有,我们怎么知道这些效应不是部分甚至全部来自在一个外婚的、遗传多样性更高的社会里长大?会不会那才是推动变化的东西,而不是教会?

亨里奇: 首先,我今天讲表亲婚是因为它容易理解,但我们真正使用的主要指标是刚才闪过的「亲属关系强度指数」(kinship intensity index)。它来自我提到的民族志图集,那里面有各社会的各种亲属信息,我们取了是否有宗族、一夫多妻、继承制度、是否有核心家庭,合成一个指数。它包含表亲婚,但那不是主要成分,而它是我们的主要预测变量。要检验你的想法,我可以把表亲婚拿掉,我相信仍能抓到效应。有一位经济学家本·恩克,和我平行工作,我们都在哈佛,偶尔一起喝啤酒。他做了一个版本的亲属关系强度指数,不含表亲婚,发表在经济学期刊上,做的是类似的事情。所以我有把握不是表亲婚在起作用。

亨里奇: 话虽如此,我们有一篇尚在手稿阶段的论文:我们取了全球的夜间卫星影像,得到以流明计的亮度,作为经济生产力的代理指标,简单说,地球上越亮的地方生产力越高。我们控制了人口密度,关心的是超出人口密度所预测的那部分额外亮度。我们证明,亲属关系强度指数低、家庭是小型核心家庭的地方,夜间亮度高,也就是把它和经济增长联系起来了。然后我们用遗传数据构造另一个亲属关系强度的代理指标:纯合片段(runs of homozygosity)。人们和近亲通婚就会产生纯合片段,纯合度更高的地方夜间亮度更低。这就回到你的问题:也许和遗传多样性有关,你是往那个方向想的。这个问题在论文里直接冒了出来,我们查了现有数据中纯合度与智商、教育指标的关系,发现那个效应和我们研究中看到的大效应相比微乎其微。所以它不可能是主要因素,可能是一个小因素。

提问者(温妮): 我叫温妮,问题比较宽泛:考虑到全球化的速度,越来越多的人迁往不同国家,不同的观念在流动交融,尤其是在亲属关系密集的社会和不密集的社会之间,你认为未来会怎样?世界各地的心理特征会趋于统一,还是会更加竞争性,某些特征被选中、压倒另一些,或者产生某种新类型?

亨里奇: 好问题。这又回到我要推销的那句话:别沿直线想。我认为我们看到的大量多样性正在流失,但我们也在看到新的社会形态、新的制度形态被创造出来。看看日本和中国:一八八〇年前后,日本人引进了大量西方制度,甚至逐字照抄瑞士等国的法典;中国也一样,一九五〇年前后采用了西式婚姻和其他一些东西。但这些社会当然有自己的本土制度,它们被重新塑造,于是走上了西方历史上从未见过的新轨道:里面有一些西方制度,又有大量本土制度,造出了一种前所未有的混合体。那将是一种世界上过去没有出现过的新心理,不是西方的,也不是传统中国或日本的。旧的差异被摧毁,新的差异被创造。

智商、择偶与政策建议

海恩斯: 还有时间再问两三个。

提问者(卡伦·科曼): 我叫卡伦·科曼,非常喜欢你的演讲。两个问题。第一,从非常一般的层面说,你认为正在发生的生物学过程是否让人变得更聪明?第二,涉及我十二三岁迷简·奥斯汀时的一个理论:我当时琢磨,我成长的七八十年代人是不是变聪明了、创新这么多,是因为西方包办婚姻的衰落,你不必再嫁给父母认识的人,可以嫁给你想嫁的人,聪明人于是娶聪明人,生出更聪明的孩子。这是我十二三岁时很不靠谱的理论,想听听你的看法。

亨里奇: 有趣的问题。我做过一些关于智商的研究,我认为我们对智商的理解不对:我们把它当成一般性的原始智力,而应当把它看作一组专门化的认知能力,用来在我们自己造出的世界里行走。上个世纪智商急剧上升,以致按现代标准折算,一九〇〇年的人平均智商只有七十。在这个意义上智商更高了,人们更擅长在我们此刻生活的世界里行走。你会说,这不就是更聪明吗?它意味着人更适应这个环境。但我们有一个项目,下个月我要去纳米比亚,研究学校对儿童的影响:同一个族群,一部分在安哥拉,那里没有学校;一部分在纳米比亚,那里有一些学校。这样我们就能追踪儿童在有无教育两种条件下许多领域的认知发展。没上学的孩子在空间追踪上更强:你问「布鲁姆在哪个方向」,他们立刻能指出来,他们随时在给自己定位。他们在原始的模式识别上也更强,因为他们不带着一堆从学校学来的预期。所以还有许多别的认知领域,我认为我们在教育人的时候把它们丢掉了。在狩猎采集者的处境里,或者在求生的处境里,那些能力就是聪明,能找到回家的路相当重要。我甚至认为全球定位系统正在让我们的空间导航能力变得更糟,过去至少还会看看地图、辨辨北在哪边,现在只是「哦」。所以这是很大的一件事。你问题的第二部分是什么?

亨里奇: 对,我们其实有真实数据。自从女性进入劳动力市场(美国大约是七十年代初),再加上现在的交友软件,越来越多的人在和与自己相似的人结合:经济学家娶经济学家,生小经济学家。这样做的效果是把遗传分布的两端往外推。它不改变均值,但意味着会出现特质更极端的人:如果自闭症人士和自闭症人士结婚,你懂的。这就是它的意思,它确实在以一种有趣的方式影响基因库。

海恩斯: 也许还能再问一个。那边有人举手吗?汤姆。

提问者(汤姆): 鉴于当今社会正在发生的种种变化,包括婚姻上的重大变化,如果要给高层政策顾问一两条政策建议,你会说什么?

亨里奇: 给政策建议?好吧,很明智。我关心的是集体大脑,以及创新由认知多样性和城市化驱动的想法,所以任何能把带着不同想法的人聚到一起的政策都算。我一直在研究美国的移民政策,看来在美国历史的大部分时间里,移民是创新的强大驱动力。不过 H-1B 签证是一个失败,因为它把移民和公司绑得太紧,他们没法出去与本地人交流、合办新企业。再看一九二四年,美国禁止了来自一大批地方的移民,这压低了多个领域的生产率,还让本土出生的美国人变得更没创造力、专利更少,因为没有新想法进来供他们组合成新想法。这听上去算是政策相关了吧。

海恩斯: 可以。我们必须收尾了。

尾声:阅读正在退场?

海恩斯: 最后请允许我很快问一下阅读。我问这个,是因为我越来越觉得拉姆齐中心的事业,说到底就是阅读,鼓励年轻人读书。对本科生听众说这话时,紧迫感一年比一年强,因为阅读对年轻人来说越来越难,他们的手机一刻不离手。你所说的那项点燃了现代化的技艺和技能,阅读,是否正在退潮?年轻人是不是在识字能力下降的同时,又因为整天埋在屏幕里而变得更加原子化?这两个效应叠加,相当令人担忧,你不觉得吗?

亨里奇: 我没有看过这方面的研究,但根据我们对技术和其他因素如何影响人的了解,人的注意力持续时间似乎正在缩短。那种深度阅读,坐下来读三个小时、聚精会神、进入状态的阅读,就算是受技术影响较小的人,光是邮件和网站这些东西,你也真得把它们全关掉,只剩你和文本。如果阅读有你说的那些好处,而我们读得越来越少,那当然是一件坏事。

海恩斯: 各位「怪异」的同胞,让我们向这位刚下长途航班就为我们献上如此精彩演讲的人致以最诚挚的谢意。非常感谢乔·亨里奇。

本期讲者
约瑟夫·亨里奇哈佛大学人类演化生物学系教授、系主任,文化演化领域代表人物。著有《我们成功的秘密》(2016)与《世界上最怪异的人》(2020),2010 年与同事共同提出「WEIRD」概念。
Simon Haynes拉姆齐西方文明中心(Ramsay Centre for Western Civilisation)首席执行官,前澳大利亚外交官,负责主持该中心的公开讲座系列。
章节 · 点击跳转视频
0:00 主持人开场与讲者介绍 ▶ 正在看
8:01 「我是谁」测验:自我观差异 ▶ 正在看
12:45 意图、归因与 WEIRD 心理清单 ▶ 正在看
21:00 文化演化与可塑的大脑 ▶ 正在看
24:53 亲属制度:西方家庭有多罕见 ▶ 正在看
30:00 教会的婚姻家庭纲领 ▶ 正在看
38:11 从跨国到移民:多层数据检验 ▶ 正在看
50:36 集体大脑:创新从哪里来 ▶ 正在看
54:10 从韦伯到新教:识字改造大脑 ▶ 正在看
57:53 问答:现代性还是西方性 ▶ 正在看
1:05:47 问答:犹太教、从众与遗传 ▶ 正在看
1:14:34 问答:全球化、智商、政策与阅读 ▶ 正在看
本期论点
本期回应
12:12
个人主义程度更高的社会人均专利更多,且个人主义是创新率更高的原因 个别人物创新主要来自哪里?
50:36
人类的大多数新想法不是凭空创造,而是既有想法的重新组合 旧想法拼接创新主要来自哪里?
51:28
欧洲工匠必须离乡到别的师傅作坊游历的制度,让本不会相遇的想法凑到一起,促进了创新 让人碰面创新主要来自哪里?
30:51
古代晚期与中世纪教会禁止表亲通婚、一夫多妻与包办婚姻,发动了欧洲家庭结构的转变 具体规矩社会的样子主要由什么决定?
33:25
西方的一夫一妻制小型核心家庭早在1400至1500年就已存在,不是工业化致富的结果 具体规矩社会的样子主要由什么决定?
1:13:52
亲属关系越弱、家庭越小的地区,夜间灯光越亮,经济生产力越高 具体规矩社会的样子主要由什么决定?
32:42
核心家庭社会的信任建立在个人性格上,扩展亲属社会的信任建立在既有社会连结上 亲属结构决定信任建立在什么之上?
42:16
受教会婚姻家庭政策影响越久的欧洲地区,非人格化信任与公平越高、从众服从越低 亲属结构决定信任建立在什么之上?
15:26
基本归因谬误不是人类共性,而是 WEIRD 人群特有的倾向 算到个人只是习惯一个人做出的选择,责任落在哪里?
其他论点
23:04
缪勒-莱尔错觉只对在直角环境中长大的人生效,狩猎采集者看不到 观察
47:04
亲属制度的心理效应在移民后代中每代下降一个数量级,到第四代几乎测不出 观察
55:37
新教要求人人自读圣经,由此推动了男女识字率的普及
55:48
学会阅读会改变大脑结构,加厚胼胝体并形成专门的文字处理区域 观察
1:15:45
全球化不会让世界心理趋于单一,而会创造出前所未有的新社会与心理形态
1:18:16
智商不是笼统的原始智力,而是应对人类自己创造的世界的专门化认知能力
01主持人开场与讲者介绍
0:00
foreign good evening everybody ladies and gentlemen distinguished guests I'm Simon Haynes welcome back to the Ramsey lecture Series in this beautiful space at the mint welcome from me and also on behalf of our chairman John Howard who sends his regrets that he was unable to join us this evening though I'm sure he would be as delighted as I am to welcome his opposite number the chairman of the Paul Ramsey Foundation Michael Trail welcome to you Michael and of course we are at the center are extremely grateful to the Paul Ramsey foundation for their support it's fantastic to see such a good turnout especially on a Friday night at this slightly later time can I just ask are there any Ramsay scholars in the room if so please great please raise your hands fantastic to see you um you are always the most important people in the room keep coming bring your colleagues and your friends because this Ramsay Center is an educational Enterprise above everything else we're nothing if we're not that and that means we're all about the Next Generation so as usual I'd just like to start briefly by acknowledging our
各位晚上好,女士们、先生们,各位尊贵的来宾。我是西蒙·海恩斯(Simon Haynes),欢迎大家回到拉姆齐系列讲座,回到造币厂(the Mint)这个漂亮的场地。我代表我个人,也代表我们的主席约翰·霍华德向大家表示欢迎,他很遗憾今晚无法到场,不过我相信他会和我一样高兴地欢迎他的同行——保罗·拉姆齐基金会主席迈克尔·特雷尔(Michael Trail),欢迎你,迈克尔。当然,我们中心也非常感谢保罗·拉姆齐基金会的支持。今晚到场的人这么多真是太好了,尤其是在周五晚上,而且时间还比平常稍晚一些。我想问一下,在座有拉姆齐奖学金的学者吗?有的话请举手——太好了,很高兴见到你们。你们永远是这个厅里最重要的人,请一定常来,也把你们的同学和朋友带来,因为拉姆齐中心首先是一项教育事业,如果不是这个,我们就什么都不是。这意味着我们所做的一切都是为了下一代。所以照例,我想先简短地感谢一下我们那位……
便签引用
1:26
extraordinary benefactor the late Paul Ramsey without whom nothing that we do the scholarships at undergraduate and postgraduate levels the University's support for the Humanities or any of these events would be possible Paul wished the Ramsey Center to be to have a starring role in his truly unique Legacy so we always do our best to honor and respect and enact that wish of Paul's so thank you Paul Ramsey before we start if I can just beg the Indulgence of our distinguished guest this evening and just give a short plug to some other forthcoming Ramsay events coming up don't miss them watch our website for when for the exact dates we will among others be hearing online from Professor Remy Bragg at the University of Paris later in the year one of today's most eminent historians of philosophy and thinkers about the nature of the West and he'll be talking about his famous best-selling book eccentric cultures a theory of Western civilization and I'd like to reassure audiences that this will be in English not in French but it will be it'll be online later on in this in this year in
……非凡的捐助人、已故的保罗·拉姆齐先生。没有他,我们所做的一切都不可能实现——本科和研究生层面的奖学金、大学对人文学科的支持,还有这些活动。保罗希望拉姆齐中心在他那份真正独一无二的遗产中扮演主角,所以我们始终尽全力去尊重、敬重并践行保罗的这个心愿。因此,谢谢你,保罗·拉姆齐。在开始之前,请容我叨扰今晚这位贵宾片刻,简单预告一下接下来的几场拉姆齐活动,别错过了,确切日期请留意我们的网站。今年晚些时候,我们将在线上聆听巴黎大学的雷米·布拉格(Remy Bragg)教授演讲,他是当今最杰出的哲学史家之一,也是思考西方本质的重要思想家。他将谈他那本著名的畅销书《偏心的文化:西方文明的一种理论》。我想请听众放心,这场讲座会用英语进行,而不是法语,时间是今年晚些时候,线上举行。到了九月……
便签引用
2:46
September we'll be hosting live probably either in this room or down the road at the um at the at the library Professor Robert Tunes from Cambridge will be talking about his history reclaimed project which to use his words in the in the in their um in their website is intended to push back against false readings of History which create or aggravate divisions resentments and even violence in society so that'll be good um and at a date we can't yet confirm because various Middle Eastern heads of state are involved in the permissions and the arrangements for her archaeological digs we are confident of finally welcoming live the distinguished historian and broadcaster Bethany Hughes from Cambridge to be in Sydney in in an unspecified but absolutely certain future time she's done a couple of wonderful talks already for Us online as you may know and many of you will have seen Bethany's SBS series on Sunday evenings so it will be a treat to see her here in person so don't miss that
……我们会举办现场活动,可能就在这个厅里,或者在不远处的图书馆。来自剑桥的罗伯特·图恩斯(Robert Tunes)教授将谈他的“重拾历史”(History Reclaimed)项目,用他们网站上的话说,这个项目旨在反击那些对历史的错误解读——这些解读会在社会中制造或加剧分裂、怨恨,甚至暴力。所以那会很精彩。另外还有一场日期暂时无法确定的活动,因为她的考古发掘涉及好几位中东国家元首的许可和安排;我们有信心最终能在现场迎来杰出的历史学家兼广播主持人、来自剑桥的贝萨妮·休斯(Bethany Hughes),她会在某个尚未确定、但一定会到来的时间来到悉尼。你们也许知道,她已经为我们做过几场很棒的线上讲座,而且你们中很多人应该看过贝萨妮在 SBS 周日晚间播出的系列节目,所以能在现场见到她会是一种享受。所以千万别错过……
便签引用
3:58
and watch our website for details more immediately however at a date at the very end of May or early June 30 31 1 in there we will be hosting a special panel on secondary education in Australia featuring among other luminaries our very own Elizabeth Stone a distinguished member of the Ramsey Center board also the departing principle of queenwood college in Sydney and as you may be aware Elizabeth was recently appointed the head of no less August an institution than Winchester College in England she is the first woman and the first Australian in 650 years to be appointed to that position she'll be joined by several others but including Elena Douglas the CEO of the social purpose business called the knowledge Society so do come along in a month or so please don't miss that very special event even though the Ramsey Center is obviously more preoccupied with the tertiary sector than the secondary one the secondary one is where it all begins very very important so that will be a very good a very good evening finally just on housekeeping please remember
……详情请关注我们的网站。不过更近的一场是,在五月底或六月初——大概是三十号、三十一号、一号这几天——我们将举办一场关于澳大利亚中学教育的特别座谈,出席的知名人士中包括我们自己人伊丽莎白·斯通(Elizabeth Stone),她是拉姆齐中心理事会的杰出成员,也是悉尼昆伍德学校即将卸任的校长。你们可能已经知道,伊丽莎白最近被任命为英格兰温切斯特公学的校长,那可是一所极其显赫的学府。她是六百五十年来第一位出任该职位的女性,也是第一位澳大利亚人。与她同台的还有其他几位嘉宾,其中包括社会目的企业“知识社会”(the Knowledge Society)的首席执行官埃琳娜·道格拉斯。所以一个月左右之后请一定来,别错过这场非常特别的活动。尽管拉姆齐中心显然更关注高等教育而非中学教育,但中学才是这一切的起点,非常非常重要,所以那会是一个非常好的夜晚。最后,说一下场务事项,请大家记住……
便签引用
5:15
that after the event today you are most welcome to stay back and join us for snacks and drinks in the lobby and meet our guest outside so now it's a great honor and pleasure for the Ramsey Center to welcome tonight's speaker he has a very crowded schedule very rushed in the short time that he's here and we are especially grateful to him for making the time to come and speak to us he's just off the flight from the U.S so that's it's amazing that he's here um he's Professor Joseph Henrik and Joe is the Ruth Moore professor of biological anthropology at Harvard University previously he was a professor of both economics and psychology at the University of British Columbia where he held the Canada Research chair in culture cognition and co-evolution his research uses evolutionary approaches to psychology decision-making and culture he integrates ethnographic tools from anthropology with experimental techniques drawn from psychology and economics and he's explored in this way a variety of topics including economic decision making
今天活动结束之后,非常欢迎大家留下来,到大厅一起吃点点心、喝点东西,也可以在外面见见我们的嘉宾。那么现在,拉姆齐中心非常荣幸也非常高兴地欢迎今晚的讲者。他的日程排得非常满,这次来的时间也很紧,我们特别感谢他抽出时间来跟我们讲话。他刚从美国下飞机,所以他能在这儿真的很不容易。他就是约瑟夫·亨里奇教授。乔现在是哈佛大学露丝·摩尔生物人类学讲席教授,此前他在不列颠哥伦比亚大学同时担任经济学和心理学教授,并出任加拿大文化、认知与共同演化研究讲席。他的研究用演化的路径来研究心理、决策和文化,把人类学的民族志方法和心理学、经济学的实验方法结合起来。他用这种方式探讨过很多议题,包括经济决策、
便签引用
6:32
social norms fairness religion marriage Prestige cooperation and innovation he's done long-term field work in Peru in Chile and in the South Pacific and has spearheaded several large comparative projects he won in 2004 the presidential early career award for young scientists and in 2009 the early career award for distinguished contributions bestowed by the human behavior and evolution society and in 2018 he was awarded the Wagner prize for theoretical Innovation by the society for Personality and Social Psychology in 2016 Joe published The Secret of our success with Princeton and now in 2020 the best-selling book that he's going to tell us about now the weirdest people in the world who it turns out are basically us um so our fourth Ramsay lecture for 2023 is called weird Minds how religion marriage and the family made the West psychologically peculiar and particularly prosperous ladies and Gentlemen please welcome Joe Henrik cool stuff it's great to be here I'm glad we're really glad we can make this work out so
社会规范、公平、宗教、婚姻、声望、合作与创新。他在秘鲁、智利和南太平洋做过长期田野工作,也牵头过好几个大型跨文化比较项目。他在 2004 年获得总统青年科学家早期职业奖,2009 年获得人类行为与演化学会颁发的杰出贡献早期职业奖,2018 年又获得人格与社会心理学会颁发的、表彰理论创新的瓦格纳奖。2016 年乔在普林斯顿出版了《我们成功的秘密》,而现在,2020 年出版的这本畅销书正是他今晚要跟我们讲的——《世界上最古怪的人》,而结果发现,这些人基本上就是我们。那么,2023 年第四场拉姆齐讲座,题目是《古怪的心智:宗教、婚姻和家庭如何让西方在心理上如此特别、在经济上如此繁荣》。女士们、先生们,请欢迎乔·亨里奇。真棒,很高兴来到这里。我很高兴,我们真的很高兴能把这件事安排成。
便签引用
02「我是谁」测验:自我观差异
8:01
my thanks to the organizers so as Simon mentioned uh I want to tell you a little bit about my book um and one of the key things I'm going to be focusing on is the emerging picture of psychological diversity that we that's emerging from studies in lots of places and my efforts to try to explain a slice of that psychological variation all right so I thought to get us started I'd administer to you a psychological tool called the IM test or the who am I task so what I want you to do is try to finish this sentence in three ways and you're thinking about how you might describe yourself to someone else so I am and then whatever you want to say so normally psychologists would do this 20 times and they've had people all over the world finish this task in different places and then you can add up the way people respond to this and code it in different ways and you get interesting patterns so go ahead all right so I might answer this by saying I am Jessica's father I am a brother I am ARA's friend although that's probably not how I would actually answer it instead I might say something like I am curious I am a Scientist I am a sea kayaker right so in the first one I'm telling you about my relationships
所以要感谢各位组织者。就像西蒙提到的,我想跟大家讲讲我这本书,其中我要重点讲的一件事,是我们从世界各地的研究中逐渐浮现出来的一幅心理多样性的图景,以及我试图去解释其中一部分心理差异的努力。好,那么作为开场,我想先给大家做一个心理学工具,叫“我是”测验,或者叫“我是谁”任务。我希望你们做的是,用三种方式把这个句子补完,你可以想象你要怎么向别人描述自己。就是“我是……”,然后你想说什么都行。通常心理学家会让你做 20 遍,他们让世界各地不同地方的人都做过这个任务,然后你可以把大家的回答汇总起来,用不同方式编码,就会得到一些很有意思的模式。来,开始吧。好,我可能会这样回答:我是杰西卡的父亲,我是一个哥哥(或弟弟),我是阿拉的朋友——不过我实际上大概不会这么答。我可能反而会说:我很好奇,我是一名科学家,我是一个海上皮划艇爱好者。所以在第一组回答里,我讲的是我的各种关系。
便签引用
9:18
and my connections and the second one I'm telling you facts about myself that I might want you to know even the scientist one it's a group right but it's kind of a strange group and you know I don't pick up fellow scientists at the airport because we're both fellow scientists so it's more about me than it is about the group uh and so on one end we have attributes aspirations and accomplishments things about myself chosen by me uh versus roles and relationships and this varies quite dramatically around the world uh in terms of the degree to which people think of themselves as nodes in a social network versus uh unitary selves that are embodied by certain characteristics are described by certain characteristics so this has long been noticed by anthropologists it's part of the individualism complex so uh Clifford geerts an anthropologist at Princeton described it back in the early 70s writing the Western conception of the person as a bounded unique and more or less integrated motivational and cognitive universe is however incorrigible it may seem to us a rather peculiar idea within the context of the world's cultures so that's so that's this notion of the self but that seems to go along with some other stuff so the focus on this self the atomic view of the self also a
我的社会关系。而第二种回答里,我告诉你的是关于我自己的一些事实,是我希望你知道的。哪怕是“科学家”这一条,它也算一个群体,对吧,但它是个挺奇怪的群体——我不会因为对方也是科学家,就去机场接他。所以它更多是在讲我这个人,而不是讲那个群体。所以,一端是属性、志向和成就,是我自己选择的、关于我自己的东西;另一端是角色和关系。这一点在全世界差异非常大——人们在多大程度上把自己看作社会网络里的一个节点,还是看作由某些特征所体现、所描述的独立自我。人类学家很早就注意到了这一点,它属于“个体主义综合体”的一部分。普林斯顿的人类学家克利福德·格尔茨(Clifford Geertz)在 70 年代初就描述过,他写道:西方人把人理解为一个有边界的、独特的、多少算是整合起来的动机与认知的宇宙——不管这在我们看来多么天经地义,放在世界各文化的背景下,这都是个相当奇特的观念。这就是关于自我的那种观念,但它似乎还伴随着另外一些东西。所以,对自我的这种关注,这种原子化的自我观,还伴随着一种……
便签引用
10:37
sense of guilt now guilt in this sense is contrasted with shame so anthropologists have long distinguished guilt and shame-based Societies in a shame-based society there's a large number of social norms and you're concerned about violating those social norms losing faith in the eyes of others shame is contagious or not contagious but it extends from people besides yourself so if your brother does something shameful then you feel shame as a consequence whereas guilt is about living up to your own personal standards so if you don't go to the gym on a particular day you might feel guilty but your brother is not going to be judged by your neighbors because you didn't go to the gym overconfidence so individuals tend to be overconfidence and we've done a lot of research on this ourselves and it's true overconfidence in the sense that people actually do overrate their own abilities and self-enhancement is just putting your best foot forward always emphasizing your best characteristics so those all kind of tend to Cluster together so that's a little global map of the world and you guys can see you're on the map here dark blue uh the most individualistic Societies in the world we beat you at 91 but the Australians come in at 90 close second not bad and
内疚感。这里说的内疚,是与羞耻相对的。人类学家长期以来都区分内疚型社会和羞耻型社会。在羞耻型社会里,存在大量社会规范,你担心自己违反这些规范、在别人眼里丢了脸面。羞耻是会传染的——或者说不是传染,而是会从你之外的人身上蔓延到你身上:如果你兄弟做了丢脸的事,你也会跟着感到羞耻。而内疚是关于你有没有达到自己的个人标准:如果你某一天没去健身房,你可能会内疚,但你兄弟不会因为你没去健身房而被邻居评头论足。还有过度自信——个体往往会过度自信,我们自己也做过很多这方面的研究,确实如此:人们真的会高估自己的能力。还有自我提升,就是总把自己最好的一面拿出来,永远强调自己最好的特质。这些东西往往会聚在一起。这是一张小小的世界地图,你们能看到自己也在图上——深蓝色,世界上最个体主义的社会。我们以 91 分赢了你们,不过澳大利亚人 90 分,紧随其后,也不赖。然后
便签引用
11:48
then the British are at 89. so a lot of variation in there and you might think well that's interesting so people think about the self does this really matter for stuff that we care about so one of the hats I like to put on from time to time I was a professor of economics so uh it doesn't matter so this is a just a plot of individualism and patents per million people so rates of innovation I could put GDP I could put lots of different measures there now this actually comes from a paper published in the lead Economic Journal and those economists tried to make the case that this is a causal relationship the greater individualism is associated with this I think it probably is too although for this point it's it's enough to just say look there's an interesting correlation here and does that really matter so I'm going to come back to this but just suggesting that there's some economic importance going on here all right now the individualism complex is just the tip of an iceberg and that we really don't know how deep it goes this psychological iceberg
英国是 89 分。所以里面的差异很大。你可能会想,这挺有意思,但人们怎么看待自我,这对我们真正在意的事情真有影响吗?我时不时喜欢戴上的一顶帽子是经济学家——我当过经济学教授——所以,这到底重不重要呢?这只是一张散点图,横纵轴是个体主义和每百万人的专利数,也就是创新率。我也可以放 GDP,可以放很多别的指标。这其实来自发表在《经济学杂志》(Economic Journal)上的一篇论文,那些经济学家试图论证这是一种因果关系:个体主义越强,就伴随着这样的结果。我觉得多半确实如此。不过就眼下这一点而言,只要说“看,这里有个有意思的相关”就够了——而这真的重要吗?我待会儿会回到这个问题,这里只是想提示一下,这里面有一些经济上的重要性。好,那么个体主义综合体只是冰山一角,而我们其实并不知道这座心理学的冰山到底有多深。
便签引用
03意图、归因与 WEIRD 心理清单
12:45
so some other examples of psychological variation we find in the world is the use of intentions in moral judgment so this might seem very strange right so if somebody steals something if they do it on purpose or if they do it by accident should matter a lot and how much they punish people well we've done studies all around the world and there's quite a bit of variation Western societies the mental States the person had are crucially important in in making any sort of judgment which just to kind of if you just think about it for a second mental States we can never really know what was in someone else's mind so any punishment that's assigned based on mental States is an inference that we have to make about something that's fundamentally unknowable it might think of that might be something that you might not want to include in you know a Judicial proceeding but in Western Judicial seatings that's very important establishing these hidden unknowable mental States in other places it only only outcomes matter only what actually happened matters so if you burn someone's house down you're an arsonist whether you did it on purpose or you did it by accident analyst analytic versus holistic thinking that has to do with how we approach problems do we uh look for
我们在世界各地发现的另一些心理差异的例子,比如在道德判断中对意图的使用。这可能听起来很奇怪,对吧——如果有人偷了东西,他是故意的还是不小心的,这应该会很大程度上影响人们怎么惩罚他。我们在全世界都做过研究,发现差异相当大。在西方社会,当事人的心理状态在做任何判断时都至关重要。稍微想一下就会发现,心理状态——我们永远无法真正知道别人脑子里在想什么,所以任何基于心理状态做出的惩罚,都是我们对某种根本不可知的东西做出的推断。你可能会觉得,这种东西也许不该被写进司法程序里,但在西方的司法场合中,确认这些隐藏的、不可知的心理状态非常重要。而在另一些地方,只有结果重要,只有实际发生了什么重要:你把别人的房子烧了,不管你是故意还是意外,你就是纵火犯。还有分析性思维与整体性思维,这关系到我们怎么处理问题:我们是去寻找
便签引用
13:52
objects and assign properties to them and then try to explain the behavior of the system based on the properties we've assigned to those objects or do we look at the relations and interconnections between things just a simple example of analytic thinking would be a psychologists assign people personalities or other dispositional traits and then try to explain behavior based on that physicists assign properties to particles and then try to explain behavior based on that economists assign preferences to individuals same thing whereas holistic thinking it will be about the relationships so if one person is uh angrily yelling at another person you might say well that he's an angry person that's a dispositional attribution and a weird way of describing things a relational person would say there's a problem in their relationship or maybe the older person is trying to teach something to the younger person and really wanted to impress it upon them anyway uh so so different ways of approaching them a non-relational morality uh versus a universalistic morality just that the question of whether moral things apply to everybody or just small groups or there should be different rules for for different kinds of relationships I've said a lot about dispositional thinking when I was talking about
对象、给它们赋予属性,然后根据我们赋予这些对象的属性去解释整个系统的行为;还是去看事物之间的关系和相互联系。分析性思维的一个简单例子:心理学家给人赋予人格或其他性情特质,然后据此解释行为;物理学家给粒子赋予属性,然后据此解释行为;经济学家给个体赋予偏好,也是一回事。而整体性思维关注的是关系。比如一个人正冲另一个人生气地吼叫,你可能会说,他是个易怒的人——这就是性情归因,一种很“WEIRD”的描述方式;而一个关系取向的人会说,他们的关系出了问题,或者也许是年长的那位想教年轻人点什么,特别想让他记住。总之,这是不同的处理方式。还有非关系性的道德与普世性的道德,也就是道德准则是适用于所有人,还是只适用于小群体,或者对不同类型的关系是否该有不同的规则。刚才讲分析性思维的时候,我已经说了很多关于性情式思维的内容,
便签引用
15:02
analytic thinking but this comes out in two pieces of psychology you might be familiar with so the fundamental attribution error if you've taken a course in social psychology you might have heard of the fundamental attribution error it turns out not to be so fundamental and it's this tendency to ascribe internal or dispositional reasons for something so if someone doesn't show up at work maybe they're lazy that would be a dispositional attribution as opposed to a situational they got a flat tire something like that so that's the fundamental attribution error doesn't appear everywhere seems to be a phenomena of weird people and then cognitive dissonance so wanting to be consistent across contexts it bothers westerners individualists a lot it doesn't bother lots of other populations okay so this I can keep going down this thing trusting strangers Conformity and patience and one of the points I make is that there's been so little research across diverse populations that we're really not sure how deep the iceberg goes okay so I've been using this term weird it stands for Western educated industrialized rich and Democratic and two colleagues of mine Steve Heine and R nor in Zion we coined this term as a way
不过它还体现在你们可能熟悉的另外两块心理学内容里。一个是基本归因错误。如果你上过社会心理学课,可能听说过基本归因错误。结果发现它其实没那么“基本”。它指的是把事情归因于内在原因或性情原因的倾向:比如有人没来上班,也许是因为他懒——这就是性情归因;而情境归因则是他车胎爆了之类的。所以基本归因错误并不是到处都存在,似乎是 WEIRD 人群的一种现象。另一个是认知失调,也就是想在不同情境下保持一致。这件事很困扰西方人、很困扰个体主义者,但对很多其他人群来说根本不算回事。好,这个单子我可以一直列下去:信任陌生人、从众、耐心……我要强调的一点是,针对多样化人群的研究实在太少了,我们真的不确定这座冰山到底有多深。好,我一直在用“WEIRD”这个词,它代表西方的(Western)、受过教育的(Educated)、工业化的(Industrialized)、富裕的(Rich)、民主的(Democratic)。我和两位同事 Steve Heine 和 Ara Norenzayan 造了这个词,作为一种
便签引用
16:13
of raising the consciousness of our fellow researchers to remind them that when they just study Americans or they just study Western subjects not only are they getting one slice amongst a spectrum of cultural diversity but they're getting an unusual slice it's not even like the median population it's some more outlier population so you want to be very careful about generalizing to the species as a whole at the time we raised these concerns back in 2010 the evidence suggested that 96 of all participants in Psychology studies came from weird societies seventy percent of those are Americans and then you go up from there to the 96. so it's it's heavily dominated by Americans and and weird people now there's a cluster of traits that all go together that turn out to be these kind of unusual traits that characterize weird people but I want to mention one of the one of the reactions that people have to often this psychological variation is there's a tendency to think well this is just the superficial psychological variation so I can when I give this talk to cognitive scientists I'd use a totally different language and I talk about things that are very cognitive sciencey so I can show you differences in memory people remember to differing degrees
是为了唤起同行研究者的意识,提醒他们:当他们只研究美国人、只研究西方被试时,他们拿到的不仅只是文化多样性光谱中的一小片,而且是很不寻常的一片——它甚至都不是中位数人群,而是某种更偏离的、离群的人群。所以把结论推广到整个物种时要非常小心。2010 年我们提出这些担忧时,证据显示心理学研究中 96% 的被试来自 WEIRD 社会,其中 70% 是美国人,再往上一路加到那 96%。所以这个领域被美国人、被 WEIRD 人群严重主导。有一组特质是彼此相关、共同出现的,它们构成了 WEIRD 人群那些不寻常的特点。不过我想提一下人们对这种心理差异常有的一种反应:有人倾向于认为,这只是表层的心理差异。所以我对认知科学家讲这个话题时,会换一套完全不同的语言,讲那些非常“认知科学”的东西——我可以给你看记忆上的差异,不同社会的人记住的程度不同
便签引用
17:24
across societies uh in different aspects of memory are different attention varies visual perception varies spatial reasoning varies time psychology varies and more so you can carve this up in different ways and some of the basic aspects that a that a cognitive scientist would say you know that's good hard cognitive science would also vary okay and then the final is a kind of caution one of the things I found is that by by coining this term weird people have a tendency to build up a dichotomy in their mind between weird and non-weird societies and that kind of the language sort of naturally suggests it but just to give you a sense of of why that's uh of why that's a mistake if I was telling you about octopi and then you made up the category non-octopi that wouldn't tell you very much about the non-octopi right all the other animals are in that category so it doesn't it doesn't help you triangulate in you would just know they're not like the octopi so that's just meant to try to avoid making that dichotomy in your mind finally a cautionary note and this comes from my experience of having given this talk many times to many different groups is that I have to use these aspects of psychology to characterize people and I'm not trying to be critical of weird
跨社会来看,记忆的不同方面存在差异,注意也有差异,视知觉有差异,空间推理有差异,时间心理有差异,还有更多。所以你可以用不同方式来切分它,而认知科学家会认为属于“扎实的硬核认知科学”的那些基本方面,同样也存在差异。好,最后一点是提醒。我发现的一件事是,由于造了 WEIRD 这个词,人们容易在脑子里建立起 WEIRD 社会和非 WEIRD 社会的二分,这个说法本身好像也自然会引向这种理解。但我举个例子让你明白为什么这是个错误:如果我跟你讲章鱼,然后你造出“非章鱼”这个类别,那“非章鱼”其实没告诉你多少信息,对吧?所有其他动物都在那个类别里,所以它帮不了你定位,你只知道它们不像章鱼。说这一点,只是想避免你在脑子里做这种二分。最后还有一个提醒,这来自我对很多不同群体讲过很多次这个内容的经验:我不得不用这些心理特征来描述人群,但我并不是要批评 WEIRD
便签引用
18:36
people or non-weird people making the thing I just said not to do um and one of the things that this comes off is we as when particular psychological traits are valued in your Society or are common in your Society you tend to Value it and the case is it good to be conformist but uh thinking that that's a bad thing is actually illustrating just how weird you are if you think being a conformist is a bad thing because in lots of places we could do research and and I can point to research showing this people think Conformity is a good thing and in fact if you ask people well should you teach your children to be conformist in the U.S they say you know that's not on the list of important things to teach your kid in lots of places it's one of the top things you want to do you teach your kid to be a conformist and in fact in experiments done by Christine legare who's a developmental psychologist at UT Austin she showed Parents videos of kids either behaving in a conforming way or a non-conforming way and she had Parents in Vanuatu and parents in in Austin Texas say how which kids they thought were the Smart Ones and the Vanuatu parents all thought the conformists were the smart kids and the Texas parents all
人群或非 WEIRD 人群——我刚说过不要做的那件事,自己又做了。这里会带出一点:当某些心理特质在你的社会里被看重、或者很常见时,你就倾向于认可它。比如说,从众是好事吗?如果你觉得从众是坏事,这恰恰说明了你有多 WEIRD。因为在很多地方——我们可以在那里做研究,我也能举出相关研究——人们认为从众是好事。事实上,如果你问美国人,该不该教孩子学会从众,他们会说,这不在教育孩子的重要事项清单上;而在很多地方,这是最重要的事情之一,你要教孩子学会从众。事实上,德州大学奥斯汀分校的发展心理学家 Christine Legare 做过实验,她给家长看孩子表现出从众或不从众行为的视频,让瓦努阿图的家长和德州奥斯汀的家长说说他们觉得哪些孩子更聪明。瓦努阿图的家长都认为从众的孩子聪明,而德州的家长都
便签引用
19:45
thought that non-conformists were the smart kids so this just sort of very you know different cultural world so the people who I'm going to call a conformist think Conformity is good okay so here's the two questions uh how can we explain the psychological variation around the world so this is the variation here pictured in between out and in group Trust so we're going to try to do that and then does this psychological variation influence the kinds of things we care about outcome so democracy financial markets Innovation things like that this is a map of moral universalism versus relational moral universalism one thing I meant to point out in the individualism plot was that the gray area is Terra Incognito in terms of our knowledge so there's vast swaths of the globe where we don't have any data at all for at least some aspects of psychology so that's important scientific uh you know shortcoming okay so uh very briefly I want to lay out for you how I approach uh and think about cultural Evolution and psychological change and the kinds of processes I'm going to be talking about so here I'm drawing on my 2016 book The Secret of our success so I'm in the department of human evolutionary biology at Harvard I think if humans as animals that have undergone
认为不从众的孩子才聪明。所以这就是很不一样的文化世界。那些我要称之为“从众者”的人,自己认为从众是好的。好,那么有两个问题:第一,我们怎么解释世界各地的心理差异?这里画出来的差异,是群体外信任与群体内信任之间的差异——我们要试着解释它。第二,这种心理差异会不会影响我们关心的那些结果?比如民主、金融市场、创新之类的。这是一张道德普遍主义与关系型道德的地图。我本来想在个人主义那张图上指出一点:灰色区域是我们知识上的“未知之地”。全球有大片区域,至少在某些心理维度上我们完全没有数据。这是科学上一个重要的缺口。好,接下来我想非常简要地讲一下我怎么理解和处理文化演化与心理变迁,以及我要谈的是哪一类过程。这里我引用的是我 2016 年的书《人类成功统治地球的秘密》。我在哈佛的人类演化生物学系,我把人看成经历过
便签引用
04文化演化与可塑的大脑
21:00
natural selection we have a common ancestor with chimpanzees about six thousand or six million years ago um six thousand is somebody else so I think of two important processes natural selection and phylogeny so we can understand a lot about humans just by knowing we're a kind of ape and then the question is what has natural selection done in the last six million years so for my purposes I like to partial out that we have evolved uh cultural capacities so more than any other species on Earth we are really good at observing other people and learning from them copying ideas beliefs values behaviors strategies heuristics all kinds of things from them but we also have other evolved aspects of our psychology which will become important when I talk about kinship and families which will play an important role in our story all right so we can say a lot about how we learn who we learn from by using the logic of natural selection we think of culture as an adaptation our capacity to learn from others and then over Generations this gives rise to this process of cumulative cultural evolution so cultural cultural learning plus these other aspects of psychology affect these cultural products or create these cultural products complex tools practices and rituals social norms and institutions and languages and I mean
自然选择的动物。我们和黑猩猩的共同祖先大约在六千年前——不对,是六百万年前,六千年那是别人的说法。我关注两个重要过程:自然选择和系统发生。光是知道我们是一种猿,就能理解人类的很多事情;接下来的问题是,过去六百万年里自然选择做了什么。就我的目的而言,我想把它拆出来:我们演化出了文化能力。比地球上任何其他物种都强,我们非常擅长观察别人并向他们学习,从他们那里复制想法、信念、价值观、行为、策略、启发式,各种各样的东西。但我们也演化出了心理的其他方面,等我讲到亲属关系和家庭时它们会变得很重要,它们在我们的故事里扮演重要角色。好,用自然选择的逻辑,我们可以对“我们怎么学、向谁学”说很多。我们把文化看成一种适应——也就是向他人学习的能力——然后经过世代累积,就产生了累积性文化演化这个过程。所以文化学习加上心理的其他方面,会影响或者说创造出这些文化产物:复杂的工具、习俗与仪式、社会规范与制度,还有语言。我是说
便签引用
22:23
I'm not going to be able to get into this but one of my interests is how just the ability to learn from each other gives rise to social norms so shared sets of Behavioral practices that have a standard in the sense that if anybody deviates them from them other people get upset and that leads to stableness in these social norms so what we've learned is that human brains are relatively plastic and I've made the case that that's actually by Design so our minds evolve to be plastic in order to adapt to the diversity of Worlds that's created by different languages different social norms the kind of cultural products and just an example of some things that we already know vary in response to these things are visual processing so all of us grew up in a world with 90 degree angle Corners that turns out to be rare across societies and it gives rise to this Mueller liar illusion you know the the line with the two arrows that go this way or the two hours that go this way in hunter-gatherer societies they don't see that illusion because they don't they haven't their eyes haven't calibrated to a world with lots of 90 degree angles uh something like uh so self-regulation we know is influenced by devotional and ritual practices so if you have to do the same thing every day repetitively
我今天讲不到这些,但我感兴趣的一点是:仅仅是彼此学习的能力,怎么就催生出了社会规范——也就是一套共享的行为惯例,它带有某种标准:如果有人偏离,别人就会不高兴,这就使这些社会规范变得稳定。我们了解到的是,人类大脑相对可塑,而我一直主张这其实是“设计使然”:我们的心智演化成可塑的,是为了适应由不同语言、不同社会规范、各种文化产物所创造出来的多样世界。举几个我们已经知道会随之变化的例子:视知觉。我们都在一个到处是 90 度直角的世界里长大,这在各社会中其实很罕见,而它会产生缪勒-莱尔错觉——就是那条两端箭头朝外或朝内的线。在狩猎采集社会里,他们看不到这种错觉,因为他们的眼睛没有针对一个充满 90 度角的世界做过校准。再比如自我调节,我们知道它会受到虔修和仪式实践的影响:如果你每天都要重复做同一件事
便签引用
23:39
you get a degree of self-regulation that you don't get if you don't engage in these things so that's a that's a that's a cultural practice that then affects a feature of psychology okay and one of the other main points I try to really push in both books in fact my opening vignette about the importance of reading which I'll get to at the end is meant to deliver home this point is that these are biological changes in our brains they're just not genetic changes so lots of things affect our biology that doesn't have to do with genes populations that grow up in different environments become biologically different because we've evolved to change our brains to respond to the social mildews we have to navigate so non-genetic biological differences now in the long run I've argued that this cultural process has affected this deeper evolutionary process over hundreds of thousands of years and altered our genetic Evolution although that's not important for today's lecture okay so we're going to be thinking about social norms and institutions and in particular I'm interested in the oldest and the most fundamental of human institutions and that's the one related to marriage in the family so humans have a bunch of innate features that affect our construction of
你就会获得某种程度的自我调节能力,而不做这些事的人是得不到的。所以这是一种文化实践,它进而影响了心理的某个特征。好,我在两本书里都特别想强调的另一个要点——事实上我开篇讲的那个关于阅读之重要性的小故事(我最后会讲到)就是为了说明这一点——是:这些是我们大脑里的生物学变化,只不过不是遗传上的变化。很多东西会影响我们的生物特性,而跟基因无关。在不同环境中长大的人群会变得在生物学上不同,因为我们演化出了改变自己大脑、以回应我们必须应对的社会环境的能力。所以是非遗传性的生物差异。当然,从长远看,我论证过这个文化过程在几十万年的尺度上反过来影响了更深层的演化过程,改变了我们的基因演化——不过这对今天的讲座不重要。好,我们接下来要思考社会规范与制度,尤其我感兴趣的是人类最古老、最基本的制度,也就是与婚姻和家庭相关的那一套。人有一堆先天特征,会影响我们如何构建
便签引用
05亲属制度:西方家庭有多罕见
24:53
families so we have a kinship psychology that we share with lots of other animals so we're preferentially inclined towards altruism and care towards close relatives so we know why parents love their children it falls right out of evolutionary theory it's really nice pair bonding like gorillas we form long-term relationships with members of the opposite sex for the purpose of rearing Offspring but cultural Evolution built marriage systems in many societies based on that there are a couple of exceptions of societies without marriage but if you look closely pair binding still pops up in those societies it's just not surrounded and sacralized and all the kinds of things that we do do to marriage in our society the same thing with kin psychology this basic aspect of psychology is then extended by culture in all kinds of interesting ways to other kinds of relatives and then finally like other animals we have to avoid inbreeding so we have incest aversion that's why you're disgusted at the idea of sex with your opposite sex sibling but lots of societies have incest taboos that say you can't have you can't marry or have sex with cousins of various kinds and in fact one of the most interesting things is that there are taboos on certain kinds of cousins but then other
家庭。我们有一套亲属心理,这是和很多其他动物共有的:我们天然倾向于对近亲表现出利他和照料。所以我们知道父母为什么爱孩子,这直接从演化理论里推出来,非常漂亮。还有配对结合,像大猩猩一样,我们会和异性建立长期关系以养育后代,但文化演化在此基础上在很多社会里建立起了婚姻制度。有少数社会没有婚姻,但仔细看,配对结合在那些社会里仍然会出现,只是没有被我们社会那样包裹起来、神圣化,没有加上我们给婚姻附加的各种讲究。亲属心理也一样:这个基本的心理面向被文化以各种有趣的方式延伸到其他类型的亲属身上。最后,和其他动物一样,我们必须避免近亲繁殖,所以我们有乱伦厌恶——这就是为什么你一想到和异性同胞发生性关系会觉得恶心。但很多社会有乱伦禁忌,规定你不能和某些类型的表亲堂亲结婚或发生性关系。事实上最有意思的一点是,有些类型的表堂亲是禁忌,而另一些
便签引用
26:09
kinds of cousins who are equidistant are preferred Marriage Partners okay so this all shapes the fundamental social networks of human societies who grows up with who who's allied with who who has responsibilities to who so it's really kind of rewiring Society at a fundamental level now it's important to then realize that this is the families that many of us are familiar with are psycholog are unusual in a Global Perspective so here's a list of five kinship traits and if you go to the ethnographic atlas which is this database of information about over 1200 societies that anthropologists compiled in in the 1960s and you look at these different kinship traits you find that most of the ones that you know are Western families that would be necessary for Western families are rare So bilateral descent that's tracing descent through both Mom and Dad surprising to many it's only 28 percent of societies in the database have bilateral descent elsewhere it's patrilineal descent or matrilineal descent or sometimes more complicated things little or no cousin marriage so most societies have cousin marriage many societies encourage cousin there so 75 percent of societies do that monogamous marriage quite rare only 15 percent of societies prevent Elite and high status males from having additional
血缘距离完全相同的表堂亲却是首选的结婚对象。好,这一切塑造了人类社会最基本的社会网络:谁和谁一起长大,谁和谁结盟,谁对谁负有义务。所以它其实是在最根本的层面上重新给社会“布线”。接下来重要的是要意识到,我们很多人熟悉的那种家庭,从全球视角看是很不寻常的。这里列了五项亲属制度特征。如果你去看《民族志图集》——人类学家在 1960 年代整理的、涵盖 1200 多个社会的数据库——去看这几项亲属特征,你会发现你所熟悉的、西方家庭所必需的那些做法其实都很少见。双系继嗣,也就是从父母双方追溯世系,很多人会惊讶:数据库里只有 28% 的社会是双系继嗣,其他地方是父系继嗣、母系继嗣,有时还有更复杂的形式。很少或没有表堂婚:其实大多数社会都有表堂婚,很多社会还鼓励,占 75%。一夫一妻制婚姻相当罕见,只有 15% 的社会禁止精英和高地位男性拥有额外的
便签引用
27:32
wives uh meanwhile polyandry where a woman has multiple husbands is vanishingly rare in the ethnographic record so 0.1 percent of societies have that it does it also pops up sometimes but it's it's always rare and then nuclear family is quite rare 92 percent of societies don't have nuclear families as the basic structure and need a local residents 95 percent of societies require the bride in the groom to live either with the husband's family or the wife's family um but but not set up a new residence independent of everybody else so if we add all this up this is the so these are five practices if you have all five you're here and if you have none of them you're here so this is just over fifty percent of societies in This Global database have none of these practices and then this is the number here that have these five if you dig into this data these are either European descent Society so this is a global database it includes the Irish of County Cork Ireland for example uh and so they have they're in this bin the other interesting case are Cebu in the Philippines is in this category and when I dig into the history of the island of Cebu it turned out that that's where Magellan landed it's also where he died and his Antonio Pig feta writes about
妻子。与此同时,一妻多夫——一个女人有多个丈夫——在民族志记录里少到几乎没有,只有 0.1% 的社会有;它偶尔也会冒出来,但始终很罕见。核心家庭也相当罕见,92% 的社会不以核心家庭为基本结构。还有新居制:95% 的社会要求新娘和新郎要么住在丈夫家、要么住在妻子家,而不是独立于所有人另立门户。所以把这些加总起来——这是五项做法,五项全有的落在这一头,一项都没有的落在那一头。这个全球数据库里刚好超过 50% 的社会一项都没有;而这边这个数字,是五项全有的社会。如果你深挖这些数据,会发现它们要么是欧洲裔社会——这是个全球数据库,比如它包含了爱尔兰科克郡的爱尔兰人,他们就落在这一格里。另一个有意思的例子是菲律宾的宿务,它也在这一类里。我去查宿务岛的历史,发现那正是麦哲伦登陆的地方,也是他丧命的地方。他的随行者安东尼奥·皮加费塔写下了
便签引用
28:47
Magellan The Chronicles of Magellan and they clearly had a lot of these practices because he Magellan has the Padres on his voyage railing about the polygyny and other kinds of things which they're engaged in and then 60 years later Dominican missionaries arrive and so before the Anthropologist got there the Dominican missionary just got there same thing in North America okay so this is important because families it's an institution but it's the first institution humans encounter when they enter the world and it's also probably the oldest so and it's you know it's linked into our evolved psychology and important ways all right so that's an important background now what I'm going to be arguing so we want to explain weird psychology and towards the end I'm going to try to make some links here to suggest that this psychological variation affects these kinds of things now I'm going to make the argument that variation in family and kinship practices affect how people think about the world and that within Europe a transformation of these kinship and family practices led to a bunch of features of European history which distinguish it from other places so the spread of what historians call voluntary associations so guilds monasteries universities and even these
关于麦哲伦的航海纪事。他们当时显然有很多那类做法,因为麦哲伦船上的神父们对他们的一夫多妻等等做法大加抨击。然后六十年后,多明我会的传教士到了。所以在人类学家到达之前,多明我会传教士早就到了;北美也是同样的情况。好,这一点很重要,因为家庭是一种制度,但它是人来到这个世界后遇到的第一个制度,也很可能是最古老的制度,而且它以重要的方式与我们演化出的心理相连。好,这是重要的背景。我接下来要论证的是——我们想解释 WEIRD 心理,而到最后我会试着把它们联系起来,说明这种心理差异会影响那些结果。我要论证的是,家庭与亲属实践的差异影响人们如何看待世界;而在欧洲内部,这些亲属与家庭实践的转变带来了欧洲历史上一系列使它区别于其他地方的特征。比如历史学家所说的自愿性社团的扩散:行会、修道院、大学,甚至还有那些
便签引用
06教会的婚姻家庭纲领
30:00
Charter towns that popped up all over Europe were voluntary associations of a kind you don't are not common elsewhere there was competition amongst all these voluntary associations because they were voluntary so you could move and change and pick the ones you like for the sort of rules of organization and I'm going to argue that that had had an effect this led to Rising urbanization and occupational choice so in 800 CE Europe is behind many parts of the world an urbanization about one percent uh in about 1200 Europe passes China and sometime after 1500 it passes the Middle East and Mediterranean area so Rising urbanization over the entire period during the same period there's the proliferation of markets I think all of these green arrows affect aspects of psychology and then finally and this is what I'm going to move to now is I think this transformation in the mayor in the family was actually initiated by a set of policies that stem to the the late the church in late Antiquity and the medieval church so the church initiates a bunch of prohibitions on cousin marriage prohibits polygyny and certain kinds of uh inheritance practices I'll talk more about that in a second so this is the the key mover here which leads to
在全欧洲涌现出来的特许城镇,都是一种在别处并不常见的自愿性社团。这些自愿性社团之间存在竞争,因为它们是自愿的——你可以搬走、可以更换,可以按组织规则挑你喜欢的那种。我要论证这产生了影响。它带来了城市化上升和职业选择。公元 800 年时,欧洲的城市化水平落后于世界很多地方,大约只有 1%;到 1200 年前后,欧洲超过了中国;1500 年之后的某个时候,又超过了中东和地中海地区。所以整个时期城市化持续上升。同一时期还有市场的大量扩张。我认为所有这些绿色箭头都会影响心理的某些方面。最后——这也是我现在要转向的——我认为家庭领域的这场转变,其实是由一套政策发动的,它们源自古代晚期的教会和中世纪教会。教会推出了一系列禁令:禁止表堂婚,禁止一夫多妻,还有某些继承做法——这个我待会儿会多讲一点。所以这是这里的关键推动力,它导致了
便签引用
31:14
this and today I'm just going to have time to focus on these three arrows so the red arrows are historical data the kind you need you have to make a historical case and the green arrows are psychological data so intellectually I'm doing something here sort of unusual is that I'm going to develop theories I'm going to show historical data to suggest that this has actually happened in the past and then I'm going to use contemporary data to test the psychological connections because at the time I didn't have data on dead people psychological data we're figuring out ways to get that so we're analyzing the Latin corpora I may yet have that data okay um so just to give you a sense of the kind of picture I have of why these kinship institutions matter let's just make a stark contrast so a world of weekendship so nuclear families you've got to make your way in the world and you have to find all of your own relationships you got to find your friends your business partners and your mates in this world most of your relationships are given at Birth your marriage is a range you work with your cousins you're a production unit you don't have another production you know production unit separate from your family uh here you have to cultivate those
今天我只来得及讲这三个箭头。红色箭头是历史数据,就是你需要的那一类——你得做出一个历史论证;绿色箭头是心理学数据。所以从学理上说,我在这里做的事有点不寻常:我会先提出理论,再拿历史数据来表明这件事在过去确实发生过,然后用当代数据去检验其中的心理学关联。因为当时我拿不到已故者的心理数据,我们正在想办法获得这类数据,所以我们在分析拉丁语语料库,也许以后我就能有这些数据了。好。为了让大家对我心目中“为什么这些亲属制度很重要”的那幅图景有点感觉,我们来做一个鲜明的对比。一个亲属关系薄弱的世界,也就是核心家庭的世界:你得自己在世上闯,得自己去找到全部的关系——找朋友、找生意伙伴、找配偶。而在另一个世界里,你的大部分关系在出生时就已经给定了:婚姻是包办的,你和堂表亲一起干活,你们本身就是一个生产单位,你没有独立于家庭之外的生产单位。而在这边,你必须去培养那些……
便签引用
32:19
dispositional attributes so you want to be smart honest clever you anything that you think is going to help you distinguish yourself from others and find those relationships in this world your your goal is to conform to those expectations of the relationships you don't need new relationships because you have this can Network you've received at Birth so here you're going to you've got to use these personal attributes so you're judging others on their dispositional attributes and you're trying to cultivate your own here you you trust someone for example you seek a new business partner based on your connections to them because it's those social connections that are going to make them trustworthy not some dispositional trait uh so trust based on disposition based on embeddedness this is a shame world where you're trying to live up to all these standards and there's a lot of rules for you to follow this is a world of guilt where you have to cultivate those traits so whatever those are which could vary across individuals um you're trying to live up to those traits and then here you identify your identity is to touch to your this cultivate itself this set of attributes you're trying to cultivate whereas in this world it's about your relationship so you're you think of yourself as a
……个人的性情特质。所以你想变得聪明、诚实、机灵,任何你觉得能让自己从别人中脱颖而出、并帮你找到那些关系的东西。而在那个世界里,你的目标是符合那些关系对你的期待,你不需要新的关系,因为你出生时就已经继承了这张亲属网络。所以在这边,你必须动用这些个人特质:你依据别人的性情特质来评判他们,同时努力培养自己的特质。在那边,比如你信任某个人、你去找一个新的生意伙伴,靠的是你和对方之间的关系连结,因为正是这些社会连结让他们值得信任,而不是什么性情特质。所以一边是基于性情的信任,一边是基于嵌入性的信任。那边是一个耻感的世界,你努力达到种种标准,有一大堆规矩要遵守;这边是一个罪感的世界,你必须培养那些特质——不管那些特质是什么,它们可能因人而异——你努力活成那些特质。然后在这边,你的身份认同附着于你所培养的这套特质;而在那个世界里,身份认同关乎你的关系,你把自己看作……
便签引用
33:25
member of your clan or extended family okay now most people think that the the small monogamous nuclear families that characterize uh Western societies for example emerge after the Industrial Revolution so people start getting wealthy and then they do the sensible thing and make small families that's of course not what rich people do in Saudi Arabia and other people and they don't suddenly start making small families so we have the test of what happens when people get rich but in any case that's what people think but I don't think the data supports that we know that the uh the data is clear that the the nuclear family goes back to at least 1400 1500 in Europe so that's before the Industrial Revolution and here I'm drawing on this book by Jack goody but a number of other historians have or he's an anthropologist but historians have made the same point that in fact it was the church's efforts which began in late Antiquity which gradually broke Europeans down into these monogamous nuclear families so you might be familiar with the incest taboos and just to give you a sense of how embedded this is in uh it's embedded in English of course so when when you when you refer to your in-laws um you say sister-in-law brother-in-law
……自己宗族或大家庭的一员。好。现在多数人认为,西方社会那种一夫一妻的小型核心家庭是工业革命之后才出现的:人们开始富起来,然后做了明智的事,组建小家庭。当然,沙特阿拉伯的富人可不是这么干的,别的地方也一样,他们并不会突然开始组建小家庭。所以我们其实已经有了“人变富之后会怎样”的检验。但不管怎样,人们就是这么想的。我不认为数据支持这个说法。数据很清楚地表明,欧洲的核心家庭至少可以追溯到 1400、1500 年,那是在工业革命之前。这里我引用的是 Jack Goody 的这本书——他其实是人类学家——不过还有不少历史学家也提出了同样的观点:实际上是教会从古代晚期开始的种种努力,逐渐把欧洲人拆解成了一夫一妻的核心家庭。你们可能听说过乱伦禁忌。给大家一个感觉,这东西嵌得有多深——它当然也嵌进了英语里:当你提到姻亲时,你会说 sister-in-law、brother-in-law、
便签引用
34:35
father-in-law most people don't realize the in-law part is in canon law so she's your sister in canon law which means no sex or marriage with her male um and that was a reminder because affines meaning uh In-laws in many societies are possible Marriage Partners so in a poligenous society after you marry one sister you might marry the next sister or even if that's not allowed if your wife dies naturally you want to maintain the relationship with the same family it's about relationships so you would get one of the younger sisters and is to replace the older system but the church put an end to that in fact that was one of the very first things they did then they banned first cousin marriage and then they they expanded the circle sometime around a thousand CE it goes out to six cousins then in the fourth ladder in Council it's brought down to just include third cousins but it does expand quite widely and it includes spiritual relatives and uh these affinial relatives uh so that's that of course polygeny is banned had been common in Europe uh second there were sort of primary and secondary wives and the church also banned sex slaves no arranged marriages uh so the in the Christian ceremony the bride has to say I do that's actually
father-in-law。多数人没意识到,其中的 in-law 指的是教会法(canon law)。所以她是你在教会法上的姐妹,意思就是不能和她发生性关系或结婚。这其实是一种提醒,因为在很多社会里,姻亲是可能的婚配对象:在一夫多妻的社会里,你娶了姐姐之后可能会再娶她妹妹;即便不允许这样,如果你妻子自然去世,你也会想维持和同一个家庭的关系——重点是关系——所以你会娶她的一个妹妹来接替姐姐。但教会终止了这一点,事实上这是他们最早做的事情之一。接着他们禁止了第一代堂表亲通婚,然后不断扩大这个圈子:大约在公元 1000 年前后扩到六代堂表亲,到第四次拉特兰会议又收回到只包括三代堂表亲,但范围仍然相当广,而且把教亲和姻亲也包括了进去。当然,一夫多妻也被禁了——它在欧洲曾经很常见,有所谓正妻和次妻之分——教会还禁止了性奴,禁止包办婚姻。所以在基督教的婚礼仪式上,新娘必须说“我愿意”,这在……
便签引用
35:51
quite rare cross-cultural usually nobody asked the bride what her view is but here this is the priest being like let's do one last check are you okay with this all right and um and the church also discourages uh corporate ownership of land now goodie makes the point the church has got self-interest here because the Archbishop of Milan Ambrose figured out that uh he could get people to donate to the church if he convinced them that you donate to the church we give it to the poor and then there's a passage in Mark which says that the you know the sorry long story but in any case the church figured out a way that they convinced people that if they gave to the church they'd have a better chance of getting to heaven now of course the idea was to give during your life most people didn't want to do that so they would give on their deathbed and then they would get the ideas they could get to heaven so that led the church to become one of the richest or the richest institution in Europe and gradually accumulate quite a bit of land okay but that affected the inheritance system okay so finally I want to mention this this is a part of the many modern weddings today but it actually traces back to the carolingian period so many of you are
……跨文化上其实相当罕见,通常没人问新娘是什么想法;但在这里,神父就像是在做最后一次确认:你同意吗?好。教会还不鼓励土地的家族共同占有。Goody 指出,教会在这里有自身的利益:米兰的主教安布罗斯想明白了,只要让人们相信“你捐给教会,我们再转给穷人”,就能让他们向教会捐赠;《马可福音》里有一段说……抱歉,说来话长。总之教会想出了一套办法,让人们相信捐给教会就更有可能上天堂。当然,本意是让你在生前捐,但大多数人不愿意,所以他们会在临终时捐,然后指望这样就能上天堂。这让教会成了欧洲最富有的机构之一、甚至是最富有的机构,并逐渐积累了相当多的土地。好,但这也影响了继承制度。最后我想提一件事,它是今天很多现代婚礼的一部分,但其实可以追溯到加洛林时期。你们很多人……
便签引用
37:05
probably familiar with it so if anyone here can show Just Cause while this couple cannot be lawfully joined in holy matrimony let them speak now or forever hold their peace and then there's like a pregnant pause and everybody looks around um this is this is an incest inquiry this is again the priest saying let's make sure these two aren't relatives we've got everyone together here who could possibly know if they're relatives and do let's do one final check and then if we make sure they're not cousins then we can we can finally join them so this is part of this effort that the carolingian Empire went to teaming up with the priests and you know the pope and stuff to try to end this incest problem okay so this is all suggests and then by 800 to begin to see actual statistical evidence and then the amount of evidence we have that this is operating seems to grow over time after that okay now to make this into a scientific program now I got to move into the modern world and use data to see if we can find evidence for the kinds of effects that I'm suggesting occur so my task this is published in the journal science is two if this is true I should be able to link the church's uh the spread of the church the marriage and
……大概都很熟悉:如果在座有谁知道正当理由,说明这对新人不能合法结为夫妻,请现在说出来,否则就永远保持沉默。然后是一段意味深长的停顿,大家四下张望。这其实是一次乱伦排查,又是神父在说:我们确认一下这两位不是亲戚。能知道他们是不是亲戚的人都聚在这儿了,那就做最后一次核查吧;确认他们不是堂表亲之后,我们才能把他们结合在一起。所以这是加洛林帝国与神父们、教宗那些人联手所做的努力的一部分,目的是终结这个乱伦问题。好,这些都在说明……到了公元 800 年,我们开始看到真正的统计证据,而且在那之后,能表明这一机制在运作的证据似乎越来越多。好。现在要把它做成一个科学研究纲领,我就得进入现代世界,用数据来看看能否找到我所主张的那类效应的证据。所以我的任务——这项研究发表在《科学》杂志上——有两个:如果这是真的,我应该能把教会的传播、把这套婚姻与……
便签引用
07从跨国到移民:多层数据检验
38:11
family program to differences in kin based institutions so I need data on something like rates of cousin marriage rates of polygyny things like that I should be able to link those to psychological data and then I should be able to go this way all right so just to give you the highest level data I can possibly show you where this is global data so these are different countries around the world this is centuries under the medieval Church of these populations and I just picked the easy thing to understand I have more complicated measures I could show you but an easy thing to understand would be the rate of cousin marriage so more centuries under the medieval Church less cousin marriage around the world if we take the rate of cousin marriage so that's a log scale and then we found data on 17 different psychological variables at the country level and just for Simplicity we add them all up and create a single index and we called it the individualistic impersonal psychology index and greater cousin marriage means less individualism less impersonal trust the things that are in this scale a fairly strong relationship now I could show you the data for every single one of the 17 and you'd see the same pattern so there's you know there's
……家庭纲领,与基于亲属的制度上的差异联系起来。所以我需要类似堂表亲通婚率、一夫多妻率之类的数据。我应该能把这些和心理学数据联系起来,然后还能反过来走这条路。好。先给大家看我能拿出的最宏观的数据,这是全球数据:这些是世界各地不同的国家,横轴是这些人口处在中世纪教会之下的世纪数。我挑了最容易理解的指标——我还有更复杂的测量可以展示,但最容易理解的就是堂表亲通婚率。处在中世纪教会之下的世纪越多,全世界范围内的堂表亲通婚就越少。如果我们取堂表亲通婚率,这是对数刻度,然后我们找到了国家层面 17 个心理变量的数据,为简单起见我们把它们全加起来做成一个单一指数,称之为“个体主义—非人格化心理指数”。堂表亲通婚越多,就意味着个体主义越少、非人格化信任越少,这些都是这个量表里的内容。这是一个相当强的关系。我可以把 17 个变量逐个展示给你们,你们会看到同样的模式,所以并没有……
便签引用
39:22
no hidden stuff behind the curtain so it's all in the paper okay and then finally I can go this way so more centuries under the church more individualistic impersonal psychology now in many of these measures we have data on the western church and the Eastern Church and historically the evidence seems to suggest that the Eastern church had a kind of weak version of this marriage and family program that dissolved the Western families into small monogamous nuclear families they were kind of late they didn't the bands didn't go out as far and they were less enthusiastic about it but it did occur and we frequently see this pattern where we get a weak effect for the Eastern church and then a strong effect for the western church so more individualism and impersonal psychology there so this at least globally it fits with the basic pattern now we can add all kinds of fancy controls to this but it's still cross-national data and whenever you see cross-national data you should be suspicious because everything correlates cross-nationally there's lots of correlations so what we did to kind of dig into this more deeply is we created a database of uh bishoprics around Europe and so we have a GPS location for each bishopric and we have
……什么藏在幕布后面的东西,全都写在论文里了。好,最后我还能走这个方向:处在教会之下的世纪越多,心理就越个体主义、越非人格化。在很多这类测量里,我们同时有西方教会和东方教会的数据。历史证据似乎表明,东方教会有一个较弱版本的婚姻与家庭纲领,也就是把大家庭消解成一夫一妻小型核心家庭的那一套——他们起步晚,禁令范围没有推得那么远,热情也没那么高,但确实发生了。我们经常看到这样的模式:东方教会呈现弱效应,西方教会呈现强效应,那边的个体主义和非人格化心理更强。所以至少在全球层面,这符合基本模式。当然我们可以给它加上各种花哨的控制变量,但它仍然是跨国数据,而只要看到跨国数据你就该心存怀疑,因为在跨国层面上什么都相关,相关性一大堆。所以为了更深入地挖掘,我们建了一个欧洲各地主教座(bishopric)的数据库:每一个主教座我们都有 GPS 位置,还有……
便签引用
40:33
a date so we can track the spread of the church you'll see sometimes the red dots will turn gray and that means that that part of Europe is under a political power that's unfriendly to the bishop in Rome to the pope so we don't count the period when you know it's under Islamic power say and you'll see that you know Spain gets conquered in various parts of Italy get conquered it's also sometimes they're under the Orthodox church or under the the bishop and Constantinople so not under the Roman side uh so this goes from 500 to 1500 and so we get this dosage measure you'll see Ireland is interesting right people tend to think Ireland got Christianity early right St Patrick and whatnot um but that brand of Christianity did not have the marriage and family program as part of it Ireland doesn't get the marriage and family program until the Normans arrive there much later 12th century 13 . okay so this gives your dosages around Europe in this map we include the carolingian borders in uh blue because the carolingians played an important role they're also an important political Border in 800 and then the Iron Curtain also is there okay so what we do is we have four psychological Dimensions that we get from the European Social Survey so a
……年代,这样我们就能追踪教会的扩散。你会看到有时候红点会变成灰色,那意味着欧洲的那一部分处在对罗马主教、也就是教宗不友好的政治势力之下,所以我们不把那段时期算进去——比如它处在伊斯兰政权之下的时候。你会看到西班牙被征服,意大利的一些地方也被征服;有时候它们处在东正教会之下,或者处在君士坦丁堡主教之下,也就是不在罗马这一边。这个时间跨度从 500 年到 1500 年,于是我们得到了这个“剂量”指标。你会发现爱尔兰很有意思:人们往往以为爱尔兰很早就基督教化了,对吧,圣帕特里克之类的。但那一支基督教并不包含婚姻与家庭纲领,爱尔兰要等到诺曼人到来才有这套纲领,那已经晚得多了,12 世纪、13 世纪。好,这就给出了欧洲各地的剂量。这张地图上我们用蓝色标出了加洛林帝国的边界,因为加洛林人扮演了重要角色,而且在 800 年那也是一条重要的政治边界;铁幕也标在上面。好,接下来我们用四个心理维度,数据来自欧洲社会调查:一个……
便签引用
41:50
measure of individualism a measure of conforming obedience measure of impersonal fairness and impersonal Trust happy to talk more about those if people want to hear more but so we these psychological measures and what we do is we use the exposure of each region to predict the individual psychology so in the analysis we're explaining the psychological traits of individuals and we're using where they live and how long that region has been under the church's influence so our findings are that individuals from regions with longer Church exposure have greater impersonal trust greater and personal fairness less Conformity and obedience and greater individualism Independence in this analysis what we can do is we only compare regions within the same country so there's nothing about National Health Care Systems or GDP or anything in this because we're only comparing within countries we have individual demographics income and education as well as age so it's not an income effect it's not an education effect we're only comparing college degree people with other college degree people we have lots of uh Geographic variables we have climatic variables and one might worry that it's it's somehow the church is associated with Roman influence so we
……个体主义的测量、一个从众与服从的测量、一个非人格化公平的测量,还有一个非人格化信任的测量。如果大家想多了解,我很乐意再展开讲。有了这些心理测量之后,我们用每个地区的教会暴露程度来预测个体的心理。所以在这个分析里,我们要解释的是个体的心理特质,用的是他们住在哪里、以及那个地区处在教会影响之下有多久。我们的发现是:来自教会暴露时间更长的地区的个体,有更高的非人格化信任、更高的非人格化公平、更低的从众与服从,以及更强的个体主义与独立性。在这个分析里,我们可以只比较同一个国家内部的不同地区,所以这跟国家医疗体系、GDP 之类的都无关,因为我们只在国家内部作比较。我们还纳入了个体的人口学变量:收入、教育以及年龄,所以这不是收入效应,也不是教育效应——我们只把大学学历的人和大学学历的人相比较。我们有大量地理变量,也有气候变量。有人可能会担心,这是不是跟罗马的影响有关,所以我们……
便签引用
43:07
have historical maps of the Roman roads that interconnected the Roman Empire and we can use proximity to Roman roads uh as a measure and uh so so that's it's not part of that we use initial prox prosperity in 500 the presence of medieval universities monasteries the carolingian Empire all as controls in this analysis and the result holds one of the most persuasive analysis is for me is if you say let's forget Western Europe and just focus on everything on the other side of the Iron Curtain we get the same results over there so if we just look at what the former Soviet Bloc right what's the other side of the of the curtain all right so this is this is one set of analyzes now um I also in that in that this sort of job I gave the team the job I gave myself to to figure out was that I should be able to show that um more exposure to the western church predicts things about kinship so I could show you analyzes showing that longer and more time under the church leads to less cousin marriage across Europe but I thought I'd show you these plots instead which are saying the amount of cousin marriage and this is based on a 20th century measure and the amount of individualism independence based on the same measure I just showed you so from
……有罗马道路网的历史地图,那是连接罗马帝国的道路,我们可以用与罗马道路的距离作为一个指标,结果表明也不是这个原因。我们还把 500 年时的初始繁荣程度、中世纪大学和修道院的存在、加洛林帝国等等,全都作为控制变量放进这个分析里,结果依然成立。对我来说最有说服力的分析之一是:如果你说,我们干脆不看西欧,只看铁幕另一侧的所有地方,我们在那边也得到同样的结果。所以如果我们只看前苏联集团,也就是幕的另一边,结果一样。好,这是一组分析。另外,我给团队、也给我自己布置的任务是:我应该能证明,更多地暴露于西方教会可以预测亲属制度方面的一些特征。我可以给你们看那些分析,显示在教会之下的时间越长、程度越深,全欧洲的堂表亲通婚就越少。不过我想改成给你们看这几张图,它们展示的是堂表亲通婚的多少(基于一项 20 世纪的测量),以及个体主义—独立性的高低(基于我刚才展示的同一套测量),也就是来自……
便签引用
44:24
the European Social Survey so places with more cousin marriage are less individualistic and independent just looking within Europe you can see we got data from Italy Spain France and turkey we don't have data from everywhere so this is just the particular regions of those countries where we could find data and we put turkey on there now the everything holds if we remove turkey but I think it's worth noting that turkey Falls exactly where you'd expect it if you know its cousin marriage rate so this is a place with a very different history but yet once you know it's because in marriage rate you can say something about its psychology okay same thing with impersonal fairness so greater more cousin marriage less impersonal fairness and again there's turkey where it should be and then everything else Falls in there um conforming obedience so more cousin marriage greater Conformity and obedience and uh more cousin marriage less impersonal Trust and again turkey's down there we can add a number of different bells and whistles to this and try to control for various things in general the result holds it's not a huge data set like the previous one because we only have these 68 regions of Europe but that's what we got now this analysis solves a number of problems so we use
……欧洲社会调查。所以堂表亲通婚更多的地方,个体主义和独立性更低。只看欧洲内部,你可以看到我们有来自意大利、西班牙、法国和土耳其的数据——我们并不是每个地方都有数据,所以这只是这些国家中我们能找到数据的那些特定地区,我们还把土耳其放了进去。就算去掉土耳其,一切结论都成立,但我觉得值得一提的是:如果你知道土耳其的堂表亲通婚率,它正好落在你预期的位置上。这是一个历史非常不同的地方,可一旦你知道了它的堂表亲通婚率,你就能说出一些关于它的心理特征的东西。好,非人格化公平也是同样的情况:堂表亲通婚越多,非人格化公平越低,土耳其又落在它该在的位置上,其余的也都落在线上。从众与服从:堂表亲通婚越多,从众与服从越强。还有,堂表亲通婚越多,非人格化信任越低,土耳其又在下面那儿。我们可以给这些加上各种花哨的处理,试着控制各种因素,总体上结果是成立的。它不像前面那个数据集那么庞大,因为我们只有欧洲这 68 个地区,但我们手上就这些了。接下来这个分析解决了不少问题:我们用的是……
便签引用
45:41
the European Social Survey and we only look at second generation immigrants so these are people who move to Europe from other places and they had kids this and then the kids take the European Social Survey so we only compare second generation immigrants with second generation immigrants they grew up in Europe they speak the language fluently they went to the European schools all that kind of stuff but yet they had families and possibly social networks that were from other places and so what we do is we attach to that person the the measure of the kinship intensity this thing that we're we think is the key thing going on how sort of interconnected families are and what not the structure of the social network or cousin marriage or church duration to this individual and then we try to explain their psychology based on where their parents came from essentially and what we find is that individuals who have whose parents come from places with less kinship intensity or less cousin marriage have greater impersonal trust greater and personal fairness less Conformity and obedience and greater individualism Independence so the same patterns that we would expect where there's some cultural transmission coming from the parents or the social
……欧洲社会调查的数据,而且只看第二代移民。也就是说,这些人从别的地方迁到欧洲,生了孩子,然后由这些孩子来参加欧洲社会调查。所以我们只拿第二代移民和第二代移民作比较:他们在欧洲长大,语言说得很流利,上的是欧洲的学校,诸如此类;但他们的家庭、可能还有社会网络,是来自别的地方的。于是我们做的是,把亲属强度这个指标——我们认为这才是关键所在,也就是家庭之间的互联程度、社会网络的结构,或者堂表亲通婚率、教会持续时间——附加到这个人身上,然后基本上是用他们父母来自哪里,来解释他们的心理。我们发现,父母来自亲属强度更低、或堂表亲通婚更少的地方的个体,有更高的非人格化信任、更高的非人格化公平、更低的从众与服从,以及更强的个体主义与独立性。所以这和我们预期的模式一致:存在某种来自父母、或者来自社会……的文化传递。
便签引用
46:52
networks the parents create to the kid that cashes out now when I present this people are there's always you know people who are thinking about immigration debates usually ask questions so I'll just address that now this data allows us to look at the strength of these factors and what we find is that going from first generation to Second Generation to third generation the effect declines by an order of magnitude each generation so we can detect it because we got a really big sample but it's much smaller than first generation and then third generation it's even smaller we can often still detect it and then very hard to detect in fourth generation okay and then in this case we can have our usual hold constant all of the same stuff we add feelings of being discriminated against in case people from different places get discriminated against different amounts uh and we can do another we can do other fancy stuff so one of the fancy things we do is we if you have mothers from the same country but different ethno-linguistic groups then we can hold constant the country where the person came from and just compare people with moms that were from different ethnic groups in the same country it's just another way of kind of removing other sources of variation okay so uh that was kind of um
父母建立的这些网络会传给孩子,并在孩子身上兑现。我每次讲这个的时候,总会有人——你知道,那些关心移民辩论的人——提问,所以我现在就先回应一下。这些数据让我们能考察这些因素的强度,我们发现的是:从第一代到第二代再到第三代,效应每一代都下降一个数量级。我们还能检测到,是因为样本量真的很大,但第二代已经比第一代小很多了,第三代更小,通常还能检测出来,到第四代就非常难检测了。好,在这个分析里,我们照例可以把所有那些同样的变量都控制住,还加上了"感到被歧视"这一项,以防来自不同地方的人受到的歧视程度不同。我们还能做一些更精细的处理,其中一个是:如果母亲来自同一个国家但属于不同的族群—语言群体,我们就可以把这个人的来源国控制住,只比较那些母亲同属一国、但族群不同的人。这只是又一种排除其他变异来源的办法。好,那这部分大概就是……
便签引用
48:03
that's the European analysis there's also evidence which is not in the book because it came later from Africa so this is Augustine Bergeron's work he's an economist and what he did is uh we have a map of historical Christian missions all over Africa so places where missionaries went and um and then he's studying people in the in the city of kananga which is a large city in the Democratic Republic of Congo and he looks at where people are from what their home Villages are which are often pretty far away and scattered all over the DRC and then he sees if he can use the proximity of the home Village to these Christian missions to predict whether they have these more intense kinship networks and then whether they're morally universalistic and in-group loyalty and the patterns he finds is that when you're closer to the Christian Mission you have these smaller more nuclear families and you have a more morally universalistic psychology less concerns about in-group loyalty so the same pattern we would expect except now we we replicate it in the DRC I often get in debates about with the European historians who will come up with some story about how the European Elites having some complicated thing going on and I'm like well how does that explain the Democratic Republic of Congo
……这就是欧洲的分析。还有一些证据没写进书里,因为它出来得晚一些,来自非洲。这是 Augustin Bergeron 的研究,他是位经济学家。他做的是:我们有一张历史上基督教传教站遍布非洲的地图,也就是传教士去过的那些地方;然后他研究的是刚果民主共和国一座大城市卡南加(Kananga)里的人,他考察这些人来自哪里、老家的村子在哪儿——往往离得挺远,散布在刚果各地——然后看能不能用老家村子离这些传教站的远近,来预测他们是否拥有更紧密的亲属网络,以及他们是否道德上更普遍主义、内群体忠诚度更低。他发现的模式是:离传教站越近,家庭规模越小、越核心化,心理上越是道德普遍主义,越不看重内群体忠诚。跟我们预期的模式一样,只不过这次是在刚果民主共和国复制出来的。我常跟欧洲史学家争论,他们会讲出某种故事,说欧洲精英当时有什么复杂的动机之类的,我就会说:那这怎么解释刚果民主共和国呢?
便签引用
49:15
finding so you got to test these ideas in different places so uh then looking at China and India this in this case we have variation in kinship intensity measured by Clans except now rather than the church being the thing that affects kinship there's a large literature suggesting that Patty rice agriculture intensifies Clans and so using this we can explain the variation around Han Chinese only so throughout all other groups just focus on Han Chinese Han Chinese from places with more Clans Where It's associated with more Patty rice agriculture approach the world with less analytic thinking and a more interdependent self-concept and more concerns about in-group loyalty so the same pattern basically and this is from the U.S so uh as the U.S is expanding uh cousin marriage is popping up in various places and getting to some non-trivial thresholds so various states start enacting cousin marriage laws and so Goshen colleagues who's an economist at the University of British Columbia shows that when States enact their laws against cousin marriage you have a decline in cousin marriage and this leads to Greater income at urbanization later so there I don't have the psychological data but I can show the expected economic effects all right so finally I want to say a few things about Innovation and this is kind
……所以你必须在不同的地方检验这些想法。接着看中国和印度。在这个案例里,我们同样有亲属关系强度的变异,用宗族来衡量,只不过现在影响亲属结构的不是教会——有大量文献认为水稻农业会强化宗族。用这个思路,我们可以只在汉族内部解释变异,也就是把其他族群都排除掉,只看汉族:来自宗族更多、也与水稻农业更相关的地方的汉族人,看待世界时分析性思维更弱、自我概念更相互依赖、更看重内群体忠诚。基本是同样的模式。这一张来自美国。随着美国不断扩张,表亲通婚在各地出现,并达到了不容忽视的比例,于是各州开始陆续立法禁止表亲通婚。不列颠哥伦比亚大学的经济学家 Ghosh 和同事们的研究显示,当各州出台禁止表亲通婚的法律后,表亲通婚下降,而这带来了后来更高的收入和更高的城市化水平。所以这里我没有心理学数据,但我能展示预期中的经济效应。好,最后我想讲几句关于创新的内容,这算是……
便签引用
08集体大脑:创新从哪里来
50:36
of the latest stuff on the agenda so um in my prior work I developed this idea that uh a lot of human Innovation knowledge comes from the interaction among diverse Minds so most novel ideas are actually recombinations of existing ideas so if you get people with a lot of different ideas together and let them interact you know they can make baby ideas and so so if this is true then we should expect the size of a population and the amount of cognitive diversity in the interconnectedness to interact to create faster innovation okay now in the weirdest people in the world I apply this saying that the social factors that I talk about which I ultimately anchor in the church and these psychological changes uh so greater urbanization that's always going to create more Innovation my immigration is going to create more because immigrants bring diverse ideas these institutions are different so the the apprenticeship and and journeyman institutions are uh different in Europe than other places and I'll just give you one key element so the journeyman phase after you've been trained by one master to be a Craftsman of some sort say you then have to go do what I think of as a postdoc in another Master's shop and it has to be far away like there's a rule
……我研究议程上最新的东西。在我以前的工作里,我提出过这样一个想法:人类大量的创新和知识来自不同头脑之间的互动,因为绝大多数新想法其实是既有想法的重新组合。所以如果你把一群拥有各种不同想法的人聚在一起、让他们互动,他们就能生出"想法的孩子"。如果这是对的,那我们应该预期:人口规模、认知多样性和相互连接程度这几者相互作用,会带来更快的创新。好,在《这世界上最怪异的人》这本书里,我把它应用起来,认为我谈的那些社会因素——我最终把它们追溯到教会——以及这些心理变化,比如更高的城市化,总是会带来更多创新;移民也会带来更多创新,因为移民带来多样的想法;还有这些制度不一样,欧洲的学徒制和"游历工匠"制度跟别处不同。我就讲一个关键点:在游历工匠阶段,你在一位师傅手下受训成为某种工匠之后,你还得去另一位师傅的作坊里做我理解中的"博士后",而且必须去很远的地方——有规定说……
便签引用
51:51
that it can't be nearby that means you're remixing with a bunch of other guys coming from other places who worked under other Masters it's an environment that's really ripe for new recombinations because you're bringing together ideas that would normally never see each other if everybody keeps their ideas combined and of course universities are spreading knowledge societies are spreading coffee houses and in the book I show how knowledge societies have an impact on British innovation and uh this this one is actually relevant for urbanization because this is uh so from 1100 to 1900 and this is I call this the size of the collective brain but it's just a number of other people that one person might have access to and what I did is I said well let's assume you can access everybody in your city and then your ability to access people in other cities depends on the cost for getting to that City and so then if you then sort of add up how many people can I access you know discounting people in other cities by the cost of travel there then you get you get this kind of thing where the size of the collective brain the number of people that any one person can access is is getting big rapidly right around the time the Industrial Revolution occurs
……不能待在附近。这意味着你会跟一群来自其他地方、师从其他师傅的人混在一起。这种环境特别适合产生新的重组,因为它把本来永远不会碰面的想法凑到了一起——如果每个人都把自己的想法捂在手里就不会有这种事。当然还有大学在传播知识、知识社团在扩散、咖啡馆在兴起。在书里我展示了知识社团对英国创新的影响。这一张其实跟城市化有关:这是从 1100 年到 1900 年,我把它叫做"集体大脑的规模",其实就是一个人可能接触到的其他人的数量。我的做法是:假设你能接触到你所在城市的每一个人,而你接触其他城市的人的能力,取决于前往那座城市的成本。这样把"我能接触到多少人"加总起来,按旅行成本对其他城市的人打折扣,你就会得到这样的曲线:集体大脑的规模,也就是任何一个人能接触到的人数,正好在工业革命发生前后开始迅速变大。
便签引用
52:59
okay psychological factors are important too because if you co if you trust and cooperate with strangers then you're more likely to share ideas interact collaborate with people you don't know are members of your family those kinds of things individualism if you want to be the smartest guy in the room or impress everybody then uh that's an incentive as opposed to being conformist keep your ideas to yourself stay in line that kind of thing also obviously a novelty preference breaking with tradition is going to help here and tolerance of religious differences because then you can access more of those ideas that are in different Minds all right so what we did is we took the database of patents between 1980 and 2014 and my colleagues did most of the hard lifting here and we tried to explain variation just within Europe so I've already shown you this link going from the church to uh aspects of weird psychology and that's a map of weird psychology just combining all four of the traits that I talked about it's also you can take Modern Family so this is a percentage of nuclear families or Facebook friends greater than a hundred kilometers so that's we also have Facebook data so we can we can make this connection and then we can show these two links so
好,心理因素也很重要。因为如果你信任陌生人、愿意跟陌生人合作,你就更可能跟不认识、不是自家亲戚的人分享想法、互动、协作,诸如此类。个人主义也是:如果你想当屋子里最聪明的那个人、想让所有人刮目相看,那这就是一种激励,而不是从众、把想法藏着掖着、循规蹈矩。当然,偏好新奇、敢于打破传统在这里也有帮助;还有对宗教差异的宽容,因为这样你才能接触到更多存在于不同头脑中的想法。我们做的是:拿了 1980 到 2014 年的专利数据库,主要的苦活是我的同事们干的,我们试着只解释欧洲内部的变异。我前面已经给你们展示了从教会通向"怪异心理"各个方面的这条链条,那是一张怪异心理的地图,把我讲的四个特质合在一起。你也可以看现代家庭结构,比如核心家庭的比例,或者一百公里以外的 Facebook 好友数——我们也有 Facebook 数据,所以能建立这种关联。然后我们就能展示这两条链条,所以……
便签引用
09从韦伯到新教:识字改造大脑
54:10
we can make these connections and explain patterns using aspects of psychology and families and then we can do this one so that's this one so more exposure to the medieval church more patents per capita just comparing Europeans with Europeans only analyzing within the same country and using these very small regions to compare okay now uh we can do other analyzes to improve this um I can talk about that at the end okay I'll just mention this I'm I've run a little bit over time here so I just want to I'll say this very briefly one of the things I was trying to explain is um you know Weber asked this question uh while he even asked this question he made the proposal that protestantism played a big role in the rise of capitalism and markets and things like that but I think uh the question one of the questions I wanted to address is how do you get to Protestant in the first place so it's a highly individualistic religion I talked a lot about mental States early on and you know whether you're meant to steal it or you stole it by accident in Protestant is if you can get to heaven just based on mental States so faith alone gets you to heaven as opposed to Faith and good works it's a very strange idea in the context of
……我们能把这些环节连起来,用心理和家庭结构的各个方面来解释这些模式,然后我们就能做这一步,也就是这个:接触中世纪教会越久,人均专利越多——这只是拿欧洲人跟欧洲人比,只在同一个国家内部分析,并且用非常小的地理单元来做比较。好,我们还能做别的分析来改进这一点,这个我可以最后再谈。我就提一下——我已经稍微超时了,所以我讲得很快——我一直想解释的一件事是:韦伯问过这个问题,或者说他在提出这个问题的同时也提出了一个论断,认为新教在资本主义、市场等等的兴起中起了很大作用。但我想处理的问题之一是:你首先是怎么走到新教这一步的?它是一种高度个人主义的宗教。我前面讲了很多关于心理状态的内容,比如你是有意去偷还是无意间拿走了东西;在新教里,你能否上天堂完全取决于心理状态——因信称义就能上天堂,而不是靠信仰加善功。在世界宗教的语境里,这是个非常奇怪的想法。
便签引用
55:27
world religions and the idea that individuals should read the Bible for themselves is really peculiar why should we give every schmuck a chance to read the Bible for themselves and have an opinion uh but this led to the widespread literacy because people had to learn to read the Bible than for themselves it was thought that everybody should do this boys and girls so Protestant populations figured out ways to educate boys and girls so they were literate and what the fun part most people don't realize is that when you learn to read it changes your brain so it thickens your corpus callosum it gives you specialized region in your left ventral occipital temporal region it Alters part of your Superior temporal sulcus and left inferior prefrontal cortex and it improves your verbal memory because you can make a picture of the word and it creates larger patterns of brain activation even when you hear speech so you hear speech and part of your brain is actually turning it into words right to written to written stuff now uh it also shifted facial recognition um to the right hemisphere so the current thinking is that in we needed some neurogeography and so when we learned to read we drive out some of the facial recognition and that means we be literate people become right hemisphere
……而"每个人都应该自己读《圣经》"这个想法也非常古怪:凭什么让每个阿猫阿狗都有机会自己读《圣经》、还发表意见呢?但这带来了识字率的普及,因为人们必须学会自己读《圣经》,而且大家认为人人都该这么做,男孩女孩都一样。所以新教人口想方设法教育男孩和女孩,让他们识字。有意思的是,多数人没意识到:学会阅读会改变你的大脑。它会让胼胝体变厚,在左侧腹侧枕颞区形成一个专门化的脑区,改变颞上沟和左侧额下皮层的一部分;它还会提升你的言语记忆,因为你能给词语生成一个图像;而且即使你只是在听别人说话,也会引发更大范围的脑区激活——你听到语音,大脑的一部分实际上正在把它转换成书写形式的文字。另外,它还把面孔识别推到了右半球。目前的看法是,我们需要一点"神经地理空间",所以当我们学会阅读时,就把一部分面孔识别功能挤了出去,这意味着识字的人在面孔识别上会变成右半球……
便签引用
56:39
bias for facial recognition so for a long time uh neuroscientists were telling us humans humans are naturally right hemisphere bias for facial recognition turns out that's mostly about literate people or right hemisphere bias because we've used some neurogeography for something else so anyway uh key closing point is you have to think about psychology as co-evolving with institutions and other aspects of culture and this affects how those institutions operate so plucking an institution that evolved in one society and dropping it on another society which was a favorite activity of Europeans for a long time it doesn't work because it doesn't fit with the psychology that exists there right there are different expectations and the whole whole set of Dynamics deep history matters for economic outcomes so if we want to understand the Contemporary world we have to understand history so plug for the historians um important to note here you know I'm talking a lot about culture and cultural groups this is a story of not essentializing cultural groups but of dynamic change over time so you know if you look at Europe in a thousand CE there were Islamic scholars who would talk about the northern barbarians and by that they meant like you know the English and the Dutch and stuff who they
……偏侧化。所以很长一段时间里,神经科学家告诉我们:人类天生在面孔识别上是右半球偏侧化的。结果发现,这主要是识字者才这样,之所以右半球偏侧化,是因为我们把一部分神经地盘挪作他用了。总之,最后的关键一点是:你必须把心理看作是与制度以及文化其他方面共同演化的,而这会影响这些制度如何运作。所以,把一个在某个社会里演化出来的制度拔出来,扔到另一个社会去——这是欧洲人很长时间里最爱干的事——是行不通的,因为它跟当地已有的心理不匹配,人们的预期不同,整套动态机制都不一样。深层历史对经济结果很重要,所以如果我们想理解当代世界,就必须理解历史——这算是给历史学家们打个广告。这里还要说明一点:我谈了很多文化和文化群体,但这个故事不是把文化群体本质化,而是关于随时间发生的动态变化。比如你看公元 1000 年的欧洲,当时的伊斯兰学者会谈论"北方的蛮族",他们指的就是英格兰人、荷兰人这些人,他们认为这些人……
便签引用
10问答:现代性还是西方性
57:53
thought were unsophisticated uncouth and stupid um and there was a big change in in Europe over that over that Thousand-Year period and then I made this point previously about cultural Evolution being a type of biological evolution but not genetic evolution all right that's it [Applause] so that was um that was just fabulous there's so much there one hardly knows where to start I'm going to take advantage of my my the fact that I've got the mic at the moment just to ask you a question first um and just picking up on what you were saying right at the end about Weber um and I'm I'm thinking about this from from a Ramsay Center perspective because our University programs as you all know focus on the great books of the past so we always like to put the things that we hear from the speakers in the context of kind of long tradition of thinking about whatever it is and so thinking about um what you just said about Weber who talks about ascetic protestantism and he says of course the protestantism leads to the rise of capitalism so he traces this back to Luther like like you did but I'm thinking even more about Alexis to talkfil in um in Democracy in America her and you quote a a sentence from detoxing at the beginning of one of your
……粗鄙、没教养、愚蠢。而在那一千年里,欧洲发生了巨大的变化。另外我前面也讲过一点:文化演化是一种生物演化,但不是遗传意义上的演化。好,就讲到这里。(掌声)刚才那真是太精彩了,内容极其丰富,简直不知道该从哪儿说起。我要利用一下此刻话筒在我手里的便利,先问你一个问题。我想接着你最后讲到韦伯的部分说。我是从拉姆齐中心的角度来想这件事的,因为大家都知道,我们的大学课程聚焦于过去的伟大著作,所以我们总喜欢把从演讲者那里听到的东西,放进关于这个主题的漫长思想传统的脉络里去看。所以,关于你刚才说到的韦伯——他谈的是禁欲主义新教,他当然认为新教导致了资本主义的兴起,他也像你一样把这一点追溯到路德——但我更想到的是托克维尔的《论美国的民主》。你在其中一章的开头引用了托克维尔的一句话……
便签引用
59:19
your chapters I think I can see the whole Destiny of America contained in the first Puritan who landed on these Shores um and the top Bill also says as each person concentrates on himself men become more equal and more detached from their fellows and the idea of Devotion to one's kin in your in your model becomes more foreign democracy destroys the Instinct for devotion this is this is the talk so I'm just I'm thinking there's strong parallels between what you're saying and what people like Weber and detox saying but the difference is that they're talking about not the west but modernity so this is a conversation that's been going on for a long time 200 years in the West about what it is to be modern and you segued that into a conversation in the west about what it is to be Western so can you can you just talk about that in in a sense I see what you've done as a as a wonderful kind of uh late addition to a tradition of conversation in the west about modernity but now it's become something about westerners can you can you can you yeah I mean it's one thing it's interesting because I the I the idea of characterizing something as modernity doesn't appeal to me I want something
……在你的某一章里,那句话是:我似乎能在第一个登上这片海岸的清教徒身上,看到整个美国的命运。托克维尔还说:随着每个人越来越专注于自身,人们变得更平等,也更疏离于同胞;而在你的模型里,对亲族的忠诚变得越来越陌生——民主摧毁了奉献的本能。这就是托克维尔的说法。所以我在想,你说的东西跟韦伯、托克维尔这些人说的有很强的呼应,但差别在于:他们谈的不是"西方",而是"现代性"。也就是说,这是西方内部已经进行了两百年的一场对话,讨论"何为现代",而你把它转接成了一场关于"何为西方人"的对话。你能不能谈谈这一点?某种意义上我觉得你做的事,是对西方关于现代性这一对话传统的一个精彩的、晚近的补充。你能不能……?可以。这挺有意思的,因为我并不喜欢把某样东西概括成"现代性",我想要更……
便签引用
1:00:40
much more specific that I can get my hands on than ex and explain so if you want to just discuss something like the breaking down of family ties or the relative not lack of importance of the family or moral universalism I would break it down into a series of elements and just talk about how those elements change over time I wouldn't want to put a label on it because that makes it difficult and unwieldy and the other thing is eventually modernity will be the past and so if you want to think long term you don't use terms like that because then you've got to have Neo and then um yeah so uh I'd better to get back to your question I do think that I I think it's worth seeing my Enterprise as related to Weber and de tocqueville and I think they made many of the same observations as I mentioned I was trying to really get to Weber and then one of the things I do in the book is I look at some of the modern evidence that actually supports some of the things that favor said so if you compare Protestant and Catholic Germans based on whether they happen to live in a place that when Catholic or Protestant due to the decisions of some Prince or Duke you know in the 16th century you can see differences in how many hours they spend at work so you can see evidence of the
……更具体、更能抓得住、也能解释得清的东西。所以如果你想讨论家庭纽带的瓦解、家庭重要性的相对下降,或者道德普遍主义,我会把它拆解成一系列要素,然后谈这些要素如何随时间变化。我不愿意给它贴一个标签,因为那会让事情变得棘手、笨重。另一点是,现代性终究会成为过去,所以如果你想着眼长远,就不该用这类词,否则你还得再造一个"新现代"之类的。呃,我还是回到你的问题。我确实认为,把我做的这项事业看作与韦伯和托克维尔相关联是有道理的,而且我觉得他们做出了很多相同的观察。我前面提到过,我一直想真正回应韦伯。我在书里做的一件事,是考察一些现代证据,它们其实支持韦伯说过的一些内容。比如,你把德国的新教徒和天主教徒作比较——他们之所以属于哪一边,取决于 16 世纪某位诸侯或公爵的决定,也就取决于他们碰巧住在哪里——你能看到他们每周工作时长上的差异,所以你能看到证据表明……
便签引用
1:01:49
Protestant work ethic and whatnot the same is true in the use of mental States so so Jimmy Carter president former president of the U.S you know famously talked about how guilty he felt when he had impure thoughts about women but other religious Traditions like Jews for example and this is research by Paul Rosen don't feel such such guilt about that is it's about actions it's not about thoughts so just to give you an example um and I think one of the things that fits with the de tocqueville thought is that you know the migrants to the U.S had an advantage because they didn't have these structures that that existed that had to be torn down in places like France um if you look back into European history there was democracy or at least representative governments at the local level beginning in the high Middle Ages it just took a long time for like how are we going to govern our town where he had a Town Council and the town would make group decisions and the representatives from the different guilds to get that up to the National level where there was Elites and Royal Blood and all that kind of stuff so you can think of it as an up trickling from the kind of a Grassroots thing go to the U.S there's no there's no Elites to
新教工作伦理之类的,在对心理状态的看法上也是一样。比如吉米·卡特,美国前总统,他很有名地谈到过,自己对女性有不洁念头时有多内疚;但其他宗教传统,比如犹太教——这是保罗·罗津的研究——他们对这种事并没有那种内疚感,因为要紧的是行为,不是念头。举这个例子说明一下。我觉得跟托克维尔那个想法契合的一点是:移民到美国的人有个优势,他们那里不存在像法国那样必须先被推倒的旧结构。回看欧洲历史,从中世纪盛期开始,地方层面就有民主,或者至少是代议制政府,只是花了很长时间。比如「我们这个镇怎么治理」,有镇议会,全镇一起做集体决定,各个行会派出代表;但要把这一套提升到国家层面就难了,那里有精英、有王室血统之类的东西。所以你可以把它理解成一种从草根一点点往上渗透的过程。而到了美国,那里没有精英可以去
便签引用
1:02:53
fight with I mean some came over of course but okay so that's great thank you I'm hoping we'll get back to reading at the end this question I want to ask but I there are a lot of hands so can we start right right at the end of that can I ask um people to just identify themselves and if possible keep the questions reasonably short unlike me yeah this will be short um Luther um probably was somewhat similar to Emmanuel Kant in his cultural construction I.E Northern Germany that German kind of deontological morality as it never ever tell a lie even if the Nazis turn up at Anne Frank's house and says where's Anne Frank versus maybe a socialistic type of uh morality Allah Jeremy Bentham and um consequentialism and utilitarianism so maybe the bifurcation is not um Europe versus the Orient it may not be temporal maybe it's a bentamite consequentialism versus deontological ethics which obviously has a temporal and civilizational facitude as well that could be another interpretation of the data um so but okay um but then why would why would that why
斗争。当然也有一些精英跟着过去了。好,太棒了,谢谢。我希望最后能回到阅读这个我想问的问题,但举手的人很多,我们从最后面那位开始好吗?能不能请各位先自报家门,问题尽量简短,别像我这样。好,我很短。路德在文化建构上,可能跟康德有点像——就是北德意志那种德式的义务论道德:绝对不能撒谎,哪怕纳粹找上安妮·弗兰克家门口问「安妮·弗兰克在哪儿」也不行;相对的是那种更社会主义式的道德,边沁那一路,结果主义和功利主义。所以分野也许不是欧洲对东方,也许不是时间上的,也许是边沁式的结果主义对义务论伦理学——当然这本身也带有时间和文明的面向。这可能是对同一批数据的另一种解释。不过,好吧,那为什么
便签引用
1:04:19
would I be able to use the medieval Church diffusion I've worked in a medieval Church institution and I can give you an example out because I have seen it I have looked after mentally handicapped people in uh Catholic Church institution in France and I have noticed there that uh French aristocrats do send their inbred mentally damaged children into church organizations where they can be cared for blah blah blah blah presumably they never told me it was above my pay grade the idea is we'll look after your kids from Cradle to grave they won't breed and then you'll give us some money into the church and this will make the western church powerful you know since the carolingian I don't know when I don't know Charlemagne crowned himself in the year 800 or whenever it was so anyway the church has done those sorts of things throughout time I'm sure that's quite correct that is there's nothing wrong with that data it's just that possibly as well as that factor I'm not saying that's falsified there are other explanations such as philosophical developments a la con versus Bentham Allah socialism versus capitalism a la past you know ancient times Roman Greco Roman stuff versus Barbarian stuff but yeah the church thing works well it's a
我还能用中世纪教会的扩散来解释呢?我在中世纪教会机构里工作过,我可以举个亲眼见到的例子。我在法国一家天主教会机构照顾过智力障碍者,我注意到,法国贵族确实会把他们近亲繁殖生下的、有智力损伤的孩子送进教会机构,在那里被照料等等。他们大概——他们从没跟我说过,说这不是我该知道的——那个逻辑是:我们从摇篮到坟墓照顾你的孩子,他们不会生育后代,然后你往教会捐点钱,这就让西方教会变得强大。你知道,从加洛林王朝以来,具体我说不准,查理曼是公元800年还是什么时候给自己加冕的。总之教会一直在做这类事。我相信这完全没错,那些数据一点问题都没有,只是可能除了这个因素之外——我不是说它被证伪了——还有别的解释,比如哲学上的发展,康德对边沁,社会主义对资本主义,古代的希腊罗马那套对蛮族那套。不过教会这个说法很管用,是个很
便签引用
11问答:犹太教、从众与遗传
1:05:47
nice it's a very nice anthropology it's plausible yeah I mean uh one of the things that has been our approach is that you know if someone if when you know if there's another hypothesis out there or you know these don't have to be mutually exclusive is that we try to you know try to find some data so the question would be is there something that we could measure that could capture the dimension you had in mind so you saw all the kinds of controls we put in there one thing I didn't mention in some of those analysis is that there is an independent effect of whether someone's Protestant on on those outcomes I was focusing on the duration of the church but there is that Protestant bump um on a bunch of those so so then so there could be other factors that playing a role just my job to figure out how to measure it I I I'm I'm so impressed that you've just come off a transatlantic flight and thank you so much it was fascinating um I have two very well I'm Lucy um I have two questions both of them potentially odd or curveball-ish um the first is how would you place Judaism in what you've been describing and I asked that as uh someone who is very interested in Judaism my ex-husband is Jewish I was always I am still interested in converting you don't have
漂亮的、非常漂亮的人类学解释,是说得通的。是的。我们一贯的做法是这样:如果有人提出另一个假说——而且这些假说未必互斥——我们会试着去找数据。所以问题就变成:有没有什么我们能测量的东西,可以捕捉到你心里想的那个维度?你也看到我们放进去的各种控制变量了。刚才那些分析里我没提到的一点是,一个人是不是新教徒,对那些结果确实有独立的影响。我当时聚焦的是教会存在的时长,但在不少指标上确实有那个「新教加成」。所以可能还有别的因素在起作用,我的工作就是想办法把它测出来。我特别佩服你刚下跨大西洋航班就赶来,非常感谢,真的很精彩。我有两个——我叫露西——我有两个问题,两个可能都有点怪,或者说比较刁钻。第一个是:在你描述的这套框架里,你会把犹太教放在哪儿?我问这个是因为我本人对犹太教非常感兴趣,我前夫是犹太人,我一直——现在也还——在考虑要不要皈依。你要是不想回答
便签引用
1:07:02
to answer that if you don't want to the other question is um I don't know if you or anyone else in the room read the um ft's piece that's going to appear in this weekend's paper on Godlike AI and as an anthropologist how you feel about the Advent of Godlike AI completely unrelated and yet relevant I would think as a journalist who was at the economist for a very long time okay great question either off okay um yeah so uh well so well the the initial Prelude chapter on reading used to be longer because one of the things I wanted to dig into was um I would I make the case there that this which is the case I made just a few minutes ago is that the spread of literacy was driven by protestantism and one of the things economists do is they use the distance from Wittenberg and they look at literacy in the 19th century in the closer yard of Wittenberg the more literate and you know Luther has these these great quotes where you know protestantism will spread from Wittenberg like Stone on a pond you know the waves and that that actually looks like part of what happened um but one could say the printing press so not too long before that the printing press appears in a different part of Germany in mines and you know you can put the distance from mines in and it
也可以不回答。另一个问题是,不知道你或在座有没有人读过《金融时报》这个周末要刊出的那篇关于「神一般的人工智能」的文章。作为一名人类学家,你怎么看神一般的人工智能的到来?两个问题完全不相干,但我觉得又都相关,我在《经济学人》做过很久记者。好,很棒的问题,回答哪个都行。嗯,好。那本书开头关于阅读的那一章原本更长,因为我想深挖的一件事是——我在那里提出的论点,也就是我几分钟前讲的那个——识字的扩散是新教推动的。经济学家常做的一件事,是用到维滕贝格的距离来看19世纪的识字率:离维滕贝格越近,识字率越高。路德有那些很有名的话,说新教会像石头投进池塘一样从维滕贝格扩散开去,一圈圈波纹。这看上去确实是实际发生过的一部分。但也有人会说是印刷术——在那之前不久,印刷术出现在德国的另一个地方,美因茨,你把到美因茨的距离放进去,结果
便签引用
1:08:20
looks pretty good but anyway it's a common alternative hypothesis but there is another group that was highly literate before long before any Europeans were and that that's Jews so after the destruction of the second temple it became a norm for Jewish men to have to learn to read the Torah for themselves it was you know part of being a Jewish man was being literate being able to read you would you would learn to read Aramaic script but the the Torah and so this meant that Jews at least men were highly literate relatively early on So You Know thousand years before or what is it well a thousand years I mean it took a while for this to spread so let's say a thousand years for fun before uh Luther you had Jews were completely literate they were entering urban populations they were doing all the things that go along with literacy so that's part of the story there but then they created these large long trade networks so then they communicated through letters and they were very Market integrated so they had a bunch of the elements that you would think would lead to a weirder psychology except they also maintained strong family ties so there's some interesting third story to be told there that's neither you know analytic thinkers tend to think along
看起来也挺不错。总之这是个常见的替代假说。但还有一个群体,比任何欧洲人都早得多就已经高度识字了,那就是犹太人。第二圣殿被毁之后,犹太男性必须自己学会读《托拉》就成了一种规范;作为一个犹太男人,识字、能读经是身份的一部分,你要学会读亚兰文字体,读《托拉》。这就意味着犹太人——至少男性——相对很早就普遍识字了。比路德早了一千年左右吧,好,就说一千年,这东西传开也花了些时间。总之在路德之前,犹太人已经完全识字,他们进入城市人口,做着所有跟识字相伴而来的事。这是故事的一部分。然后他们还建立了那些长距离的大型贸易网络,靠信件沟通,市场整合度很高。所以他们具备了不少你会认为能导向「更WEIRD的心理」的要素,只不过他们同时还维持着很强的家族纽带。所以这里有个很有意思的第三种故事可以讲,既不是那种——分析型思维的人倾向于沿着直线思考
便签引用
1:09:35
lines but this is more like a branching puzzle type deal um another fun fact though is that if you look at one of the pieces of evidence I use in the book is the change in kinship terminology in different European languages and you see them go from the kinds of complex kinship terminology that typical agriculturalist societies have where you have different words from mother-in-law and different kinds of cousins and stuff to the simple terminology that is common in English and other Western languages and when that occurs so it seems to occur right when you expect it occurs first in the Latin languages so Spanish Italian French and then later in the germanics and it occurs all throughout all the Germanic dialects except one and that's Yiddish and so Yiddish never gets the new terminology it still uses the old terminology from the complex days so anyway it's a fun piece of evidence uh and I think I'm going to pass on the AI one but we might come back to reading in a minute yes the gentleman just here hang away for the wait for the mic how do you reconcile the Nations which value non-conformity uh with the fact that those same Nations seem to be the very most conformist at the moment they bow down to work culture and cancel
——而这更像是一个分叉的谜题。另一个有趣的事实是:我在书里用到的一项证据,是不同欧洲语言中亲属称谓的变化。你会看到它们从典型农业社会那种复杂的亲属称谓——岳母有专门的词,各种堂表亲有不同的词——变成英语和其他西方语言里常见的那种简单称谓。而它发生的时间点,看起来正好在你会预期的时候:最先发生在拉丁语族,也就是西班牙语、意大利语、法语,然后才是日耳曼语族。而且它在所有日耳曼方言里都发生了,只有一个例外,就是意第绪语。意第绪语始终没有采用新称谓,它仍然沿用复杂时代的那套老称谓。总之这是个很有意思的证据。人工智能那个问题我想跳过,不过我们等会儿可以再回到阅读。好,这边这位先生,稍等一下麦克风。你怎么解释这个矛盾:那些崇尚不从众的国家,眼下看起来却是最从众的?他们向觉醒文化和取消
便签引用
1:10:54
culture they seem to accept facts and uh what are basically forced vaccinations it seems to be a paradox well I guess I like to think that there's a lot of uh debate about those things so there aren't there a lot of anti-wokers out there yeah what's that oh okay I don't know I I still I think there's Lively debate about all those topics which is why we're having that debate right now or that discussion right now okay but I should say let me just so all humans are conformists right so it's a matter of degree right everybody wants to go along with their peers and stuff like that so you know psychologists do this thing called The Ash Conformity test where they have you know a few people ahead of you who are actually Confederate to the experimenter give the same obviously wrong answer and then the question is how long is the subject say what the other people said versus say what they would perceive to be the correct answer and everybody conforms to some degree in all populations it's just a matter of the degree of conformity okay uh my name's Chris I do research in neuroscience and genetics and I found your presentation very interesting I had a question about if there was any Divergence in your data between looking
文化俯首帖耳,他们照单全收各种说法,还接受基本上等于强制的疫苗接种。这看起来是个悖论。嗯,我倒是觉得围绕这些事情有大量的争论啊,外面不是有很多反觉醒的人吗?什么?哦,好吧,我不知道。我还是认为所有这些话题都有很活跃的辩论,不然我们现在也不会在这儿讨论这个了。不过我得说明一下:所有人类都是从众的,对吧?这是程度问题。每个人都想跟同伴保持一致之类的。心理学家会做一个叫阿希从众实验的东西:安排几个其实是实验者同伙的人排在你前面,他们给出同一个明显错误的答案,然后看被试要多久会跟着别人说,而不是说出他自己认为正确的答案。在所有人群里,每个人都会在某种程度上从众,区别只在于从众的程度。好,我叫克里斯,我做神经科学和遗传学研究,你的报告我觉得非常有意思。我的问题是,你的数据里有没有出现分化,比如说在
便签引用
1:12:04
at for example the church and the Protestant church and places where there was more or less cousin marriage in general because if not how do we not know if some of these effects or if not all the effect is this coming from going up an apologetic Society in a like so apologetic or a society of higher genetic diversity could that just be what's driving this change rather than the church right so let's see um the first thing we do so you know I I was showing cousin marriage in this talk because it's easy to understand but really the main uh measure we use was you saw it pop up there the kinship intensity index and we created that from that ethnographic Atlas with I mentioned that has all those different kinship for different societies and so we took whether you have Clans polygyny uh and things about your inheritance system whether you have nuclear families and we rolled that together into an index now that includes cousin marriage but that's our main predictor so cousin marriage isn't isn't playing a big role there um now so so that's one piece and if I wanted to test your idea I could drop cousin marriage out and I think I would still capture it uh there's an economist named Ben Anki who you know he's kind of working in parallel we're both at
教会和新教教会之间,以及在表亲通婚多和少的地方之间?因为如果没有,我们怎么知道这些效应——或者说其中全部的效应——是不是来自社会本身的杂合程度更高,也就是遗传多样性更高的社会?会不会那才是驱动这个变化的东西,而不是教会?好,我们来看看。首先,我在这场演讲里展示的是表亲通婚,因为它容易理解,但我们用的主要指标其实是你看到冒出来过的那个「亲属关系强度指数」。我们是从我提到的那个民族志图集里构建出来的,它包含了不同社会各式各样的亲属制度信息。我们把是否有氏族、是否一夫多妻、继承制度方面的特征、是否是核心家庭等等,综合成一个指数。这里面确实包含表亲通婚,但这是我们的主要预测变量,所以表亲通婚本身并没有起到很大作用。这是一点。而且如果我要检验你的想法,我可以把表亲通婚拿掉,我想结果还是会成立。有位经济学家叫本·恩克,他基本上是在平行地做这件事,我们俩都在
便签引用
1:13:17
Harvard and we're having beers together sometimes so uh and he developed a version of this his kinship intensity index doesn't have cousin marriage and he has a paper published in economics which does similar kinds of things so I feel confident that it's not the cousin marriage thing having said that we have a paper that's in manuscript form and what we did is we took satellite imagery of the entire world at night and that gives us measures in lumens and we use it as a proxy for economic productivity so basically parts of the earth that are more lit up are more economically productive and you know we can we can hold constant population density so we're actually interested in extra Luminosity above and beyond your your what Your population density would predict and we show that the the having a low kii is not very much kinship intensity having small nuclear families is associated with lots of Luminosity right so we we link it to economic growth uh and then we do an analysis where we get data from genetic data and we want to generate another proxy measure for this kinship intensity so we look at the runs of homozygosity so this is you're going to create runs of homozygosity when your people are marrying close relatives and places with more homozygosity have less less light
哈佛,有时会一起喝啤酒。他做了一个自己版本的亲属关系强度指数,里面不含表亲通婚,他在经济学期刊上发表了一篇论文,做的是类似的事情。所以我有信心这不是表亲通婚在起作用。话虽如此,我们还有一篇处在手稿阶段的论文,做法是:我们拿了全球夜间的卫星影像,得到以流明为单位的测量值,用它作为经济生产力的代理指标——地球上越亮的地方经济产出越高。我们可以把人口密度固定住,所以我们真正关心的是超出你人口密度所能预测的那部分「额外亮度」。我们发现,KII低——也就是亲属关系强度不高、家庭是小型核心家庭——与高亮度相关。所以我们把它跟经济增长联系了起来。然后我们又做了一个分析,用遗传数据生成另一个亲属关系强度的代理指标:我们看纯合片段。因为当人们跟近亲通婚时,就会产生纯合片段。而纯合程度更高的地方,光
便签引用
12问答:全球化、智商、政策与阅读
1:14:34
intensity which then comes back to your question is maybe maybe it has to do with this kind of genetic diversity that's where you're going right and but so then we have to then this question comes up directly for us in the paper and we look at the available data on the relationship between the amount of this homozygosity and IQ measures and education measures and we find that that effect is teeny compared to the large effect we see in our study so the contribution it can't be the main factor it could be a small factor hey I'm Winnie my question is a bit broad I think it generally is around what do you think will happen in the future given the rates of globalization we have so many more people migrating to different countries and such as sharing and influx of different ideas and particularly between kingship intensive I guess societies and non-kingship in terms of societies do you think that there will be a I guess a unification of traits particularly psychologically across the world in the future or do you actually think that it will be more competitive and potentially more of like a doministic kind of well certain traits will be selected and they will probably be one or the other or some like new
照强度更低。这就正好回到你的问题:会不会跟这种遗传多样性有关?你想问的是这个吧。所以这个问题在论文里直接摆到了我们面前。我们去查了现有的数据,看纯合程度与智商指标、教育指标之间的关系,结果发现那个效应跟我们研究里看到的大效应相比,小得可怜。所以它的贡献不可能是主因,可能是个次要因素。嗨,我叫温妮,我的问题可能比较宽泛。大体上是:考虑到现在的全球化速度,那么多人移居到不同国家,各种思想在交流涌动,尤其是在亲属关系强的社会和亲属关系弱的社会之间,你觉得未来会怎样?你觉得未来全世界在心理特质上会趋于统一,还是你其实认为会更具竞争性,甚至更像某种优势主导的情形——某些特质会被选择出来,最后大概只剩下其中一种,或者产生某种新的
便签引用
1:15:45
type yeah yeah great question so uh and this this gets to this uh I guess this is I'm going to pitch the don't think along a linear line so I think there is a loss of a lot of the diversity we had seen but I think we're seeing the creation of new social forms new institutional forms so if you think about just Japan and China for example in 1880 you know the the Japanese take in a lot of Western institutions they actually copy law codes from places like Switzerland you know verbatim and China the same thing happens in the in 1950 or so they adopt Western marriage a number of other things but then of course these societies have their own indigenous institutions which then get remolded and so the you know they're on new trajectories which haven't been seen before in West in history because they have some Western institutions in there but then they have lots of the local institutions and they've created this hybrid which is like nothing that existed before so it's going to be a new kind of psychology that doesn't that hadn't been seen in the world in the past it's not going to be Western but it's not going to be like traditional Chinese or Japanese psychology so so an old variation being destroyed New variation being created time for a couple more was that
类型?嗯,很好的问题。这就回到我说的——我又要来推销「别沿着一条直线思考」这件事了。我认为我们过去看到的很多多样性确实在流失,但同时我们也在见证新的社会形态、新的制度形态被创造出来。比如就看1880年前后的日本和中国:日本大量引入西方制度,他们几乎是逐字照抄瑞士等地的法典;中国也发生了同样的事,大概1950年前后,他们采用了西式婚姻以及其他一些东西。但这些社会当然有自己的本土制度,这些制度接着被重塑,于是它们走上了历史上从未出现过的新轨迹——里面有一些西方制度,但也有大量本地制度,它们造出了一种前所未有的混合体。所以那会是一种新的心理,是过去世界上没有出现过的:它不会是西方的,但也不会像传统的中国或日本心理。所以是旧的多样性在消亡,新的多样性在生成。还有时间再问几个,是
便签引用
1:17:02
okay um we've got a question um I'm Karen Kerman I very much enjoyed your presentation I have two questions um one question is uh do you think at a very general level people are becoming smarter or more intelligent from the biological processes that are taking place and the second question relates to a theory I had when I was a Jane Austen fan in you know sort of early teens and that was I used to ponder on the idea of whether people were becoming smarter and we're getting all this Innovation at the time I was growing up in the you know 70s and 80s because of the decline of arranged marriages in the west and my thinking was that you didn't have to marry someone you know that your parents knew you could marry someone that you wanted and therefore if you're a smart person you could marry another smart person then you'd have smarter children so that was a very dodgy Theory from you know me at 12 or 13. but I just wonder what your thoughts were on it yeah um uh fun question so so I tend so I have some work on IQ uh which I I think the way to think about IQ and I don't think we think about it correctly because we think about it as this General raw intelligence I think we should think about it as a specialized
好的,那边有个问题。我是凯伦·科曼,我非常喜欢你的演讲。我有两个问题。第一个是:在非常宏观的层面上,你认为人类正在因为正在发生的生物学过程而变得更聪明、智力更高吗?第二个问题跟我十几岁迷简·奥斯汀那会儿的一个理论有关。我那时老在琢磨一个想法:人是不是变聪明了?我成长的那个年代——七八十年代——出现那么多创新,是不是因为西方包办婚姻的衰落?我的想法是,你不必嫁给你父母认识的人,你可以嫁给你自己想嫁的人,所以如果你是个聪明人,你就可以跟另一个聪明人结婚,然后生出更聪明的孩子。这是我十二三岁时一个很不靠谱的理论,但我就是想听听你怎么看。嗯,有意思的问题。我做过一些关于智商的研究。我觉得我们对智商的理解方式不对,因为我们把它当成某种一般性的原始智力。我认为应该把它看成一套专门的
便签引用
1:18:26
set of cognitive abilities for navigating the world we've created so IQ has risen dramatically in the last century um so much so that someone from 1900 the average IQ would be 70 if scaled by moderate standards so in that sense IQs are higher so what people are good at as as navigating the world we live in now you might say well doesn't that mean they're smarter well it means they're better adapted to this environment but we have this project which I'm going to next month in Namibia and we're studying the effects of schools on children we have the same ethnic group one is in Angola where there's no schools and one is uh has one is in Namibia where there are some schools so we get to track child's cognitive development in a whole bunch of domains with and without education and the the kids with no schools are better at spatial tracking so if I say you know where's broom you can be like you know they know immediately they can they're geo-locating all the time and they're also better at Raw pattern recognition so they're not bringing a bunch of expectations that come from school and stuff so there's lots of other cognitive domains too which I think we lose when we educate people so if those could be
认知能力,用来应对我们自己创造出来的这个世界。智商在过去一个世纪里急剧上升,上升到什么程度呢:如果按今天的标准换算,1900年一个人的平均智商大概是70。从这个意义上说,智商是更高了。人们擅长的,是在我们如今生活的这个世界里穿行。你可能会说,那不就意味着他们更聪明吗?这意味着他们更适应这个环境。但我们有个项目,我下个月要去纳米比亚,我们在研究学校教育对儿童的影响。同一个族群,一部分在安哥拉,那里没有学校;另一部分在纳米比亚,那里有一些学校。所以我们可以在有教育和没教育的情况下,追踪儿童在一系列领域的认知发展。结果是,没上过学的孩子在空间追踪上更强——你要是问「扫帚在哪儿」,他们立刻就知道,他们一直在给自己做地理定位。他们在纯粹的模式识别上也更强,因为他们不会带着一堆来自学校之类的预期。所以还有很多别的认知领域,我认为是我们在教育人的过程中丢掉的。所以如果那些也算
便签引用
1:19:34
smart in a context of being a hunter-gatherer or are trying to survive I mean being able to get home is pretty important right so and I actually think having GPS is making our spatial navigation abilities even worse right used to kind of at least look at the map and figure out which way it was North now he was like oh so anyway so I think that's a big thing and what was the second part of your question oh yeah no I actually we think we have real data on this which is that what's happening since women entered the labor market so say in the U.S that's the early 1970s and now with these dating apps is you're getting a lot more people who are mating with people who are similar to themselves so the economists are marrying other economists and making baby economists and and what that does is uh is it it pushes out the ends of the genetic distributions right so it doesn't change the mean but it means you're getting people with more extreme traits right if if autistic people marry other autistic people then you know so that's the idea so that is it is affecting the genetic pool in an interesting way we've got time for maybe one more was it was was there a hand somewhere there Tom Tom just given all of the changes that are happening in society
聪明——在做狩猎采集者、或者努力求生的情境下,能找到回家的路是挺重要的,对吧。而且我其实觉得,有了GPS之后,我们的空间导航能力变得更差了。以前你至少还会看看地图,搞清楚北边在哪,现在就是「哦」。总之我觉得这是件大事。你问题的第二部分是什么来着?哦对。其实我们对这个是有真实数据的:自从女性进入劳动力市场——在美国大概是1970年代初——再加上现在这些约会软件,越来越多的人是在和跟自己相似的人配对。经济学家娶经济学家,生出经济学家宝宝。这样做的结果,是把基因分布的两端往外推:它不改变均值,但意味着会出现更多具有极端特质的人。如果自闭的人跟自闭的人结婚,那你就懂了。大概是这个意思。所以这确实在以一种有趣的方式影响着基因库。我们大概还有时间再问一个,刚才是不是那边有人举手?汤姆。汤姆:考虑到现在社会上正在发生的所有变化
便签引用
1:20:46
now the significant changes with marriage with all those things what would be the one or two uh things that you would say in terms of policy advice that you would say to you know senior senior policy advisors give policy advice right okay very wise well so I'm I'm working we won't hold you to it whatever you say I uh well so I'm interested in um the collective brain and the idea that Innovation is driven by cognitive diversity and urbanization so things that bring people together with diverse ideas any policy that encourages that so and I've been trying to study the immigration policy in the U.S and it looks like immigration has been a powerful driver of U.S Innovation over most of the histories although the H-1B visa is a failure because it ties immigrants too tightly to the company and they're not able to go out and interact and start new businesses with other locals but if you look at something like so in 1924 the U.S banned immigration from a whole bunch of places and this drove down productivity in a number of areas and actually made native born Americans less creative less patenty because they don't get the ideas coming in and then make new ideas with that so that sounded kind of policy related fair enough I think we do have to stop
——婚姻方面那些重大变化等等,你会给高层政策顾问提出哪一两条政策建议?给政策建议是吧,好,非常明智。嗯,我在做的是——我们不会拿这个来要求你兑现的,你随便说。我对「集体大脑」很感兴趣,以及创新是由认知多样性和城市化推动的这个想法。所以凡是能把带着不同想法的人聚到一起的事情,任何鼓励这一点的政策都行。我一直在研究美国的移民政策,看起来在美国历史的大部分时间里,移民都是创新的强大推动力。不过H-1B签证是失败的,因为它把移民跟公司绑得太紧,他们没法出去跟人交流、跟其他本地人一起创办新企业。但你看1924年,美国禁止了来自一大批地方的移民,这压低了好些领域的生产率,实际上还让土生土长的美国人变得更没创造力、专利更少,因为他们得不到外来的想法,也就没法在此基础上产生新想法。这大概算跟政策沾边了吧。好,我想我们真的得结束了
便签引用
1:22:11
very quickly though on reading okay if I may um and I'm asking this because increasingly I'm I'm feeling that the that the Ramsey centers project more than anything else is reading encouraging young people to read and and one say says this to undergraduate audiences with a greater and greater sense of urgency because reading is harder and harder for young people to do because because they're doing this all the time right so so what I I guess what I'm wondering is do you think that the the very uh technique and skill of reading which sparked off the modernization that you've been talking about is is receding and young people are becoming less literate at the same time as they're becoming more atomized because they're buried in the screen all the time so those two effects are quite worrying don't you think yeah and so I mean I haven't looked at research on this but given what we know about how people are affected by Technologies and other factors it would seem that people are getting shorter attention spans and the sort of deep reading I'm going to sit down and read this book for three hours and I'm going to focus I'm going to be in the in the zone you know uh you know because if reading and if reading has those even like like I think even uh
,不过关于阅读,很快地问一下,如果可以的话。我问这个,是因为我越来越觉得,拉姆齐中心的项目里最重要的一件事就是阅读——鼓励年轻人阅读。而且对着本科生说这话时,那种紧迫感一年比一年强,因为阅读对年轻人来说越来越难了,因为他们一直在做这个(盯着手机)。所以我想问的是:你认为那种引发了你所讲的现代化的阅读技艺和能力,正在退潮吗?年轻人正在变得更不识字,同时又因为整天埋在屏幕里而变得更原子化?这两个效应加在一起挺让人担忧的,你不觉得吗?是的。我是说我没看过这方面的研究,但根据我们已知的技术和其他因素如何影响人,看起来人的注意力持续时间在变短,而那种深度阅读——我要坐下来读这本书三个小时,我要专注,要进入那个状态——你知道,如果阅读,如果阅读有那些作用……我觉得甚至连
便签引用
1:23:28
people who were less affected by the technology just the email and the websites and stuff like that you really want to close all that off and just yeah you and the text yeah I mean if reading has the good effects that you're talking about and then we read less then that's a bad thing right right anyway fellow weirdos I think we should we should say a very big thank you to somebody who's just got off a very long flight to deliver this wonderful talk very grateful to Joe Henry thank you Joe [Music]
受技术影响较小的人也一样,光是电子邮件、网页那些东西,你就真的得把它们全关掉,只剩你和文本。是的。我是说,如果阅读有你讲的那些好处,而我们读得更少了,那就是件坏事,对吧。对。总之,各位「怪人」同胞,我想我们应该向这位刚下长途航班就赶来做了这场精彩演讲的人致以最热烈的感谢,非常感谢乔·亨里奇。谢谢你,乔。[音乐]
便签引用
视频总结 · 一句话概括与核心要点

一句话概括

Joseph Henrich 论证:西方人(WEIRD:西方、受教育、工业化、富裕、民主)在心理上是全球的异类,而这种个人主义、非人际信任、分析式思维的心理特质,根源在于中世纪天主教会自晚期古典时代起推行的"婚姻家庭计划"(禁止表亲婚、一夫多妻、包办婚姻等)拆解了欧洲的强亲属网络,进而催生了自愿组织、城市化、市场与创新。

核心要点

  • WEIRD 样本在心理学中严重超代表,却是全球离群值。 2010 年数据显示,96% 的心理学研究被试来自 WEIRD 社会,其中 70% 是美国人。这些人群并非人类的"中位数",而是极端一端:在个人主义指数上美国 91、澳大利亚 90、英国 89,全球领先。而地图上大片灰色区域至今没有任何心理数据,"冰山"到底有多深无人知晓。
  • 心理差异远不止表层,涉及基础认知。 差异包括:自我概念("我是好奇的科学家" vs "我是某人的父亲/兄弟")、内疚 vs 羞耻、过度自信与自我美化、道德判断中是否看重意图(西方极重视不可知的心理状态,而许多社会只看结果:无论故意还是失手,烧了房子就是纵火犯)、分析式 vs 整体式思维、"基本归因错误"和认知失调只在 WEIRD 人群中显著。记忆、注意、视觉感知、空间推理和时间心理也存在跨文化差异,例如狩猎采集者不产生缪勒-莱尔错觉,因为其视觉未被 90 度直角环境校准。
  • 顺从并非普世贬义,认为它是坏事本身就很 WEIRD。 Christine Legare 的实验中,瓦努阿图父母认为顺从的孩子更聪明,德州奥斯汀父母则认为不顺从的孩子更聪明。许多社会把"教孩子顺从"列为首要育儿目标,美国父母则根本不列入。
  • 西方式家庭在全球民族志中极为罕见。 民族志图谱(1200 余个社会)显示:双系继嗣仅 28%,无表亲婚约 25%(75% 允许或鼓励表亲婚),一夫一妻制仅 15%,核心家庭仅 8%,新居制仅 5%。超过一半的社会五项全无,五项全有的几乎全是欧洲裔社会,唯一例外菲律宾宿务恰是麦哲伦登陆、多明我会传教士早于人类学家到达之地。
  • 教会的婚姻家庭计划是历史上的"关键推手"。 教会先禁姻亲通婚("in-law"即"教会法上的亲属",意为不可与之通婚),再禁一等表亲,公元 1000 年前后扩至六等表亲,第四次拉特兰会议收缩为三等;同时禁一夫多妻、性奴、包办婚姻(新娘必须亲口说"我愿意"),并鼓励临终捐赠土地给教会,使教会成为欧洲最富有的机构并重塑继承制度。婚礼上"有异议者现在说出来"实为加洛林时期的乱伦审查程序。核心家庭在欧洲至少可追溯至 1400-1500 年,早于工业革命,故"富起来才小家庭"的解释不成立(沙特富人并未如此)。
  • 跨国、欧洲区域、二代移民三层数据都指向同一因果链。 在教会影响下的世纪数越多,表亲婚率越低;表亲婚率越高,17 项指标合成的"个人主义-非人际心理指数"越低。东正教推行的是弱版本,效应也相应较弱。用 500-1500 年主教区的 GPS 数据构建"剂量",在同一国家内比较、控制收入教育年龄、罗马道路、中世纪大学、修道院、加洛林边界等因素后,教会暴露更久的地区仍表现出更高的非人际信任与公平、更低的顺从服从、更强的个人主义;仅看铁幕以东地区结果相同。二代移民分析显示父母来源地的亲属强度能预测子女心理,且效应每代衰减一个数量级,到第四代几乎不可测。
  • 该模式在欧洲之外可复制。 刚果民主共和国 Kananga 市的研究发现,老家离历史基督教传教点越近,家庭越小、道德越普遍主义。中国汉族内部,水稻种植区宗族更强,分析式思维更弱、自我概念更相互依存。美国各州立法禁表亲婚后,表亲婚下降,随后收入与城市化上升。土耳其在欧洲散点图中恰好落在其表亲婚率所预测的位置。
  • 心理变化通过"集体大脑"驱动创新。 创新本质是既有想法的重组,人口规模、认知多样性与互联度相乘决定创新速度。欧洲的学徒-旅行工匠制度要求出师后必须到远方的另一位师傅处工作,等于强制思想混合;用旅行成本折算的"个人可接触人数"在工业革命前夕急速膨胀。用 1980-2014 年专利数据在欧洲国家内部比较,中世纪教会暴露更久的小区域人均专利更多。个人主义与专利率的跨国相关也见于顶级经济学期刊。
  • 新教是这一进程的下游产物,而识字重塑了大脑。 "因信称义"意味着仅凭心理状态即可得救,在世界宗教中极为怪异;人人自读圣经推动男女普遍识字。识字会增厚胼胝体、在左侧腹侧枕颞区形成专门区域、改善言语记忆,并把面孔识别挤到右半球——所谓"人类天生右脑识别面孔"其实主要是识字者的特征。犹太人早在路德一千年前就已高度识字并进入城市与贸易网络,却保留了强家族纽带,意第绪语是唯一未简化亲属称谓的日耳曼语,构成一个值得研究的"第三条路径"。

结论与值得注意的细节

  • 核心结论:心理与制度共同演化,且这是生物学变化而非基因变化。 因此把一个社会演化出的制度移植到另一社会通常失败,因为它与当地心理预期不匹配;理解当代经济结果必须回到深层历史。文化群体并非本质固定,公元 1000 年伊斯兰学者眼中英格兰人和荷兰人还是"粗野愚蠢的北方蛮族"。
  • 拒绝"现代性"这类标签。 Henrich 认为 Weber 和托克维尔观察到了相同现象,但他宁愿拆解为家庭纽带弱化、道德普遍主义等可测量的元素,因为"现代性终将成为过去"。他也用现代数据支持了新教工作伦理(同一地区因诸侯抉择而分属新旧教的德国人,工作时长有差异)。
  • 对遗传替代解释的回应。 主要预测变量是不含表亲婚的"亲属强度指数";用夜间卫星灯光作为经济代理、用基因组纯合片段作为亲属强度代理时,纯合度对智商和教育的效应远小于观察到的经济效应,遗传多样性至多是次要因素。
  • 未来不是趋同而是新变异。 日本 1880 年代逐字照搬瑞士法典,中国 1950 年前后采纳西式婚姻,但本土制度被重塑,形成前所未有的混合体,将产生既非西方也非传统东亚的新心理。
  • 智商应视为适应特定环境的专门能力。 按现代标准,1900 年的平均智商相当于 70;但无学校的安哥拉儿童在空间追踪和原始模式识别上优于纳米比亚同族上学儿童,GPS 正在削弱空间导航能力。选型婚配(经济学家娶经济学家)不改变均值,却拉宽基因分布的两端。
  • 政策建议:促进认知多样性与人口聚集。 美国 1924 年限制移民后,本土出生美国人的专利产出也随之下降;H-1B 签证因把移民绑死在雇主身上、阻碍其创业与流动而被判定失败。
  • 对阅读衰退的担忧。 主持人提出屏幕时代年轻人深度阅读能力下降与原子化并行;Henrich 承认若阅读有前述益处,读得更少显然是坏事,并建议阅读时关闭邮件和网页,只留自己与文本。
核心句型 · 10
1. however + adj. + it may seem to us, …
“However incorrigible it may seem to us a rather peculiar idea within the context of the world's cultures”
让步结构:「无论在我们看来多么…」。适合先承认某观点在本方语境里的自然性,再指出它放到更大背景下的特殊性。仿写:however obvious it may seem, this assumption is rare elsewhere.
2. It turns out (that) … / X turns out not to be so Y
“The fundamental attribution error … it turns out not to be so fundamental”
用于翻转常识或既有结论,语气轻松但有力。turn out 后接不定式或 that 从句均可,学术口语中常用来引出反直觉发现。
3. more X, less Y(省略 the 的对比句)
“More centuries under the medieval Church less cousin marriage around the world”
口语化的「越…越…」,讲数据图时省略系动词直接并列,节奏快。正式写作应还原为 the more …, the less …。
4. whether you did it A or B, you're still …
“You're an arsonist whether you did it on purpose or you did it by accident”
「无论 A 还是 B,结果不变」。用于说明某个区分在特定情境下不起作用,常配合 still、anyway 强调结论不受条件影响。
5. just to give you a sense of …
“Just to give you a sense of how embedded this is”
引出一个例子或数据前的过渡语,表示「只为让你有个直观感受」,降低听众对细节的负担。演讲和汇报中极常用。
6. I'm going to make the argument that …
“I'm going to make the argument that variation in family and kinship practices affect how people think about the world”
明确宣告论点的学术句式,比 I think 更正式、更有立场感。适合在论证开头预告将要证明的命题。
7. one might worry that …, so we …
“One might worry that it's somehow the church is associated with Roman influence so we have historical maps of the Roman roads”
先替听众提出质疑,再给出应对,是处理替代解释的标准写法。one might worry / one might object 后接对策,显得严谨而不防御。
8. if this is true, then we should expect …
“If this is true then we should expect the size of a population and the amount of cognitive diversity … to interact”
从理论推出可检验预测的句式,是实证论证的核心骨架。仿写时先陈述假设,再用 should expect / should see 引出可观察的推论。
9. it's a matter of degree
“All humans are conformists right so it's a matter of degree”
把「有无」之争改写为「程度」之争,是化解二元对立质疑的常用回应。可与 not whether … but how much 搭配使用。
10. having said that, …
“Having said that we have a paper that's in manuscript form”
「话虽如此」,用于在坚持前一观点的同时补充相反方向的信息,避免显得绝对。比 but 更委婉,适合学术讨论。
词汇精讲 · 122 · 按出现顺序
benefactor /ˈbenɪfæktər/ n. 1:26
捐助人、恩主
Indulgence /ɪnˈdʌldʒəns/ n. 1:26
宽容、包涵;beg sb's indulgence 请求见谅
plug /plʌɡ/ n. 1:26
(口语)顺带的宣传、推介;give a plug to 打个广告
eminent /ˈemɪnənt/ adj. 1:26
卓越的、声名显赫的
luminaries /ˈluːmɪneriz/ n. 3:58
杰出人物、名流
August /ɔːˈɡʌst/ adj. 3:58
威严的、令人敬畏的(作形容词时重音在第二音节)
spearheaded /ˈspɪrhedɪd/ v. 6:32
牵头、带头发起
bestowed /bɪˈstoʊd/ v. 6:32
授予(bestow sth on sb)
administer /ədˈmɪnɪstər/ v. 8:01
施行(测验、药物等)
incorrigible /ɪnˈkɔːrɪdʒəbl/ adj. 9:18
根深蒂固、无法改变的
bounded /ˈbaʊndɪd/ adj. 9:18
有边界的、封闭的
overrate /ˌoʊvərˈreɪt/ v. 10:37
高估
self-enhancement /ˌself ɪnˈhænsmənt/ n. 10:37
自我美化(心理学术语:倾向于正面看待自己)
putting your best foot forward phr. 10:37
展现自己最好的一面
Cluster together phr. 10:37
聚集成簇、相伴出现
tip of an iceberg phr. 11:48
冰山一角
arsonist /ˈɑːrsənɪst/ n. 12:45
纵火犯
dispositional /ˌdɪspəˈzɪʃənl/ adj. 13:52
性情的、特质的(与 situational 情境的相对)
attribution /ˌætrɪˈbjuːʃn/ n. 13:52
归因
ascribe /əˈskraɪb/ v. 15:02
把…归因于(ascribe A to B)
cognitive dissonance /ˈkɑːɡnətɪv ˈdɪsənəns/ n. 15:02
认知失调
coined /kɔɪnd/ v. 15:02
创造(新词)
raising the consciousness phr. 16:13
唤起…的意识
outlier /ˈaʊtlaɪər/ n. 16:13
离群值、异常点
carve this up phr. 17:24
切分、划分
dichotomy /daɪˈkɑːtəmi/ n. 17:24
二分法、二元对立
triangulate /traɪˈæŋɡjuleɪt/ v. 17:24
三角定位;(引申)多方印证以确定位置
cautionary note phr. 17:24
提醒、告诫
conformist /kənˈfɔːrmɪst/ n. 18:36
从众者、循规蹈矩的人
Terra Incognito phr. 19:45
未知之地(拉丁语 terra incognita)
phylogeny /faɪˈlɑːdʒəni/ n. 21:00
系统发生、物种演化谱系
partial out phr. 21:00
单独拆分出来(统计上剔除其他因素)
heuristics /hjʊˈrɪstɪks/ n. 21:00
启发式、经验法则
cumulative /ˈkjuːmjəleɪtɪv/ adj. 21:00
累积的
plastic /ˈplæstɪk/ adj. 22:23
可塑的(此处指神经可塑性)
calibrated /ˈkælɪbreɪtɪd/ v. 22:23
校准
self-regulation /ˌself ˌreɡjuˈleɪʃn/ n. 22:23
自我调节、自控
devotional /dɪˈvoʊʃənl/ adj. 22:23
虔修的、宗教礼拜的
vignette /vɪnˈjet/ n. 23:39
小片段、小故事
kinship /ˈkɪnʃɪp/ n. 24:53
亲属关系
pair bonding phr. 24:53
配对结合(动物行为学术语)
sacralized /ˈseɪkrəlaɪzd/ v. 24:53
神圣化
incest aversion /ˈɪnsest əˈvɜːrʒn/ n. 24:53
乱伦厌恶
taboos /təˈbuːz/ n. 24:53
禁忌
equidistant /ˌiːkwɪˈdɪstənt/ adj. 26:09
等距的
rewiring /ˌriːˈwaɪərɪŋ/ v. 26:09
重新布线、重构
bilateral descent phr. 26:09
双系继嗣(从父母双方追溯世系)
patrilineal /ˌpætrɪˈlɪniəl/ adj. 26:09
父系的
monogamous /məˈnɑːɡəməs/ adj. 26:09
一夫一妻的
polyandry /ˈpɑːliændri/ n. 27:32
一妻多夫制
vanishingly rare phr. 27:32
极其罕见、几近于无
polygyny /pəˈlɪdʒəni/ n. 28:47
一夫多妻制
railing about phr. 28:47
痛斥、激烈抱怨(rail against/about)
voluntary associations phr. 28:47
自愿社团(成员非以血缘为纽带)
Charter towns phr. 30:00
特许城镇(凭特许状自治的城市)
proliferation /prəˌlɪfəˈreɪʃn/ n. 30:00
激增、扩散
stark contrast phr. 31:14
鲜明对比
corpora /ˈkɔːrpərə/ n. 31:14
语料库(corpus 的复数)
embeddedness /ɪmˈbedɪdnəs/ n. 32:19
嵌入性(社会学术语:个体嵌于关系网络的程度)
canon law phr. 34:35
教会法
affines /ˈæfaɪnz/ n. 34:35
姻亲(人类学术语)
corporate ownership phr. 35:51
团体共有(此处指家族共同占有土地)
deathbed /ˈdeθbed/ n. 35:51
临终之时
holy matrimony phr. 37:05
神圣婚姻(婚礼用语)
forever hold their peace phr. 37:05
永远保持沉默(婚礼套语)
pregnant pause phr. 37:05
意味深长的停顿
bishoprics /ˈbɪʃəprɪks/ n. 39:22
主教辖区、主教座
dosage /ˈdoʊsɪdʒ/ n. 40:33
剂量(此处喻教会影响的累积量)
Iron Curtain phr. 40:33
铁幕(冷战时期东西欧分界)
proximity /prɑːkˈsɪməti/ n. 43:07
邻近、接近
bells and whistles phr. 44:24
花哨的附加功能(此处指额外的统计处理)
cashes out phr. 46:52
兑现、最终体现为
order of magnitude phr. 46:52
数量级
hold constant phr. 46:52
(统计)控制不变
ethno-linguistic /ˌeθnoʊlɪŋˈɡwɪstɪk/ adj. 46:52
族群语言的
non-trivial /nɑːnˈtrɪviəl/ adj. 49:15
不可忽视的、相当可观的
recombinations /ˌriːkɑːmbɪˈneɪʃnz/ n. 50:36
重组
apprenticeship /əˈprentɪʃɪp/ n. 50:36
学徒制
journeyman /ˈdʒɜːrnimən/ n. 50:36
满师工匠、游历工匠
ripe for phr. 51:51
时机成熟、极适合
novelty /ˈnɑːvlti/ n. 52:59
新奇;novelty preference 求新偏好
corpus callosum /ˌkɔːrpəs kəˈloʊsəm/ n. 55:27
胼胝体(连接左右脑半球的神经纤维束)
schmuck /ʃmʌk/ n. 55:27
(俚语)笨蛋、无足轻重的人,源自意第绪语
hemisphere /ˈhemɪsfɪr/ n. 56:39
(脑)半球
co-evolving /ˌkoʊɪˈvɑːlvɪŋ/ v. 56:39
共同演化
plucking /ˈplʌkɪŋ/ v. 56:39
拔出、摘取
essentializing /ɪˈsenʃəlaɪzɪŋ/ v. 56:39
本质化(把群体特征当作固有不变的本质)
uncouth /ʌnˈkuːθ/ adj. 57:53
粗野的、没教养的
ascetic /əˈsetɪk/ adj. 57:53
禁欲的、苦修的
detached /dɪˈtætʃt/ adj. 59:19
疏离的、超然的
segued /ˈseɡweɪd/ v. 59:19
平滑过渡到(segue into)
unwieldy /ʌnˈwiːldi/ adj. 1:00:40
笨重难用的
trickling /ˈtrɪklɪŋ/ v. 1:01:49
涓滴渗透
deontological /ˌdiːɑːntəˈlɑːdʒɪkl/ adj. 1:02:53
义务论的(以规则而非结果判断对错)
consequentialism /ˌkɑːnsɪˈkwenʃəlɪzəm/ n. 1:02:53
结果主义
bifurcation /ˌbaɪfərˈkeɪʃn/ n. 1:02:53
分叉、分野
above my pay grade phr. 1:04:19
超出我的职权或知情范围
from Cradle to grave phr. 1:04:19
从摇篮到坟墓、终身
falsified /ˈfɔːlsɪfaɪd/ v. 1:04:19
证伪
mutually exclusive phr. 1:05:47
互斥的
transatlantic /ˌtrænzətˈlæntɪk/ adj. 1:05:47
横跨大西洋的
curveball-ish /ˈkɜːrvbɔːlɪʃ/ adj. 1:05:47
刁钻的、出人意料的(curveball 棒球曲线球)
Prelude /ˈpreljuːd/ n. 1:07:02
序章、前奏
Aramaic /ˌærəˈmeɪɪk/ n. 1:08:20
亚兰语
bow down to phr. 1:09:35
屈服于、俯首于
Confederate /kənˈfedərət/ n. 1:10:54
实验同谋(心理学实验中冒充被试的人)
Divergence /daɪˈvɜːrdʒəns/ n. 1:10:54
分歧、分化
homozygosity /ˌhoʊmoʊzaɪˈɡɑːsəti/ n. 1:13:17
纯合性(近亲繁殖的基因标记)
proxy /ˈprɑːksi/ n. 1:13:17
代理变量
lumens /ˈluːmənz/ n. 1:13:17
流明(光通量单位)
teeny /ˈtiːni/ adj. 1:14:34
(口语)极小的
influx /ˈɪnflʌks/ n. 1:14:34
涌入
verbatim /vɜːrˈbeɪtɪm/ adv. 1:15:45
逐字地
remolded /ˌriːˈmoʊldɪd/ v. 1:15:45
重塑
dodgy /ˈdɑːdʒi/ adj. 1:17:02
(英式口语)不靠谱的
ponder on phr. 1:17:02
反复思量
geo-locating /ˌdʒiːoʊˈloʊkeɪtɪŋ/ v. 1:18:26
地理定位
attention spans phr. 1:22:11
注意力持续时间
in the zone phr. 1:22:11
进入高度专注状态
atomized /ˈætəmaɪzd/ adj. 1:22:11
原子化的、彼此孤立的
receding /rɪˈsiːdɪŋ/ v. 1:22:11
退潮、消退
weirdos /ˈwɪrdoʊz/ n. 1:23:28
怪人(此处双关 WEIRD)
精读便签
下载便签 手机:长按图片也可保存
← 上一期 · NO.151Michael Patrick Lynch: The Internet of Us 下一期 · NO.153 →2. Behavioral Evolution
苏菲周报 · THE WEEKLY 每周一封,
追问一个大问题。
苏菲拉底的每周来信,写这一周在追问的问题和看到的回应。
苏菲拉底
ASK THE BIG QUESTIONS · THINK DEEPLY · SEE THE WORLD DIFFERENTLY
苏菲拉底微信公众号二维码 微信公众号
© 2026 苏菲拉底 · 内容仅供学习 [email protected]